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Mashayekhi-Sardoo H, Rezaee R, Riahi-Zanjani B, Karimi G. Alleviation of microcystin-leucine arginine -induced hepatotoxicity: An updated overview. Toxicon 2024; 243:107715. [PMID: 38636613 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Contamination of surface waters is a major health threat for all living creatures. Some types of blue-green algae that naturally occur in fresh water, are able to produce various toxins, like Microcystins (MCs). Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) produced by Microcystis aeruginosa is the most toxic and abundant isoforms of MCs, and it causes hepatotoxicity. The present article reviews preclinical experiments examined different treatments, including herbal derivatives, dietary supplements and drugs against MC-LR hepatotoxicity. METHODS We searched scientific databases Web of Science, Embase, Medline (PubMed), Scopus, and Google Scholar using relevant keywords to find suitable studies until November 2023. RESULTS MC-LR through Organic anion transporting polypeptide superfamily transporters (OATPs) penetrates and accumulates in hepatocytes, and it inhibits protein phosphatases (PP1 and PP2A). Consequently, MC-LR disturbs many signaling pathways and induces oxidative stress thus damages cellular macromolecules. Some protective agents, especially plants rich in flavonoids, and natural supplements, as well as chemoprotectants were shown to diminish MC-LR hepatotoxicity. CONCLUSION The reviewed agents through blocking the OATP transporters (nontoxic nostocyclopeptide-M1, captopril, and naringin), then inhibition of MC-LR uptake (naringin, rifampin, cyclosporin-A, silymarin and captopril), and finally at restoration of PPAse activity (silybin, quercetin, morin, naringin, rifampin, captopril, azo dyes) exert hepatoprotective effect against MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibeh Mashayekhi-Sardoo
- Bio Environmental Health Hazard Research Center, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran; Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran.
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Bamdad Riahi-Zanjani
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Lambert C, Schmidt K, Karger M, Stadler M, Stradal TEB, Rottner K. Cytochalasans and Their Impact on Actin Filament Remodeling. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1247. [PMID: 37627312 PMCID: PMC10452583 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic actin cytoskeleton comprises the protein itself in its monomeric and filamentous forms, G- and F-actin, as well as multiple interaction partners (actin-binding proteins, ABPs). This gives rise to a temporally and spatially controlled, dynamic network, eliciting a plethora of motility-associated processes. To interfere with the complex inter- and intracellular interactions the actin cytoskeleton confers, small molecular inhibitors have been used, foremost of all to study the relevance of actin filaments and their turnover for various cellular processes. The most prominent inhibitors act by, e.g., sequestering monomers or by interfering with the polymerization of new filaments and the elongation of existing filaments. Among these inhibitors used as tool compounds are the cytochalasans, fungal secondary metabolites known for decades and exploited for their F-actin polymerization inhibitory capabilities. In spite of their application as tool compounds for decades, comprehensive data are lacking that explain (i) how the structural deviances of the more than 400 cytochalasans described to date influence their bioactivity mechanistically and (ii) how the intricate network of ABPs reacts (or adapts) to cytochalasan binding. This review thus aims to summarize the information available concerning the structural features of cytochalasans and their influence on the described activities on cell morphology and actin cytoskeleton organization in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lambert
- Molecular Cell Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Katharina Schmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marius Karger
- Molecular Cell Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Theresia E. B. Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Molecular Cell Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Pampanella L, Abruzzo PM, Tassinari R, Alessandrini A, Petrocelli G, Ragazzini G, Cavallini C, Pizzuti V, Collura N, Canaider S, Facchin F, Ventura C. Cytochalasin B Influences Cytoskeletal Organization and Osteogenic Potential of Human Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:289. [PMID: 37259432 PMCID: PMC9966134 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Among perinatal stem cells of the umbilical cord, human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (hWJ-MSCs) are of great interest for cell-based therapy approaches in regenerative medicine, showing some advantages over other MSCs. In fact, hWJ-MSCs, placed between embryonic and adult MSCs, are not tumorigenic and are harvested with few ethical concerns. Furthermore, these cells can be easily cultured in vitro, maintaining both stem properties and a high proliferative rate for several passages, as well as trilineage capacity of differentiation. Recently, it has been demonstrated that cytoskeletal organization influences stem cell biology. Among molecules able to modulate its dynamics, Cytochalasin B (CB), a cyto-permeable mycotoxin, influences actin microfilament polymerization, thus affecting several cell properties, such as the ability of MSCs to differentiate towards a specific commitment. Here, we investigated for the first time the effects of a 24 h-treatment with CB at different concentrations (0.1-3 μM) on hWJ-MSCs. CB influenced the cytoskeletal organization in a dose-dependent manner, inducing changes in cell number, proliferation, shape, and nanomechanical properties, thus promoting the osteogenic commitment of hWJ-MSCs, as confirmed by the expression analysis of osteogenic/autophagy markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pampanella
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Provvidenza Maria Abruzzo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Alessandrini
- Department of Physics, Informatics and Mathematics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
- CNR-Nanoscience Institute-S3, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Giovannamaria Petrocelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gregorio Ragazzini
- Department of Physics, Informatics and Mathematics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
- CNR-Nanoscience Institute-S3, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Pizzuti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Collura
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Canaider
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Facchin
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Ventura
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Bioengineering of the National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB) c/o Eldor Lab, Via Corticella 183, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Galindo C, Latypova L, Barshtein G, Livshits L, Arbell D, Einav S, Feldman Y. The inhibition of glucose uptake to erythrocytes: microwave dielectric response. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2022; 51:353-363. [PMID: 35532810 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-022-01602-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric spectroscopy has been used in the study and development of non-invasive glucose monitoring (NIGM) sensors, including the range of microwave frequencies. Dielectric relaxation of red blood cell (RBC) cytosolic water in the microwave frequency band has been shown to be sensitive to variations in the glucose concentration of RBC suspensions. It has been hypothesized that this sensitivity stems from the utilization of D-glucose by RBCs. To verify this proposition, RBCs were pretreated with inhibitors of D-glucose uptake (cytochalasin B and forskolin). Then their suspensions were exposed to different D-glucose concentrations as measured by microwave dielectric spectroscopy (MDS) in the 500 MHz-40 GHz frequency band. After incubation of RBCs with either inhibitor, the dielectric response of water in the cytoplasm, and specifically its relaxation time, demonstrated minimal sensitivity to the change of D-glucose concentration in the medium. This result allows us to conclude that the sensitivity of MDS to glucose uptake is associated with variations in the balance of bulk and bound RBC cytosolic water due to intracellular D-glucose metabolism, verifying the correctness of the initial hypothesis. These findings represent a further argument to establish the dielectric response of water as a marker of glucose variation in RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Galindo
