1
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Rolando JL, Kolton M, Song T, Liu Y, Pinamang P, Conrad R, Morris JT, Konstantinidis KT, Kostka JE. Sulfur oxidation and reduction are coupled to nitrogen fixation in the roots of the salt marsh foundation plant Spartina alterniflora. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3607. [PMID: 38684658 PMCID: PMC11059160 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47646-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterotrophic activity, primarily driven by sulfate-reducing prokaryotes, has traditionally been linked to nitrogen fixation in the root zone of coastal marine plants, leaving the role of chemolithoautotrophy in this process unexplored. Here, we show that sulfur oxidation coupled to nitrogen fixation is a previously overlooked process providing nitrogen to coastal marine macrophytes. In this study, we recovered 239 metagenome-assembled genomes from a salt marsh dominated by the foundation plant Spartina alterniflora, including diazotrophic sulfate-reducing and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Abundant sulfur-oxidizing bacteria encode and highly express genes for carbon fixation (RuBisCO), nitrogen fixation (nifHDK) and sulfur oxidation (oxidative-dsrAB), especially in roots stressed by sulfidic and reduced sediment conditions. Stressed roots exhibited the highest rates of nitrogen fixation and expression level of sulfur oxidation and sulfate reduction genes. Close relatives of marine symbionts from the Candidatus Thiodiazotropha genus contributed ~30% and ~20% of all sulfur-oxidizing dsrA and nitrogen-fixing nifK transcripts in stressed roots, respectively. Based on these findings, we propose that the symbiosis between S. alterniflora and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria is key to ecosystem functioning of coastal salt marshes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Rolando
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - M Kolton
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - T Song
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Y Liu
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - P Pinamang
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - R Conrad
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - J T Morris
- Belle Baruch Institute for Marine & Coastal Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29201, USA
| | - K T Konstantinidis
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - J E Kostka
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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2
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Grupstra CGB, Gómez-Corrales M, Fifer JE, Aichelman HE, Meyer-Kaiser KS, Prada C, Davies SW. Integrating cryptic diversity into coral evolution, symbiosis and conservation. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:622-636. [PMID: 38351091 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02319-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how diversity evolves and is maintained is critical to predicting the future trajectories of ecosystems under climate change; however, our understanding of these processes is limited in marine systems. Corals, which engineer reef ecosystems, are critically threatened by climate change, and global efforts are underway to conserve and restore populations as attempts to mitigate ocean warming continue. Recently, sequencing efforts have uncovered widespread undescribed coral diversity, including 'cryptic lineages'-genetically distinct but morphologically similar coral taxa. Such cryptic lineages have been identified in at least 24 coral genera spanning the anthozoan phylogeny and across ocean basins. These cryptic lineages co-occur in many reef systems, but their distributions often differ among habitats. Research suggests that cryptic lineages are ecologically specialized and several examples demonstrate differences in thermal tolerance, highlighting the critical implications of this diversity for predicting coral responses to future warming. Here, we draw attention to recent discoveries, discuss how cryptic diversity affects the study of coral adaptation and acclimation to future environments, explore how it shapes symbiotic partnerships, and highlight challenges and opportunities for conservation and restoration efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James E Fifer
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Carlos Prada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Sarah W Davies
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Hartwell AM, Wheat AE, Dijkstra JA. Natural warming differentiates communities and increases diversity in deep-sea Ridge Flank Hydrothermal Systems. Commun Biol 2024; 7:379. [PMID: 38548927 PMCID: PMC10978836 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Ridge Flank Hydrothermal Systems have discrete pockets of fluid discharge that mimic climate-induced ocean warming. Unlike traditional hydrothermal fluids, those discharged by Ridge Flank Hydrothermal Systems have a chemical composition indistinguishable from background water, enabling evaluation of the effect of warming temperature. Here we link temperature and terrain variables to community composition and biodiversity by combining remotely operated vehicle images of vent and non-vent zone communities with associated environmental variables. We show overall differences in composition, family richness, and biodiversity between zones, though richness and diversity were only significantly greater in vent zones at one location. Temperature was a contributing factor to observed greater biodiversity near vent zones. Overall, our results suggest that warming in the deep sea will affect species composition and diversity. However, due to the diverse outcomes projected for ocean warming, additional research is necessary to forecast the impacts of ocean warming on deep-sea ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Hartwell
- University of New Hampshire Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center, 24 Colovos Rd, Durham, NH, USA.
| | - Anna E Wheat
- Oregon State University, 1500 SW Jefferson Ave, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Jennifer A Dijkstra
- University of New Hampshire Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center, 24 Colovos Rd, Durham, NH, USA
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4
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An M, Prinn RG, Western LM, Zhao X, Yao B, Hu J, Ganesan AL, Mühle J, Weiss RF, Krummel PB, O'Doherty S, Young D, Rigby M. Sustained growth of sulfur hexafluoride emissions in China inferred from atmospheric observations. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1997. [PMID: 38443346 PMCID: PMC10915133 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a potent greenhouse gas. Here we use long-term atmospheric observations to determine SF6 emissions from China between 2011 and 2021, which are used to evaluate the Chinese national SF6 emission inventory and to better understand the global SF6 budget. SF6 emissions in China substantially increased from 2.6 (2.3-2.7, 68% uncertainty) Gg yr-1 in 2011 to 5.1 (4.8-5.4) Gg yr-1 in 2021. The increase from China is larger than the global total emissions rise, implying that it has offset falling emissions from other countries. Emissions in the less-populated western regions of China, which have potentially not been well quantified in previous measurement-based estimates, contribute significantly to the national SF6 emissions, likely due to substantial power generation and transmission in that area. The CO2-eq emissions of SF6 in China in 2021 were 125 (117-132) million tonnes (Mt), comparable to the national total CO2 emissions of several countries such as the Netherlands or Nigeria. The increasing SF6 emissions offset some of the CO2 reductions achieved through transitioning to renewable energy in the power industry, and might hinder progress towards achieving China's goal of carbon neutrality by 2060 if no concrete control measures are implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minde An
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Ronald G Prinn
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Luke M Western
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
- Global Monitoring Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Xingchen Zhao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bo Yao
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
- Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration (MOC/CMA), Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jianxin Hu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Anita L Ganesan
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1SS, UK
| | - Jens Mühle
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ray F Weiss
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Paul B Krummel
- Climate, Atmosphere and Oceans Interactions, CSIRO Environment, Aspendale, VIC, 3195, Australia
| | - Simon O'Doherty
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Dickon Young
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Matthew Rigby
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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5
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Ho M, Kessouri F, Frieder CA, Sutula M, Bianchi D, McWilliams JC. Effect of ocean outfall discharge volume and dissolved inorganic nitrogen load on urban eutrophication outcomes in the Southern California Bight. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22148. [PMID: 38092878 PMCID: PMC10719394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is increasing drought severity worldwide. Ocean discharges of municipal wastewater are a target for potable water recycling. Potable water recycling would reduce wastewater volume; however, the effect on mass nitrogen loading is dependent on treatment. In cases where nitrogen mass loading is not altered or altered minimally, this practice has the potential to influence spatial patterns in coastal eutrophication. We apply a physical-biogeochemical numerical ocean model to understand the influence of nitrogen management and potable wastewater recycling on net primary productivity (NPP), pH, and oxygen. We model several theoretical management scenarios by combining dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) reductions from 50 to 85% and recycling from 0 to 90%, applied to 19 generalized wastewater outfalls in the Southern California Bight. Under no recycling, NPP, acidification, and oxygen loss decline with DIN reductions, which simulated habitat volume expansion for pelagic calcifiers and aerobic taxa. Recycling scenarios under intermediate DIN reduction show patchier areas of pH and oxygen loss with steeper vertical declines relative to a "no recycling" scenario. These patches are diminished under 85% DIN reduction across all recycling levels, suggesting nitrogen management lowers eutrophication risk even with concentrated discharges. These findings represent a novel application of ocean numerical models to investigate the regional effects of idealized outfall management on eutrophication. Additional work is needed to investigate more realistic outfall-specific water recycling and nutrient management scenarios and to contextualize the benefit of these management actions, given accelerating acidification and hypoxia from climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Ho
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA, 92626, USA.
