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Cordes EE, Demopoulos AWJ, Davies AJ, Gasbarro R, Rhoads AC, Lobecker E, Sowers D, Chaytor JD, Morrison CL, Weinnig AM, Brooke S, Lunden JJ, Mienis F, Joye SB, Quattrini AM, Sutton TT, McFadden CS, Bourque JR, McClain-Counts JP, Andrews BD, Betters MJ, Etnoyer PJ, Wolff GA, Bernard BB, Brooks JM, Rasser MK, Adams C. Expanding our view of the cold-water coral niche and accounting of the ecosystem services of the reef habitat. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19482. [PMID: 37945613 PMCID: PMC10636194 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs are iconic ecosystems that support diverse, productive communities in both shallow and deep waters. However, our incomplete knowledge of cold-water coral (CWC) niche space limits our understanding of their distribution and precludes a complete accounting of the ecosystem services they provide. Here, we present the results of recent surveys of the CWC mound province on the Blake Plateau off the U.S. east coast, an area of intense human activity including fisheries and naval operations, and potentially energy and mineral extraction. At one site, CWC mounds are arranged in lines that total over 150 km in length, making this one of the largest reef complexes discovered in the deep ocean. This site experiences rapid and extreme shifts in temperature between 4.3 and 10.7 °C, and currents approaching 1 m s-1. Carbon is transported to depth by mesopelagic micronekton and nutrient cycling on the reef results in some of the highest nitrate concentrations recorded in the region. Predictive models reveal expanded areas of highly suitable habitat that currently remain unexplored. Multidisciplinary exploration of this new site has expanded understanding of the cold-water coral niche, improved our accounting of the ecosystem services of the reef habitat, and emphasizes the importance of properly managing these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik E Cordes
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA.
| | | | - Andrew J Davies
- Department of Biological Sciences and Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, USA
| | - Ryan Gasbarro
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Alexandria C Rhoads
- Department of Biological Sciences and Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, USA
| | | | - Derek Sowers
- Ocean Exploration Trust, South Kingston, USA, Rhode Island
| | - Jason D Chaytor
- Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole, USA
| | - Cheryl L Morrison
- Eastern Ecological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Turner Falls, USA
| | - Alexis M Weinnig
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
- Eastern Ecological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Turner Falls, USA
| | - Sandra Brooke
- Coastal and Marine Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA
| | - Jay J Lunden
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Furu Mienis
- Department of Ocean Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Samantha B Joye
- Department of Marine Science, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Andrea M Quattrini
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, USA
| | - Tracey T Sutton
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, USA
| | | | - Jill R Bourque
- U.S. Geological Survey Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, USA
| | | | - Brian D Andrews
- Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole, USA
| | | | - Peter J Etnoyer
- Deep Coral Ecology Lab, NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael K Rasser
- Division of Environmental Sciences, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Washington, USA
| | - Caitlin Adams
- NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration & Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Engleman A, Cox K, Brooke S. Dead but not forgotten: complexity of Acropora palmata colonies increases with greater composition of dead coral. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16101. [PMID: 37842045 PMCID: PMC10576496 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs are highly biodiverse ecosystems that have declined due to natural and anthropogenic stressors. Researchers often attribute reef ecological processes to corals' complex structure, but effective conservation requires disentangling the contributions of coral versus reef structures. Many studies assessing the relationships between reef structure and ecological dynamics commonly use live coral as a proxy for reef complexity, disregarding the contribution of dead coral skeletons to reef habitat provision or other biogeochemical reef dynamics. This study aimed to assess the contribution of dead coral to reef complexity by examining structural variations in live and dead Acropora palmata colonies. We used photogrammetry to reconstruct digital elevation models (DEMs) and orthomosaics of the benthic region immediately surrounding 10 A. palmata colonies. These reconstructions were used to quantify structural metrics, including surface rugosity, fractal dimension, slope, planform curvature, and profile curvature, as a function of benthic composition (i.e., live