1
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Jing X, Luo Q, Cui X, Wang Q, Liu Y, Fu Z. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of CO2 Hydrate Growth in Salt Water. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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2
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Chemical and Isotopic Composition of Sulfide Minerals from the Noho Hydrothermal Field in the Okinawa Trough. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10050678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the element contents and isotopic characteristics of sulfide minerals from seafloor hydrothermal sulfide deposits are a significant method of investigating seawater-fluid mixing and fluid-rock and/or sediment interactions in hydrothermal systems. The seafloor hydrothermal sulfide ores from the Noho hydrothermal field (NHF) in the Okinawa Trough (OT) consist of pyrrhotite, isocubanite, sphalerite, galena, and amorphous silica. The Rh, Ag, Sb, and Tl contents mostly increase in galena as the fluid temperature decreases in the late ore-forming stage. In the sulfide minerals, the rare earth elements are mainly derived from the hydrothermal fluids, while the volcanic rocks and/or sediments are the sources of the sulfur and lead in the sulfide minerals. After the precipitation of galena, the redox state becomes oxidizing, and the pH value of the fluid increases, which is accompanied by the formation of amorphous silica. Finally, neither pyrite nor marcasite has been observed in association with pyrrhotite in the NHF sulfides, likely indicating that the amount of sulfur was limited in this hydrothermal system, and most of the residual Fe was incorporated into the sphalerite. This suggests that the later pyrite and/or marcasite precipitation in the seafloor hydrothermal sulfide deposit is controlled by the sulfur content of the fluid. Furthermore, it is possible to use hydrothermal sulfides and their inclusions to trace subseafloor fluid circulation processes.
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3
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Carbon Isotope Fractionation during the Formation of CO 2 Hydrate and Equilibrium Pressures of 12CO 2 and 13CO 2 Hydrates. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144215. [PMID: 34299489 PMCID: PMC8306263 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of carbon isotope fractionation is needed in order to discuss the formation and dissociation of naturally occurring CO2 hydrates. We investigated carbon isotope fractionation during CO2 hydrate formation and measured the three-phase equilibria of 12CO2–H2O and 13CO2–H2O systems. From a crystal structure viewpoint, the difference in the Raman spectra of hydrate-bound 12CO2 and 13CO2 was revealed, although their unit cell size was similar. The δ13C of hydrate-bound CO2 was lower than that of the residual CO2 (1.0–1.5‰) in a formation temperature ranging between 226 K and 278 K. The results show that the small difference between equilibrium pressures of ~0.01 MPa in 12CO2 and 13CO2 hydrates causes carbon isotope fractionation of ~1‰. However, the difference between equilibrium pressures in the 12CO2–H2O and 13CO2–H2O systems was smaller than the standard uncertainties of measurement; more accurate pressure measurement is required for quantitative discussion.
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4
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Nozaki T, Nagase T, Takaya Y, Yamasaki T, Otake T, Yonezu K, Ikehata K, Totsuka S, Kitada K, Sanada Y, Yamada Y, Ishibashi JI, Kumagai H, Maeda L. Subseafloor sulphide deposit formed by pumice replacement mineralisation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8809. [PMID: 33893333 PMCID: PMC8065033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Seafloor massive sulphide (SMS) deposits, modern analogues of volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits on land, represent future resources of base and precious metals. Studies of VMS deposits have proposed two emplacement mechanisms for SMS deposits: exhalative deposition on the seafloor and mineral and void space replacement beneath the seafloor. The details of the latter mechanism are poorly characterised in detail, despite its potentially significant role in global metal cycling throughout Earth’s history, because in-situ studies require costly drilling campaigns to sample SMS deposits. Here, we interpret petrographic, geochemical and geophysical data from drill holes in a modern SMS deposit and demonstrate that it formed via subseafloor replacement of pumice. Samples from the sulphide body and overlying sediment at the Hakurei Site, Izena Hole, middle Okinawa Trough indicate that sulphides initially formed as aggregates of framboidal pyrite and matured into colloform and euhedral pyrite, which were replaced by chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena. The initial framboidal pyrite is closely associated with altered material derived from pumice, and alternating layers of pumiceous and hemipelagic sediments functioned as a factory of sulphide mineralisation. We infer that anhydrite-rich layers within the hemipelagic sediment forced hydrothermal fluids to flow laterally, controlling precipitation of a sulphide body extending hundreds of meters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Nozaki
- Submarine Resources Research Center, Research Institute for Marine Resources Utilization, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan. .,Frontier Research Center for Energy and Resources, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan. .,Department of Planetology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan. .,Ocean Resources Research Center for Next Generation, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba, 275-0016, Japan.