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Fayçal Kessouri
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA, 92626, USA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Christina A Frieder
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA, 92626, USA
| | - Martha Sutula
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA, 92626, USA
| | - Daniele Bianchi
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - James C McWilliams
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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6
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Cordes EE, Demopoulos AWJ, Davies AJ, Gasbarro R, Rhoads AC, Lobecker E, Sowers D, Chaytor JD, Morrison CL, Weinnig AM, Brooke S, Lunden JJ, Mienis F, Joye SB, Quattrini AM, Sutton TT, McFadden CS, Bourque JR, McClain-Counts JP, Andrews BD, Betters MJ, Etnoyer PJ, Wolff GA, Bernard BB, Brooks JM, Rasser MK, Adams C. Expanding our view of the cold-water coral niche and accounting of the ecosystem services of the reef habitat. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19482. [PMID: 37945613 PMCID: PMC10636194 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs are iconic ecosystems that support diverse, productive communities in both shallow and deep waters. However, our incomplete knowledge of cold-water coral (CWC) niche space limits our understanding of their distribution and precludes a complete accounting of the ecosystem services they provide. Here, we present the results of recent surveys of the CWC mound province on the Blake Plateau off the U.S. east coast, an area of intense human activity including fisheries and naval operations, and potentially energy and mineral extraction. At one site, CWC mounds are arranged in lines that total over 150 km in length, making this one of the largest reef complexes discovered in the deep ocean. This site experiences rapid and extreme shifts in temperature between 4.3 and 10.7 °C, and currents approaching 1 m s-1. Carbon is transported to depth by mesopelagic micronekton and nutrient cycling on the reef results in some of the highest nitrate concentrations recorded in the region. Predictive models reveal expanded areas of highly suitable habitat that currently remain unexplored. Multidisciplinary exploration of this new site has expanded understanding of the cold-water coral niche, improved our accounting of the ecosystem services of the reef habitat, and emphasizes the importance of properly managing these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik E Cordes
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA.
| | | | - Andrew J Davies
- Department of Biological Sciences and Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, USA
| | - Ryan Gasbarro
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Alexandria C Rhoads
- Department of Biological Sciences and Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, USA
| | | | - Derek Sowers
- Ocean Exploration Trust, South Kingston, USA, Rhode Island
| | - Jason D Chaytor
- Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole, USA
| | - Cheryl L Morrison
- Eastern Ecological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Turner Falls, USA
| | - Alexis M Weinnig
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
- Eastern Ecological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Turner Falls, USA
| | - Sandra Brooke
- Coastal and Marine Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA
| | - Jay J Lunden
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Furu Mienis
- Department of Ocean Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Samantha B Joye
- Department of Marine Science, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Andrea M Quattrini
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, USA
| | - Tracey T Sutton
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, USA
| | | | - Jill R Bourque
- U.S. Geological Survey Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, USA
| | | | - Brian D Andrews
- Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole, USA
| | | | - Peter J Etnoyer
- Deep Coral Ecology Lab, NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Charleston, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael K Rasser
- Division of Environmental Sciences, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Washington, USA
| | - Caitlin Adams
- NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration & Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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7
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Lampe RH, Coale TH, Forsch KO, Jabre LJ, Kekuewa S, Bertrand EM, Horák A, Oborník M, Rabines AJ, Rowland E, Zheng H, Andersson AJ, Barbeau KA, Allen AE. Short-term acidification promotes diverse iron acquisition and conservation mechanisms in upwelling-associated phytoplankton. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7215. [PMID: 37940668 PMCID: PMC10632500 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42949-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Coastal upwelling regions are among the most productive marine ecosystems but may be threatened by amplified ocean acidification. Increased acidification is hypothesized to reduce iron bioavailability for phytoplankton thereby expanding iron limitation and impacting primary production. Here we show from community to molecular levels that phytoplankton in an upwelling region respond to short-term acidification exposure with iron uptake pathways and strategies that reduce cellular iron demand. A combined physiological and multi-omics approach was applied to trace metal clean incubations that introduced 1200 ppm CO2 for up to four days. Although variable, molecular-level responses indicate a prioritization of iron uptake pathways that are less hindered by acidification and reductions in iron utilization. Growth, nutrient uptake, and community compositions remained largely unaffected suggesting that these mechanisms may confer short-term resistance to acidification; however, we speculate that cellular iron demand is only temporarily satisfied, and longer-term acidification exposure without increased iron inputs may result in increased iron stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Lampe
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Microbial and Environmental Genomics, J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Tyler H Coale
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Microbial and Environmental Genomics, J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kiefer O Forsch
- Geosciences Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Loay J Jabre
- Department of Biology and Institute for Comparative Genomics, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Samuel Kekuewa
- Geosciences Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Erin M Bertrand
- Department of Biology and Institute for Comparative Genomics, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Aleš Horák
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05, České Budějovice, CZ, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, České Budějovice, CZ, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Oborník
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05, České Budějovice, CZ, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, České Budějovice, CZ, Czechia
| | - Ariel J Rabines
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Microbial and Environmental Genomics, J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Elden Rowland
- Department of Biology and Institute for Comparative Genomics, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Hong Zheng
- Microbial and Environmental Genomics, J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Andreas J Andersson
- Geosciences Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Katherine A Barbeau
- Geosciences Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Andrew E Allen
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Microbial and Environmental Genomics, J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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8
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Hutter N, Hendricks S, Jutila A, Ricker R, von Albedyll L, Birnbaum G, Haas C. Digital elevation models of the sea-ice surface from airborne laser scanning during MOSAiC. Sci Data 2023; 10:729. [PMID: 37863900 PMCID: PMC10589245 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02565-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Airborne laser scanners (ALS) are used to map the sea-ice surface at sub-meter resolution. We conducted 64 flights over the Arctic sea ice between September 2019 and September 2020 during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition to measure sea-ice surface elevation. The flights ranged from repeated, local-scale 5 × 5 km2 floe grid surveys to regional-scale transects more than 100 km long. We provide data at different processing levels: geolocated elevation point clouds and gridded segments of elevation and freeboard with a spatial resolution of 0.5 m. The latter product is corrected for atmospheric backscatter, sea-ice drift, and offset in elevation due to degraded INS/GNSS solutions > 85° N. For floe grid surveys, all data are combined to merged two-dimensional elevation maps. Other provided parameters include laser reflectance and echo width. The presented data offer a unique possibility to study the temporal evolution, spatial distribution, and variability of the snow and sea-ice surface and their properties in addition to validating satellite products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Hutter
- Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean and Ecosystem Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany.