A. palmata, dead A. palmata, or non-A. palmata substrate). The results revealed that dead coral maintained more varied profile curvatures and higher fractal dimensions than live or non-coral substrate. Conversely, A. palmata colonies with a higher proportion of live coral displayed more uniform structure, with lower fractal dimensions and less variability in profile curvature measures. Other metrics showed no significant difference among substrate types. These findings provide novel insights into the structural differences between live and dead coral, and an alternative perspective on the mechanisms driving the observed structural complexity on reefs. Overall, our results highlight the overlooked potential contributions of dead coral to reef habitat provision, ecological processes, and other biogeochemical reef dynamics, and could have important implications for coral reef conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Engleman
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, United States of America
- Coastal and Marine Laboratory, Florida State University, St. Teresa, FL, United States of America
- Marine Station, Smithsonian, Fort Pierce, FL, United States of America
| | - Kieran Cox
- Marine Station, Smithsonian, Fort Pierce, FL, United States of America
- Biology Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Hakai Institute, Calvert Island, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sandra Brooke
- Coastal and Marine Laboratory, Florida State University, St. Teresa, FL, United States of America
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Maier SR, Brooke S, De Clippele LH, de Froe E, van der Kaaden AS, Kutti T, Mienis F, van Oevelen D. On the paradox of thriving cold-water coral reefs in the food-limited deep sea. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1768-1795. [PMID: 37236916 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The deep sea is amongst the most food-limited habitats on Earth, as only a small fraction (<4%) of the surface primary production is exported below 200 m water depth. Here, cold-water coral (CWC) reefs form oases of life: their biodiversity compares with tropical coral reefs, their biomass and metabolic activity exceed other deep-sea ecosystems by far. We critically assess the paradox of thriving CWC reefs in the food-limited deep sea, by reviewing the literature and open-access data on CWC habitats. This review shows firstly that CWCs typically occur in areas where the food supply is not constantly low, but undergoes pronounced temporal variation. High currents, downwelling and/or vertically migrating zooplankton temporally boost the export of surface organic matter to the seabed, creating 'feast' conditions, interspersed with 'famine' periods during the non-productive season. Secondly, CWCs, particularly the most common reef-builder Desmophyllum pertusum (formerly known as Lophelia pertusa), are well adapted to these fluctuations in food availability. Laboratory and in situ measurements revealed their dietary flexibility, tissue reserves, and temporal variation in growth and energy allocation. Thirdly, the high structural and functional diversity of CWC reefs increases resource retention: acting as giant filters and sustaining complex food webs with diverse recycling pathways, the reefs optimise resource gains over losses. Anthropogenic pressures, including climate change and ocean acidification, threaten this fragile equilibrium through decreased resource supply, increased energy costs, and dissolution of the calcium-carbonate reef framework. Based on this review, we suggest additional criteria to judge the health of CWC reefs and their chance to persist in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra R Maier
- Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Kivioq 2, PO Box 570, Nuuk, 3900, Greenland
- Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Korringaweg 7, Yerseke, 4401 NT, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Brooke
- Coastal & Marine Laboratory, Florida State University, 3618 Coastal Highway 98, St. Teresa, FL, 32327, USA
| | - Laurence H De Clippele
- Changing Oceans Research Group, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FE, UK
| | - Evert de Froe
- Centre for Fisheries Ecosystem Research, Fisheries and Marine Institute at Memorial University of Newfoundland, 155 Ridge Rd, St. John's, NL A1C 5R3, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- Department of Ocean Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), PO Box 59, Den Burg (Texel), 1790 AB, The Netherlands
| | - Anna-Selma van der Kaaden
- Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Korringaweg 7, Yerseke, 4401 NT, The Netherlands
| | - Tina Kutti
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), PO box 1870 Nordnes, Bergen, NO-5817, Norway
| | - Furu Mienis
- Department of Ocean Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), PO Box 59, Den Burg (Texel), 1790 AB, The Netherlands
| | - Dick van Oevelen
- Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Korringaweg 7, Yerseke, 4401 NT, The Netherlands