| | - Toshiro Nagase
- The Tohoku University Museum, The Center for Academic Resources and Archives, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yutaro Takaya
- Submarine Resources Research Center, Research Institute for Marine Resources Utilization, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan.,Ocean Resources Research Center for Next Generation, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba, 275-0016, Japan.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Toru Yamasaki
- Research Institute of Geology and Geoinformation, Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 7, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Otake
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Kotaro Yonezu
- Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kei Ikehata
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Shuhei Totsuka
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Research Institute for Geo-Resources and Environment, Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 7, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kitada
- Institute for Extra-Cutting-Edge Science and Technology Avant-Garde Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Sanada
- Institute for Marine-Earth Exploration and Engineering, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamada
- Institute for Marine-Earth Exploration and Engineering, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan.,Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Kochi University, 2-5-1 Akebono, Kochi, 780-8520, Japan.,Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Jun-Ichiro Ishibashi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hidenori Kumagai
- Submarine Resources Research Center, Research Institute for Marine Resources Utilization, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
| | - Lena Maeda
- Institute for Marine-Earth Exploration and Engineering, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
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5
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Netsu R, Ikeda-Fukazawa T. Formation of carbon dioxide clathrate hydrate from amorphous ice with warming. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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Arzbacher S, Rahmatian N, Ostermann A, Massani B, Loerting T, Petrasch J. Macroscopic defects upon decomposition of CO2 clathrate hydrate crystals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:9694-9708. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07871h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cracks and decomposition barriers observed in time-lapse micro-computed tomography measurements challenge existing models of gas hydrate decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Arzbacher
- Illwerke vkw Endowed Professorship for Energy Efficiency
- Research Center Energy
- Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences
- Dornbirn 6850
- Austria
| | - Nima Rahmatian
- Illwerke vkw Endowed Professorship for Energy Efficiency
- Research Center Energy
- Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences
- Dornbirn 6850
- Austria
| | | | - Bernhard Massani
- Institute for Condensed Matter and Complex Systems
- University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh
- UK
| | - Thomas Loerting
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- University of Innsbruck
- Innsbruck 6020
- Austria
| | - Jörg Petrasch
- Illwerke vkw Endowed Professorship for Energy Efficiency
- Research Center Energy
- Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences
- Dornbirn 6850
- Austria
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7
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Humphris SE, Klein F. Progress in Deciphering the Controls on the Geochemistry of Fluids in Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2018; 10:315-343. [PMID: 28853997 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last four decades, more than 500 sites of seafloor hydrothermal venting have been identified in a range of tectonic environments. These vents represent the seafloor manifestation of hydrothermal convection of seawater through the permeable oceanic basement that is driven by a subsurface heat source. Hydrothermal circulation has fundamental effects on the transfer of heat and mass from the lithosphere to the hydrosphere, the composition of seawater, the physical and chemical properties of the oceanic basement, and vent ecosystems at and below the seafloor. In this review, we compare and contrast the vent fluid chemistry from hydrothermal fields in a range of tectonic settings to assess the relative roles of fluid-mineral equilibria, phase separation, magmatic input, seawater entrainment, and sediment cover in producing the observed range of fluid compositions. We focus particularly on hydrothermal activity in those tectonic environments (e.g., mid-ocean ridge detachment faults, back-arc basins, and island arc volcanoes) where significant progress has been made in the last decade in documenting the variations in vent fluid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Humphris
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543;
| | - Frieder Klein
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
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8
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Phase Equilibria of the CH4-CO2 Binary and the CH4-CO2-H2O Ternary Mixtures in the Presence of a CO2-Rich Liquid Phase. ENERGIES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/en10122034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Fuchida S, Yokoyama A, Fukuchi R, Ishibashi JI, Kawagucci S, Kawachi M, Koshikawa H. Leaching of Metals and Metalloids from Hydrothermal Ore Particulates and Their Effects on Marine Phytoplankton. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:3175-3182. [PMID: 30023687 PMCID: PMC6044885 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Seafloor massive sulfide deposits have attracted much interest as mineral resources. Therefore, the potential environmental impacts of full-scale mining should be considered. In this study, we focused on metal and metalloid contamination that could be triggered by accidental leakage and dispersion of hydrothermal ore particulates from mining vessels into surface seawater. We determined the leaching potential of metals and metalloids from four hydrothermal ores collected from the Okinawa Trough into aerobic seawater and then evaluated the toxic effects of ore leachates on a phytoplankton species, Skeletonema marinoi-dohrnii complex, which is present ubiquitously in the ocean. Large amounts of metals and metalloids were released from the ground hydrothermal ores into seawater within 5 min under aerobic conditions. The main components of leachates were Zn + Pb, As + Sb, and Zn + Cu, which were obtained from the Fe-Zn-Pb-rich and Zn-Pb-rich zero-age, Ba-rich, and Fe-rich ores, respectively. The leachates had different chemical compositions from those of the ore. The rapid release and difference in chemical compositions between the leachates and the ores indicated that substances were not directly dissolved from the sulfide-binding mineral phase but from labile phases mainly on the adsorption-desorption interface of the ores under these conditions. All ore leachates inhibited the growth of S. marinoi-dohrnii complex but with different magnitudes of toxic effects. These results indicate that the fine particulate matter of hydrothermal ores is a potential source of toxic contamination that may damage primary production in the ocean. Therefore, we insist on the necessity for the prior evaluation of toxic element leachability from mineral ores into seawater to minimize mining impacts on the surface environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeshi Fuchida
- Marine
Environment Section, Center for Regional Environmental Research and Biodiversity Resource
Conservation Office, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem
Studies, National Institute for Environmental
Studies (NIES), 16-2
Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Akiko Yokoyama
- Marine
Environment Section, Center for Regional Environmental Research and Biodiversity Resource
Conservation Office, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem
Studies, National Institute for Environmental
Studies (NIES), 16-2
Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Rina Fukuchi
- Atmosphere
and Ocean Research Institute, The University
of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Jun-ichiro Ishibashi
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744
Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kawagucci
- Department
of Subsurface Geobiological Analysis and Research (D-SUGAR) and Research and
Development Center for Submarine Resources, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kawachi
- Marine
Environment Section, Center for Regional Environmental Research and Biodiversity Resource
Conservation Office, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem
Studies, National Institute for Environmental
Studies (NIES), 16-2
Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koshikawa
- Marine
Environment Section, Center for Regional Environmental Research and Biodiversity Resource
Conservation Office, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem
Studies, National Institute for Environmental
Studies (NIES), 16-2
Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
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10
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Yanagawa K, Ijiri A, Breuker A, Sakai S, Miyoshi Y, Kawagucci S, Noguchi T, Hirai M, Schippers A, Ishibashi JI, Takaki Y, Sunamura M, Urabe T, Nunoura T, Takai K. Defining boundaries for the distribution of microbial communities beneath the sediment-buried, hydrothermally active seafloor. THE ISME JOURNAL 2017; 11:529-542. [PMID: 27754478 PMCID: PMC5270560 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2016.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Subseafloor microbes beneath active hydrothermal vents are thought to live near the upper temperature limit for life on Earth. We drilled and cored the Iheya North hydrothermal field in the Mid-Okinawa Trough, and examined the phylogenetic compositions and the products of metabolic functions of sub-vent microbial communities. We detected microbial cells, metabolic activities and molecular signatures only in the shallow sediments down to 15.8 m below the seafloor at a moderately distant drilling site from the active hydrothermal vents (450 m). At the drilling site, the profiles of methane and sulfate concentrations and the δ13C and δD isotopic compositions of methane suggested the laterally flowing hydrothermal fluids and the in situ microbial anaerobic methane oxidation. In situ measurements during the drilling constrain the current bottom temperature of the microbially habitable zone to ~45 °C. However, in the past, higher temperatures of 106-198 °C were possible at the depth, as estimated from geochemical thermometry on hydrothermally altered clay minerals. The 16S rRNA gene phylotypes found in the deepest habitable zone are related to those of thermophiles, although sequences typical of known hyperthermophilic microbes were absent from the entire core. Overall our results shed new light on the distribution and composition of the boundary microbial community close to the high-temperature limit for habitability in the subseafloor environment of a hydrothermal field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Yanagawa
- Department of Subsurface Geobiological Analysis and Research (D-SUGAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Ijiri
- Geomicrobiology Group, Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Kochi, Japan
| | - Anja Breuker
- Geomicrobiology, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hannover, Germany
| | - Sanae Sakai
- Department of Subsurface Geobiological Analysis and Research (D-SUGAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Youko Miyoshi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kawagucci
- Department of Subsurface Geobiological Analysis and Research (D-SUGAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Takuroh Noguchi
- Interdisciplinary Science Unit, Multidisciplinary Science Cluster, Research and Education Faculty, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Miho Hirai
- Marine Functional Biology Group, Research and Development Center for Marine Biosciences, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Axel Schippers
- Geomicrobiology, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hannover, Germany
| | - Jun-ichiro Ishibashi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Takaki
- Department of Subsurface Geobiological Analysis and Research (D-SUGAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Michinari Sunamura
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Urabe
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuro Nunoura
- Marine Functional Biology Group, Research and Development Center for Marine Biosciences, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Ken Takai
- Department of Subsurface Geobiological Analysis and Research (D-SUGAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
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11
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Mino S, Nakagawa S, Makita H, Toki T, Miyazaki J, Sievert SM, Polz MF, Inagaki F, Godfroy A, Kato S, Watanabe H, Nunoura T, Nakamura K, Imachi H, Watsuji TO, Kojima S, Takai K, Sawabe T. Endemicity of the cosmopolitan mesophilic chemolithoautotroph Sulfurimonas at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. ISME JOURNAL 2017; 11:909-919. [PMID: 28045457 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2016.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rich animal and microbial communities have been found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Although the biogeography of vent macrofauna is well understood, the corresponding knowledge about vent microbial biogeography is lacking. Here, we apply the multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) to assess the genetic variation of 109 Sulfurimonas strains with ⩾98% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, which were isolated from four different geographical regions (Okinawa Trough (OT), Mariana Volcanic Arc and Trough (MVAT), Central Indian Ridge (CIR) and Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR)). Sequence typing based on 11 protein-coding genes revealed high genetic variation, including some allele types that are widespread within regions, resulting in 102 nucleotide sequence types (STs). This genetic variation was predominantly due to mutation rather than recombination. Phylogenetic analysis of the 11 concatenated genes showed a clear geographical isolation corresponding to the hydrothermal regions they originated from, suggesting limited dispersal. Genetic differentiation among Sulfurimonas populations was primarily influenced by geographical distance rather than gas composition of vent fluid or habitat, although in situ environmental conditions of each microhabitat could not be examined. Nevertheless, Sulfurimonas may possess a higher dispersal capability compared with deep-sea hydrothermal vent thermophiles. This is the first report on MLSA of deep-sea hydrothermal vent Epsilonproteobacteria, which is indicative of allopatric speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Mino
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Marine Environmental Microbiology, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Subsurface Geobiology Analysis and Research (D-SUGAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Hiroko Makita
- Department of Subsurface Geobiology Analysis and Research (D-SUGAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Toki
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
| | - Junichi Miyazaki
- Department of Subsurface Geobiology Analysis and Research (D-SUGAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Stefan M Sievert
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Martin F Polz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fumio Inagaki
- Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, JAMSTEC, Nankoku, Japan.,Research and Development Center for Ocean Drilling Science (ODS), JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Anne Godfroy
- Ifremer, UMR6197, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, Plouzané, France
| | - Shingo Kato
- Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiromi Watanabe
- Department of Marine Biodiversity Research, JAMSTEC, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Takuro Nunoura
- Research and Development Center for Marine Biosciences, JAMSTEC, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakamura
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Imachi
- Department of Subsurface Geobiology Analysis and Research (D-SUGAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Tomo-O Watsuji
- Department of Subsurface Geobiology Analysis and Research (D-SUGAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Kojima
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Ken Takai
- Department of Subsurface Geobiology Analysis and Research (D-SUGAR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Tomoo Sawabe
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
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12
