1
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Stoodley P, Toelke N, Schwermer C, de Beer D. Bioenergetics of simultaneous oxygen and nitrate respiration and nitric oxide production in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa agar colony biofilm. Biofilm 2024; 7:100181. [PMID: 38425549 PMCID: PMC10902143 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a biofilm forming pathogen commonly associated with infection of the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung, chronic wounds and indwelling medical devices. P. aeruginosa is a facultative aerobe that can use nitrate (NO3-) found in healthy and infected tissues and body fluids to generate energy through denitrification. Further, P. aeruginosa the expression of denitrification genes has been found in specimens from people with CF. The main aim of this study was to determine the relative energy contribution of oxygen (O2) respiration and denitrification in single Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm colonies under different O2 concentrations to estimate the possible relative importance of these metabolic processes in the context of biofilm infections. We showed that the used strain PAO1 in biofilms denitrified with nitrous oxide (N2O), and not nitrogen (N2), as the end product in our incubations. From simultaneous O2 and N2O microprofiles measured with high spatial resolution by microsensors in agar colony biofilms under air, N2 and pure O2, the rates of aerobic respiration and denitrification were calculated and converted to ATP production rates. Denitrification occurred both in the oxic and anoxic zones, and became increasingly dominant with decreasing O2 concentrations. At O2 concentrations characteristic for tissues and wounds (20-60 μM), denitrification was responsible for 50% of the total energy conservation in the biofilm. In addition the formation of nitric oxide (NO), a precursor of N2O and an important regulator of many cellular processes, was strongly influenced by the local O2 concentrations. NO production was inhibited under pure O2, present under anoxia (∼1 μM) and remarkably high (up to 6 μM) under intermediate O2 levels, which can be found in infected tissues. Possible impacts of such NO levels on both the host and the biofilm bacteria are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Stoodley
- National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton, (NCATS), Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University, 716 Biomedical Research Tower (BRT), 460 W 12th Ave, Columbus OH, 43210, United States
| | - Nina Toelke
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology (MPI), Microsensor Group and Molecular Ecology Group, Celsiusstrasse 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Carsten Schwermer
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology (MPI), Microsensor Group and Molecular Ecology Group, Celsiusstrasse 1, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
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2
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Castillejos Sepúlveda A, Metzger E, Littmann S, Taubner H, Chennu A, Gatti L, de Beer D, Klatt JM. Two-Dimensional Mapping of Arsenic Concentration and Speciation with Diffusive Equilibrium in Thin-Film Gels. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:8107-8117. [PMID: 37190938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We present a new approach combining diffusive equilibrium in thin-film gels and spectrophotometric methods to determine the spatial distribution of arsenite, arsenate, and phosphate at submillimeter resolution. The method relies on the simultaneous deployment of three gel probes. Each retrieved gel is exposed to malachite green reagent gels differing in acidity and oxidant addition, leading to green coloration dependent on analyte speciation and concentration. Hyperspectral images of the gels enable mapping the three analytes in the 2.5-20 μM range. This method was applied in a contaminated brook in the Harz mountains, Germany, together with established mapping of dissolved iron. The use of two-dimensional (2D) gel probes was compared to traditional porewater extraction. The gels revealed banded porewater patterns on a mm-scale, which were undetectable using traditional methods. Small-scale correlation analyses of arsenic and iron microstructures in the gels suggested active iron-driven local redox cycling of arsenic. Overall, the results indicate continuous net release of arsenic from contaminant particles and deepen our understanding of arsenate transformation under anaerobic conditions. This study is the first fine-scale 2D characterization of arsenic speciation in porewater and represents a crucial step toward understanding the transfer and redox cycling of arsenic in contaminated sediment/soil ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edouard Metzger
- Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géosciences, Université d'Angers, Nantes Université, Le Mans Université, CNRS UMR 6112, Angers 49045, France
| | - Sten Littmann
- Biogeochemistry Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Heidi Taubner
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Science and Faculty of Geosciences, Organic Geochemistry Group, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 8, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Arjun Chennu
- Data Science and Technology, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Fahrenheitstr. 6, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Lais Gatti
- Microsensor Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Microsensor Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Judith M Klatt
- Microsensor Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, Bremen 28359, Germany
- Microcosm Earth Center, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35032, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg 35032, Germany
- Biogeochemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35032, Germany
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3
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Trebuch LM, Bourceau OM, Vaessen SMF, Neu TR, Janssen M, de Beer D, Vet LEM, Wijffels RH, Fernandes TV. High resolution functional analysis and community structure of photogranules. ISME J 2023; 17:870-879. [PMID: 36997724 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPhotogranules are spherical aggregates formed of complex phototrophic ecosystems with potential for “aeration-free” wastewater treatment. Photogranules from a sequencing batch reactor were investigated by fluorescence microscopy, 16S/18S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, microsensors, and stable- and radioisotope incubations to determine the granules’ composition, nutrient distribution, and light, carbon, and nitrogen budgets. The photogranules were biologically and chemically stratified, with filamentous cyanobacteria arranged in discrete layers and forming a scaffold to which other organisms were attached. Oxygen, nitrate, and light gradients were also detectable. Photosynthetic activity and nitrification were both predominantly restricted to the outer 500 µm, but while photosynthesis was relatively insensitive to the oxygen and nutrient (ammonium, phosphate, acetate) concentrations tested, nitrification was highly sensitive. Oxygen was cycled internally, with oxygen produced through photosynthesis rapidly consumed by aerobic respiration and nitrification. Oxygen production and consumption were well balanced. Similarly, nitrogen was cycled through paired nitrification and denitrification, and carbon was exchanged through photosynthesis and respiration. Our findings highlight that photogranules are complete, complex ecosystems with multiple linked nutrient cycles and will aid engineering decisions in photogranular wastewater treatment.
