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Lehrhofer AF, Goto T, Kawada T, Rosenau T, Hettegger H. The in vitro synthesis of cellulose – A mini-review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 285:119222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Tajima H, Penttilä PA, Imai T, Yamamoto K, Yuguchi Y. Observation of in vitro cellulose synthesis by bacterial cellulose synthase with time-resolved small angle X-ray scattering. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 130:765-777. [PMID: 30831170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose synthase is the enzyme that produces cellulose in the living organisms like plant, and has two functions: polymerizing glucose residues (polymerization) and assembling these polymerized molecules into a crystalline microfibril with a "cellulose I" crystallographic structure (crystallization). Many studies, however, have shown that an in vitro reaction of cellulose synthase produces aggregates of a non-native crystallographic structure "cellulose II", despite the remaining polymerizing activity. This is partial denaturation or loss of crystallization function in cellulose synthase, which needs to be resolved to reconstitute its native activity. To this end, we aimed to clarify the process of cellulose II formation by bacterial cellulose synthase in vitro, using in situ small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). An increase in scattering specific to synthesis was observed around two distinct regions of q (0.2-0.4 nm-1 and <0.1 nm-1) by time-resolved SAXS measurement. The scattering at higher q-region appears prior to lower-q scattering at beginning of the reaction, indicating the existence of smaller primitive aggregations at the initiation stage. This study demonstrates the use of in situ SAXS measurement to decipher the dynamics of biosynthesized cellulose chains, which is a remarkable example of polymer assembly in ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Tajima
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Paavo A Penttilä
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; Science Division/Large-Scale Structures Group, Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Tomoya Imai
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Yamamoto
- Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Electro-Communication University, 18-8 Hatsucho, Neyagawa, Osaka 572-8530, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yuguchi
- Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Electro-Communication University, 18-8 Hatsucho, Neyagawa, Osaka 572-8530, Japan.
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Abstract
Cellulose is the most abundant renewable carbon resource on earth and is an indispensable raw material for the wood, paper, and textile industries. A model system to study the mechanism of cellulose biogenesis is the bacterium Acetobacter xylinum which produces pure cellulose as an extracellular product. It was from this organism that in vitro preparations which possessed high levels of cellulose synthase activity were first obtained in both membranous and soluble forms. We recently demonstrated that this activity is subject to a complex multi-component regulatory system, in which the synthase is directly affected by an unusual cyclic nucleotide activator enzymatically formed from GTP, and indirectly by a Ca (2+) -sensitive phosphodiesterase which degrades the activator. The cellulose synthase activator (CSA) has now been identified as bis-(3' 5')-cyclic diguanylic acid (5'G3'p5'G3'p) on the basis of mass spectroscopic data, nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and comparison with chemically synthesized material. We also report here on intermediary steps in the synthesis and degradation of this novel circular dinucleotide, which have been integrated into a model for the regulation of cellulose synthesis.
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Basu S, Omadjela O, Gaddes D, Tadigadapa S, Zimmer J, Catchmark JM. Cellulose Microfibril Formation by Surface-Tethered Cellulose Synthase Enzymes. ACS NANO 2016; 10:1896-907. [PMID: 26799780 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose microfibrils are pseudocrystalline arrays of cellulose chains that are synthesized by cellulose synthases. The enzymes are organized into large membrane-embedded complexes in which each enzyme likely synthesizes and secretes a β-(1→4) glucan. The relationship between the organization of the enzymes in these complexes and cellulose crystallization has not been explored. To better understand this relationship, we used atomic force microscopy to visualize cellulose microfibril formation from nickel-film-immobilized bacterial cellulose synthase enzymes (BcsA-Bs), which in standard solution only form amorphous cellulose from monomeric BcsA-B complexes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques show that surface-tethered BcsA-Bs synthesize highly crystalline cellulose II in the presence of UDP-Glc, the allosteric activator cyclic-di-GMP, as well as magnesium. The cellulose II cross section/diameter and the crystal size and crystallinity depend on the surface density of tethered enzymes as well as the overall concentration of substrates. Our results provide the correlation between cellulose microfibril formation and the spatial organization of cellulose synthases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehasish Basu
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Okako Omadjela
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - David Gaddes
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Srinivas Tadigadapa
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Catchmark
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Penttilä PA, Sugiyama J, Imai T. Effects of reaction conditions on cellulose structures synthesized in vitro by bacterial cellulose synthases. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 136:656-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Cellulosic Biomaterials. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_1-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Qin G, Panilaitis BJ, Kaplan ZSDL. A cellulosic responsive “living” membrane. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 100:40-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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9