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Nozaki T, Ishibashi JI, Shimada K, Nagase T, Takaya Y, Kato Y, Kawagucci S, Watsuji T, Shibuya T, Yamada R, Saruhashi T, Kyo M, Takai K. Rapid growth of mineral deposits at artificial seafloor hydrothermal vents. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22163. [PMID: 26911272 PMCID: PMC4766430 DOI: 10.1038/srep22163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Seafloor massive sulphide deposits are potential resources for base and precious metals (Cu-Pb-Zn ± Ag ± Au), but difficulties in estimating precise reserves and assessing environmental impacts hinder exploration and commercial mining. Here, we report petrological and geochemical properties of sulphide chimneys less than 2 years old that formed where scientific boreholes vented hydrothermal fluids in the Iheya-North field, Okinawa Trough, in East China Sea. One of these infant chimneys, dominated by Cu-Pb-Zn-rich sulphide minerals, grew a height of 15 m within 25 months. Portions of infant chimneys are dominated by sulphate minerals. Some infant chimneys are sulphide-rich similar to high-grade Cu-Pb-Zn bodies on land, albeit with relatively low As and Sb concentrations. The high growth rate reaching the 15 m height within 25 months is attributed to the large hydrothermal vent more than 50 cm in diameter created by the borehole, which induced slow mixing with the ambient seawater and enhanced efficiency of sulphide deposition. These observations suggest the possibility of cultivating seafloor sulphide deposits and even controlling their growth and grades through manipulations of how to mix and quench hydrothermal fluids with the ambient seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Nozaki
- Research and Development (R&D) Center for Submarine Resources, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan.,Frontier Research Center for Energy and Resources (FRCER), School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Ishibashi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Shimada
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Toshiro Nagase
- The Center for Academic Resources and Archives, The Tohoku University Museum, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yutaro Takaya
- Research and Development (R&D) Center for Submarine Resources, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan.,Department of Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Creative Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kato
- Research and Development (R&D) Center for Submarine Resources, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan.,Frontier Research Center for Energy and Resources (FRCER), School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Department of Systems Innovation, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kawagucci
- Research and Development (R&D) Center for Submarine Resources, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan.,Department of Subsurface Geobiological Analysis and Research (D-SUAGR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan.,Laboratory of Ocean-Earth Life Evolution Research (OELE), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Tomoo Watsuji
- Department of Subsurface Geobiological Analysis and Research (D-SUAGR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Takazo Shibuya
- Research and Development (R&D) Center for Submarine Resources, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan.,Laboratory of Ocean-Earth Life Evolution Research (OELE), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Yamada
- Department of Earth Science, School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Saruhashi
- Center for Deep Earth Exploration (CDEX), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
| | - Masanori Kyo
- Center for Deep Earth Exploration (CDEX), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
| | - Ken Takai
- Research and Development (R&D) Center for Submarine Resources, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan.,Department of Subsurface Geobiological Analysis and Research (D-SUAGR), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan.,Laboratory of Ocean-Earth Life Evolution Research (OELE), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
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13
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Reevaluating carbon fluxes in subduction zones, what goes down, mostly comes up. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E3997-4006. [PMID: 26048906 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1507889112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon fluxes in subduction zones can be better constrained by including new estimates of carbon concentration in subducting mantle peridotites, consideration of carbonate solubility in aqueous fluid along subduction geotherms, and diapirism of carbon-bearing metasediments. Whereas previous studies concluded that about half the subducting carbon is returned to the convecting mantle, we find that relatively little carbon may be recycled. If so, input from subduction zones into the overlying plate is larger than output from arc volcanoes plus diffuse venting, and substantial quantities of carbon are stored in the mantle lithosphere and crust. Also, if the subduction zone carbon cycle is nearly closed on time scales of 5-10 Ma, then the carbon content of the mantle lithosphere + crust + ocean + atmosphere must be increasing. Such an increase is consistent with inferences from noble gas data. Carbon in diamonds, which may have been recycled into the convecting mantle, is a small fraction of the global carbon inventory.
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14
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Bozzano G, Dente M. Dissolution of CO 2 and CH 4 Bubbles and Drops Rising from the Deep Ocean. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie403290q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bozzano
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali
e Ingegneria Chimica
“Giulio Natta”, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Dente
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali
e Ingegneria Chimica
“Giulio Natta”, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano, Italy
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15
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Guzmán-Marmolejo A, Segura A, Escobar-Briones E. Abiotic production of methane in terrestrial planets. ASTROBIOLOGY 2013; 13:550-9. [PMID: 23742231 PMCID: PMC3689174 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2012.0817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
On Earth, methane is produced mainly by life, and it has been proposed that, under certain conditions, methane detected in an exoplanetary spectrum may be considered a biosignature. Here, we estimate how much methane may be produced in hydrothermal vent systems by serpentinization, its main geological source, using the kinetic properties of the main reactions involved in methane production by serpentinization. Hydrogen production by serpentinization was calculated as a function of the available FeO in the crust, given the current spreading rates. Carbon dioxide is the limiting reactant for methane formation because it is highly depleted in aqueous form in hydrothermal vent systems. We estimated maximum CH4 surface fluxes of 6.8×10(8) and 1.3×10(9) molecules cm(-2) s(-1) for rocky planets with 1 and 5 M⊕, respectively. Using a 1-D photochemical model, we simulated atmospheres with volume mixing ratios of 0.03 and 0.1 CO2 to calculate atmospheric methane concentrations for the maximum production of this compound by serpentinization. The resulting abundances were 2.5 and 2.1 ppmv for 1 M⊕ planets and 4.1 and 3.7 ppmv for 5 M⊕ planets. Therefore, low atmospheric concentrations of methane may be produced by serpentinization. For habitable planets around Sun-like stars with N2-CO2 atmospheres, methane concentrations larger than 10 ppmv may indicate the presence of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Guzmán-Marmolejo
- Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México
| | - Antígona Segura
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México
- Member of the Virtual Planetary Laboratory, a NASA Astrobiology Institute lead team
| | - Elva Escobar-Briones
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México
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16
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Takeya S, Honda K, Gotoh Y, Yoneyama A, Ueda K, Miyamoto A, Hondoh T, Hori A, Sun D, Ohmura R, Hyodo K, Takeda T. Diffraction-enhanced X-ray imaging under low-temperature conditions: non-destructive observations of clathrate gas hydrates. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2012; 19:1038-1042. [PMID: 23093767 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049512033857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Diffraction-enhanced imaging (DEI) is a phase-contrast X-ray imaging technique suitable for visualizing light-element materials. The method also enables observations of sample-containing regions with large density gradients. In this study a cryogenic imaging technique was developed for DEI-enabled measurements at low temperature from 193 K up to room temperature with a deviation of 1 K. Structure-II air hydrate and structure-I carbon dioxide (CO(2)) hydrate were examined to assess the performance of this cryogenic DEI technique. It was shown that this DEI technique could image gas hydrate coexisting with ice and gas bubbles with a density resolution of about 0.01 g cm(-3) and a wide dynamic density range of about 1.60 g cm(-3). In addition, this method may be a way to make temperature-dependent measurements of physical properties such as density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Takeya
- Research Institute of Instrumentation Frontier, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan.