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4
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van Erk MR, Bourceau OM, Moncada C, Basu S, Hansel CM, de Beer D. Reactive oxygen species affect the potential for mineralization processes in permeable intertidal flats. Nat Commun 2023; 14:938. [PMID: 36804536 PMCID: PMC9941506 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Intertidal permeable sediments are crucial sites of organic matter remineralization. These sediments likely have a large capacity to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) because of shifting oxic-anoxic interfaces and intense iron-sulfur cycling. Here, we show that high concentrations of the ROS hydrogen peroxide are present in intertidal sediments using microsensors, and chemiluminescent analysis on extracted porewater. We furthermore investigate the effect of ROS on potential rates of microbial degradation processes in intertidal surface sediments after transient oxygenation, using slurries that transitioned from oxic to anoxic conditions. Enzymatic removal of ROS strongly increases rates of aerobic respiration, sulfate reduction and hydrogen accumulation. We conclude that ROS are formed in sediments, and subsequently moderate microbial mineralization process rates. Although sulfate reduction is completely inhibited in the oxic period, it resumes immediately upon anoxia. This study demonstrates the strong effects of ROS and transient oxygenation on the biogeochemistry of intertidal sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit R van Erk
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany. .,Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Chyrene Moncada
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Subhajit Basu
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.,School of Health Sciences and Technology (SoHST), University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Colleen M Hansel
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
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5
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Riemann L, Rahav E, Passow U, Grossart HP, de Beer D, Klawonn I, Eichner M, Benavides M, Bar-Zeev E. Planktonic Aggregates as Hotspots for Heterotrophic Diazotrophy: The Plot Thickens. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:875050. [PMID: 35464923 PMCID: PMC9019601 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.875050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological dinitrogen (N2) fixation is performed solely by specialized bacteria and archaea termed diazotrophs, introducing new reactive nitrogen into aquatic environments. Conventionally, phototrophic cyanobacteria are considered the major diazotrophs in aquatic environments. However, accumulating evidence indicates that diverse non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs (NCDs) inhabit a wide range of aquatic ecosystems, including temperate and polar latitudes, coastal environments and the deep ocean. NCDs are thus suspected to impact global nitrogen cycling decisively, yet their ecological and quantitative importance remain unknown. Here we review recent molecular and biogeochemical evidence demonstrating that pelagic NCDs inhabit and thrive especially on aggregates in diverse aquatic ecosystems. Aggregates are characterized by reduced-oxygen microzones, high C:N ratio (above Redfield) and high availability of labile carbon as compared to the ambient water. We argue that planktonic aggregates are important loci for energetically-expensive N2 fixation by NCDs and propose a conceptual framework for aggregate-associated N2 fixation. Future studies on aggregate-associated diazotrophy, using novel methodological approaches, are encouraged to address the ecological relevance of NCDs for nitrogen cycling in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Riemann
- Marine Biology Section, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Eyal Rahav
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa, Israel
| | - Uta Passow
- Ocean Science Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Hans-Peter Grossart
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Stechlin, Germany
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Isabell Klawonn
- Department of Biological Oceanography, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Rostock, Germany
| | - Meri Eichner
- Institute of Microbiology CAS, Centre ALGATECH, Třeboň, Czechia
| | - Mar Benavides