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Illustration of the development of bacterial cellulose bundles/ribbons by Gluconacetobacter xylinus via atomic force microscopy. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:4353-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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10
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Hattori T, Ogata M, Kameshima Y, Totani K, Nikaido M, Nakamura T, Koshino H, Usui T. Enzymatic synthesis of cellulose II-like substance via cellulolytic enzyme-mediated transglycosylation in an aqueous medium. Carbohydr Res 2012; 353:22-6. [PMID: 22533921 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic synthesis of cellulose-like substance via a non-biosynthetic pathway has been achieved by transglycosylation in an aqueous system of the corresponding substrate, cellotriose for cellulolytic enzyme endo-acting endoglucanase I (EG I) from Hypocrea jecorina. A significant amount of water-insoluble product precipitated out from the reaction system. MALDI-TOF mass analysis showed that the resulting precipitate had a degree of polymerization (DP) of up to 16 from cellotriose. Solid-state (13)C NMR spectrum of the resulting water-insoluble product revealed that all carbon resonance lines were assigned to two kinds of anhydroglucose residues in the corresponding structure of cellulose II. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement as well as (13)C NMR analysis showed that the crystal structure corresponds to cellulose II with a high degree of crystallinity. We propose the multiple oligomers form highly crystalline cellulose II as a result of self-assembly via oligomer-oligomer interaction when they precipitate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hattori
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga ward, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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Hashimoto A, Shimono K, Horikawa Y, Ichikawa T, Wada M, Imai T, Sugiyama J. Extraction of cellulose-synthesizing activity of Gluconacetobacter xylinus by alkylmaltoside. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:2760-8. [PMID: 22070831 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study reinvestigated the synthesis of cellulose in vitro with a well-known cellulose-producing bacterium, Gluconacetobacter xylinus. Alkylmaltoside detergents, which are more frequently used in recent structural biological researches, are uniquely used in this study to solubilize cellulose-synthesizing activity from the cell membrane of G. xylinus. Activity comparable to that previously reported is obtained, while the synthesized cellulose is crystallized into a non-native polymorph of cellulose (cellulose II) as well as the previous studies. In spite of this failure to recover the native activity to synthesize cellulose I microfibril in vitro, the product is a polymer with a degree of polymerization greater than 45 as determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS). It was thus concluded that the established protocol can solubilize cellulose-synthesizing activity of G. xylinus with polymerizing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Hashimoto
- Research Institute of Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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12
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Bureau TE, Brown RM. In vitro synthesis of cellulose II from a cytoplasmic membrane fraction of Acetobacter xylinum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 84:6985-9. [PMID: 16593877 PMCID: PMC299213 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.20.6985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic and outer membranes of Acetobacter xylinum (ATCC 53582) were isolated by discontinuous sucrose density ultracentrifugation. Both lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17) and trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) were required for efficient crude membrane separation. Primary dehydrogenases and NADH oxidase were used as cytoplasmic membrane markers, and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid was used to identify the outer membranes. Cellulose synthetase (UDP-glucose:1,4-beta-D-glucan 4-beta-D-glucosyltransferase; EC 2.4.1.12) activity was assayed as the conversion of radioactivity from UDP-[(14)C]glucose into an alkali-insoluble beta-1,4-D-[(14)C]glucan. This activity was predominantly found in the cytoplasmic membrane. The cellulose nature of the product was demonstrated by (i) enzymatic hydrolysis followed by TLC, (ii) methylation analysis followed by TLC, and (iii) GC/MS. Further, the weight-average and number-average degree of polymerization of the in vitro product, determined by high-performance gel permeation chromatography, were 4820 and 5270, respectively. In addition, x-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the in vitro product is cellulose II, which is in contrast to the in vivo product-namely, cellulose I.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Bureau
- Department of Botany, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78713-7640
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Daneshmandi S, Hajimoradi M, Soleimani N, Sattari M. Modulatory effect ofAcetobacter xylinumcellulose on peritoneal macrophages. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 33:164-8. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2010.491080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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14