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17
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Yanagawa K, Morono Y, de Beer D, Haeckel M, Sunamura M, Futagami T, Hoshino T, Terada T, Nakamura KI, Urabe T, Rehder G, Boetius A, Inagaki F. Metabolically active microbial communities in marine sediment under high-CO(2) and low-pH extremes. ISME JOURNAL 2012; 7:555-67. [PMID: 23096400 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2012.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sediment-hosting hydrothermal systems in the Okinawa Trough maintain a large amount of liquid, supercritical and hydrate phases of CO(2) in the seabed. The emission of CO(2) may critically impact the geochemical, geophysical and ecological characteristics of the deep-sea sedimentary environment. So far it remains unclear whether microbial communities that have been detected in such high-CO(2) and low-pH habitats are metabolically active, and if so, what the biogeochemical and ecological consequences for the environment are. In this study, RNA-based molecular approaches and radioactive tracer-based respiration rate assays were combined to study the density, diversity and metabolic activity of microbial communities in CO(2)-seep sediment at the Yonaguni Knoll IV hydrothermal field of the southern Okinawa Trough. In general, the number of microbes decreased sharply with increasing sediment depth and CO(2) concentration. Phylogenetic analyses of community structure using reverse-transcribed 16S ribosomal RNA showed that the active microbial community became less diverse with increasing sediment depth and CO(2) concentration, indicating that microbial activity and community structure are sensitive to CO(2) venting. Analyses of RNA-based pyrosequences and catalyzed reporter deposition-fluorescence in situ hybridization data revealed that members of the SEEP-SRB2 group within the Deltaproteobacteria and anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME-2a and -2c) were confined to the top seafloor, and active archaea were not detected in deeper sediments (13-30 cm in depth) characterized by high CO(2). Measurement of the potential sulfate reduction rate at pH conditions of 3-9 with and without methane in the headspace indicated that acidophilic sulfate reduction possibly occurs in the presence of methane, even at very low pH of 3. These results suggest that some members of the anaerobic methanotrophs and sulfate reducers can adapt to the CO(2)-seep sedimentary environment; however, CO(2) and pH in the deep-sea sediment were found to severely impact the activity and structure of the microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Yanagawa
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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19
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Beeskow-Strauch B, Schicks JM, Spangenberg E, Erzinger J. The influence of SO2 and NO2 impurities on CO2 gas hydrate formation and stability. Chemistry 2011; 17:4376-84. [PMID: 21433127 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The sequestration of industrially emitted CO(2) in gas hydrate reservoirs has been recently discussed as an option to reduce atmospheric greenhouse gas. This CO(2) contains, despite much effort to clean it, traces of impurities such as SO(2) and NO(2) . Here, we present results of a pilot study on CO(2) hydrates contaminated with 1% SO(2) or 1% NO(2) and show the impact on hydrate formation and stability. Microscopic observations show similar hydrate formation rates, but an increase in hydrate stability in the presence of SO(2). Laser Raman spectroscopy indicates a strong enrichment of SO(2) in the liquid and hydrate phase and its incorporation in both large and small cages of the hydrate lattice. NO(2) is not verifiable by laser Raman spectroscopy, only the presence of nitrate ions could be confirmed. Differential scanning calorimetry analyses show that hydrate stability and dissociation enthalpy of mixed CO(2)-SO(2) hydrates increase, but that only negligible changes arise in the presence of NO(2) impurities. X-ray diffraction data reveal the formation of sI hydrate in all experiments. The conversion rates of ice+gas to hydrate increase in the presence of SO(2), but decrease in the presence of NO(2). After hydrate dissociation, SO(2) and NO(2) dissolved in water and form strong acids.
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20
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Teng HO, Yamasaki A. Pressure-mole fraction phase diagrams for co 2 -pure water system under temperatures and pressures corresponding to ocean waters at depth to 3000 M. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00986440214993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- HO Teng
- a National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology , Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamasaki
- a National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology , Tsukuba, Japan
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21
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Tajima H, Nagaosa R, Yamasaki A, Kiyono F. An analysis of liquid CO2 drop formation with and without hydrate formation in static mixers. AIChE J 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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23
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Rochelle CA, Camps AP, Long D, Milodowski A, Bateman K, Gunn D, Jackson P, Lovell MA, Rees J. Can CO2 hydrate assist in the underground storage of carbon dioxide? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1144/sp319.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe sequestration of CO2 in the deep geosphere is one potential method for reducing anthropogenic emissions to the atmosphere without necessarily incurring a significant change in our energy-producing technologies. Containment of CO2 as a liquid and an associated hydrate phase, under cool conditions, offers an alternative underground storage approach compared with conventional supercritical CO2 storage at higher temperatures. We briefly describe conventional approaches to underground storage, review possible approaches for using CO2 hydrate in CO2 storage generally, and comment on the important role CO2 hydrate could play in underground storage. Cool underground storage appears to offer certain advantages in terms of physical, chemical and mineralogical processes, which may usefully enhance trapping of the stored CO2. This approach also appears to be potentially applicable to large areas of sub-seabed sediments offshore Western Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. A. Rochelle
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
| | - A. P. Camps
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
- Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - D. Long
- British Geological Survey, Edinburgh EH9 3LA, UK
| | - A. Milodowski
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
| | - K. Bateman
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
| | - D. Gunn
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
| | - P. Jackson
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
| | - M. A. Lovell
- Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - J. Rees
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
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24
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Abstract
Scientific knowledge of natural clathrate hydrates has grown enormously over the past decade, with spectacular new findings of large exposures of complex hydrates on the sea floor, the development of new tools for examining the solid phase in situ, significant progress in modeling natural hydrate systems, and the discovery of exotic hydrates associated with sea floor venting of liquid CO2. Major unresolved questions remain about the role of hydrates in response to climate change today, and correlations between the hydrate reservoir of Earth and the stable isotopic evidence of massive hydrate dissociation in the geologic past. The examination of hydrates as a possible energy resource is proceeding apace for the subpermafrost accumulations in the Arctic, but serious questions remain about the viability of marine hydrates as an economic resource. New and energetic explorations by nations such as India and China are quickly uncovering large hydrate findings on their continental shelves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith C Hester
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA.
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25
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Lupton J, Lilley M, Butterfield D, Evans L, Embley R, Massoth G, Christenson B, Nakamura KI, Schmidt M. Venting of a separate CO2-rich gas phase from submarine arc volcanoes: Examples from the Mariana and Tonga-Kermadec arcs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jb005467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Lupton
- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory; NOAA; Newport Oregon USA
| | - Marvin Lilley
- School of Oceanography; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | | | - Leigh Evans
- CIMRS; Oregon State University; Newport Oregon USA
| | - Robert Embley
- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory; NOAA; Newport Oregon USA
| | - Gary Massoth
- Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences; Lower Hutt New Zealand
| | - Bruce Christenson
- Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences; Lower Hutt New Zealand
| | - Ko-ichi Nakamura
- National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Mark Schmidt
- Institute of Geosciences; University of Kiel; Kiel Germany
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26
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Hutnak M, Fisher AT. Influence of sedimentation, local and regional hydrothermal circulation, and thermal rebound on measurements of seafloor heat flux. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jb005022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Nealson
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, 3651 Trousdale Parkway, ZHS 117, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0740, USA.