| | - Stefan Hendricks
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
| | - Arttu Jutila
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Robert Ricker
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Tromsø, 9019, Norway
| | - Luisa von Albedyll
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
| | - Gerit Birnbaum
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
| | - Christian Haas
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, 28334, Germany
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9
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Ustick LJ, Larkin AA, Martiny AC. Global scale phylogeography of functional traits and microdiversity in Prochlorococcus. ISME J 2023; 17:1671-1679. [PMID: 37454234 PMCID: PMC10504305 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Prochlorococcus is the most numerically abundant photosynthetic organism in the surface ocean. The Prochlorococcus high-light and warm-water adapted ecotype (HLII) is comprised of extensive microdiversity, but specific functional differences between microdiverse sub-clades remain elusive. Here we characterized both functional and phylogenetic diversity within the HLII ecotype using Bio-GO-SHIP metagenomes. We found widespread variation in gene frequency connected to local environmental conditions. Metagenome-assembled marker genes and genomes revealed a globally distributed novel HLII haplotype defined by adaptation to chronically low P conditions (HLII-P). Environmental correlation analysis revealed different factors were driving gene abundances verses phylogenetic differences. An analysis of cultured HLII genomes and metagenome-assembled genomes revealed a subclade within HLII, which corresponded to the novel HLII-P haplotype. This work represents the first global assessment of the HLII ecotype's phylogeography and corresponding functional differences. These findings together expand our understanding of how microdiversity structures functional differences and reveals the importance of nutrients as drivers of microdiversity in Prochlorococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Ustick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alyse A Larkin
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Adam C Martiny
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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10
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Gong X, Zhang J, Croft B, Yang X, Frey MM, Bergner N, Chang RYW, Creamean JM, Kuang C, Martin RV, Ranjithkumar A, Sedlacek AJ, Uin J, Willmes S, Zawadowicz MA, Pierce JR, Shupe MD, Schmale J, Wang J. Arctic warming by abundant fine sea salt aerosols from blowing snow. Nat Geosci 2023; 16:768-774. [PMID: 37692903 PMCID: PMC10482690 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-023-01254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic warms nearly four times faster than the global average, and aerosols play an increasingly important role in Arctic climate change. In the Arctic, sea salt is a major aerosol component in terms of mass concentration during winter and spring. However, the mechanisms of sea salt aerosol production remain unclear. Sea salt aerosols are typically thought to be relatively large in size but low in number concentration, implying that their influence on cloud condensation nuclei population and cloud properties is generally minor. Here we present observational evidence of abundant sea salt aerosol production from blowing snow in the central Arctic. Blowing snow was observed more than 20% of the time from November to April. The sublimation of blowing snow generates high concentrations of fine-mode sea salt aerosol (diameter below 300 nm), enhancing cloud condensation nuclei concentrations up to tenfold above background levels. Using a global chemical transport model, we estimate that from November to April north of 70° N, sea salt aerosol produced from blowing snow accounts for about 27.6% of the total particle number, and the sea salt aerosol increases the longwave emissivity of clouds, leading to a calculated surface warming of +2.30 W m-2 under cloudy sky conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianda Gong
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Jiaoshi Zhang
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Betty Croft
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO USA
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Xin Yang
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Markus M. Frey
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nora Bergner
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion, Switzerland
| | - Rachel Y.-W. Chang
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Jessie M. Creamean
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - Chongai Kuang
- Environmental and Climate Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY USA
| | - Randall V. Martin
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO USA
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Ananth Ranjithkumar
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arthur J. Sedlacek
- Environmental and Climate Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY USA
| | - Janek Uin
- Environmental and Climate Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY USA
| | - Sascha Willmes
- Department of Environmental Meteorology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Maria A. Zawadowicz
- Environmental and Climate Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Pierce
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - Matthew D. Shupe
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
- Physical Sciences Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Julia Schmale
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion, Switzerland
| | - Jian Wang
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO USA
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11
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Volkov DL, Zhang K, Johns WE, Willis JK, Hobbs W, Goes M, Zhang H, Menemenlis D. Atlantic meridional overturning circulation increases flood risk along the United States southeast coast. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5095. [PMID: 37607914 PMCID: PMC10444749 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40848-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The system of oceanic flows constituting the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) moves heat and other properties to the subpolar North Atlantic, controlling regional climate, weather, sea levels, and ecosystems. Climate models suggest a potential AMOC slowdown towards the end of this century due to anthropogenic forcing, accelerating coastal sea level rise along the western boundary and dramatically increasing flood risk. While direct observations of the AMOC are still too short to infer long-term trends, we show here that the AMOC-induced changes in gyre-scale heat content, superimposed on the global mean sea level rise, are already influencing the frequency of floods along the United States southeastern seaboard. We find that ocean heat convergence, being the primary driver for interannual sea level changes in the subtropical North Atlantic, has led to an exceptional gyre-scale warming and associated dynamic sea level rise since 2010, accounting for 30-50% of flood days in 2015-2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis L Volkov
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
- NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Kate Zhang
- Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William E Johns
- Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Joshua K Willis
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Will Hobbs
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Marlos Goes
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Dimitris Menemenlis
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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12
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Pilz C, Lonardi M, Egerer U, Siebert H, Ehrlich A, Heymsfield AJ, Schmitt CG, Shupe MD, Wehner B, Wendisch M. Profile observations of the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer with the BELUGA tethered balloon during MOSAiC. Sci Data 2023; 10:534. [PMID: 37563171 PMCID: PMC10415277 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02423-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition, the Balloon-bornE moduLar Utility for profilinG the lower Atmosphere (BELUGA) was deployed from an ice floe drifting in the Fram Strait from 29 June to 27 July 2020. The BELUGA observations aimed to characterize the cloudy Arctic atmospheric boundary layer above the sea ice using a modular setup of five instrument packages. The in situ measurements included atmospheric thermodynamic and dynamic state parameters (air temperature, humidity, pressure, and three-dimensional wind), broadband solar and terrestrial irradiance, aerosol particle microphysical properties, and cloud particle images. In total, 66 profile observations were collected during 33 balloon flights from the surface to maximum altitudes of 0.3 to 1.5 km. The profiles feature a high vertical resolution of 0.01 m to 1 m, including measurements below, inside, and above frequently occurring low-level clouds. This publication describes the balloon operations, instruments, and the obtained data set. We invite the scientific community for joint analysis and model application of the freely available data on PANGAEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Pilz
- Atmospheric Microphysics Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Michael Lonardi
- Leipzig Institute for Meteorology (LIM), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Egerer
- Atmospheric Microphysics Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Holger Siebert