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Walker BK, Eagan S, Ames C, Brooke S, Keenan S, Baumstark R. Shallow-Water Coral Communities Support the Separation of Marine Ecoregions on the West-Central Florida Gulf Coast. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Järnegren J, Brooke S, Jensen H. Effects and recovery of larvae of the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa (Desmophyllum pertusum) exposed to suspended bentonite, barite and drill cuttings. Mar Environ Res 2020; 158:104996. [PMID: 32501265 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fossil fuel drilling operations create sediment plumes and release waste materials into the ocean. These operations sometimes occur close to sensitive marine ecosystems, such as cold-water corals. While there have been several studies on the effects of energy industry activities on adult corals, there is very little information on potential impacts to their early life history stages. Larval stages of many marine organisms, including cold-water corals use cilia as a means of feeding and swimming, and if these structures become clogged with suspended particulates, the larvae may sink and be lost to the system. The objective of this study was to understand the response of Lophelia pertusa larvae to a different drilling waste components, and assess post-exposure recovery. Larvae of two ages (eight and 21 days) were exposed to a range of concentrations of bentonite, barite and drill cuttings. Larval sensitivity was assessed using the concentration at which 50% of the larvae showed behavioral effects (EC50) or lethal effects (LC50). Larvae showed greatest sensitivity to bentonite, followed by barite and drill cuttings, and also showed age-related responses that differed among the test materials. Post exposure recovery was variable across materials, with larvae exposed to bentonite having the lowest recovery rates. Understanding the vulnerability of early life history stages to human activities can help inform management strategies to preserve reproductive capacity of important marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Järnegren
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, P.O. Box 5685 Torgarden, 7485, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Sandra Brooke
- Florida State University Coastal and Marine Lab, 3618 Costal Highway 98 St, Teresa, FL, 32358, USA.
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Dept. of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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Kilsby A, Brooke S, Patchett C, Marsh A, Page C, George J. 2IMPROVING THE RECORDING OF COMPREHENSIVE GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT AND SAFETY FACTORS BY USE OF A CHECKLIST. Age Ageing 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afx115.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Larsson AI, Järnegren J, Strömberg SM, Dahl MP, Lundälv T, Brooke S. Embryogenesis and larval biology of the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102222. [PMID: 25028936 PMCID: PMC4100773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold-water coral reefs form spectacular and highly diverse ecosystems in the deep sea but little is known about reproduction, and virtually nothing about the larval biology in these corals. This study is based on data from two locations of the North East Atlantic and documents the first observations of embryogenesis and larval development in Lophelia pertusa, the most common framework-building cold-water scleractinian. Embryos developed in a more or less organized radial cleavage pattern from ∼ 160 µm large neutral or negatively buoyant eggs, to 120-270 µm long ciliated planulae. Embryogenesis was slow with cleavage occurring at intervals of 6-8 hours up to the 64-cell stage. Genetically characterized larvae were sexually derived, with maternal and paternal alleles present. Larvae were active swimmers (0.5 mm s(-1)) initially residing in the upper part of the water column, with bottom probing behavior starting 3-5 weeks after fertilization. Nematocysts had developed by day 30, coinciding with peak bottom-probing behavior, and possibly an indication that larvae are fully competent to settle at this time. Planulae survived for eight weeks under laboratory conditions, and preliminary results indicate that these planulae are planktotrophic. The late onset of competency and larval longevity suggests a high dispersal potential. Understanding larval biology and behavior is of paramount importance for biophysical modeling of larval dispersal, which forms the basis for predictions of connectivity among populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann I Larsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Tjärnö, Sweden
| | | | - Susanna M Strömberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Tjärnö, Sweden
| | - Mikael P Dahl
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Tjärnö, Sweden
| | - Tomas Lundälv
- Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Tjärnö, Sweden
| | - Sandra Brooke
- Florida State University Coastal and Marine Laboratory, St Teresa, Florida, United States of America
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8