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28
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Inagaki F, Kuypers MMM, Tsunogai U, Ishibashi JI, Nakamura KI, Treude T, Ohkubo S, Nakaseama M, Gena K, Chiba H, Hirayama H, Nunoura T, Takai K, Jørgensen BB, Horikoshi K, Boetius A. Microbial community in a sediment-hosted CO2 lake of the southern Okinawa Trough hydrothermal system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:14164-9. [PMID: 16959888 PMCID: PMC1599929 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606083103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing levels of CO2 in the atmosphere are expected to cause climatic change with negative effects on the earth's ecosystems and human society. Consequently, a variety of CO2 disposal options are discussed, including injection into the deep ocean. Because the dissolution of CO2 in seawater will decrease ambient pH considerably, negative consequences for deep-water ecosystems have been predicted. Hence, ecosystems associated with natural CO2 reservoirs in the deep sea, and the dynamics of gaseous, liquid, and solid CO2 in such environments, are of great interest to science and society. We report here a biogeochemical and microbiological characterization of a microbial community inhabiting deep-sea sediments overlying a natural CO2 lake at the Yonaguni Knoll IV hydrothermal field, southern Okinawa Trough. We found high abundances (>10(9) cm(-3)) of microbial cells in sediment pavements above the CO2 lake, decreasing to strikingly low cell numbers (10(7) cm(-3)) at the liquid CO2/CO2-hydrate interface. The key groups in these sediments were as follows: (i) the anaerobic methanotrophic archaea ANME-2c and the Eel-2 group of Deltaproteobacteria and (ii) sulfur-metabolizing chemolithotrophs within the Gamma- and Epsilonproteobacteria. The detection of functional genes related to one-carbon assimilation and the presence of highly 13C-depleted archaeal and bacterial lipid biomarkers suggest that microorganisms assimilating CO2 and/or CH4 dominate the liquid CO2 and CO2-hydrate-bearing sediments. Clearly, the Yonaguni Knoll is an exceptional natural laboratory for the study of consequences of CO2 disposal as well as of natural CO2 reservoirs as potential microbial habitats on early Earth and other celestial bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Inagaki
- Subground Animalcule Retrieval (SUGAR) Program, Extremobiosphere Research Center, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan.
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29
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Staudigel H, Hart SR, Pile A, Bailey BE, Baker ET, Brooke S, Connelly DP, Haucke L, German CR, Hudson I, Jones D, Koppers AAP, Konter J, Lee R, Pietsch TW, Tebo BM, Templeton AS, Zierenberg R, Young CM. Vailulu'u Seamount, Samoa: Life and death on an active submarine volcano. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:6448-53. [PMID: 16614067 PMCID: PMC1458904 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0600830103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Submersible exploration of the Samoan hotspot revealed a new, 300-m-tall, volcanic cone, named Nafanua, in the summit crater of Vailulu'u seamount. Nafanua grew from the 1,000-m-deep crater floor in <4 years and could reach the sea surface within decades. Vents fill Vailulu'u crater with a thick suspension of particulates and apparently toxic fluids that mix with seawater entering from the crater breaches. Low-temperature vents form Fe oxide chimneys in many locations and up to 1-m-thick layers of hydrothermal Fe floc on Nafanua. High-temperature (81 degrees C) hydrothermal vents in the northern moat (945-m water depth) produce acidic fluids (pH 2.7) with rising droplets of (probably) liquid CO(2). The Nafanua summit vent area is inhabited by a thriving population of eels (Dysommina rugosa) that feed on midwater shrimp probably concentrated by anticyclonic currents at the volcano summit and rim. The moat and crater floor around the new volcano are littered with dead metazoans that apparently died from exposure to hydrothermal emissions. Acid-tolerant polychaetes (Polynoidae) live in this environment, apparently feeding on bacteria from decaying fish carcasses. Vailulu'u is an unpredictable and very active underwater volcano presenting a potential long-term volcanic hazard. Although eels thrive in hydrothermal vents at the summit of Nafanua, venting elsewhere in the crater causes mass mortality. Paradoxically, the same anticyclonic currents that deliver food to the eels may also concentrate a wide variety of nektonic animals in a death trap of toxic hydrothermal fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Staudigel
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Stanley R. Hart
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Adele Pile
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Bradley E. Bailey
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Edward T. Baker
- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way Northeast, Seattle, WA 98115
| | - Sandra Brooke
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, Charleston, OR 97420
| | | | - Lisa Haucke
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | | | - Ian Hudson
- National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Jones
- National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony A. P. Koppers
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jasper Konter
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ray Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Theodore W. Pietsch
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355100, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Bradley M. Tebo
- Department of Environmental and Biomolecular Science, OGI School of Science and Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 20000 Northwest Walker Road, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Alexis S. Templeton
- Department of Geological Sciences, Campus Box 399, 2200 Colorado Avenue, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309; and
| | - Robert Zierenberg
- Department of Geology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8605
| | - Craig M. Young
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, Charleston, OR 97420
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30
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Gamo T, Ishibashi J, Tsunogai U, Okamura K, Chiba H. Unique geochemistry of submarine hydrothermal fluids from arc-back-arc settings of the western Pacific. BACK-ARC SPREADING SYSTEMS: GEOLOGICAL, BIOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL, AND PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/166gm08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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31
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Dunk RM, Peltzer ET, Walz PM, Brewer PG. Seeing a deep ocean CO2 enrichment experiment in a new light: laser raman detection of dissolved CO2 in seawater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:9630-6. [PMID: 16475344 DOI: 10.1021/es0511725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We used a newly developed in situ laser Raman spectrometer (LRS) for detection of elevated levels of dissolved CO2 in seawater. The experiment was carried out at 500 m depth, 6 degrees C, to examine new protocols for detection of CO2-enriched seawater emanating from a liquid CO2 source in the ocean, and to determine current detection limits under field conditions. A system of two interconnected 5 L chambers was built, with flow between them controlled by a valve and pump system, and this unit was mounted on an ROV. The first chamber was fitted with a pH electrode and the optical probe of the LRS. In the second chamber approximately 580 mL of liquid CO2 was introduced. Dissolution of CO2 across the CO2-seawater interface then occurred, the valves were opened, and a fixed volume of low-pH/CO2-enriched seawater was transferred to the first chamber for combined pH/Raman sensing, where we estimate a mean dissolution rate of approximately 0.5 (micromol/cm2)/s. This sequence was repeated, resulting in measurement of a progressively CO2 enriched seawater sample. The rapid in-growth of CO2 was readily detected as the Fermi dyad of the dissolved state with a detection limit of approximately 10 mM with spectral acquisition times of 150 s. The detection of background levels of CO2 species in seawater (approximately 2.2 mM, dominantly HCO3-) will require an improvement in instrument sensitivity by a factor of 5-10, which could be obtained by the use of a liquid core waveguide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Dunk