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Marseille, France.,Turing Center for Living Systems, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Edo Bar-Zeev
- The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research (ZIWR), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
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6
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Meier DV, Greve AJ, Chennu A, van Erk MR, Muthukrishnan T, Abed RMM, Woebken D, de Beer D. Limitation of Microbial Processes at Saturation-Level Salinities in a Microbial Mat Covering a Coastal Salt Flat. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0069821. [PMID: 34160273 PMCID: PMC8357274 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00698-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypersaline microbial mats are dense microbial ecosystems capable of performing complete element cycling and are considered analogs of early Earth and hypothetical extraterrestrial ecosystems. We studied the functionality and limits of key biogeochemical processes, such as photosynthesis, aerobic respiration, and sulfur cycling, in salt crust-covered microbial mats from a tidal flat at the coast of Oman. We measured light, oxygen, and sulfide microprofiles as well as sulfate reduction rates at salt saturation and in flood conditions and determined fine-scale stratification of pigments, biomass, and microbial taxa in the resident microbial community. The salt crust did not protect the mats against irradiation or evaporation. Although some oxygen production was measurable at salinities of ≤30% (wt/vol) in situ, at saturation-level salinity (40%), oxygenic photosynthesis was completely inhibited and only resumed 2 days after reducing the porewater salinity to 12%. Aerobic respiration and active sulfur cycling occurred at low rates under salt saturation and increased strongly upon salinity reduction. Apart from high relative abundances of Chloroflexi, photoheterotrophic Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Archaea, the mat contained a distinct layer harboring filamentous Cyanobacteria, which is unusual for such high salinities. Our results show that the diverse microbial community inhabiting this salt flat mat ultimately depends on periodic salt dilution to be self-sustaining and is rather adapted to merely survive salt saturation than to thrive under the salt crust. IMPORTANCE Due to their abilities to survive intense radiation and low water availability, hypersaline microbial mats are often suggested to be analogs of potential extraterrestrial life. However, even the limitations imposed on microbial processes by saturation-level salinity found on Earth have rarely been studied in situ. While abundance and diversity of microbial life in salt-saturated environments are well documented, most of our knowledge on process limitations stems from culture-based studies, few in situ studies, and theoretical calculations. In particular, oxygenic photosynthesis has barely been explored beyond 5 M NaCl (28% wt/vol). By applying a variety of biogeochemical and molecular methods, we show that despite abundance of photoautotrophic microorganisms, oxygenic photosynthesis is inhibited in salt-crust-covered microbial mats at saturation salinities, while rates of other energy generation processes are decreased several-fold. Hence, the complete element cycling required for self-sustaining microbial communities only occurs at lower salt concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri V. Meier
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Arjun Chennu
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
- Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Bremen, Germany
| | | | | | - Raeid M. M. Abed
- Biology Department, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Dagmar Woebken
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
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7
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Schubert N, Hofmann LC, Almeida Saá AC, Moreira AC, Arenhart RG, Fernandes CP, de Beer D, Horta PA, Silva J. Author Correction: Calcification in free‑living coralline algae is strongly influenced by morphology: Implications for susceptibility to ocean acidification. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14682. [PMID: 34257373 PMCID: PMC8277880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Schubert
- CCMAR ‑ Center of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005‑139, Faro, Portugal. .,Phycology Laboratory, Botany Department, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianopolis, 88010‑970, Brazil.