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Reed JK, Messing C, Walker BK, Brooke S, Correa TB, Brouwer M, Udouj T, Farrington S. Habitat Characterization, Distribution, and Areal Extent of Deep-sea Coral Ecosystems off Florida, Southeastern U.S.A. CARIBB J SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.18475/cjos.v47i1.a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gregory D, Tan L, Coles C, Brooke S, Whitney D. 660 poster PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF MRI-BASED IMAGE-GUIDED BRACHYTHERAPY FOR CERVIX CANCER – THE ADDENBROOKE'S EXPERIENCE. Radiother Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(11)70782-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Morrison CL, Ross SW, Nizinski MS, Brooke S, Järnegren J, Waller RG, Johnson RL, King TL. Genetic discontinuity among regional populations of Lophelia pertusa in the North Atlantic Ocean. CONSERV GENET 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-010-0178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Staudigel H, Hart SR, Pile A, Bailey BE, Baker ET, Brooke S, Connelly DP, Haucke L, German CR, Hudson I, Jones D, Koppers AAP, Konter J, Lee R, Pietsch TW, Tebo BM, Templeton AS, Zierenberg R, Young CM. Vailulu'u Seamount, Samoa: Life and death on an active submarine volcano. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:6448-53. [PMID: 16614067 PMCID: PMC1458904 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0600830103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Submersible exploration of the Samoan hotspot revealed a new, 300-m-tall, volcanic cone, named Nafanua, in the summit crater of Vailulu'u seamount. Nafanua grew from the 1,000-m-deep crater floor in <4 years and could reach the sea surface within decades. Vents fill Vailulu'u crater with a thick suspension of particulates and apparently toxic fluids that mix with seawater entering from the crater breaches. Low-temperature vents form Fe oxide chimneys in many locations and up to 1-m-thick layers of hydrothermal Fe floc on Nafanua. High-temperature (81 degrees C) hydrothermal vents in the northern moat (945-m water depth) produce acidic fluids (pH 2.7) with rising droplets of (probably) liquid CO(2). The Nafanua summit vent area is inhabited by a thriving population of eels (Dysommina rugosa) that feed on midwater shrimp probably concentrated by anticyclonic currents at the volcano summit and rim. The moat and crater floor around the new volcano are littered with dead metazoans that apparently died from exposure to hydrothermal emissions. Acid-tolerant polychaetes (Polynoidae) live in this environment, apparently feeding on bacteria from decaying fish carcasses. Vailulu'u is an unpredictable and very active underwater volcano presenting a potential long-term volcanic hazard. Although eels thrive in hydrothermal vents at the summit of Nafanua, venting elsewhere in the crater causes mass mortality. Paradoxically, the same anticyclonic currents that deliver food to the eels may also concentrate a wide variety of nektonic animals in a death trap of toxic hydrothermal fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Staudigel
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Stanley R. Hart
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Adele Pile
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Bradley E. Bailey
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Edward T. Baker
- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way Northeast, Seattle, WA 98115
| | - Sandra Brooke
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, Charleston, OR 97420
| | | | - Lisa Haucke
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | | | - Ian Hudson
- National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Jones
- National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony A. P. Koppers
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jasper Konter
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ray Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Theodore W. Pietsch
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355100, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Bradley M. Tebo
- Department of Environmental and Biomolecular Science, OGI School of Science and Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 20000 Northwest Walker Road, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Alexis S. Templeton
- Department of Geological Sciences, Campus Box 399, 2200 Colorado Avenue, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309; and
| | - Robert Zierenberg
- Department of Geology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8605
| | - Craig M. Young
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, Charleston, OR 97420
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Abstract