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, California 95039, USA
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Uchida T, Ikeda IY, Takeya S, Kamata Y, Ohmura R, Nagao J, Zatsepina OY, Buffett BA. Kinetics and Stability of CH4-CO2 Mixed Gas Hydrates during Formation and Long-Term Storage. Chemphyschem 2005; 6:646-54. [PMID: 15881580 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200400364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The formation of CH4-CO2 mixed gas hydrates was observed by measuring the change of vapor-phase composition using gas chromatography and Raman spectroscopy. Preferential consumption of carbon dioxide molecules was found during hydrate formation, which agreed well with thermodynamic calculations. Both Raman spectroscopic analysis and the thermodynamic calculation indicated that the kinetics of this mixed gas hydrate system was controlled by the competition of both molecules to be enclathrated into the hydrate cages. However, the methane molecules were preferentially crystallized in the early stages of hydrate formation when the initial methane concentration was much less than that of carbon dioxide. According to the Roman spectra, pure methane hydrates first formed under this condition. This unique phenomenon suggested that methane molecules play important roles in the hydrate formation process. These mixed gas hydrates were stored at atmospheric pressure and 190 K for over two months to examine the stability of the encaged gases. During storage, CO2 was preferentially released. According to our thermodynamic analysis, this CO2 release was due to the instability of CO2 in the hydrate structure under the storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Uchida
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628 (Japan).
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Chen B. Modeling near-field dispersion from direct injection of carbon dioxide into the ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jc002567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Elsaied HE, Hayashi T, Naganuma T. Molecular analysis of deep-sea hydrothermal vent aerobic methanotrophs by targeting genes of 16S rRNA and particulate methane monooxygenase. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2004; 6:503-509. [PMID: 15791492 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-004-3042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2003] [Accepted: 03/07/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Molecular diversity of deep-sea hydrothermal vent aerobic methanotrophs was studied using both 16S ribosomalDNA and pmoA encoding the subunit A of particulate methane monooxygenase (pMOA). Hydrothermal vent plume and chimney samples were collected from back-arc vent at Mid-Okinawa Trough (MOT), Japan, and the Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse (TAG) site along Mid-Atlantic Ridge, respectively. The target genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction from the bulk DNA using specific primers and cloned. Fifty clones from each clone library were directly sequenced. The 16S rDNA sequences were grouped into 3 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), 2 from MOT and 1 from TAG. Two OTUs (1 MOT and 1 TAG) were located within the branch of type I methanotrophic ?-Proteobacteria. Another MOT OTU formed a unique phylogenetic lineage related to type I methanotrophs. Direct sequencing of 50 clones each from the MOT and TAG samples yielded 17 and 4 operational pmoA units (OPUs), respectively. The phylogenetic tree based on the pMOA amino acid sequences deduced from OPUs formed diverse phylogenetic lineages within the branch of type I methanotrophs, except for the OPU MOT-pmoA-8 related to type X methanotrophs. The deduced pMOA topologies were similar to those of all known pMOA, which may suggest that the pmoA gene is conserved through evolution. Neither the 16S rDNA nor pmoA molecular analysis could detect type II methanotrophs, which suggests the absence of type II methanotrophs in the collected vent samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosam Easa Elsaied
- School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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NOGUCHI T, ARASAKI H, OOMORI T, TAKADA J. Age determination of submarine hydrothermal barite deposits by the 210Pb/226Ra method. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2004. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.53.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuroh NOGUCHI
- Graduate school of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus
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Tajima H, Yamasaki A, Kiyono F, Teng H. New method for ocean disposal of CO2 by a submerged kenics-type static mixer. AIChE J 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.10083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lee S, Liang L, Riestenberg D, West OR, Tsouris C, Adams E. CO2 hydrate composite for ocean carbon sequestration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2003; 37:3701-3708. [PMID: 12953884 DOI: 10.1021/es026301l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Rapid CO2 hydrate formation was investigated with the objective of producing a negatively buoyant CO2-seawater mixture under high-pressure and low-temperature conditions, simulating direct CO2 injection at intermediate ocean depths of 1.0-1.3 km. A coflow reactor was developed to maximize CO2 hydrate production by injecting water droplets (e.g., approximately 267 microm average diameter) from a capillary tube into liquid CO2. The droplets were injected in the mixing zone of the reactor where CO2 hydrate formed at the surface of the water droplets. The water-encased hydrate particles aggregated in the liquid CO2, producing a paste-like composite containing CO2 hydrate, liquid CO2, and water phases. This composite was extruded into ambient water from the coflow reactor as a coherent cylindrical mass, approximately 6 mm in diameter, which broke into pieces 5-10 cm long. Both modeling and experiments demonstrated that conversion from liquid CO2 to CO2 hydrate increased with water flow rate, ambient pressure, and residence time and decreased with CO2 flow rate. Increased mixing intensity, as expressed by the Reynolds number, enhanced the mass transfer and increased the conversion of liquid CO2 into CO2 hydrate. Using a plume model, we show that hydrate composite particles (for a CO2 loading of 1000 kg/s and 0.25 hydrate conversion) will dissolve and sink through a total depth of 350 m. This suggests significantly better CO2 dispersal and potentially reduced environmental impacts than would be possible by simply discharging positively buoyant liquid CO2 droplets. Further studies are needed to address hydrate conversion efficiency, scale-up criteria, sequestration longevity, and impact on the ocean biota before in-situ production of sinking CO2 hydrate composite can be applied to oceanic CO2 storage and sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangyong Lee
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6181, USA
