1
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Abstract
Butterflies use structurally highly diverse volatile compounds for communication, in addition to visual signals. These compounds originate from plants or a formed de novo especially by male butterflies that possess specific scent organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Ehlers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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2
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Gnatzy W, Fischer OW, Kiesel A, Vane-Wright RI, Boppré M. Diverticula in Male Lycorea halia Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danaini: Itunina)-Support Organs for Everted Hairpencils with Unique Ultrastructure. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:73-81. [PMID: 31808073 PMCID: PMC7033059 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-019-00720-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of the diverticula, a synapomorphy for Itunina, in protrusion and expansion of hairpencils by male Lycorea halia (Hübner, 1816) is demonstrated for the first time. They facilitate maintaining the haemolymph pressure necessary to keep the hairpencils everted. The diverticula are curved hook-like lobes, open to the body cavity and densely filled with tracheae and threads made by units of two staggered cells surrounding a central extracellular fibril bundle. Such complex structures, apparently metabolically active, have not been reported for insects previously and might indicate additional functions, but their functional role(s) remains a puzzle. When a male emerges from pupa, the diverticula are not yet formed; this happens only during the first protrusion of the hairpencils.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Gnatzy
- Institut für Ökologie, Evolution and Diversität, Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - O W Fischer
- Forstzoologie und Entomologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, 79085, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - A Kiesel
- Forstzoologie und Entomologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, 79085, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - R I Vane-Wright
- Dept of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London, Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), and School of Anthropology and Conservation, Univ of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - M Boppré
- Forstzoologie und Entomologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, 79085, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
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Mann F, Vanjari S, Rosser N, Mann S, Dasmahapatra KK, Corbin C, Linares M, Pardo-Diaz C, Salazar C, Jiggins C, Schulz S. The Scent Chemistry of Heliconius Wing Androconia. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:843-857. [PMID: 28791540 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0867-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neotropical Heliconius butterflies are members of various mimicry rings characterized by diverse colour patterns. In the present study we investigated whether a similar diversity is observed in the chemistry of volatile compounds present in male wing androconia. Recent research has shown that these androconia are used during courting of females. Three to five wild-caught male Heliconius individuals of 17 species and subspecies were analyzed by GC/MS. Most of the identified compounds originate from common fatty acids precursors, including aldehydes, alcohols, acetates or esters preferentially with a C18 and C20 chain, together with some alkanes. The compounds occurred in species-specific mixtures or signatures. For example, octadecanal is characteristic for H. melpomene, but variation in composition between the individuals was observed. Cluster analysis of compound occurrence in individual bouquets and analyses based on biosynthetic motifs such as functional group, chain length, or basic carbon-backbone modification were used to reveal structural patterns. Mimetic pairs contain different scent bouquets, but also some compounds in common, whereas sympatric species, both mimetic and non-mimetic, have more distinct compound compositions. The compounds identified here may play a role in mate choice thus helping maintain species integrity in a butterfly genus characterized by pervasive interspecific gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Mann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sohini Vanjari
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Neil Rosser
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sandra Mann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kanchon K Dasmahapatra
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Chris Corbin
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Mauricio Linares
- Biology Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Cra. 24 No 63C-69, Bogotá D.C., 111221, Colombia
| | - Carolina Pardo-Diaz
- Biology Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Cra. 24 No 63C-69, Bogotá D.C., 111221, Colombia
| | - Camilo Salazar
- Biology Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Cra. 24 No 63C-69, Bogotá D.C., 111221, Colombia
| | - Chris Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Li Y, Mathews RA. In vivo real-time monitoring of aphrodisiac pheromone release of small white cabbage butterflies (Pieris rapae). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 91-92:107-112. [PMID: 27405008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The study of insect behavior is of practical importance for developing possible control methods in Integrated Pest Management. Currently, one model of butterfly mating behavior suggests that the initial location of potential mates occurs visually followed by the release of one or more short-range male aphrodisiac pheromones. This model is supported by data obtained from field observations and inferences based on the behavioral effects of chemicals extracted or isolated using indirect and offline techniques. In this study, we performed in vivo real-time monitoring of the male aphrodisiac pheromones released by the small white cabbage male butterfly (Pieris rapae Linnaeus) using confined direct analysis in real time (cDART) mass spectrometry. cDART is a new method easily adapted to the study in real time of chemicals released into the environment by virtually any insect. The major compound released by the male Pieris rapae was identified as ferrulactone. The experimental results reported here indicate that the release of ferrulactone occurs less than 1s after the male visualizes its partner, and reaches a maximum after about one half minute. This study is the first reported in vivo detection and monitoring of butterfly male aphrodisiac pheromones in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Robert A Mathews
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013, USA.