BACKGROUND NHS Walk-in Centres (WiCs) are a new and expanding point of nurse-led primary care access for patients requiring skin care. Little is known about the dermatology case profile of such patients. OBJECTIVES To investigate the skin care patient mix attending a WiC and the feasibility and usefulness of retrieving data from the NHS Clinical Assessment System (CAS), as used by NHS Direct. METHODS Patients over 2 years of age presenting to a WiC in southern England with a nurse-assessed skin condition were recruited over a 12-week period (n = 233). A data set was extracted from CAS and analysed using Excel. RESULTS Of the total 31 591 patients attending the WiC in the first 2 years, 21% had a skin-related problem. During the 12-week study period, 88 of 233 eligible patients (38%) consented to participate. The typical patient profile was of female patients, 17-35 years (27%) attending during the week before 9 a.m. (35%) or after 5 p.m. (27%) from the locality (72%). CAS employs generic algorithms to specify clinical problems (e.g. rash) rather than medical diagnoses. Most patients presented with a rash (89%). No physical treatment was required in 77% of patients, although this was advised for 46%; 49% were advised to seek help but not return to the WiC; 16% were recommended to contact their general practitioner. There were practical difficulties accessing data from CAS software for research due to research governance requirements. CONCLUSIONS A significant number of patients with dermatological conditions could be seeking primary care through new NHS WiCs. Detailed dermatological appraisal of the patient mix is difficult due to the system of clinical categorization. There is scope to investigate further the nature of dermatological need and the patient education given. CAS is a cumbersome data extraction tool for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Ersser
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Newcombe G, Cook D, Brooke S, Ho L, Slyman N. Treatment options for microcystin toxins: similarities and differences between variants. Environ Technol 2003; 24:299-308. [PMID: 12703855 DOI: 10.1080/09593330309385562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Over sixty variants of the blue-green algal toxin microcystin have been identified. The two microcystin variants LR and LA vary in only one amino group ie. arginine for microcystin LR and alanine for microcystin LA. In the literature to date, the general consensus has been that m-LR and m-LA should respond similarly to a range of water treatment processes. This is the case for ozonation and biodegradation by organisms colonising granular activated carbon filters; there is negligible difference in the response to these processes between the two variants. However, the adsorption of m-LR onto activated carbon is significantly higher than that of m-LA. This result is surprising as m-LA has a lower molecular weight, and is more hydrophobic, factors that would be expected to favour the adsorption of this compound over m-LR. This trend is also seen for the variants RR and YR. The effect is seen on both negatively and positively charged carbons, indicating that the difference between the variants is not caused by electrostatic interactions with the carbon surface. Electrostatic shielding experiments suggest that electrostatic repulsion between the adsorbed m-LA molecules, with a net charge of -2, may be responsible for the low adsorption. The other variants tested have a lower net charge and therefor experience lower intermolecular repulsion in the adsorbed state.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Newcombe
- Australian Water Quality Centre, a partner in the CRC for Water Quality and Treatment, PMB 3, Salisbury, South Australia 5108, Australia
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Abstract
Plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels were measured after short periods of sleep deprivation in rats at postnatal days 12, 16, 20, and 24. There was an age-dependent increase in basal CORT levels and sleep deprivation significantly elevated CORT at all ages compared to non-sleep deprived controls. The levels of CORT after sleep deprivation in P16, P20 and P24 animals were similar, resulting in an age-dependent decrease of the magnitude of the response. Sleep deprived P12 animals had lower levels of CORT. However, the observed response to sleep deprivation suggests that sleep loss is a significant stressor at this age. These observations suggest that younger animals are more sensitive to the effects of mild sleep deprivation than older ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Hairston
- Neurosciences Program, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA. Ilana.Hairston.edu
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to identify correlates and predictors of the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a cohort of patients with myocardial infarction, while the patients were in hospital and 3 months after infarction. DESIGN Longitudinal, consecutive referrals were used. PATIENTS From a possible 68 consecutive patients with a first myocardial infarction who completed questionnaires in hospital and survived to 3-month follow-up, 39 completed follow-up questionnaires. OUTCOME MEASURES PTSD measures were taken in hospital and 3 months after discharge. Predictor variables were measures of mood taken in hospital and measures of the immediate cognitive and emotional reactions at the time of the infarct. RESULTS Associations between the independent variables and PTSD symptoms were stronger at 3-month follow-up than while in hospital. At this time, the frequency of intrusive thoughts was predicted by the degree of fright at the time of the event (adjusted R(2) = 0.262; beta =.57; t = 3.30; P <.01) and