| | - Laurie C Hofmann
- Microsensor Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany.,Marine Aquaculture Group, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Antonella C Almeida Saá
- Phycology Laboratory, Botany Department, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianopolis, 88010‑970, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Oceanography (PPGOCEANO), Center for Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianopolis, 88010‑970, Brazil.,Institute of Oceanological Research (IIO), Autonomous University of Baja California, Km 106. Carretera Tijuana‑Ensenada, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Anderson Camargo Moreira
- Porous Media and Thermophysical Properties Laboratory (LMPT), Mechanical Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianopolis, 88010‑970, Brazil
| | - Rafael Güntzel Arenhart
- Porous Media and Thermophysical Properties Laboratory (LMPT), Mechanical Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianopolis, 88010‑970, Brazil
| | - Celso Peres Fernandes
- Porous Media and Thermophysical Properties Laboratory (LMPT), Mechanical Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianopolis, 88010‑970, Brazil
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Microsensor Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Paulo A Horta
- Phycology Laboratory, Botany Department, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianopolis, 88010‑970, Brazil
| | - João Silva
- CCMAR ‑ Center of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005‑139, Faro, Portugal
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8
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Schutte CA, Huanca-Valenzuela P, Lavik G, Marchant HK, de Beer D. Advection Drives Nitrate Past the Microphytobenthos in Intertidal Sands, Fueling Deeper Denitrification. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:556268. [PMID: 34220727 PMCID: PMC8250833 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.556268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrification rates are low in permeable intertidal sand flats such that the water column is the primary source of nitrate to the sediment. During tidal inundation, nitrate is supplied to the pore space by advection rather than diffusion, relieving the microorganisms that reside in the sand from nitrate limitation and supporting higher denitrification rates than those observed under diffusive transport. Sand flats are also home to an abundant community of benthic photosynthetic microorganisms, the microphytobenthos (MPB). Diatoms are an important component of the MPB that can take up and store high concentrations of nitrate within their cells, giving them the potential to alter nitrate availability in the surrounding porewater. We tested whether nitrate uptake by the MPB near the sediment surface decreases its availability to denitrifiers along deeper porewater flow paths. In laboratory experiments, we used NOx (nitrate + nitrite) microbiosensors to confirm that, in the spring, net NOx consumption in the zone of MPB photosynthetic activity was stimulated by light. The maximum potential denitrification rate, measured at high spatial resolution using microsensors with acetylene and nitrate added, occurred below 1.4 cm, much deeper than light-induced NOx uptake (0.13 cm). Therefore, the shallower MPB had the potential to decrease NOx supply to the deeper sediments and limit denitrification. However, when applying a realistic downward advective flow to sediment from our study site, NOx always reached the depths of maximum denitrification potential, regardless of light availability or season. We conclude that during tidal inundation porewater advection overwhelms any influence of shallow NOx uptake by the MPB and drives water column NOx to the depths of maximum denitrification potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Schutte
- Microsensors Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Gaute Lavik
- Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Hannah K Marchant
- Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Microsensors Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
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9
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Teske A, Wegener G, Chanton JP, White D, MacGregor B, Hoer D, de Beer D, Zhuang G, Saxton MA, Joye SB, Lizarralde D, Soule SA, Ruff SE. Microbial Communities Under Distinct Thermal and Geochemical Regimes in Axial and Off-Axis Sediments of Guaymas Basin. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:633649. [PMID: 33643265 PMCID: PMC7906980 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.633649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold seeps and hydrothermal vents are seafloor habitats fueled by subsurface energy sources. Both habitat types coexist in Guaymas Basin in the Gulf of California, providing an opportunity to compare microbial communities with distinct physiologies adapted to different thermal regimes. Hydrothermally active sites in the southern Guaymas Basin axial valley, and cold seep sites at Octopus Mound, a carbonate mound with abundant methanotrophic cold seep fauna at the Central Seep location on the northern off-axis flanking regions, show consistent geochemical and microbial differences between hot, temperate, cold seep, and background sites. The changing microbial actors include autotrophic and heterotrophic bacterial and archaeal lineages that catalyze sulfur, nitrogen, and methane cycling, organic matter degradation, and hydrocarbon oxidation. Thermal, biogeochemical, and microbiological characteristics of the sampling locations indicate that sediment thermal regime and seep-derived or hydrothermal energy sources structure the microbial communities at the sediment surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Teske
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Gunter Wegener
- Max-Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.,MARUM, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jeffrey P Chanton
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Dylan White
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Barbara MacGregor
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MI, United States
| | - Daniel Hoer
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.,United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Guangchao Zhuang
- Frontiers Science Centre for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES)/Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Matthew A Saxton