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Fitzpatrick SM, McNeil JN. MALE SCENT IN LEPIDOPTERAN COMMUNICATION: THE ROLE OF MALE PHEROMONE IN MATING BEHAVIOUR OF PSEUDALETIA UNIPUNCTA (HAW.) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4039/entm120146131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.) males, experimentally deprived of hairpencils (male-specific scent organs), were less acceptable to females than were intact males. The degree to which females discriminated against males lacking hairpencils depended on the experimental protocol. When females were placed with males before scotophase onset, they tended to evade repeatedly and/or terminate genital contact with hairpencil-less males before eventually copulating, although this tendency was not statistically significant. When males were introduced after females had initiated calling, females refused hairpencil-less males significantly more often than intact ones. The incidence of copulation by hairpencil-less males was also lower than that of intact males, significantly so in one of the two populations tested. Neither copulation duration nor the dimensions of the cuticular portion of the spermatophore were correlated with the presence of hairpencils. Yet in all cases, females that mated with hairpencil-less males were more fecund and laid more fertile eggs than those mated to intact males. Hairpencil eversion could not be seen during courtship, nor did females show any obvious change in calling behaviour in response to scent from a freshly excised hairpencil. However, gas chromatographic analysis of hairpencils showed a decrease in titre of two scent components, acetic acid and benzaldehyde, just before the moment of genital contact between male and female, indicating that the pheromone was released at this time. These results suggest that P. unipuncta male pheromone facilitates female acceptance of males. The hypothesis that male pheromone carries information about the quality of a courting male is discussed in relation to recent work on arctiids, nymphalids, pierids and pyralids. An appendix of lepidopteran species possessing male scent structures is included.
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Seibt U, Schneider D, Eisner T. Duftpinsel, Flügeltaschen und Balz des Tagfalters Danaus chrysippus (Lepidoptera: Danaidae)1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1972.tb01784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Meinwald J. The Chemistry of Biotic Interactions in Perspective: Small Molecules Take Center Stage. J Org Chem 2009; 74:1813-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jo802606t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold Meinwald
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301
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9
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Honda Y, Honda K, Omura H. Major components in the hairpencil secretion of a butterfly, Euploea mulciber (Lepidoptera, Danaidae): their origins and male behavioral responses to pyrrolizidine alkaloids. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 52:1043-53. [PMID: 16979653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Two compounds, 9,10-epoxytetrahydroedulan (ET) and viridiflorine beta-lactone (VL), were identified as major components from the hairpencils of field-caught males of a danaid butterfly, Euploea mulciber. By contrast, laboratory-reared males entirely lacked VL, but possessed a significant quantity of ET. Various feeding experiments with larvae and indoor adult males strongly suggested that ET is biosynthesized de novo only after eclosion from nutrients ingested during the larval development. Since VL was suspected to be derived from pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) acquired as an adult, tests for feeding response to and oral administration of four PAs (a 4:1 mixture of intermedine/lycopsamine, heliotrine, monocrotaline, and retronecine) were conducted. When the tarsi or proboscis were stimulated with PA solutions, males showed positive feeding responses (proboscis extension and sucking movements) to intermedine/lycopsamine, heliotrine, and retronecine in decreasing order of responsiveness, thereby providing evidence that male adults are endowed with taste receptor(s) specific to PAs on the legs as well as on the proboscis. Differently from gustatory responsiveness, only males fed with intermedine/lycopsamine produced a significant quantity of VL (ca. 35 microg/male), whereas those that ingested heliotrine or monocrotaline hydrochloride produced traces of VL (<0.18 microg/male). Uptake of retronecine did not lead to VL formation at all. In behavioral bioassays to test the attractivity of PAs to males, all individuals tested were attracted exclusively to intermedine/lycopsamine. This shows that certain PA(s) per se serve as attractant(s) for males in locating PA sources, and further suggests that in the field, males will seek particular PA(s) that are indispensable as precursors for the efficient biosynthesis of VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Honda
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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10
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Gossauer A. Monopyrrolic natural compounds including tetramic acid derivatives. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 2003; 86:1-188. [PMID: 12899123 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6029-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Gossauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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11
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Schulz S. Insect-Plant Interactions − Metabolism of Plant Compounds to Pheromones and Allomones by Lepidoptera and Leaf Beetles. European J Org Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0690(199801)1998:1<13::aid-ejoc13>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Specific mixtures of secretions from male scent organs of African milkweed butterflies (Danainae). Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1997. [DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1993.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The abdominal androconial organs (hairpencils: male scent glands) of samples of ten African milkweed butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Danainae) belonging to
Danaus, Tirumala
and
Amauris
, including all nine species commonly encountered in Kenya, have been analysed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. A total of 214 compounds have been identified, belonging to 14 chemical classes: hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, lactones, carboxylic acids, oxidized carboxylic acids, aromatics, derivatives of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, other terpenoids and tetrahydrofurans. Various compounds only rarely or never found in insects before, including some previously unknown in nature, are present in the hairpencils. Excluding the numerous tetrahydrofurans, which were not investigated systematically, the number of compounds ranges from 12-59 per species. All ten species have distinct mixtures of volatiles, including, in all cases, species-specific compounds (autapomorphies). In addition, the co-occurrence of compounds between species (synapomorphies) exhibits a strongly hierarchical chemo-taxonomic pattern which has been demonstrated to be largely consistent with a previous cladistic analysis based on adult morphology. The potential significance of these findings in relation to chemical communication and speciation in these mimetic butterflies is discussed.