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Larisa Latypova
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Physics, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya St., 420008, Kazan, Russia
| | - Gregory Barshtein
- Biochemistry Department, The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Leonid Livshits
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dan Arbell
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sharon Einav
- General Intensive Care Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuri Feldman
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Pollard TD. Landmarks in the discovery of a role for actin in cell locomotion. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:rt2. [PMID: 35612984 PMCID: PMC9561858 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-08-0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During the late 1960s four independent lines of research implicated actin in cellular motility. This Retrospective recounts how biochemistry, light and electron microscopy, and inhibitory natural products all contributed to this breakthrough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Pollard
- Departments of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Departments of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103
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6
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Noronha C, Ribeiro AS, Taipa R, Castro DS, Reis J, Faria C, Paredes J. Cadherin Expression and EMT: A Focus on Gliomas. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101328. [PMID: 34680444 PMCID: PMC8533397 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherins are calcium-binding proteins with a pivotal role in cell adhesion and tissue homeostasis. The cadherin-dependent mechanisms of cell adhesion and migration are exploited by cancer cells, contributing to tumor invasiveness and dissemination. In particular, cadherin switch is a hallmark of epithelial to mesenchymal transition, a complex development process vastly described in the progression of most epithelial cancers. This is characterized by drastic changes in cell polarity, adhesion, and motility, which lead from an E-cadherin positive differentiated epithelial state into a dedifferentiated mesenchymal-like state, prone to metastization and defined by N-cadherin expression. Although vastly explored in epithelial cancers, how these mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis of other non-epithelial tumor types is poorly understood. Herein, the current knowledge on cadherin expression in normal development in parallel to tumor pathogenesis is reviewed, focusing on epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Emphasis is taken in the unascertained cadherin expression in CNS tumors, particularly in gliomas, where the potential contribution of an epithelial-to-mesenchymal-like process to glioma genesis and how this may be associated with changes in cadherin expression is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Noronha
- Neurosurgery Department, Hospital de Santo António, Centro Hospitalar Universitario do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal; (C.N.); (J.R.)
- Cancer Metastasis Group, i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Ribeiro
- Cancer Metastasis Group, i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Ricardo Taipa
- Neuropathology Unit, Hospital de Santo António, Centro Hospitalar Universitario do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal;
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo S. Castro
- Stem Cells & Neurogenesis Group, i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Joaquim Reis
- Neurosurgery Department, Hospital de Santo António, Centro Hospitalar Universitario do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal; (C.N.); (J.R.)
- Anatomy Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Faria
- Neurosurgery Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitario Lisboa Norte, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal;
- IMM—Instituto de Medicina Molecular Joao Lobo Antunes, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Paredes
- Cancer Metastasis Group, i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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7
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Igamberdiev AU. Hyper-restorative non-equilibrium state as a driving force of biological morphogenesis. Biosystems 2018; 173:104-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Hung CY, Olive LS. Ultrastructure of the Amoeboid Cell and its Vacuolar System in Protosteliopsis Fimicola. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1972.12019382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yuan Hung
- Department of Botany, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27514
| | - Lindsay S. Olive
- Department of Botany, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27514
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Papandréou MJ, Leterrier C. The functional architecture of axonal actin. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 91:151-159. [PMID: 29758267 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton builds and supports the complex architecture of neurons. It orchestrates the specification, growth, and compartmentation of the axon: axon initial segment, axonal shaft, presynapses. The cytoskeleton must then maintain this intricate architecture for the whole life of its host, but also drive its adaptation to new network demands and changing physiological conditions. Microtubules are readily visible inside axon shafts by electron microscopy, whereas axonal actin study has long been focused on dynamic structures of the axon such as growth cones. Super-resolution microscopy and live-cell imaging have recently revealed new actin-based structures in mature axons: rings, hotspots and trails. This has caused renewed interest for axonal actin, with efforts underway to understand the precise organization and cellular functions of these assemblies. Actin is also present in presynapses, where its arrangement is still poorly defined, and its functions vigorously debated. Here we review the organization of axonal actin, focusing on recent advances and current questions in this rejuvenated field.
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A comprehensive comparison of four species of Onchidiidae provides insights on the morphological and molecular adaptations of invertebrates from shallow seas to wetlands. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196252. [PMID: 29698429 PMCID: PMC5919635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Onchidiidae family is ideal for studying the evolution of marine invertebrate species from sea to wetland environments. However, comparative studies of Onchidiidae species are rare. A total of 40 samples were collected from four species (10 specimens per onchidiid), and their histological and molecular differences were systematically evaluated to elucidate the morphological foundations underlying the adaptations of these species. A histological analysis was performed to compare the structures of respiratory organs (gill, lung sac, dorsal skin) among onchidiids, and transcriptome sequencing of four representative onchidiids was performed to investigate the molecular mechanisms associated with their respective habitats. Twenty-six SNP markers of Onchidium reevesii revealed some DNA polymorphisms determining visible traits. Non-muscle myosin heavy chain II (NMHC II) and myosin heavy chain (MyHC), which play essential roles in amphibian developmental processes, were found to be differentially expressed in different onchidiids and tissues. The species with higher terrestrial ability and increased integrated expression of Os-MHC (NMHC II gene) and the MyHC gene, illustrating that the expression levels of these genes were associated with the evolutionary degree. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the adaptions of a diverse and widespread group of invertebrates, the Onchidiidae. Some onchidiids can breathe well through gills and skin when under seawater, and some can breathe well through lung sacs and skin when in wetlands. A histological comparison of respiratory organs and the relative expression levels of two genes provided insights into the adaptions of onchidiids that allowed their transition from shallow seas to wetlands. This work provides a valuable reference and might encourage further study.