- Atmospheric Microphysics Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - André Ehrlich
- Leipzig Institute for Meteorology (LIM), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Carl G Schmitt
- Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
| | - Matthew D Shupe
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Birgit Wehner
- Atmospheric Microphysics Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manfred Wendisch
- Leipzig Institute for Meteorology (LIM), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Chakrabarty RK, Shetty NJ, Thind AS, Beeler P, Sumlin BJ, Zhang C, Liu P, Idrobo JC, Adachi K, Wagner NL, Schwarz JP, Ahern A, Sedlacek AJ, Lambe A, Daube C, Lyu M, Liu C, Herndon S, Onasch TB, Mishra R. Shortwave absorption by wildfire smoke dominated by dark brown carbon. Nat Geosci 2023; 16:683-688. [PMID: 37564378 PMCID: PMC10409647 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-023-01237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires emit large amounts of black carbon and light-absorbing organic carbon, known as brown carbon, into the atmosphere. These particles perturb Earth's radiation budget through absorption of incoming shortwave radiation. It is generally thought that brown carbon loses its absorptivity after emission in the atmosphere due to sunlight-driven photochemical bleaching. Consequently, the atmospheric warming effect exerted by brown carbon remains highly variable and poorly represented in climate models compared with that of the relatively nonreactive black carbon. Given that wildfires are predicted to increase globally in the coming decades, it is increasingly important to quantify these radiative impacts. Here we present measurements of ensemble-scale and particle-scale shortwave absorption in smoke plumes from wildfires in the western United States. We find that a type of dark brown carbon contributes three-quarters of the short visible light absorption and half of the long visible light absorption. This strongly absorbing organic aerosol species is water insoluble, resists daytime photobleaching and increases in absorptivity with night-time atmospheric processing. Our findings suggest that parameterizations of brown carbon in climate models need to be revised to improve the estimation of smoke aerosol radiative forcing and associated warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan K. Chakrabarty
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Nishit J. Shetty
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Arashdeep S. Thind
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Payton Beeler
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Benjamin J. Sumlin
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Chenchong Zhang
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Pai Liu
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
- Present Address: Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Juan C. Idrobo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
- Present Address: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Kouji Adachi
- Department of Atmosphere, Ocean and Earth System Modeling Research, Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nicholas L. Wagner
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratories, Boulder, CO USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
- Present Address: Ball Aerospace, Broomfield, CO USA
| | - Joshua P. Schwarz
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratories, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Adam Ahern
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratories, Boulder, CO USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Arthur J. Sedlacek
- Environmental and Climate Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY USA
| | | | | | - Ming Lyu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
| | - Chao Liu
- China Meteorological Administration Aerosol–Cloud–Precipitation Key Laboratory, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | - Rohan Mishra
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
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14
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Cox CJ, Gallagher MR, Shupe MD, Persson POG, Solomon A, Fairall CW, Ayers T, Blomquist B, Brooks IM, Costa D, Grachev A, Gottas D, Hutchings JK, Kutchenreiter M, Leach J, Morris SM, Morris V, Osborn J, Pezoa S, Preußer A, Riihimaki LD, Uttal T. Continuous observations of the surface energy budget and meteorology over the Arctic sea ice during MOSAiC. Sci Data 2023; 10:519. [PMID: 37542083 PMCID: PMC10403539 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02415-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) was a yearlong expedition supported by the icebreaker R/V Polarstern, following the Transpolar Drift from October 2019 to October 2020. The campaign documented an annual cycle of physical, biological, and chemical processes impacting the atmosphere-ice-ocean system. Of central importance were measurements of the thermodynamic and dynamic evolution of the sea ice. A multi-agency international team led by the University of Colorado/CIRES and NOAA-PSL observed meteorology and surface-atmosphere energy exchanges, including radiation; turbulent momentum flux; turbulent latent and sensible heat flux; and snow conductive flux. There were four stations on the ice, a 10 m micrometeorological tower paired with a 23/30 m mast and radiation station and three autonomous Atmospheric Surface Flux Stations. Collectively, the four stations acquired ~928 days of data. This manuscript documents the acquisition and post-processing of those measurements and provides a guide for researchers to access and use the data products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Cox
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL), Boulder, Colorado, USA.
| | - Michael R Gallagher
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL), Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Matthew D Shupe
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL), Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - P Ola G Persson
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL), Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Amy Solomon
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL), Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Christopher W Fairall
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL), Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas Ayers
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL), Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Byron Blomquist
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL), Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Ian M Brooks
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Dave Costa
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL), Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Andrey Grachev
- Atmospheric Dynamics and Analytics Branch, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, White Sands, New Mexico, USA
| | - Daniel Gottas
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL), Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer K Hutchings
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Jesse Leach
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL), Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Sara M Morris
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Global Monitoring Laboratory (GML), Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Victor Morris
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Jackson Osborn
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL), Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Sergio Pezoa
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL), Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Andreas Preußer
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Laura D Riihimaki
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Global Monitoring Laboratory (GML), Boulder, Colorado, USA
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15
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Bjarke N, Barsugli J, Livneh B. Ensemble of CMIP6 derived reference and potential evapotranspiration with radiative and advective components. Sci Data 2023; 10:417. [PMID: 37369646 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02290-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing changes in future aridity requires an understanding of variations in the atmospheric demand for water. Such assessments are often driven by estimations of potential evapotranspiration (ETP) and/or reference evapotranspiration (ET0), yet no comprehensive and validated estimate of these climate metrics exists to date from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6). Here we describe the development and validation of a published dataset of global monthly estimates of the Penman-Monteith derived ET0, its advective and radiation components, Priestley-Taylor derived ETP, and vapor pressure deficit from 16 CMIP6 projections and four emissions scenarios. Historical validation of the ensemble of CMIP6 evaporative demand shows general agreement with observationally-derived baselines of ET0 and ETP from the Climate Research Unit (CRU) and ERA5-Land reanalysis products, with GCM biases driven primarily by regional differences in modeled humidity and advective contributions to ET0. Overall, evaporative demand is projected to increase across all emissions scenarios, with the largest increases over polar regions, and with a larger contribution from advection particularly for regions with higher baseline ET0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nels Bjarke
- Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering Dept., University of Colorado, Boulder, USA.