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13
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Male sex pheromone of a giant danaine butterfly,Idea leuconoe. J Chem Ecol 1996; 22:949-72. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02029947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/1995] [Accepted: 01/02/1996] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Chapter 4 The Ecological Activity of Alkaloids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0099-9598(08)60156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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15
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16
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Synthesis and chemical properties of 1,2-dihydropyrrolizines (review). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00473929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Presence of long-chain dialkyl ethers in cuticular wax of the Australian chrysomelid beetleMonolepta australis. J Chem Ecol 1989; 15:255-63. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02027787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/1987] [Accepted: 11/13/1987] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Numata A, Ibuka T. Chapter 6 Alkaloids from Ants and Other Insects. THE ALKALOIDS: CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0099-9598(08)60261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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20
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Abstract
A diagnosis of Kallmann's syndrome was made in a 25-year-old man. After 21 months of treatment with parenteral T, spontaneous puberty occurred at the age of 27.
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22
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Odendaal FJ, Ehrlich PR, Thomas FC. Structure and function of the antennae ofEuphydryas editha (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). J Morphol 1985; 184:1-22. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051840102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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24
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Lieblich JM, Rogol AD, White BJ, Rosen SW. Syndrome of anosmia with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (Kallmann syndrome): clinical and laboratory studies in 23 cases. Am J Med 1982; 73:506-19. [PMID: 6812419 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(82)90329-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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25
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Hairpencil pheromone components of male oriental fruit moths,Grapholitha molesta. J Chem Ecol 1982; 8:947-59. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00987661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/1982] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Baker TC, Nishida R, Roelofs WL. Close-Range Attraction of Female Oriental Fruit Moths to Herbal Scent of Male Hairpencils. Science 1981; 214:1359-61. [PMID: 17812262 DOI: 10.1126/science.214.4527.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A blend of ethyl trans-cinnamate, methyl 2-epijasmonate, methyl jasmonate, and (R)-(-)-mellein, identified from the hairpencils of male Oriental fruit moths, attracts sex pheromone-releasing females several centimeters away. The chemicals thereby duplicate the behavioral effect elicited by hairpencil-displaying males during courtship; the chemicals also produce the herbal scent emanating from the hairpencils.
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27
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Surface lipids of Drosophila melanogaster: comparison of the lipids from female and male wild type and sex-linked yellow mutant. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(81)90045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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29
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Dzhemilev UM, Balezina GG, Volkova LA, Krivonogov VP, Tolstikov GA. Insect pheromones and their analogs III. Synthesis of the sex attractants of some Lepidoptera. Chem Nat Compd 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00564886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Boppr� M, Petty RL, Schneider D, Meinwald J. Behaviorally mediated contacts between scent organs: Another prerequisite for pheromone production inDanaus chrysippus males (lepidoptera). J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00666361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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32
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33
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Edgar JA, Culvenor CCJ, Pliske TE. Isolation of a lactone, structurally related to the esterifying acids of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, from the costal fringes of male Ithomiinae. J Chem Ecol 1976. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00988276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Abstract
Naturally occurring mutagens have usually been discovered as a result of outbreaks of disease in agricultural livestock, or as a result of epidemiological studies of cancer of the liver in man. Subsequent work has then shown that the toxic agents responsible often have mutagenic properties. Examples are the pyrrolizidine alkaloids, cyasin, a range of mycotoxins produced by various fungi, and at least two unidentified toxic agents in bracken. Commonly the toxic agent itself does not show high biological activity, but after ingestion it is converted by metabolic processes into the active mutagen or carcinogen. Some of these toxic substances have been responsible for considerable losses of agricultural livestock and therefore are of economic significance. From the view-point of genetic hazards to man, the most significant compounds are probably the mycotoxins, e.g. aflatoxin, because of the common risk of fungal contamination of food, especially in tropical regions. No information is yet available on the effects of these mutagens on natural populations of animals. Plants containing the pyrrolizidine alkaloids are found in areas of Africa and the Middle East where plagues of the migratory locust occur. Although it is known that some of the alkaloids can induce chromosomal damage in grasshoppers, whether such damage ever becomes a significant factor under ecological conditions is not known. In some cases, insects have not only evolved resistance towards mutagenic alkaloids but have become dependent on them for certain purposes. The males of certain Danaid butterflies feed on plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids. After ingestion, the alkaloids are metabolised to dihydropyrrolizine derivatives, which are then secreted on special organs (hair pencils) and, following dissemination into the atmosphere, act as pheromones for the stimulation of mating behaviour.