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Brown RM. The Biosynthesis of Cellulose. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10601329608014912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Cooper G, Delmer D, Nitsche C. Photoaffinity analog of herbicide inhibiting cellulose biosynthesis: Synthesis of [3H]-2,6-dichlorophenylazide. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580240705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Strobin G, Wlochowicz A, Ciechanska D, Boryniec S, Struszczyk H, Sobczak S. GPC STUDIES ON BACTERIAL CELLULOSE. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/009114030490502418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Metzler DE, Metzler CM, Sauke DJ. Some Pathways of Carbohydrate Metabolism. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Nakai T, Tonouchi N, Konishi T, Kojima Y, Tsuchida T, Yoshinaga F, Sakai F, Hayashi T. Enhancement of cellulose production by expression of sucrose synthase in Acetobacter xylinum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:14-8. [PMID: 9874763 PMCID: PMC15084 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher plants efficiently conserve energy ATP in cellulose biosynthesis by expression of sucrose synthase, in which the high free energy between glucose and fructose in sucrose can be conserved and used for the synthesis of UDP-glucose. A mixture of sucrose synthase and bacterial cellulose synthase proceeded to form UDP-glucose from sucrose plus UDP and to synthesize 1,4-beta-glucan from the sugar nucleotide. The mutant sucrose synthase, which mimics phosphorylated sucrose synthase, enhanced the reaction efficiency (Vmax/Km) on 1,4-beta-glucan synthesis, in which the incorporation of glucose from sucrose was increased at low concentrations of UDP. Because UDP formed after glucosyl transfer can be directly recycled with sucrose synthase, UDP-glucose formed appears to show high turnover with cellulose synthase in the coupled reaction. The expression of sucrose synthase in Acetobacter xylinum not only changed sucrose metabolism but also enhanced cellulose production, in which UDP-glucose was efficiently formed from sucrose. Although the level of UDP-glucose in the transformant with mutant sucrose synthase cDNA was only 1.6-fold higher than that in plasmid-free cells, the level of UDP was markedly decreased in the transformant. The results show that sucrose synthase serves to channel carbon directly from sucrose to cellulose and recycles UDP, which prevents UDP build-up in cellulose biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakai
- Wood Research Institute, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611, Japan
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20
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Abstract
Extracts of Agrobacterium tumefaciens incorporated UDP-[14C]glucose into cellulose. When the extracts were fractionated into membrane and soluble components, neither fraction was able to synthesize cellulose. A combination of the membrane and soluble fractions restored the activity found in the original extracts. Extracts of cellulose-minus mutants showed no significant incorporation of UDP-glucose into cellulose. When mixtures of the extracts were made, the mutants were found to fall into two groups: extracts of mutants from the first group could be combined with extracts of the second group to obtain cellulose synthesis. No synthesis was observed when extracts of mutants from the same group were mixed. The groups of mutants corresponded to the two operons identified in sequencing the cel genes (A. G. Matthysse, S. White, and R. Lightfoot. J. Bacteriol. 177:1069-1075, 1995). Extracts of mutants were fractionated into membrane and soluble components, and the fractions were mixed and assayed for the ability to synthesize cellulose. When the membrane fraction from mutants in the celDE operon was combined with the soluble fraction from mutants in the celABC operon, incorporation of UDP-glucose into cellulose was observed. In order to determine whether lipid-linked intermediates were involved in cellulose synthesis, permeablized cells were examined for the incorporation of UDP-[14C]glucose into material extractable with organic solvents. No radioactivity was found in the chloroform-methanol extract of mutants in the celDE operon, but radioactive material was recovered in the chloroform-methanol extract of mutants in the celABC operon. The saccharide component of these compounds was released after mild acid hydrolysis and was found to be mainly glucose for the celA insertion mutant and a mixture of cellobiose, cellotriose, and cellotetrose for the celB and celC insertion mutants. The radioactive compound extracted with chloroform-methanol form the celC insertion mutant was incorporated into cellulose by membrane preparations from celE mutants, which suggests that this compound is a lipid-linked intermediate in cellulose synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Matthysse
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599
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Lee JH, Brown RM, Kuga S, Shoda S, Kobayashi S. Assembly of synthetic cellulose I. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:7425-9. [PMID: 7519776 PMCID: PMC44413 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.16.7425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose microfibrils with an electron diffraction pattern characteristic of crystalline native cellulose I have been assembled abiotically by means of a cellulase-catalyzed polymerization of beta-cellobiosyl fluoride substrate monomer in acetonitrile/acetate buffer. Substantial purification of the Trichoderma viride cellulase enzyme was found to be essential for the formation of the synthetic cellulose I allomorph. Assembly of synthetic cellulose I appears to be a result of a micellar aggregation of the partially purified enzyme and the substrate in an organic/aqueous solvent system favoring the alignment of glucan chains with the same polarity and extended chain conformation, resulting in crystallization to form the metastable cellulose I allomorph.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Lee
- Department of Botany, University of Texas, Austin 78713-7640
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22
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Abstract