| | - Joseph Barsugli
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, USA
- NOAA Physical Science Laboratory, Boulder, USA
| | - Ben Livneh
- Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering Dept., University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, USA
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16
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Kim D, Lee SK, Lopez H, Foltz GR, Wen C, West R, Dunion J. Increase in Cape Verde hurricanes during Atlantic Niño. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3704. [PMID: 37349307 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39467-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
At seasonal-to-interannual timescales, Atlantic hurricane activity is greatly modulated by El Niño-Southern Oscillation and the Atlantic Meridional Mode. However, those climate modes develop predominantly in boreal winter or spring and are weaker during the Atlantic hurricane season (June-November). The leading mode of tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) variability during the Atlantic hurricane season is Atlantic Niño/Niña, which is characterized by warm/cold SST anomalies in the eastern equatorial Atlantic. However, the linkage between Atlantic Niño/Niña and hurricane activity has not been examined. Here, we use observations to show that Atlantic Niño, by strengthening the Atlantic inter-tropical convergence zone rainband, enhances African easterly wave activity and low-level cyclonic vorticity across the deep tropical eastern North Atlantic. We show that such conditions increase the likelihood of powerful hurricanes developing in the deep tropics near the Cape Verde islands, elevating the risk of major hurricanes impacting the Caribbean islands and the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmin Kim
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, NOAA, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Sang-Ki Lee
- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, NOAA, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Hosmay Lopez
- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, NOAA, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gregory R Foltz
- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, NOAA, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Caihong Wen
- Climate Prediction Center, NOAA, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Robert West
- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, NOAA, Miami, FL, USA
- Northern Gulf Institute, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Jason Dunion
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, NOAA, Miami, FL, USA
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17
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Mouatadid S, Orenstein P, Flaspohler G, Cohen J, Oprescu M, Fraenkel E, Mackey L. Adaptive bias correction for improved subseasonal forecasting. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3482. [PMID: 37321988 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38874-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Subseasonal forecasting-predicting temperature and precipitation 2 to 6 weeks ahead-is critical for effective water allocation, wildfire management, and drought and flood mitigation. Recent international research efforts have advanced the subseasonal capabilities of operational dynamical models, yet temperature and precipitation prediction skills remain poor, partly due to stubborn errors in representing atmospheric dynamics and physics inside dynamical models. Here, to counter these errors, we introduce an adaptive bias correction (ABC) method that combines state-of-the-art dynamical forecasts with observations using machine learning. We show that, when applied to the leading subseasonal model from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), ABC improves temperature forecasting skill by 60-90% (over baseline skills of 0.18-0.25) and precipitation forecasting skill by 40-69% (over baseline skills of 0.11-0.15) in the contiguous U.S. We couple these performance improvements with a practical workflow to explain ABC skill gains and identify higher-skill windows of opportunity based on specific climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soukayna Mouatadid
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Paulo Orenstein
- Instituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Genevieve Flaspohler
- nLine Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Applied Ocean Science and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Falmouth, MA, USA
| | - Judah Cohen
- Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Lexington, MA, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Miruna Oprescu
- Department of Computer Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ernest Fraenkel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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18
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Beavers KM, Van Buren EW, Rossin AM, Emery MA, Veglia AJ, Karrick CE, MacKnight NJ, Dimos BA, Meiling SS, Smith TB, Apprill A, Muller EM, Holstein DM, Correa AMS, Brandt ME, Mydlarz LD. Stony coral tissue loss disease induces transcriptional signatures of in situ degradation of dysfunctional Symbiodiniaceae. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2915. [PMID: 37217477 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38612-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD), one of the most pervasive and virulent coral diseases on record, affects over 22 species of reef-building coral and is decimating reefs throughout the Caribbean. To understand how different coral species and their algal symbionts (family Symbiodiniaceae) respond to this disease, we examine the gene expression profiles of colonies of five species of coral from a SCTLD transmission experiment. The included species vary in their purported susceptibilities to SCTLD, and we use this to inform gene expression analyses of both the coral animal and their Symbiodiniaceae. We identify orthologous coral genes exhibiting lineage-specific differences in expression that correlate to disease susceptibility, as well as genes that are differentially expressed in all coral species in response to SCTLD infection. We find that SCTLD infection induces increased expression of rab7, an established marker of in situ degradation of dysfunctional Symbiodiniaceae, in all coral species accompanied by genus-level shifts in Symbiodiniaceae photosystem and metabolism gene expression. Overall, our results indicate that SCTLD infection induces symbiophagy across coral species and that the severity of disease is influenced by Symbiodiniaceae identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey M Beavers
- Biology Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Emily W Van Buren
- Biology Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Ashley M Rossin
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Madison A Emery
- Biology Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Alex J Veglia
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carly E Karrick
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Bradford A Dimos
- Biology Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Sonora S Meiling
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, USVI, USA
| | - Tyler B Smith
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, USVI, USA
| | - Amy Apprill
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | | | - Daniel M Holstein
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - Marilyn E Brandt
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, USVI, USA
| | - Laura D Mydlarz
- Biology Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.
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19
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Hale KE, Jennings KS, Musselman KN, Livneh B, Molotch NP. Recent decreases in snow water storage in western North America. Commun Earth Environ 2023; 4:170. [PMID: 38665199 PMCID: PMC11041790 DOI: 10.1038/s43247-023-00751-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Mountain snowpacks act as natural water towers, storing winter precipitation until summer months when downstream water demand is greatest. We introduce a Snow Storage Index (SSI), representing the temporal phase difference between daily precipitation and surface water inputs-sum of rainfall and snowmelt into terrestrial systems-weighted by relative magnitudes. Different from snow water equivalent or snow fraction, the SSI represents the degree to which the snowpack delays the timing and magnitude of surface water inputs relative to precipitation, a fundamental component of how snow water storage influences the hydrologic cycle. In western North America, annual SSI has decreased (p < 0.05) from 1950-2013 in over 25% of mountainous areas, as a result of substantially earlier snowmelt and rainfall in spring months, with additional declines in winter precipitation. The SSI and associated trends offer a new perspective on hydrologic sensitivity to climate change which have broad implications for water resources and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Hale
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
| | | | - Keith N. Musselman
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Ben Livneh
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Noah P. Molotch
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
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20
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Koch CW, Brown TA, Amiraux R, Ruiz-Gonzalez C, MacCorquodale M, Yunda-Guarin GA, Kohlbach D, Loseto LL, Rosenberg B, Hussey NE, Ferguson SH, Yurkowski DJ. Year-round utilization of sea ice-associated carbon in Arctic ecosystems. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1964. [PMID: 37029106 PMCID: PMC10081986 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37612-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sea ice primary production is considered a valuable energy source for Arctic marine food webs, yet the extent remains unclear through existing methods. Here we quantify ice algal carbon signatures using unique lipid biomarkers in over 2300 samples from 155 species including invertebrates, fish, seabirds, and marine mammals collected across the Arctic shelves. Ice algal carbon signatures were present within 96% of the organisms investigated, collected year-round from January to December, suggesting continuous utilization of this resource despite its lower proportion to pelagic production. These results emphasize the importance of benthic retention of ice algal carbon that is available to consumers year-round. Finally, we suggest that shifts in the phenology, distribution and biomass of sea ice primary production anticipated with declining seasonal sea ice will disrupt sympagic-pelagic-benthic coupling and consequently the structure and the functioning of the food web which is critical for Indigenous Peoples, commercial fisheries, and global biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea W Koch
- Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, England.