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Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton-a collection of actin filaments with their accessory and regulatory proteins-is the primary force-generating machinery in the cell. It can produce pushing (protrusive) forces through coordinated polymerization of multiple actin filaments or pulling (contractile) forces through sliding actin filaments along bipolar filaments of myosin II. Both force types are particularly important for whole-cell migration, but they also define and change the cell shape and mechanical properties of the cell surface, drive the intracellular motility and morphogenesis of membrane organelles, and allow cells to form adhesions with each other and with the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Svitkina
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 221 Leidy Labs, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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12
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Buhrmann C, Shayan P, Goel A, Shakibaei M. Resveratrol Regulates Colorectal Cancer Cell Invasion by Modulation of Focal Adhesion Molecules. Nutrients 2017; 9:E1073. [PMID: 28953264 PMCID: PMC5691690 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol, a safe and multi-targeted agent, has been associated with suppression of survival, proliferation and metastasis of cancer, however, the underlying mechanisms for its anti-cancer activity, particularly on cellular signaling during cancer cell migration still remain poorly understood. We investigated the invasion response of two human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells (HCT116 and SW480) to resveratrol and studied the effect of specific pharmacological inhibitors, cytochalasin D (CytD) and focal adhesion kinase-inhibitor (FAK-I) on FAK, cell viability and migration in CRC. We found that resveratrol altered cell phenotype of both CRC cells, reduced cell viability and the results were comparable to FAK-I and CytD. These effects of resveratrol were associated with marked Sirt1 up-regulation, FAK down-regulation, inhibition of focal adhesion and potentiation of effects by combinatorial treatment of resveratrol and inhibitors. Interestingly, inhibition of FAK with FAK-I or treatment with CytD suppressed resveratrol-induced Sirt1 up-regulation and markedly down-regulated FAK expression. Resveratrol or combination treatment with inhibitors significantly activated caspase-3 and potentiated apoptosis. Moreover, resveratrol suppressed invasion and colony forming capacity, cell proliferation, β1-Integrin expression and activation of FAK of cells in alginate tumor microenvironment, similar to FAK-I or CytD. Finally, we demonstrated that resveratrol, FAK-I or CytD inhibited activation of NF-κB, suppressed NF-κB-dependent gene end-products involved in invasion, metastasis, and apoptosis; and these effects of resveratrol were potentiated by combination treatment with FAK-I or CytD. Our data illustrated that the anti-invasion effect of resveratrol by inhibition of FAK activity has a potential beneficial role in disease prevention and therapeutic management of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Buhrmann
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumour Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 11, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Parviz Shayan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 141556453, Iran.
- Investigating Institute of Molecular Biological System Transfer, Tehran 1417863171, Iran.
| | - Ajay Goel
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute and Charles A Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
| | - Mehdi Shakibaei
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumour Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 11, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
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Lappalainen P. Actin-binding proteins: the long road to understanding the dynamic landscape of cellular actin networks. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 27:2519-22. [PMID: 27528696 PMCID: PMC4985253 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-10-0728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton supports a vast number of cellular processes in nonmuscle cells. It is well established that the organization and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton are controlled by a large array of actin-binding proteins. However, it was only 40 years ago that the first nonmuscle actin-binding protein, filamin, was identified and characterized. Filamin was shown to bind and cross-link actin filaments into higher-order structures and contribute to phagocytosis in macrophages. Subsequently many other nonmuscle actin-binding proteins were identified and characterized. These proteins regulate almost all steps of the actin filament assembly and disassembly cycles, as well as the arrangement of actin filaments into diverse three-dimensional structures. Although the individual biochemical activities of most actin-regulatory proteins are relatively well understood, knowledge of how these proteins function together in a common cytoplasm to control actin dynamics and architecture is only beginning to emerge. Furthermore, understanding how signaling pathways and mechanical cues control the activities of various actin-binding proteins in different cellular, developmental, and pathological processes will keep researchers busy for decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Lappalainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Tian C, Lei X, Wang Y, Dong Z, Liu G, Tang Y. Total Syntheses of Periconiasins A-E. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Comprehensive AIDS Research Center; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences; School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqiang Lei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Comprehensive AIDS Research Center; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yuanhao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Comprehensive AIDS Research Center; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Zhen Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Comprehensive AIDS Research Center; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Gang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Comprehensive AIDS Research Center; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences; School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P.R. China
| | - Yefeng Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Comprehensive AIDS Research Center; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center; West China Hospital; West China Medical School; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
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15
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Tian C, Lei X, Wang Y, Dong Z, Liu G, Tang Y. Total Syntheses of Periconiasins A-E. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:6992-6. [PMID: 27121397 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Comprehensive AIDS Research Center; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences; School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqiang Lei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Comprehensive AIDS Research Center; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yuanhao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Comprehensive AIDS Research Center; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Zhen Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Comprehensive AIDS Research Center; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Gang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Comprehensive AIDS Research Center; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences; School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P.R. China
| | - Yefeng Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Comprehensive AIDS Research Center; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center; West China Hospital; West China Medical School; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
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Vogel SK. Reconstitution of a Minimal Actin Cortex by Coupling Actin Filaments to Reconstituted Membranes. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1365:213-23. [PMID: 26498787 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3124-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A thin layer of actin filaments in many eukaryotic cell types drives pivotal aspects of cell morphogenesis and is generally cited as the actin cortex. Myosin driven contractility and actin cytoskeleton membrane interactions form the basis of fundamental cellular processes such as cytokinesis, cell migration, and cortical flows. How the interplay between the actin cytoskeleton, the membrane, and actin binding proteins drives these processes is far from being understood. The complexity of the actin cortex in living cells and the hardly feasible manipulation of the omnipotent cellular key players, namely actin, myosin, and the membrane, are challenging in order to gain detailed insights about the underlying mechanisms. Recent progress in developing bottom-up in vitro systems where the actin cytoskeleton is combined with reconstituted membranes may provide a complementary route to reveal general principles underlying actin cortex properties. In this chapter the reconstitution of a minimal actin cortex by coupling actin filaments to a supported membrane is described. This minimal system may be very well suited to study for example protein interactions on membrane bound actin filaments in a very controlled and quantitative manner as it may be difficult to perform in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven K Vogel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried, D-82152, Germany.