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
| | - Samantha B Joye
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Daniel Lizarralde
- Geology & Geophysics Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - S Adam Soule
- Geology & Geophysics Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - S Emil Ruff
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The Ecosystems Center, Woods Hole, MA, United States.,Marine Biological Laboratory, The Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Woods Hole, MA, United States
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10
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Guillermic M, Cameron LP, De Corte I, Misra S, Bijma J, de Beer D, Reymond CE, Westphal H, Ries JB, Eagle RA. Thermal stress reduces pocilloporid coral resilience to ocean acidification by impairing control over calcifying fluid chemistry. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/2/eaba9958. [PMID: 33523983 PMCID: PMC7793579 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba9958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The combination of thermal stress and ocean acidification (OA) can more negatively affect coral calcification than an individual stressors, but the mechanism behind this interaction is unknown. We used two independent methods (microelectrode and boron geochemistry) to measure calcifying fluid pH (pHcf) and carbonate chemistry of the corals Pocillopora damicornis and Stylophora pistillata grown under various temperature and pCO2 conditions. Although these approaches demonstrate that they record pHcf over different time scales, they reveal that both species can cope with OA under optimal temperatures (28°C) by elevating pHcf and aragonite saturation state (Ωcf) in support of calcification. At 31°C, neither species elevated these parameters as they did at 28°C and, likewise, could not maintain substantially positive calcification rates under any pH treatment. These results reveal a previously uncharacterized influence of temperature on coral pHcf regulation-the apparent mechanism behind the negative interaction between thermal stress and OA on coral calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Guillermic
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, 520 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 595 Charles Young Drive E, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, LGO, Rue Dumont d'Urville, Université de Brest Occidentale, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Louise P Cameron
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, 430 Nahant Rd, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
- McLean Laboratory, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,360 Woods Hole Rd, Falmouth, MA 02543, USA
- The Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Ilian De Corte
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, 520 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 595 Charles Young Drive E, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sambuddha Misra
- Centre for Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
- The Godwin Laboratory for Palaeoclimate Research, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jelle Bijma
- Marine Biogeosciences, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Claire E Reymond
- The Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (CUG), 388 Lumo Rd, Hongshan, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Hildegard Westphal
- The Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Department of Geosciences, Bremen University, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Justin B Ries
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, 430 Nahant Rd, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
- The Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Robert A Eagle
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, 520 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 595 Charles Young Drive E, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, LGO, Rue Dumont d'Urville, Université de Brest Occidentale, 29280, Plouzané, France
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11
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Merz E, Dick GJ, de Beer D, Grim S, Hübener T, Littmann S, Olsen K, Stuart D, Lavik G, Marchant HK, Klatt JM. Nitrate respiration and diel migration patterns of diatoms are linked in sediments underneath a microbial mat. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:1422-1435. [PMID: 33264477 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diatoms are among the few eukaryotes known to store nitrate (NO3 - ) and to use it as an electron acceptor for respiration in the absence of light and O2 . Using microscopy and 15 N stable isotope incubations, we studied the relationship between dissimilatory nitrate/nitrite reduction to ammonium (DNRA) and diel vertical migration of diatoms in phototrophic microbial mats and the underlying sediment of a sinkhole in Lake Huron (USA). We found that the diatoms rapidly accumulated NO3 - at the mat-water interface in the afternoon and 40% of the population migrated deep into the sediment, where they were exposed to dark and anoxic conditions for ~75% of the day. The vertical distribution of DNRA rates and diatom abundance maxima coincided, suggesting that DNRA was the main energy generating metabolism of the diatom population. We conclude that the illuminated redox-dynamic ecosystem selects for migratory diatoms that can store nitrate for respiration in the absence of light. A major implication of this study is that the dominance of DNRA over denitrification is not explained by kinetics or thermodynamics. Rather, the dynamic conditions select for migratory diatoms that perform DNRA and can outcompete sessile denitrifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Merz
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, Bremen, Germany
| | - Gregory J Dick
- Geomicrobiology Lab, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sharon Grim
- Geomicrobiology Lab, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Thomas Hübener
- Department of Botany and Botanical Garden, University of Rostock, Institute of Biosciences, Germany
| | - Sten Littmann
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, Bremen, Germany
| | - Kirk Olsen
- Geomicrobiology Lab, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Dack Stuart
- University of Michigan, Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gaute Lavik
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, Bremen, Germany