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD, US.
| | - Thomas A Brown
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, PA37 1QA, Scotland
| | - Rémi Amiraux
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Doreen Kohlbach
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, 9296, Norway
| | - Lisa L Loseto
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Bruno Rosenberg
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Nigel E Hussey
- Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Steve H Ferguson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - David J Yurkowski
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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21
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Elder H, Million WC, Bartels E, Krediet CJ, Muller EM, Kenkel CD. Long-term maintenance of a heterologous symbiont association in Acropora palmata on natural reefs. ISME J 2023; 17:486-489. [PMID: 36510006 PMCID: PMC9938269 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-022-01349-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivity of reef-building coral to elevated temperature is a function of their symbiosis with dinoflagellate algae in the family Symbiodiniaceae. Changes in the composition of the endosymbiont community in response to thermal stress can increase coral thermal tolerance. Consequently, this mechanism is being investigated as a human-assisted intervention for rapid acclimation of coral in the face of climate change. Successful establishment of novel symbioses that increase coral thermal tolerance have been demonstrated in laboratory conditions; however, it is unclear how long these heterologous relationships persist in nature. Here, we test the persistence of a novel symbiosis between Acropora palmata and Durusdinium spp. from Mote Marine Laboratory's ex situ nursery by outplanting clonal replicates (ramets) of five A. palmata host genotypes to natural reefs in the lower Florida Keys. Amplicon sequencing analysis of ITS2-type profiles revealed that the majority of surviving ramets remained dominated by Durusdinium spp. two years after transplantation. However, 15% of ramets, including representatives of all genotypes, exhibited some degree of symbiont shuffling or switching at six of eight sites, including complete takeover by site-specific strains of the native symbiont, Symbiodinium fitti. The predominant long-term stability of the novel symbiosis supports the potential effectiveness of symbiont modification as a management tool. Although, the finding that 6-7 year-old coral can alter symbiont community composition in the absence of bleaching indicates that Symbiodiniaceae communities are indeed capable of great flexibility under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holland Elder
- University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 231, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Wyatt C Million
- University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 231, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Erich Bartels
- Mote Marine Laboratory, 24244 Overseas Hwy, Summerland Key, FL, 33042, USA
| | - Cory J Krediet
- Eckerd College, 4200 54th Ave., St. Petersburg, FL, 33711, USA
| | - Erinn M Muller
- Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL, 34236, USA
| | - Carly D Kenkel
- University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 231, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
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22
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Larkin AA, Hagstrom GI, Brock ML, Garcia NS, Martiny AC. Basin-scale biogeography of Prochlorococcus and SAR11 ecotype replication. ISME J 2023; 17:185-194. [PMID: 36273241 PMCID: PMC9589681 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-022-01332-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Establishing links between microbial diversity and environmental processes requires resolving the high degree of functional variation among closely related lineages or ecotypes. Here, we implement and validate an improved metagenomic approach that estimates the spatial biogeography and environmental regulation of ecotype-specific replication patterns (RObs) across ocean regions. A total of 719 metagenomes were analyzed from meridional Bio-GO-SHIP sections in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean. Accounting for sequencing bias and anchoring replication estimates in genome structure were critical for identifying physiologically relevant biological signals. For example, ecotypes within the dominant marine cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus exhibited distinct diel cycles in RObs that peaked between 19:00-22:00. Additionally, both Prochlorococcus ecotypes and ecotypes within the highly abundant heterotroph Pelagibacter (SAR11) demonstrated systematic biogeographies in RObs that differed from spatial patterns in relative abundance. Finally, RObs was significantly regulated by nutrient stress and temperature, and explained by differences in the genomic potential for nutrient transport, energy production, cell wall structure, and replication. Our results suggest that our new approach to estimating replication is reflective of gross population growth. Moreover, this work reveals that the interaction between adaptation and environmental change drives systematic variability in replication patterns across ocean basins that is ecotype-specific, adding an activity-based dimension to our understanding of microbial niche space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyse A Larkin
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - George I Hagstrom
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Melissa L Brock
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Nathan S Garcia
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Adam C Martiny
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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23
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Tanioka T, Garcia CA, Larkin AA, Garcia NS, Fagan AJ, Martiny AC. Global patterns and predictors of C:N:P in marine ecosystems. Commun Earth Environ 2022; 3:271. [PMID: 36407846 PMCID: PMC9640808 DOI: 10.1038/s43247-022-00603-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Oceanic nutrient cycles are coupled, yet carbon-nitrogen-phosphorus (C:N:P) stoichiometry in marine ecosystems is variable through space and time, with no clear consensus on the controls on variability. Here, we analyze hydrographic, plankton genomic diversity, and particulate organic matter data from 1970 stations sampled during a global ocean observation program (Bio-GO-SHIP) to investigate the biogeography of surface ocean particulate organic matter stoichiometry. We find latitudinal variability in C:N:P stoichiometry, with surface temperature and macronutrient availability as strong predictors of stoichiometry at high latitudes. Genomic observations indicated community nutrient stress and suggested that nutrient supply rate and nitrogen-versus-phosphorus stress are predictive of hemispheric and regional variations in stoichiometry. Our data-derived statistical model suggests that C:P and N:P ratios will increase at high latitudes in the future, however, changes at low latitudes are uncertain. Our findings suggest systematic regulation of elemental stoichiometry among ocean ecosystems, but that future changes remain highly uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Tanioka
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Catherine A. Garcia
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education (C-MORE), University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI USA
| | - Alyse A. Larkin
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Nathan S. Garcia
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Adam J. Fagan
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Adam C. Martiny
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
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24