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Kelley DS, Früh-Green GL. Abiogenic methane in deep-seated mid-ocean ridge environments: Insights from stable isotope analyses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jb900058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Brewer PG, Friederich G, Peltzer ET, Orr FM. Direct experiments on the ocean disposal of fossil fuel CO2. Science 1999; 284:943-5. [PMID: 10320370 DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5416.943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Field experiments were conducted to test ideas for fossil fuel carbon dioxide ocean disposal as a solid hydrate at depths ranging from 349 to 3627 meters and from 8 degrees to 1.6 degrees C. Hydrate formed instantly from the gas phase at 349 meters but then decomposed rapidly in ambient seawater. At 3627 meters, the seawater-carbon dioxide interface rose rapidly because of massive hydrate formation, forcing spillover of the liquid carbon dioxide from the container. A strong barrier between the liquid carbon dioxide and interaction with the sediments was observed. A pool of liquid carbon dioxide on the sea floor would expand in volume more than four times, forming hydrate, which will dissolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- PG Brewer
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Post Office Box 628, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA. School of Earth Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Kinoshita M, Yamano M. Hydrothermal regime and constraints on reservoir depth of the Jade site in the Mid-Okinawa Trough inferred from heat flow measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb03556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Stability of the hydrate layer formed on the surface of a CO2 droplet in high-pressure, low-temperature water. Chem Eng Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2509(96)00358-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Holm NG. Serpentinization of oceanic crust and Fischer-Tropsch type synthesis of organic compounds. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02459714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Yang K, Scott SD. Possible contribution of a metal-rich magmatic fluid to a sea-floor hydrothermal system. Nature 1996. [DOI: 10.1038/383420a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Charlou JL, Fouquet Y, Donval JP, Auzende JM, Jean-Baptiste P, Stievenard M, Michel S. Mineral and gas chemistry of hydrothermal fluids on an ultrafast spreading ridge: East Pacific Rise, 17° to 19°S (Naudur cruise, 1993) phase separation processes controlled by volcanic and tectonic activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Inoue Y, Ohgaki K, Hirata Y, Kunugita E. Numerical study on effects of hydrate formation on deep sea CO2 storage. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 1996. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.29.648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Inoue
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka University
| | | | - Yushi Hirata
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka University
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Simoneit BR. Evidence for organic synthesis in high temperature aqueous media--facts and prognosis. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 1995; 25:119-40. [PMID: 11536666 DOI: 10.1007/bf01581578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydrothermal systems are common along the active tectonic areas of the earth. Potential sites being studied for organic matter alteration and possible organic synthesis are spreading ridges, off-axis systems, back-arc activity, hot spots, volcanism, and subduction. Organic matter alteration, primarily reductive and generally from immature organic detritus, occurs in these high temperature and rapid fluid flow hydrothermal regimes. Hot circulating water (temperature range - warm to >400 degrees C) is responsible for these molecular alterations, expulsion and migration. Compounds that are obviously synthesized are minor components because they are generally masked by the pyrolysis products formed from contemporary natural organic precursors. Heterocyclic sulfur compounds have been identified in high temperature zones and hydrothermal petroleums of the Guaymas Basin vent systems. They can be interpreted as being synthesized from formaldehyde and sulfur or HS kappa- in the hydrothermal fluids. Other products from potential synthesis reactions have not yet been found in the natural systems but are expected based on known industrial processes and inferences from experimental simulation data. Various industrial processes have been reviewed and are of relevance to hydrothermal synthesis of organic compounds. The reactivity of organic compounds in hot water (200-350 degrees C) has been studied in autoclaves, and supercritical water as a medium for chemistry has also been evaluated. This high temperature aqueous organic chemistry and the strong reducing conditions of the natural systems suggest this as an important route to produce organic compounds on the primitive earth. Thus a better understanding of the potential syntheses of organic compounds in hydrothermal systems will require investigations of the chemistry of condensation, autocatalysis, catalysis and hydrolysis reactions in aqueous mineral buffered systems over a range of temperatures from warm to >400 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Simoneit
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331, USA
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Hoaki T, Nishijima M, Miyashita H, Maruyama T. Dense Community of Hyperthermophilic Sulfur-Dependent Heterotrophs in a Geothermally Heated Shallow Submarine Biotope near Kodakara-Jima Island, Kagoshima, Japan. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995; 61:1931-7. [PMID: 16535029 PMCID: PMC1388447 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.5.1931-1937.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities in marine hydrothermal sediments (0 to 30 cm deep) in an inlet of Kodakara-Jima Island, Kagoshima, Japan, were studied with reference to environmental factors, especially the presence of amino acids. The study area was shallow, and the sea floor was covered with sand through which hot volcanic gas bubbled and geothermally heated water seeped out. The total bacterial density increased with depth in the sediments in parallel with a rise in the ambient temperature (80(deg)C at the surface and 104(deg)C at a depth of 30 cm in the sediments). As estimated by most-probable-number studies, hyperthermophilic sulfur-dependent heterotrophs growing at 90(deg)C dominated the microbial community (3 x 10(sup7) cells (middot) g of sediment(sup-1) at a depth of 30 cm in the sediments), followed in abundance by hyperthermophilic sulfur-dependent facultative autotrophs (3.3 x 10(sup2) cells (middot) g of sediment(sup-1)). The cooler sandy or rocky floor surrounding the hot spots was covered with white bacterial mats which consisted of large Beggiatoa-like filaments. Both the total organic carbon content, most of which was particulate (75% in the surface sediments), and the amino acid concentration in void seawater in the sediments decreased with depth. Amino acids, both hydrolyzable and free, constituted approximately 23% of the dissolved organic carbon in the surface sediments. These results indicate that a lower amino acid concentration is probably due to consumption by dense populations of hyperthermophilic sulfur-dependent heterotrophs, which require amino acids for their growth and thus create a gradient of amino acid concentration in the sediments. The role of primary producers, which supply essential amino acids to sustain this microbial community, is also discussed.
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Teng H, Kinoshita C, Masutani S. Hydrate formation on the surface of a CO2 droplet in high-pressure, low-temperature water. Chem Eng Sci 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2509(94)00438-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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