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Jung YW, Mascagni M. Constriction model of actomyosin ring for cytokinesis by fission yeast using a two-state sliding filament mechanism. J Chem Phys 2015; 141:125101. [PMID: 25273478 DOI: 10.1063/1.4896164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a model describing the structure and contractile mechanism of the actomyosin ring in fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The proposed ring includes actin, myosin, and α-actinin, and is organized into a structure similar to that of muscle sarcomeres. This structure justifies the use of the sliding-filament mechanism developed by Huxley and Hill, but it is probably less organized relative to that of muscle sarcomeres. Ring contraction tension was generated via the same fundamental mechanism used to generate muscle tension, but some physicochemical parameters were adjusted to be consistent with the proposed ring structure. Simulations allowed an estimate of ring constriction tension that reproduced the observed ring constriction velocity using a physiologically possible, self-consistent set of parameters. Proposed molecular-level properties responsible for the thousand-fold slower constriction velocity of the ring relative to that of muscle sarcomeres include fewer myosin molecules involved, a less organized contractile configuration, a low α-actinin concentration, and a high resistance membrane tension. Ring constriction velocity is demonstrated as an exponential function of time despite a near linear appearance. We proposed a hypothesis to explain why excess myosin heads inhibit constriction velocity rather than enhance it. The model revealed how myosin concentration and elastic resistance tension are balanced during cytokinesis in S. pombe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Woon Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, USA
| | - Michael Mascagni
- Departments of Computer Science, Mathematics and Scientific Computing, and Graduate Program in Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4530, USA
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18
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Amado-Azevedo J, Valent ET, Van Nieuw Amerongen GP. Regulation of the endothelial barrier function: a filum granum of cellular forces, Rho-GTPase signaling and microenvironment. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 355:557-76. [PMID: 24633925 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the endothelium is an extremely thin single-cell layer, it performs exceedingly well in preventing blood fluids from leaking into the surrounding tissues. However, specific pathological conditions can affect this cell layer, compromising the integrity of the barrier. Vascular leakage is a hallmark of many cardiovascular diseases and despite its medical importance, no specialized therapies are available to prevent it or reduce it. Small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) of the Rho family are known to be key regulators of various aspects of cell behavior and studies have shown that they can exert both positive and negative effects on endothelial barrier integrity. Moreover, extracellular matrix stiffness has now been implicated in the regulation of Rho-GTPase signaling, which has a direct impact on the integrity of endothelial junctions. However, knowledge about both the precise mechanism of this regulation and the individual contribution of the specific regulatory proteins remains fragmentary. In this review, we discuss recent findings concerning the balanced activities of Rho-GTPases and, in particular, aspects of the regulation of the endothelial barrier. We highlight the role of Rho-GTPases in the intimate relationships between biomechanical forces, microenvironmental influences and endothelial intercellular junctions, which are all interwoven in a beautiful filigree-like fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Amado-Azevedo
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Van den Boechorststraat 7, 1081BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Vogel SK, Heinemann F, Chwastek G, Schwille P. The design of MACs (minimal actin cortices). Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2013; 70:706-17. [PMID: 24039068 PMCID: PMC4065363 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The actin cell cortex in eukaryotic cells is a key player in controlling and maintaining the shape of cells, and in driving major shape changes such as in cytokinesis. It is thereby constantly being remodeled. Cell shape changes require forces acting on membranes that are generated by the interplay of membrane coupled actin filaments and assemblies of myosin motors. Little is known about how their interaction regulates actin cell cortex remodeling and cell shape changes. Because of the vital importance of actin, myosin motors and the cell membrane, selective in vivo experiments and manipulations are often difficult to perform or not feasible. Thus, the intelligent design of minimal in vitro systems for actin-myosin-membrane interactions could pave a way for investigating actin cell cortex mechanics in a detailed and quantitative manner. Here, we present and discuss the design of several bottom-up in vitro systems accomplishing the coupling of actin filaments to artificial membranes, where key parameters such as actin densities and membrane properties can be varied in a controlled manner. Insights gained from these in vitro systems may help to uncover fundamental principles of how exactly actin-myosin-membrane interactions govern actin cortex remodeling and membrane properties for cell shape changes. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven K Vogel
- *Address correspondence to: Sven K. Vogel; Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany. E-mail:
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Zimmer G, Rohrhofer A, Lewis K, Goessl A, Hoffmann O. The surface microporosity of ceramic biomaterials influences the resorption capacity of osteoclasts. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 101:3365-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Zimmer
- Baxter Innovations GmbH; Industriestrasse 67 1220 Vienna Austria
| | - Astrid Rohrhofer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Kanthi Lewis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Andreas Goessl
- Baxter Innovations GmbH; Industriestrasse 67 1220 Vienna Austria
| | - Oskar Hoffmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