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Huntley N, Brandt ME, Becker CC, Miller CA, Meiling SS, Correa AMS, Holstein DM, Muller EM, Mydlarz LD, Smith TB, Apprill A. Experimental transmission of Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease results in differential microbial responses within coral mucus and tissue. ISME Commun 2022; 2:46. [PMID: 37938315 PMCID: PMC9723713 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-022-00126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD) is a widespread and deadly disease that affects nearly half of Caribbean coral species. To understand the microbial community response to this disease, we performed a disease transmission experiment on US Virgin Island (USVI) corals, exposing six species of coral with varying susceptibility to SCTLD. The microbial community of the surface mucus and tissue layers were examined separately using a small subunit ribosomal RNA gene-based sequencing approach, and data were analyzed to identify microbial community shifts following disease acquisition, potential causative pathogens, as well as compare microbiota composition to field-based corals from the USVI and Florida outbreaks. While all species displayed similar microbiome composition with disease acquisition, microbiome similarity patterns differed by both species and mucus or tissue microhabitat. Further, disease exposed but not lesioned corals harbored a mucus microbial community similar to those showing disease signs, suggesting that mucus may serve as an early warning detection for the onset of SCTLD. Like other SCTLD studies in Florida, Rhodobacteraceae, Arcobacteraceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, Fusibacter, Marinifilaceae, and Vibrionaceae dominated diseased corals. This study demonstrates the differential response of the mucus and tissue microorganisms to SCTLD and suggests that mucus microorganisms may be diagnostic for early disease exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Huntley
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, USVI, USA
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Marilyn E Brandt
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, USVI, USA
| | - Cynthia C Becker
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
- MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering, Cambridge and Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Carolyn A Miller
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Sonora S Meiling
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, USVI, USA
| | | | - Daniel M Holstein
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - Laura D Mydlarz
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Tyler B Smith
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, USVI, USA
| | - Amy Apprill
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Waterbodies (natural lakes and reservoirs) are a critical part of a watershed's ecological and hydrological balance, and in many cases dictate the downstream river flows either through natural attenuation or through managed controls. Investigating waterbody dynamics relies primarily on understanding their morphology and geophysical characteristics that are primarily defined by bathymetry. Bathymetric conditions define stage-storage relationships and circulation/transport processes in waterbodies. Yet many studies oversimplify these mechanisms due to unavailability of the bathymetric data. We developed a novel GLObal Bathymetric (GLOBathy) dataset of 1.4+ million waterbodies to align with the well-established global dataset, HydroLAKES. GLOBathy uses a GIS-based framework to generate bathymetric maps based on the waterbody maximum depth estimates and HydroLAKES geometric/geophysical attributes of the waterbodies. The maximum depth estimates are validated at 1,503 waterbodies, making use of several observed data sources. We also provide estimations for head-Area-Volume (h-A-V) relationships of the HydroLAKES waterbodies, driven from the bathymetric maps of the GLOBathy dataset. The h-A-V relationships provide essential information for water balance and hydrological studies of global waterbody systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Khazaei
- Research Applications Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA.
| | - Laura K Read
- Research Applications Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Matthew Casali
- Research Applications Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Kevin M Sampson
- Research Applications Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - David N Yates
- Research Applications Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
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26
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An M, Western LM, Say D, Chen L, Claxton T, Ganesan AL, Hossaini R, Krummel PB, Manning AJ, Mühle J, O'Doherty S, Prinn RG, Weiss RF, Young D, Hu J, Yao B, Rigby M. Rapid increase in dichloromethane emissions from China inferred through atmospheric observations. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7279. [PMID: 34907196 PMCID: PMC8671471 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27592-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
With the successful implementation of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, the atmospheric abundance of ozone-depleting substances continues to decrease slowly and the Antarctic ozone hole is showing signs of recovery. However, growing emissions of unregulated short-lived anthropogenic chlorocarbons are offsetting some of these gains. Here, we report an increase in emissions from China of the industrially produced chlorocarbon, dichloromethane (CH2Cl2). The emissions grew from 231 (213-245) Gg yr-1 in 2011 to 628 (599-658) Gg yr-1 in 2019, with an average annual increase of 13 (12-15) %, primarily from eastern China. The overall increase in CH2Cl2 emissions from China has the same magnitude as the global emission rise of 354 (281-427) Gg yr-1 over the same period. If global CH2Cl2 emissions remain at 2019 levels, they could lead to a delay in Antarctic ozone recovery of around 5 years compared to a scenario with no CH2Cl2 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minde An
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Daniel Say
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Liqu Chen
- Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration (MOC/CMA), Beijing, China
| | - Tom Claxton
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Anita L Ganesan
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ryan Hossaini
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Data Science, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Paul B Krummel
- Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Jens Mühle
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Ronald G Prinn
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ray F Weiss
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dickon Young
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jianxin Hu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Bo Yao
- Meteorological Observation Centre of China Meteorological Administration (MOC/CMA), Beijing, China.
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Matthew Rigby
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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27
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Kelly TB, Knapp AN, Landry MR, Selph KE, Shropshire TA, Thomas RK, Stukel MR. Lateral advection supports nitrogen export in the oligotrophic open-ocean Gulf of Mexico. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3325. [PMID: 34083545 PMCID: PMC8175579 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23678-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to its productive coastal margins, the open-ocean Gulf of Mexico (GoM) is notable for highly stratified surface waters with extremely low nutrient and chlorophyll concentrations. Field campaigns in 2017 and 2018 identified low rates of turbulent mixing, which combined with oligotrophic nutrient conditions, give very low estimates for diffusive flux of nitrate into the euphotic zone (< 1 µmol N m-2 d-1). Estimates of local N2-fixation are similarly low. In comparison, measured export rates of sinking particulate organic nitrogen (PON) from the euphotic zone are 2 - 3 orders of magnitude higher (i.e. 462 - 1144 µmol N m-2 d-1). We reconcile these disparate findings with regional scale dynamics inferred independently from remote-sensing products and a regional biogeochemical model and find that laterally-sourced organic matter is sufficient to support >90% of open-ocean nitrogen export in the GoM. Results show that lateral transport needs to be closely considered in studies of biogeochemical balances, particularly for basins enclosed by productive coasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Kelly
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
- Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Science, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA.