positive affect scores (additional adjusted R(2) = 0.112; beta = -.37 t = -2.18; P <.05). The degree of physiologic arousal at the time of such flashbacks was predicted by levels of negative affect in hospital (adjusted R(2) = 0.174; beta =.46; t = 2.46; P <.05), which also predicted avoidance scores (adjusted R(2) = 0.203; beta =.48; t = 2.62; P <.05). CONCLUSIONS Because many of the symptoms of PTSD are self-remitting, and intervening too early in the course of the disorder may exacerbate the disorder, it is important not to intervene too early or over-treat this disorder. Formal treatment may be useful if provided some months after discharge from hospital. If either secondary or primary care services are to treat myocardial infarction-related PTSD effectively, it is important to identify patients who are at risk for it. These data contribute to the development of a profile of patients at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bennett
- Health Services Research Focus, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
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Gupta A, Ho DY, Brooke S, Franklin L, Roy M, McLaughlin J, Fink SL, Sapolsky RM. Neuroprotective effects of an adenoviral vector expressing the glucose transporter: a detailed description of the mediating cellular events. Brain Res 2001; 908:49-57. [PMID: 11457430 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02572-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Considerable knowledge exists concerning the events mediating neuron death following a necrotic insult; prompted by this, there have now been successful attempts to use gene therapy approaches to protect neurons from such necrotic injury. In many such studies, however, it is not clear what sequence of cellular events connects the overexpression of the transgene with the enhanced survival. We do so, exploring the effects of overexpressing the Glut-1 glucose transporter with an adenoviral vector in hippocampal cultures challenged with the excitotoxin kainic acid (KA). Such overexpression enhanced glucose transport, attenuated the decline in ATP concentrations, decreased the release of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters, and decreased the total free cytosolic calcium load. Commensurate with these salutary effects, neuronal survival was enhanced with this gene therapy intervention. Thus, the neuroprotective effects of this particular gene therapy occurs within the known framework of the mechanisms of necrotic neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, 95406, Stanford, CA, USA
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18
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Brooke S. "A new world for women"? Abortion law reform in Britain during the 1930s. Am Hist Rev 2001; 106:431-459. [PMID: 18186164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs), the adrenal steroids secreted during stress, can compromise the ability of hippocampal neurons to survive numerous necrotic insults. We have previously observed that GCs worsen the deleterious effects of gp120, the glycoprotein of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome virus, which can indirectly damage neurons and which is thought to play a role in the neuropathological features of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Specifically, GCs augment gp120-induced calcium mobilization, ATP depletion, decline in mitochondrial potential, and neurotoxicity in fetal monolayer cultures from a number of brain regions. In the present report, we demonstrate a similar gp120/GC synergy in adult hippocampal and cortical explants. We generated explants from rats that were either adrenalectomized, adrenally intact, or intact and treated with corticosterone to produce levels seen in response to major stressors. Metabolic rates in explants were then indirectly assessed with silicon microphysiometry, and cytosolic calcium concentrations were assessed with fura-2 fluorescent microscopy. We observed that basal levels of GCs tonically augment the disruptive effects of gp120 on metabolism in the CA1 cell field of the hippocampus and in the cortex. Moreover, raising GC concentrations into the stress range exacerbated the ability of gp120 to mobilize cytosolic calcium in a number of hippocampal cell fields. Finally, we observed that the synthetic GC prednisone had similarly exacerbating effects on gp120. Thus, GCs can worsen the deleterious effects of gp120 in a system that is more physiologically relevant than the fetal monolayer culture and in a region-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yusim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, California 94305-5020, USA
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21
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Abstract