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Vogel SK, Petrasek Z, Heinemann F, Schwille P. Myosin motors fragment and compact membrane-bound actin filaments. eLife 2013; 2:e00116. [PMID: 23326639 PMCID: PMC3545444 DOI: 10.7554/elife.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cortex remodeling during cell division is a result of myofilament-driven contractility of the cortical membrane-bound actin meshwork. Little is known about the interaction between individual myofilaments and membrane-bound actin filaments. Here we reconstituted a minimal actin cortex to directly visualize the action of individual myofilaments on membrane-bound actin filaments using TIRF microscopy. We show that synthetic myofilaments fragment and compact membrane-bound actin while processively moving along actin filaments. We propose a mechanism by which tension builds up between the ends of myofilaments, resulting in compressive stress exerted to single actin filaments, causing their buckling and breakage. Modeling of this mechanism revealed that sufficient force (∼20 pN) can be generated by single myofilaments to buckle and break actin filaments. This mechanism of filament fragmentation and compaction may contribute to actin turnover and cortex reorganization during cytokinesis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00116.001 Actin is a multi-functional protein that is found in almost all eukaryotic cells. When polymerized, it forms robust filaments that participate in a variety of cellular processes. For example, actin filaments are involved in the contraction of muscles, and they are also a major component in the various structures that maintain and control the shape of cells as they move and divide. These structures include the cell cortex, a meshwork of actin filaments that is bound to the inner surface of the plasma membrane by anchor proteins. However, both the cell cortex and the plasma membrane must undergo dramatic changes when a cell divides, and the forces that drive these changes are generated by another protein, myosin II. Myosin II contains three domains: a head domain, also known as the motor domain, that binds to actin; a neck domain; and a tail domain. Like actin, myosin II proteins also form filaments, but these myofilaments have a distinctive structure: the tail domains of two Myosin II proteins join together, with the motor domains being found at both ends of the filament. When activated, the motor domains grab actin filaments and pull against them in a ‘powerstroke’. However, the details of the interactions between the myofilament motor domains and the actin filaments in the cell cortex, which are bound to the plasma membrane, are not fully understood. Studying these processes in living cells is extremely challenging, so Vogel et al. have built an in vitro model of the cell cortex, and then used single-molecule imaging to watch the interactions between the myofilaments and the actin filaments in this model. They show that the myofilaments move along the actin in the cortex, breaking up the filaments and compressing them in the process. They propose that tension builds up between the ends of the myofilaments, leading to compressive stress being exerted on the actin filaments. Computer simulations confirm that the forces generated are high enough to cause the actin filaments to buckle and break. The in vitro model developed by Vogel et al. should allow researchers to clarify the basic biophysical principles that underpin the structure and function of the cell cortex. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00116.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven K Vogel
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics , Martinsried , Germany
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Miller PW, Clarke DN, Weis WI, Lowe CJ, Nelson WJ. The evolutionary origin of epithelial cell-cell adhesion mechanisms. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2013; 72:267-311. [PMID: 24210433 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417027-8.00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A simple epithelium forms a barrier between the outside and the inside of an organism, and is the first organized multicellular tissue found in evolution. We examine the relationship between the evolution of epithelia and specialized cell-cell adhesion proteins comprising the classical cadherin/β-catenin/α-catenin complex (CCC). A review of the divergent functional properties of the CCC in metazoans and non-metazoans, and an updated phylogenetic coverage of the CCC using recent genomic data reveal: (1) The core CCC likely originated before the last common ancestor of unikonts and their closest bikont sister taxa. (2) Formation of the CCC may have constrained sequence evolution of the classical cadherin cytoplasmic domain and β-catenin in metazoa. (3) The α-catenin-binding domain in β-catenin appears to be the favored mutation site for disrupting β-catenin function in the CCC. (4) The ancestral function of the α/β-catenin heterodimer appears to be an actin-binding module. In some metazoan groups, more complex functions of α-catenin were gained by sequence divergence in the non-actin-binding (N-, M-) domains. (5) Allosteric regulation of α-catenin may have evolved for more complex regulation of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip W Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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23
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He YF, Tian DY, Yi ZJ, Yin ZK, Luo CL, Tang W, Wu XH. Upregulation of cell adhesion through delta Np63 silencing in human 5637 bladder cancer cells. Asian J Androl 2012; 14:788-92. [PMID: 22902906 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2012.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Some researchs have demonstrated that the loss of delta Np63 is associated with aggressive phenotypes and poor prognosis. However, other research indicates that delta Np63 is considered to have oncogenic properties. Delta Np63 overexpression is often observed in association with the oncogenic growth of squamous cell carcinomas and bladder cancer. In this study, we investigated the oncogenic role of delta Np63 in regulating cell adhesion in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (TCCB). The cells were stably transfected with the delta Np63 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) plasmid. Immunocytochemistry was performed to determine the knockdown efficiency. Tumour cells were studied for their ability to adhere to vascular endothelial cells. Confocal microscopy was used to analyse the changes in cytoskeletal F-actin. F-actin expression was measured by flow cytometry. Cell invasion ability was assessed using transwell chambers. The delta Np63-silenced tumour cells were shown to adhere more tightly than controls to vascular endothelial cells (P<0.05). The content of F-actin in the delta Np63-silenced cells was enhanced (P<0.05). The Matrigel invasion assays showed that human 5637 bladder cancer cells had a lower degree of motility when transfected with pdelta Np63-shRNA (P<0.05). In conclusion, silencing of the delta Np63 expression can enhance the adhesiveness of 5637 cells by inducing F-actin cytoskeleton production, and it will possibly inhibit the TCCB invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Feng He