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35
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Pliske TE, Edgar JA, Culvenor CCJ. The chemical basis of attraction of ithomiine butterflies to plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J Chem Ecol 1976. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00988275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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37
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Edgar JA, Culvenor CC, Pliske TE. Coevolution of Danaid butterflies with their host plants. Nature 1974; 250:646-8. [PMID: 4851069 DOI: 10.1038/250646a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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38
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Meinwald J, Boriack CJ, Schneider D, Boppré M, Wood WF, Eisner T. Volatile ketones in the hairpencil secretion of danaid butterflies (Amauris and Danaus). EXPERIENTIA 1974; 30:721-3. [PMID: 4847644 DOI: 10.1007/bf01924148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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39
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40
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Abstract
The mandibular gland secretions of the ponerine ants Odontomachus hastatus, O. clarus, and O. brunneus contain alkylpyrazines. These compounds, 2,5-dimethyl-3-isopentylpyrazine in O. hastatus and O. clarus, and 2,6-dimethyl-3-pentyl-, -butyl-, -propyl-, and -ethyl-pyrazines in O. brunneus, have previously not been found as animal natural products. These compounds function as powerful releasers of alarm behavior for Odontomachus workers and are probably also utilized as defensive compounds.
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41
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Macconnell JG, Silverstein RM. Neue Ergebnisse der Chemie von Insektenpheromonen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1973. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19730851503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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42
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43
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Edgar*, JA, Culvenor CCJ, Robinson† GS. HAIRPENCIL DIHYDROPYRROLIZINES OF DANAINAE FROM THE NEW HEBRIDES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-6055.1973.tb01652.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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44
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Karlson P, Schneider D. Sexualhormone der Schmetterlinge als Modelle chemischer Kommunikation. Naturwissenschaften 1973. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00594780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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45
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46
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Abstract
Males of the queen butterfly Danaus gilippus berenice, deprived of the two extrusible brushlike "hairpencils" at the rear of their abdomen, are capable of courting females but incapable of seducing them. In normal courtship, an aphrodisiac secretion associated with the hairpencils is transferred by way of tiny cuticular "dust" particles to the antennae of the females. Of the two substances identified from the secretion, one (the ketone) acts as the chemical messenger that induces the females to mate. The only known function of the other compound (the diol) is to serve as a glue that sticks the dust to the female. Males were reared under conditions in which they produced subnormal amounts of ketone and showed reduced seductive capacity. Under certain experimental circumstances, the competence of these males was restored by addition of synthetic ketone.
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47
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Abstract
Olfactory receptor responses (electroantennograms) were recorded from antennae of danaid butterflies. Antennae of male and female queen butterflies (Danaus gilippus berenice) respond equally strongly to the hairpencil of queen males, to its crude extract, and to one of its two identified secretory components (the ketone). Responses to the second component (the diol) are weak. Hairpencils of a related species, Lycorea ceres, which also contain the ketone, are equally effective in eliciting electroantennograms from both sexes of the queen. Antennae of another related species, the monarch (Danaus plexippus), respond to the same stimuli as does the queen. Monarch hairpencils, which lack the ketone, do not elicit electroantennograms in monarch or queen antennae.
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Abstract
Two major components in the "hairpencil" secretion of the male of the queen butterfly (Danaus gilippus berenice) have been identified. One, a crystalline ketone (2,3-dihydro-7-methyl-1H-pyrrolizin-1-one), is known from another danaid butterfly. The other, a viscous terpenoid alcohol (trans, trans-3,7-dimethyldeca-2,6-dien-1,10-diol), is new; its structure is confirmed by an unambiguous synthesis.
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XVI. ADDENDUM. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 1967. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1967.tb01340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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