| | - Hannah K Marchant
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, Bremen, Germany
| | - Judith M Klatt
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, Bremen, Germany.,Geomicrobiology Lab, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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12
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Khosravi Y, Kandukuri RDP, Palmer SR, Gloag ES, Borisov SM, Starke EM, Ward MT, Kumar P, de Beer D, Chennu A, Stoodley P. Correction to: Use of an oxygen planar optode to assess the effect of high velocity microsprays on oxygen penetration in a human dental biofilms in-vitro. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20:247. [PMID: 32887584 PMCID: PMC7487917 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01236-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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13
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Gerbersdorf SU, Koca K, de Beer D, Chennu A, Noss C, Risse-Buhl U, Weitere M, Eiff O, Wagner M, Aberle J, Schweikert M, Terheiden K. Exploring flow-biofilm-sediment interactions: Assessment of current status and future challenges. Water Res 2020; 185:116182. [PMID: 32763530 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm activities and their interactions with physical, chemical and biological processes are of great importance for a variety of ecosystem functions, impacting hydrogeomorphology, water quality and aquatic ecosystem health. Effective management of water bodies requires advancing our understanding of how flow influences biofilm-bound sediment and ecosystem processes and vice-versa. However, research on this triangle of flow-biofilm-sediment is still at its infancy. In this Review, we summarize the current state of the art and methodological approaches in the flow-biofilm-sediment research with an emphasis on biostabilization and fine sediment dynamics mainly in the benthic zone of lotic and lentic environments. Example studies of this three-way interaction across a range of spatial scales from cell (nm - µm) to patch scale (mm - dm) are highlighted in view of the urgent need for interdisciplinary approaches. As a contribution to the review, we combine a literature survey with results of a pilot experiment that was conducted in the framework of a joint workshop to explore the feasibility of asking interdisciplinary questions. Further, within this workshop various observation and measuring approaches were tested and the quality of the achieved results was evaluated individually and in combination. Accordingly, the paper concludes by highlighting the following research challenges to be considered within the forthcoming years in the triangle of flow-biofilm-sediment: i) Establish a collaborative work among hydraulic and sedimentation engineers as well as ecologists to study mutual goals with appropriate methods. Perform realistic experimental studies to test hypotheses on flow-biofilm-sediment interactions as well as structural and mechanical characteristics of the bed. ii) Consider spatially varying characteristics of flow at the sediment-water interface. Utilize combinations of microsensors and non-intrusive optical methods, such as particle image velocimetry and laser scanner to elucidate the mechanism behind biofilm growth as well as mass and momentum flux exchanges between biofilm and water. Use molecular approaches (DNA, pigments, staining, microscopy) for sophisticated community analyses. Link varying flow regimes to microbial communities (and processes) and fine sediment properties to explore the role of key microbial players and functions in enhancing sediment stability (biostabilization). iii) Link laboratory-scale observations to larger scales relevant for management of water bodies. Conduct field experiments to better understand the complex effects of variable flow and sediment regimes on biostabilization. Employ scalable and informative observation techniques (e.g., hyperspectral imaging, particle tracking) that can support predictions on the functional aspects, such as metabolic activity, bed stability, nutrient fluxes under variable regimes of flow-biofilm-sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ulrike Gerbersdorf
- University of Stuttgart, Institute for Modelling Hydraulic and Environmental Systems, Pfaffenwaldring 61, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Kaan Koca
- University of Stuttgart, Institute for Modelling Hydraulic and Environmental Systems, Pfaffenwaldring 61, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Arjun Chennu
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany; Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Research, Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Christian Noss
- University of Koblenz-Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany; Federal Waterways Engineering and Research Institute, Hydraulic Engineering in Inland Areas, Kußmaulstraße 17, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Ute Risse-Buhl
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of River Ecology, Brückstraße 3a, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Markus Weitere
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of River Ecology, Brückstraße 3a, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Olivier Eiff
- KIT Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Hydromechanics, Otto-Ammann Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Michael Wagner
- KIT Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Institute, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Jochen Aberle
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Leichtweiß-Institute for Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources, Beethovenstraße 51a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Michael Schweikert
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Kristina Terheiden
- University of Stuttgart, Institute for Modelling Hydraulic and Environmental Systems, Pfaffenwaldring 61, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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14