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Douglas WW, Sorimachi M. Colchicine inhibits adrenal medullary secretion evoked by acetylcholine without affecting that evoked by potassium. Br J Pharmacol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1972.tb09585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Asavasanti S, Stroeve P, Barrett DM, Jernstedt JA, Ristenpart WD. Enhanced electroporation in plant tissues via low frequency pulsed electric fields: Influence of cytoplasmic streaming. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:445-53. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hung RJ, Terman JR. Extracellular inhibitors, repellents, and semaphorin/plexin/MICAL-mediated actin filament disassembly. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2011; 68:415-33. [PMID: 21800438 PMCID: PMC3612987 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Multiple extracellular signals have been identified that regulate actin dynamics within motile cells, but how these instructive cues present on the cell surface exert their precise effects on the internal actin cytoskeleton is still poorly understood. One particularly interesting class of these cues is a group of extracellular proteins that negatively alter the movement of cells and their processes. Over the years, these types of events have been described using a variety of terms and herein we provide an overview of inhibitory/repulsive cellular phenomena and highlight the largest known protein family of repulsive extracellular cues, the Semaphorins. Specifically, the Semaphorins (Semas) utilize Plexin cell-surface receptors to dramatically collapse the actin cytoskeleton and we summarize what is known of the direct molecular and biochemical mechanisms of Sema-triggered actin filament (F-actin) disassembly. We also discuss new observations from our lab that reveal that the multidomain oxidoreductase (Redox) enzyme Molecule Interacting with CasL (MICAL), an important mediator of Sema/Plexin repulsion, is a novel F-actin disassembly factor. Our results indicate that MICAL triggers Sema/Plexin-mediated reorganization of the F-actin cytoskeleton and suggest a role for specific Redox signaling events in regulating actin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruei-Jiun Hung
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Neuroscience Graduate Program, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jonathan R. Terman
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Neuroscience Graduate Program, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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27
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Espiña B, Louzao MC, Ares IR, Fonfria ES, Vilariño N, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton induces fluorescent glucose accumulation on the rat hepatocytes Clone 9. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 27:653-60. [PMID: 21691083 DOI: 10.1159/000330074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose transport and metabolism are highly specialized in hepatocytes. Actin cytoskeleton is fundamental to the maintenance of their morphology as well as to ensure their functionality. Here we study the effect of the actin disrupting natural compounds cytochalasin B and latrunculin A on the glucose metabolism of the Clone 9 rat hepatocytes once the glucose molecule is inside them and the effects of two hormones which main function is regulating the glucose metabolism on the actin cytoskeleton of Clone 9 cells. METHODS F-actin was labeled by using Oregon Green 514 ® phalloidin and glucose inside cells was monitored with the fluorescent D-glucose derivative; 2-NBDG. Observations and measurements were carried out by using a confocal microscope. RESULTS Nor insulin neither glucagon was able to induce any significant effect in the quantity of F-actin present on Clone 9 cells. But insulin triggers a strong reorganization on the pattern of distribution of F-actin. However, the actin cytoskeleton disruption induced by CB and more efficiently by Lat A caused accumulation of 2-NBDG in cells. CONCLUSION These results state that disruption of the actin cytoskeleton induces fluorescent glucose accumulation on the rat hepatocytes Clone 9 suggesting that actin disrupting agents cause a blockage in the glycolytic pathway of Clone 9 hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Espiña
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Lugo, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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Panopoulos A, Howell M, Fotedar R, Margolis RL. Glioblastoma motility occurs in the absence of actin polymer. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:2212-20. [PMID: 21551075 PMCID: PMC3128524 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-10-0849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human glioblastoma cells are motile in the absence of intact actin polymers, following
suppression of actin assembly by specific inhibitors. On the other hand, suppression of microtubules completely blocks motility. These results are clearly divergent from the standard model of actin-based cell motility in mammalian cells. In fibroblasts and keratocytes, motility is actin dependent, while microtubules play a secondary role, providing directional guidance. We demonstrate here that the motility of glioblastoma cells is exceptional, in that it occurs in cells depleted of assembled actin. Cells display persistent motility in the presence of actin inhibitors at concentrations sufficient to fully disassemble actin. Such actin independent motility is characterized by the extension of cell protrusions containing abundant microtubule polymers. Strikingly, glioblastoma cells exhibit no motility in the presence of microtubule inhibitors, at concentrations that disassemble labile microtubule polymers. In accord with an unconventional mode of motility, glioblastoma cells have some unusual requirements for the Rho GTPases. While Rac1 is required for lamellipodial protrusions in fibroblasts, expression of dominant negative Rac1 does not suppress glioblastoma migration. Other GTPase mutants are largely without unique effect, except dominant positive Rac1-Q61L, and rapidly cycling Rac1-F28L, which substantially suppress glioblastoma motility. We conclude that glioblastoma cells display an unprecedented mode of intrinsic motility that can occur in the absence of actin polymer, and that appears to require polymerized microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Panopoulos
- Tumor Development Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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29
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Paton DM. Evidence for inhibition of glucose transport in peripheral adrenergic neurons by cytochalasin B. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1974.tb09334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D M Paton
- Department of Pharmacology University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Bovine ovarian follicular cysts: in vitro effects of lecirelin, a GnRH analogue. Theriogenology 2010; 74:1559-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kadoya Y, Yamashina S. Cellular dynamics of epithelial clefting during branching morphogenesis of the mouse submandibular gland. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:1739-47. [PMID: 20503369 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We cultured the rudimental submandibular gland (SMG) of mice with a non-cell-permeable fluorescent tracer, and observed cell behavior during epithelial branching morphogenesis using confocal time-lapse microscopy. We traced movements of individual cells as shadowgraph movies. Individual epithelial cells migrated dynamically but erratically. The epithelial cleft extended by wiggling and separated a cluster of cells into two buds during branching. We examined the ultrastructure of the clefts in SMG rudiments treated with the laminin peptide A5G77f, which induces epithelial clefting. A short cytoplasmic shelf with a core of microfilaments was found at the deep end of the cleft. We propose that epithelial clefting involves a dynamic movement of cells at the base of the cleft, and the formation of a shelf within a cleft cell. The shelf might form a matrix attachment point at the base of the cleft with a core of microfilaments driving cleft elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Kadoya
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Japan.