| | - Angela N Knapp
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Michael R Landry
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karen E Selph
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Taylor A Shropshire
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Rachel K Thomas
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Michael R Stukel
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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28
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Chiang F, Mazdiyasni O, AghaKouchak A. Evidence of anthropogenic impacts on global drought frequency, duration, and intensity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2754. [PMID: 33980822 PMCID: PMC8115225 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22314-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Most climate change detection and attribution studies have focused on mean or extreme temperature or precipitation, neglecting to explore long-term changes in drought characteristics. Here we provide evidence that anthropogenic forcing has impacted interrelated meteorological drought characteristics. Using SPI and SPEI indices generated from an ensemble of 9 CMIP6 models (using 3 realizations per model), we show that the presence of anthropogenic forcing has increased the drought frequency, maximum drought duration, and maximum drought intensity experienced in large parts of the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Using individual greenhouse gas and anthropogenic aerosol forcings, we also highlight that regional balances between the two major forcings have contributed to the drying patterns detected in our results. Overall, we provide a comprehensive characterization of the influence of anthropogenic forcing on drought characteristics, providing important perspectives on the role of forcings in driving changes in drought events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Chiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Omid Mazdiyasni
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Amir AghaKouchak
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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29
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Valayamkunnath P, Barlage M, Chen F, Gochis DJ, Franz KJ. Mapping of 30-meter resolution tile-drained croplands using a geospatial modeling approach. Sci Data 2020; 7:257. [PMID: 32759944 PMCID: PMC7406500 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-00596-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tile drainage is one of the dominant agricultural management practices in the United States and has greatly expanded since the late 1990s. It has proven effects on land surface water balance and quantity and quality of streamflow at the local scale. The effect of tile drainage on crop production, hydrology, and the environment on a regional scale is elusive due to lack of high-resolution, spatially-explicit tile drainage area information for the Contiguous United States (CONUS). We developed a 30-m resolution tile drainage map of the most-likely tile-drained area of the CONUS (AgTile-US) from county-level tile drainage census using a geospatial model that uses soil drainage information and topographic slope as inputs. Validation of AgTile-US with 16000 ground truth points indicated 86.03% accuracy at the CONUS-scale. Over the heavily tile-drained midwestern regions of the U.S., the accuracy ranges from 82.7% to 93.6%. These data can be used to study and model the hydrologic and water quality responses of tile drainage and to enhance streamflow forecasting in tile drainage dominant regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Barlage
- National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, Colorado, 80301, USA
| | - Fei Chen
- National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, Colorado, 80301, USA
| | - David J Gochis
- National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, Colorado, 80301, USA
| | - Kristie J Franz
- Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
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30
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Muñoz ÁG, Chourio X, Rivière-Cinnamond A, Diuk-Wasser MA, Kache PA, Mordecai EA, Harrington L, Thomson MC. AeDES: a next-generation monitoring and forecasting system for environmental suitability of Aedes-borne disease transmission. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12640. [PMID: 32724218 PMCID: PMC7387552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69625-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes-borne diseases, such as dengue and chikungunya, are responsible for more than 50 million infections worldwide every year, with an overall increase of 30-fold in the last 50 years, mainly due to city population growth, more frequent travels and ecological changes. In the United States of America, the vast majority of Aedes-borne infections are imported from endemic regions by travelers, who can become new sources of mosquito infection upon their return home if the exposed population is susceptible to the disease, and if suitable environmental conditions for the mosquitoes and the virus are present. Since the susceptibility of the human population can be determined via periodic monitoring campaigns, the environmental suitability for the presence of mosquitoes and viruses becomes one of the most important pieces of information for decision makers in the health sector. We present a next-generation monitoring and forecasting system for [Formula: see text]-borne diseases' environmental suitability (AeDES) of transmission in the conterminous United States and transboundary regions, using calibrated ento-epidemiological models, climate models and temperature observations. After analyzing the seasonal predictive skill of AeDES, we briefly consider the recent Zika epidemic, and the compound effects of the current Central American dengue outbreak happening during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, to illustrate how a combination of tailored deterministic and probabilistic forecasts can inform key prevention and control strategies .
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Affiliation(s)
- Á G Muñoz
- International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI), The Earth Institute at Columbia University, Palisades, New York, NY, 10964, USA.
| | - X Chourio
- International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI), The Earth Institute at Columbia University, Palisades, New York, NY, 10964, USA
| | - Ana Rivière-Cinnamond
- Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO), World Health Organization (WHO), Washington, DC, USA
| | - M A Diuk-Wasser
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - P A Kache
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - E A Mordecai
- Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - L Harrington
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - M C Thomson
- International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI), The Earth Institute at Columbia University, Palisades, New York, NY, 10964, USA
- Wellcome Trust, London, NW1 2BE, UK
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Conkling M, Hesp K, Munroe S, Sandoval K, Martens DE, Sipkema D, Wijffels RH, Pomponi SA. Breakthrough in Marine Invertebrate Cell Culture: Sponge Cells Divide Rapidly in Improved Nutrient Medium. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17321. [PMID: 31754216 PMCID: PMC6872747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53643-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sponges (Phylum Porifera) are among the oldest Metazoa and considered critical to understanding animal evolution and development. They are also the most prolific source of marine-derived chemicals with pharmaceutical relevance. Cell lines are important tools for research in many disciplines, and have been established for many organisms, including freshwater and terrestrial invertebrates. Despite many efforts over multiple decades, there are still no cell lines for marine invertebrates. In this study, we report a breakthrough: we demonstrate that an amino acid-optimized nutrient medium stimulates rapid cell division in 9 sponge species. The fastest dividing cells doubled in less than 1 hour. Cultures of 3 species were subcultured from 3 to 5 times, with an average of 5.99 population doublings after subculturing, and a lifespan from 21 to 35 days. Our results form the basis for developing marine invertebrate cell models to better understand early animal evolution, determine the role of secondary metabolites, and predict the impact of climate change to coral reef community ecology. Furthermore, sponge cell lines can be used to scale-up production of sponge-derived chemicals for clinical trials and develop new drugs to combat cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Conkling
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Kylie Hesp
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie Munroe
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kenneth Sandoval
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk E Martens
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Detmer Sipkema
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rene H Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Shirley A Pomponi
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL, USA.
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Stewart LC, Algar CK, Fortunato CS, Larson BI, Vallino JJ, Huber JA, Butterfield DA, Holden JF. Fluid geochemistry, local hydrology, and metabolic activity define methanogen community size and composition in deep-sea hydrothermal vents. ISME J 2019; 13:1711-1721. [PMID: 30842565 PMCID: PMC6776001 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0382-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The size and biogeochemical impact of the subseafloor biosphere in oceanic crust remain largely unknown due to sampling limitations. We used reactive transport modeling to estimate the size of the subseafloor methanogen population, volume of crust occupied, fluid residence time, and nature of the subsurface mixing zone for two low-temperature hydrothermal vents at Axial Seamount. Monod CH4 production kinetics based on chemostat H2 availability and batch-culture Arrhenius growth kinetics for the hyperthermophile Methanocaldococcus jannaschii and thermophile Methanothermococcus thermolithotrophicus were used to develop and parameterize a reactive transport model, which was constrained by field measurements of H2, CH4, and metagenome methanogen concentration estimates in 20-40 °C hydrothermal fluids. Model results showed that hyperthermophilic methanogens dominate in systems where a narrow flow path geometry is maintained, while thermophilic methanogens dominate in systems where the flow geometry expands. At Axial Seamount, the residence time of fluid below the surface was 29-33 h. Only 1011 methanogenic cells occupying 1.8-18 m3 of ocean crust per m2 of vent seafloor area were needed to produce the observed CH4 anomalies. We show that variations in local geology at diffuse vents can create fluid flow paths that are stable over space and time, harboring persistent and distinct microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy C Stewart
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- GNS Science, Wellington, 5010, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Benjamin I Larson
- Joint Institute for the Study of Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Joseph J Vallino
- Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Julie A Huber
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - David A Butterfield
- Joint Institute for the Study of Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - James F Holden
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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