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Khosravi Y, Kandukuri RDP, Palmer SR, Gloag ES, Borisov SM, Starke EM, Ward MT, Kumar P, de Beer D, Chennu A, Stoodley P. Use of an oxygen planar optode to assess the effect of high velocity microsprays on oxygen penetration in a human dental biofilms in-vitro. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20:230. [PMID: 32825831 PMCID: PMC7441732 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01217-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental plaque biofilms are the causative agents of caries, gingivitis and periodontitis. Both mechanical and chemical strategies are used in routine oral hygiene strategies to reduce plaque build-up. If allowed to mature biofilms can create anoxic microenvironments leading to communities which harbor pathogenic Gram-negative anaerobes. When subjected to high velocity fluid jets and sprays biofilms can be fluidized which disrupts the biofilm structure and allows the more efficient delivery of antimicrobial agents. METHODS To investigate how such jets may disrupt anoxic niches in the biofilm, we used planar optodes to measure the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration at the base of in-vitro biofilms grown from human saliva and dental plaque. These biofilms were subject to "shooting" treatments with a commercial high velocity microspray (HVM) device. RESULTS HVM treatment resulted in removal of much of the biofilm and a concurrent rapid shift from anoxic to oxic conditions at the base of the surrounding biofilm. We also assessed the impact of HVM treatment on the microbial community by tracking 7 target species by qPCR. There was a general reduction in copy numbers of the universal 16S RNA by approximately 95%, and changes of individual species in the target region ranged from approximately 1 to 4 log reductions. CONCLUSION We concluded that high velocity microsprays removed a sufficient amount of biofilm to disrupt the anoxic region at the biofilm-surface interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Khosravi
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | | | - Sara R Palmer
- College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Erin S Gloag
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Sergey M Borisov
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Marilyn T Ward
- Philips Oral Healthcare, Bothell, Washington, 98021, USA
| | - Purnima Kumar
- College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Arjun Chennu
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Paul Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA. .,Department Orthopaedics, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA. .,National Centre for Advanced Tribology (nCATS), Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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15
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Basu S, Gledhill M, de Beer D, Prabhu Matondkar SG, Shaked Y. Colonies of marine cyanobacteria Trichodesmium interact with associated bacteria to acquire iron from dust. Commun Biol 2019; 2:284. [PMID: 31396564 PMCID: PMC6677733 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0534-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) bioavailability limits phytoplankton growth in vast ocean regions. Iron-rich dust uplifted from deserts is transported in the atmosphere and deposited on the ocean surface. However, this dust is a poor source of iron for most phytoplankton since dust-bound Fe is poorly soluble in seawater and dust rapidly sinks out of the photic zone. An exception is Trichodesmium, a globally important, N2 fixing, colony forming, cyanobacterium, which efficiently captures and shuffles dust to its colony core. Trichodesmium and bacteria that reside within its colonies carry out diverse metabolic interactions. Here we show evidence for mutualistic interactions between Trichodesmium and associated bacteria for utilization of iron from dust, where bacteria promote dust dissolution by producing Fe-complexing molecules (siderophores) and Trichodesmium provides dust and optimal physical settings for dissolution and uptake. Our results demonstrate how intricate relationships between producers and consumers can influence productivity in the nutrient starved open ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Basu
- The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences in Eilat, 88103 Eilat, Israel
| | - Martha Gledhill
- GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Wischhofstrasse 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology (MPI Bremen), Celsiusstr 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Yeala Shaked
- The Fredy and Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences in Eilat, 88103 Eilat, Israel
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16
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Eichner M, Basu S, Gledhill M, de Beer D, Shaked Y. Hydrogen Dynamics in Trichodesmium Colonies and Their Potential Role in Mineral Iron Acquisition. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1565. [PMID: 31354665 PMCID: PMC6636555 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
N2-fixing cyanobacteria mediate H2 fluxes through the opposing processes of H2 evolution, which is a by-product of the N2 fixation reaction, and H2 uptake, which is driven by uptake hydrogenases. Here, we used microelectrodes to characterize H2 and O2 dynamics in single natural colonies of the globally important N2 fixer Trichodesmium collected from the Gulf of Eilat. We observed gradually changing H2 dynamics over the course of the day, including both net H2 evolution and net H2 uptake, as well as large differences in H2 fluxes between individual colonies. Net H2 uptake was observed in colonies amended with H2 in both light and dark. Net H2 evolution was recorded in the light only, reflecting light-dependent N2 fixation coupled to H2 evolution. Both net H2 evolution and H2 uptake rates were higher before 2 pm than later in the day. These pronounced H2 dynamics in the morning coincided with strong net O2 uptake and the previously reported diel peak in N2 fixation. Later in the afternoon, when photosynthesis rates determined by O2 measurements were highest, and N2 fixation rates decrease according to previous studies, the H2 dynamics were also less pronounced. Thus, the observed diel variations in H2 dynamics reflect diel changes in the rates of O2 consumption and N2 fixation. Remarkably, the presence of H2 strongly stimulated the uptake of mineral iron by natural colonies. The magnitude of this effect was dependent on the time of day, with the strongest response in incubations that started before 2 pm, i.e., the period that covered the time of highest uptake hydrogenase activity. Based on these findings, we propose that by providing an electron source for mineral iron reduction in N2-fixing cells, H2 may contribute to iron uptake in Trichodesmium colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meri Eichner