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Pesacreta TC, Carley WW, Webb WW, Parthasarathy MV. F-actin in conifer roots. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 79:2898-901. [PMID: 16593185 PMCID: PMC346315 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.9.2898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of F-actin in the complex tissues of a higher plant organ has been visualized by fluorescence labeling the roots of the conifers Chamaecyparis obtusa and Pseudotsuga menziesii with F-actin-specific fluorescent dye-conjugated phallicidin. F-actin is present in the parenchymatous cells of the vascular tissue. Some vascular parenchyma cells possess larger numbers of F-actin-containing structures (microfilament bundles) than are known to exist in any other higher plant cell. Tissue type appears to be an important determinant of the presence or absence of F-actin in a cell. For example, in contrast to vascular cells, cortical cells show no indication of fluorescence labeling of F-actin after incubation with fluorescent phallicidin. Cytoplasmic streaming is seen only in vascular cells and in a pattern that reflects the intracellular distribution of F-actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Pesacreta
- Section of Plant Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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Abstract
Biomechanical signals such as cell shape and spreading play an important role in controlling stem cell commitment. Cell shape, adhesion and spreading are also affected by calreticulin, a multifunctional calcium-binding protein, which influences several cellular processes, including adipogenesis. Here we show that cytoskeletal disruption in mouse embryonic stem cells using cytochalasin D or nocodazole promotes adipogenesis. While cytochalasin D disrupts stress fibres and inhibits focal adhesion formation, nocodazole depolymerises microtubules and promotes focal adhesion formation. Furthermore, cytochalasin D increases the levels of both total and activated calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, whereas nocodazole decreases it. Nevertheless, both treatments significantly increase the adipogenic potential of embryonic stem cells in vitro. Both cytochalasin D and nocodazole exposure caused cell rounding suggesting that it is cell shape that causes the switch towards the adipogenic programme. Calreticulin-containing embryonic stem cells, under baseline conditions, show low adipogenic potential, have low activity of signalling via calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and display normal adhesive properties and cellular spreading in comparison to the highly adipogenic but poorly spread calreticulin-deficient ES cells. We conclude that forced cell rounding via cytoskeletal disruption overrides the effects of calreticulin, an ER chaperone, thus negatively regulating adipogenesis via focal adhesion-mediated cell spreading.
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Redistribution and pinocytosis of lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin molecules induced by anti-immunoglobulin antibody. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 233:225-9. [PMID: 20480991 DOI: 10.1038/newbio233225a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 623] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Siamwala JH, Reddy SH, Majumder S, Kolluru GK, Muley A, Sinha S, Chatterjee S. Simulated microgravity perturbs actin polymerization to promote nitric oxide-associated migration in human immortalized Eahy926 cells. PROTOPLASMA 2010; 242:3-12. [PMID: 20174953 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0114-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Microgravity causes endothelium dysfunctions and vascular endothelium remodeling in astronauts returning from space flight. Cardiovascular deconditioning occurs as a consequence of an adaptive response to microgravity partially due to the effects exerted at cellular level. Directional migration of endothelial cell which are central in maintaining the structural integrity of vascular walls is regulated by chemotactic, haptotactic, and mechanotactic stimuli which are essential for vasculogenesis. We explored the migration property of transformed endothelial cells (EC) exposed to 2-h microgravity, simulated using a three-dimensional clinostat constructed based on blueprint published by the Fokker Space, Netherlands. Migration of EC was measured using the scrap wound healing in the presence or absence of actin polymerization inhibitor-cytochalasin D (CD) in Eahy926 cell lines. Simulated microgravity increased cellular migration by 25% while CD-blocked microgravity induced cellular migration. The key migratory structures of cells, filopodia and lamellipodia, formed by EC were more in simulated microgravity compared to gravity. Parallel experiments with phalloidin and diaminorhodamine-4M (DAR-4M) showed that simulated microgravity caused actin rearrangements that lead to 25% increase in nitric oxide production. Further nitric oxide measurements showed a higher nitric oxide production which was not abrogated by phosphoinositol 3 kinase inhibitor (Wortmanin). Bradykinin, an inducer of nitric oxide, prompted two folds higher nitric oxide production along with simulated microgravity in a synergistic manner. We suggest that limited exposure to simulated microgravity increases Eahy926 cell migration by modulating actin and releasing nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila H Siamwala
- Vascular Biology Lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, MIT Campus, Chromepet, Chennai, 600044, India
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Scherlach K, Boettger D, Remme N, Hertweck C. The chemistry and biology of cytochalasans. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:869-86. [DOI: 10.1039/b903913a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Congenital hypothyroidism is mainly due to structural defects of the thyroid gland, collectively known as thyroid dysgenesis. The two most prevalent forms of this condition are abnormal localization of differentiated thyroid tissue (thyroid ectopia) and total absence of the gland (athyreosis). The clinical picture of thyroid dysgenesis suggests that impaired specification, proliferation and survival of thyroid precursor cells and loss of concerted movement of these cells in a distinct spatiotemporal pattern are major causes of malformation. In normal development the thyroid primordium is first distinguished as a thickening of the anterior foregut endoderm at the base of the prospective tongue. Subsequently, this group of progenitors detaches from the endoderm, moves caudally and ultimately differentiates into hormone-producing units, the thyroid follicles, at a distant location from the site of specification. In higher vertebrates later stages of thyroid morphogenesis are characterized by shape remodeling into a bilobed organ and the integration of a second type of progenitors derived from the caudal-most pharyngeal pouches that will differentiate into C-cells. The present knowledge of thyroid developmental dynamics has emerged from embryonic studies mainly in chicken, mouse and more recently also in zebrafish. This review will highlight the key morphogenetic steps of thyroid organogenesis and pinpoint which crucial regulatory mechanisms are yet to be uncovered. Considering the co-incidence of thyroid dysgenesis and congenital heart malformations the possible interactions between thyroid and cardiovascular development will also be discussed.