The objective was to review and analyze practices of preferential pricing and royalties for products resulting from collaboration between the public and private sectors. A wide variety of practices and experience exist, and collaboration depends on the product being developed and its potential markets. Guiding principles in preferential pricing, royalty provisions, and long-term collaboration are presented that can be mutually beneficial to both the public and private sector.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the associations between two personality variables (alexithymia, negative affect), social support, awareness of myocardial infarction, and the severity of post-traumatic stress symptoms. DESIGN A cross sectional design was adopted with simultaneous measures of both dependent and independent variables. METHOD A random sample of 69 patients who had an MI between 6 and 12 months previously were sent postal questionnaires measuring alexithymia, negative affect, social support, awareness of myocardial infarction, the severity of post-traumatic stress symptoms and a number of demographic details. RESULTS Forty-four individuals completed and returned all the questionnaires. A 10% prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms was found. Regression analyses were conducted to identify independent associates of the dependent variables with and without the inclusion of the measure of negative affect. Alexithymia, age, social support and awareness at the time of having a myocardial infarction, were each strongly predictive of one or all measures of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Evidence supporting the impact of each of the variables on the course of post-traumatic stress disorder was supported in a population of myocardial infarction patients. If these variables were found predictive in a longitudinal study, they would indicate possible risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bennett
- University of Wales College of Medicine, UK
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Coleman S, Brooke S. Manual handling in the operating theatre. Prof Nurse 1999; 14:682-6. [PMID: 10481716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Safer transfer practices are needed in operating theatres. An observational study on manual handling in an operating department led to improvements in transfer practice. Staff should have easy access to the appropriate handling aids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Coleman
- Nursing Research and Practice Development Unit, St James University Hospital, Leeds
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Brooke S, Chan R, Howard S, Sapolsky R. Endocrine modulation of the neurotoxicity of gp120: implications for AIDS-related dementia complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:9457-62. [PMID: 9256504 PMCID: PMC23222 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.17.9457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection often involves the development of AIDS-related dementia complex, a variety of neurologic, neuropsychologic, and neuropathologic impairments. A possible contributor to AIDS-related dementia complex is the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120, which damages neurons via a complex glutamate receptor- and calcium-dependent cascade. We demonstrate an endocrine modulation of the deleterious effects of gp120 in primary hippocampal and cortical cultures. Specifically, we observe that gp120-induced calcium mobilization and neurotoxicity are exacerbated by glucocorticoids, the adrenal steroids secreted during stress. Importantly, this deleterious synergy can occur between gp120 and synthetic glucocorticoids (such as prednisone or dexamethasone) that are used clinically in high concentrations to treat severe cases of the Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia typical of HIV infection. Conversely, we also observe that estradiol protects neurons from the deleterious actions of gp120, reducing toxicity and calcium mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Brooke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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25
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Abstract
A case report of a male patient with moderate degree of learning disabilities and monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychosis is described, along with its pathogenic features and response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Brooke
- Frith Hospital, Leicester, England
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sapolsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
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Jacobson L, Brooke S, Sapolsky R. Corticosterone is a preferable ligand for measuring rat brain corticosteroid receptors: competition by RU 28362 and RU 26752 for dexamethasone binding in rat hippocampal cytosol. Brain Res 1993; 625:84-92. [PMID: 8242402 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(93)90140-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear whether in vitro corticosteroid receptor binding assays have used inappropriately high concentrations of synthetic corticosteroid competitors, thereby potentially introducing error into estimates of type I (mineralocorticoid) and type II (glucocorticoid) receptor binding. To determine more accurately the concentration of blockers necessary to discriminate between these two sites, we have derived Ki values for the competition of dexamethasone, RU 28362 and RU 26752 for [3H]corticosterone and [3H]dexamethasone binding in rat hippocampus. Non-specific