The current model of cellulose biogenesis in plants, as well as bacteria, holds that the membranous cellulose synthase complex polymerizes glucose moieties from UDP-Glc into beta-1,4-glucan chains which give rise to rigid crystalline fibrils upon extrusion at the outer surface of the cell. The distinct arrangement and degree of association of the polymerizing enzyme units presumably govern extracellular chain assembly in addition to the pattern and width of cellulose fibril deposition. Most evident for Acetobacter xylinum, polymerization and assembly appear to be tightly coupled. To date, only bacteria have been effectively studied at the biochemical and genetic levels. In A. xylinum, the cellulose synthase, composed of at least two structurally similar but functionally distinct subunits, is subject to a multicomponent regulatory system. Regulation is based on the novel nucleotide cyclic diguanylic acid, a positive allosteric effector, and the regulatory enzymes maintaining its intracellular turnover: diguanylate cyclase and Ca2(+)-sensitive bis-(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP) phosphodiesterase. Four genes have been isolated from A. xylinum which constitute the operon for cellulose synthesis. The second gene encodes the catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase; the functions of the other three gene products are still unknown. Exclusively an extracellular product, bacterial cellulose appears to fulfill diverse biological roles within the natural habitat, conferring mechanical, chemical, and physiological protection in A. xylinum and Sarcina ventriculi or facilitating cell adhesion during symbiotic or infectious interactions in Rhizobium and Agrobacterium species. A. xylinum is proving to be most amenable for industrial purposes, allowing the unique features of bacterial cellulose to be exploited for novel product applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ross
- Departement of Biological Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Fontana JD, Franco VC, de Souza SJ, Lyra IN, de Souza AM. Nature of plant stimulators in the production of Acetobacter xylinum ("tea fungus") biofilm used in skin therapy. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1991; 28-29:341-51. [PMID: 1929372 DOI: 10.1007/bf02922613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine and related xanthines were identified as potent stimulators for the bacterial cellulose production in A. xylinum. These compounds are present in several plants whose infusions are useful as culture-medium supplements for this acetobacterium. The proposed target for these native purine-like inhibitory substances is the novel diguanyl nucleotide phosphodiesterase(s) that participate(s) in the bacterial cellulogenic complex. A better understanding of this feature of A. xylinum physiology may facilitate the preparation of bacterial cellulose pellicles, which are applied as a biotechnological tool in the treatment of skin burns and other dermal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Fontana
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Lin FC, Brown RM, Drake RR, Haley BE. Identification of the uridine 5'-diphosphoglucose (UDP-Glc) binding subunit of cellulose synthase in Acetobacter xylinum using the photoaffinity probe 5-azido-UDP-Glc. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)34039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Algae as tools in studying the biosynthesis of cellulose, nature’s most abundant macromolecule. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-48652-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Abstract
Microbial polysaccharides are extensively used commercially as gelling or suspending agents, as protective colloids or as thickening agents. Until recently, microbial cellulose producing systems such as Acetobacter xylinum, had been used largely as model systems for the study of cellulose biosynthesis. Current advances in molecular biology and biochemical engineering promise to usher microbial cellulose into the specialty chemical market. This review will highlight some of the recent progress made in our understanding of microbial cellulose biochemistry and biosynthesis, describe some of its inherent virtues and identify current unique applications of this versatile biopolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Legge
- Biochemical Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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Kamide K, Matsuda Y, Iijima H, Okajima K. Effect of culture conditions of acetic acid bacteria on cellulose biosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4980220212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ross P, Aloni Y, Weinhouse H, Michaeli D, Weinberger-Ohana P, Mayer R, Benziman M. Control of cellulose synthesis Acetobacter xylinum. A unique guanyl oligonucleotide is the immediate activator of the cellulose synthase. Carbohydr Res 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)90372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Paul F, Morin A, Monsan P. Microbial polysaccharides with actual potential industrial applications. Biotechnol Adv 1986; 4:245-59. [PMID: 14542395 DOI: 10.1016/0734-9750(86)90311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The microbial polysaccharides reviewed include xanthan gum, scleroglucan, PS-10, PS-21 and PS-53 gums, polysaccharides from Alcaligenes sp., PS-7 gum, gellan gum, curdlan, bacterial alginate, dextran, pullulan, Baker's Yeast Glycan, 6-deoxy-hexose-containing polysaccharides and bacterial cellulose. Factors limiting the commercial potential of certain microbial polysaccharides such as availability, rheological properties, and polyvalency are outlined. The polysaccharides are classified according to their uses as viscosity-increasing agents and as gelling agents. A third category includes polysaccharides with specific applications such as tailor-made dextran and pullulan and polysaccharides used as substrates for the preparation of rare sugars. The difficulties encountered in development of a polysaccharide at the industrial level are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Paul
- BioEurope, 4 impasse Didier Daurat, Z.I. Montaudran, 31400 Toulouse, France
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