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Mao X, Peng H, Ling J, Friis T, Whittaker AK, Crawford R, Xiao Y. Enhanced human bone marrow stromal cell affinity for modified poly(l-lactide) surfaces by the upregulation of adhesion molecular genes. Biomaterials 2009; 30:6903-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abdel-Ghaffar F, Bashtar AR, Mehlhorn H, Al-Rasheid K, Al-Olayan E, Abdel-Baki AA, Morsy K. Ultrastructure and host parasite relationships of Kudoa pagrusi (Myxozoa) infecting the heart muscles of sea bream Pagrus pagrus (L.) from the Red Sea. Parasitol Res 2009; 106:121-9. [PMID: 19844743 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1660-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study is a part of a continuous investigation of myxosporean parasites-infecting fish of the Red Sea using light and electron microscopy. Out of 120, 80 (67%) Pagrus pagrus fish were found to be naturally infected with Kudoa pagrusi. The infection was intensive and appeared as clusters of ovoid to ellipsoidal plasmodia being restricted to the cardiac muscles. Histological studies elaborated tissue distortion at the sites of infection and the adjacent layers. The development of the plasmodia reduced the functional area of the heart muscle. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the plasmodia were surrounded by single-unit membrane with numerous projections and pinocytotic channels extended toward the host cell. The generative cells and the different developmental stages were arranged at the periphery of the plasmodia while immature and mature spores were centrally arranged. The present study showed the main criteria of this genus: the spores possess four polar capsules with four shell valves.
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Henrichsen J. Gliding and twitching motility of bacteria unaffected by cytochalasin B. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION B: MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 80:623-4. [PMID: 4509192 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1972.tb00187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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The tegument of Schistosoma mansoni: observations on the formation, structure and composition of cytoplasmic inclusions in relation to tegument function. Parasitology 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000045765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Two major cytoplasmic inclusions, multilaminate vesicles and discoid granules, are present in the tegument of Schistosoma mansoni. These are produced at separate Golgi apparatuses in the tegument cell bodies and move up to the surface by a combination of diffusion and fluid flow. The discoid granules contain neutral mucopolysaccharide and are believed to break down to form the ground substance of the tegument. The multilaminate vesicles are rich in phospholipid and the contents, at least superficially, resemble unit membranes. The multilaminate vesicles are believed to contribute their contents to the multilaminate surface of the worm which appears to be continually replaced. These observations are related to current ideas on membrane turnover and the ability of the worm to acquire a disguise of host erythrocyte glycolipid.
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Shi T, Moulton VR, Lapchak PH, Deng GM, Dalle Lucca JJ, Tsokos GC. Ischemia-mediated aggregation of the actin cytoskeleton is one of the major initial events resulting in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G339-47. [PMID: 19095765 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90607.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury represents a major clinical challenge, which contributes to morbidity and mortality during surgery. The critical role of natural immunoglobulin M (IgM) and complement in tissue injury has been demonstrated. However, cellular mechanisms that result in the deposition of natural IgM and the activation of complement are still unclear. In this report, using a murine intestinal IR injury model, we demonstrated that the beta-actin protein in the small intestine was cleaved and actin filaments in the columnar epithelial cells were aggregated after a transient disruption during 30 min of ischemia. Ischemia also led to deposition of natural IgM and complement 3 (C3). A low dose of cytochalasin D, a depolymerization reagent of the actin cytoskeleton, attenuated this deposition and also attenuated intestinal tissue injury in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, high doses of cytochalasin D failed to worsen the injury. These data indicate that ischemia-mediated aggregation of the actin cytoskeleton, rather than its disruption, results directly in the deposition of natural IgM and C3. We conclude that ischemia-mediated aggregation of the actin cytoskeleton leads to the deposition of natural IgM and the activation of complement, as well as tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Shi
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Abdel-Ghaffar F, Abdel-Baki AAS, Bayoumy EM, Bashtar AR, Al Qurieshy S, Morsey KS, Alghamdy A, Mehlhorn H. Light and electron microscopic study on Henneguya suprabranchiae Landsberg, 1987 (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) infecting Oreochromis niloticus, a new host record. Parasitol Res 2008; 103:609-17. [PMID: 18516619 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1019-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Out of 58 live tilapia fish, five Oreochromis niloticus were found to be naturally infected with Henneguya suprabranchiae (8.62%). Such infection was recorded only during winter season from Bahr Shebin, a tributary of the River Nile at Menoufia Governorate, Nile Delta, Egypt. Based on the structure and measurements of fresh spores, this parasite was identified as H. suprabranchiae. Spores are oval in shape and they measure 15 (13-16) x 5 (4-6) microm length by width. It has two polar capsules inside and they measure 4 (5-7) x 1 (2-3) microm length by width. Each polar capsule has spirally coiled (7-9 turns) polar filament. The plasmodia as well as all other parasitic stages were described using light and transmission electron microscopy and discussed regarding to those of other fish hosts especially those of Africa.
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Gail M. Time lapse studies on the motility of fibroblasts in tissue culture. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2008; 14:287-310. [PMID: 4360364 DOI: 10.1002/9780470719978.ch14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Woodruff JJ, Kuttner BJ. Adherence of lymphocytes to the high endothelium of lymph nodes in vitro. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2008; 71:243-63. [PMID: 6966211 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720547.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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