binding of both radioligands was defined with unlabeled dexamethasone to exclude transcortin. The type II agonist RU 28362 competed for only a portion of [3H]corticosterone binding, exhibiting a Ki of 0.5 nM for this binding. In contrast, RU 28362 fully competed all binding of a saturating concentration of [3H]dexamethasone, even though [3H]dexamethasone also recognized type I receptors, defined as specific [3H]corticosterone binding in the presence of 80 nM RU 28362. RU 28362 competition for [3H]dexamethasone binding exhibited characteristics of a 2-site interaction, with Kis of 0.3 and 194 nM. The type I receptor antagonist RU 26752 competed less effectively for [3H]corticosterone and [3H]dexamethasone binding, but nonetheless competed fully within a 1000-fold concentration range. Even at a level less than 125 x its Ki for type I binding, RU 26752 still inhibited virtually all type II receptor binding by [3H]corticosterone. We conclude that type I and II receptors in rat brain are best distinguished using [3H]corticosterone as the labelling ligand, with cold RU 28362 and dexamethasone to eliminate binding to type II and transcortin sites, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jacobson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305-5020
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Palmi M, Brooke S, Smith AD, Bolam JP. GABA-like immunoreactivity in different cellular populations of cerebellar cortex of rats before and after treatment with amino-oxyacetic acid. Brain Res 1991; 543:277-86. [PMID: 2059835 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(91)90038-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The postembedding immunogold procedure was used to detect changes in the levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-like immunoreactivity at the ultrastructural level in the cerebellar cortex of control rats and rats treated with the GABA transaminase inhibitor, amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA), in order to increase the levels of GABA. GABA-immunoreactive structures were labelled using an antiserum directed against GABA coupled to bovine serum albumin and a secondary antibody conjugated to colloidal gold. The density of gold particles per square micron of tissue was taken as a measure of GABA-like immunoreactivity. In separate groups of control and AOAA-treated animals, the levels of GABA were assessed biochemically in the cerebellum, the cortex, the ventral mesencephalon and the striatum. Six hours after treatment with AOAA the GABA levels in the cerebellum, the cortex, the ventral mesencephalon and the striatum. Six hours after treatment with GABA immunoreactivity of the Golgi and basket cell terminals was significantly greater than that of mossy fibres, granule cell dendrites and perikarya and glial cells. The value obtained for Golgi terminals was the highest of all the structures examined and was twice that of their perikarya. Six hours after treatment with AOAA the GABA immunoreactivity in Golgi and basket cell terminals and in glial cells was greatly enhanced. The drug treatment slightly enhanced the immunoreactivity in mossy fibres and granule cell dendrites but induced no change in granule cell bodies. Thus, in both control and treated rats, the highest GABA immunoreactivity was present in the terminals of GABAergic cells, and the lowest in putative glutamatergic cells. The results demonstrate that there is a high degree of selectivity in the changes in GABA levels following the inhibition of GABA transaminase in the cerebellum. They also confirm the potential of the use of postembedding methods for the quantification of endogenous amino acid at cellular and subcellular levels, in relative and possibly also absolute terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Palmi
- Istituto di Scienze Farmacologiche, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
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Abstract
Proteinoid microspheres with stable internal compartments and internal structure are made from acidic proteinoid and basic proteinoid with calcium. The populations of microspheres are characterized by a wide diversity of structure. A model of primitive intracellular communication is suggested by the observed movement of internal particles between compartments of a multicompartmentalized unit. Differential response to pH change and to temperature change has been demonstrated within one population and suggests one mode of adaptive selection among primordial cell populations.
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McGeer EG, Fibiger HC, McGeer PL, Brooke S. Temporal changes in amine synthesizing enzymes of rat extrapyramidal structures after hemitransections or 6-hydroxydopamine administration. Brain Res 1973; 52:289-300. [PMID: 4144770 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(73)90665-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Miquel J, Brooke S, Fox SW. Assembly of microspheres from acidic proteinoids and histones or histone-like proteinoids. Curr Mod Biol 1971; 3:299-306. [PMID: 5550384 DOI: 10.1016/0303-2647(71)90009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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