- Microsensor Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Subhajit Basu
- The Freddy & Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences in Eilat, Eilat, Israel
| | - Martha Gledhill
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Microsensor Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Yeala Shaked
- The Freddy & Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences in Eilat, Eilat, Israel
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17
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Eichner M, Thoms S, Rost B, Mohr W, Ahmerkamp S, Ploug H, Kuypers MMM, de Beer D. N 2 fixation in free-floating filaments of Trichodesmium is higher than in transiently suboxic colony microenvironments. New Phytol 2019; 222:852-863. [PMID: 30507001 PMCID: PMC6590460 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To understand the role of micrometer-scale oxygen (O2 ) gradients in facilitating dinitrogen (N2 ) fixation, we characterized O2 dynamics in the microenvironment around free-floating trichomes and colonies of Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101. Diurnal and spatial variability in O2 concentrations in the bulk medium, within colonies, along trichomes and within single cells were determined using O2 optodes, microsensors and model calculations. Carbon (C) and N2 fixation as well as O2 evolution and uptake under different O2 concentrations were analyzed by stable isotope incubations and membrane inlet mass spectrometry. We observed a pronounced diel rhythm in O2 fluxes, with net O2 evolution restricted to short periods in the morning and evening, and net O2 uptake driven by dark respiration and light-dependent O2 uptake during the major part of the light period. Remarkably, colonies showed lower N2 fixation and C fixation rates than free-floating trichomes despite the long period of O2 undersaturation in the colony microenvironment. Model calculations demonstrate that low permeability of the cell wall in combination with metabolic heterogeneity between single cells allows for anoxic intracellular conditions in colonies but also free-floating trichomes of Trichodesmium. Therefore, whereas colony formation must have benefits for Trichodesmium, it does not favor N2 fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meri Eichner
- Max Planck Institute for Marine MicrobiologyCelsiusstr. 1Bremen28359Germany
| | - Silke Thoms
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine ResearchAm Handelshafen 12Bremerhaven27570Germany
| | - Björn Rost
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine ResearchAm Handelshafen 12Bremerhaven27570Germany
| | - Wiebke Mohr
- Max Planck Institute for Marine MicrobiologyCelsiusstr. 1Bremen28359Germany
| | - Soeren Ahmerkamp
- Max Planck Institute for Marine MicrobiologyCelsiusstr. 1Bremen28359Germany
| | - Helle Ploug
- Department of Marine SciencesUniversity of GothenburgCarl Skottbergsgata 22 BGöteborg41319Sweden
| | | | - Dirk de Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine MicrobiologyCelsiusstr. 1Bremen28359Germany
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18
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Sevilgen DS, Venn AA, Hu MY, Tambutté E, de Beer D, Planas-Bielsa V, Tambutté S. Full in vivo characterization of carbonate chemistry at the site of calcification in corals. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaau7447. [PMID: 30746460 PMCID: PMC6357752 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau7447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Reef-building corals form their calcium carbonate skeletons within an extracellular calcifying medium (ECM). Despite the critical role of the ECM in coral calcification, ECM carbonate chemistry is poorly constrained in vivo, and full ECM carbonate chemistry has never been characterized based solely on direct in vivo measurements. Here, we measure pHECM in the growing edge of Stylophora pistillata by simultaneously using microsensors and the fluorescent dye SNARF-1, showing that, when measured at the same time and place, the results agree. We then conduct microscope-guided microsensor measurements of pH, [Ca2+], and [CO3 2-] in the ECM and, from this, determine [DIC]ECM and aragonite saturation state (Ωarag), showing that all parameters are elevated with respect to the surrounding seawater. Our study provides the most complete in vivo characterization of ECM carbonate chemistry parameters in a coral species to date, pointing to the key role of calcium- and carbon-concentrating mechanisms in coral calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu S. Sevilgen
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Marine Biology Department, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, MC 98000 Monaco, Monaco
- Corresponding author. (S.T.); (D.S.S.)
| | - Alexander A. Venn
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Marine Biology Department, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, MC 98000 Monaco, Monaco
| | - Marian Y. Hu
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 5, DE 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Eric Tambutté
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Marine Biology Department, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, MC 98000 Monaco, Monaco
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, DE 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Víctor Planas-Bielsa
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Polar Biology Department, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, MC 98000 Monaco, Monaco
- Laboratoire International Associé LIA 647 BioSensib (CSM-CNRS-Unistra), 8 Quai Antoine 1er, MC 98000 Monaco, Monaco
| | - Sylvie Tambutté
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Marine Biology Department, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, MC 98000 Monaco, Monaco
- Corresponding author. (S.T.); (D.S.S.)
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19
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Li T, Sharp CE, Ataeian M, Strous M, de Beer D. Role of Extracellular Carbonic Anhydrase in Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Uptake in Alkaliphilic Phototrophic Biofilm. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2490. [PMID: 30405559 PMCID: PMC6204761 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaline Soda Lakes are extremely productive ecosystems, due to their high dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations. Here, we studied the dynamics of the carbonate system, in particular, the role of extracellular carbonic anhydrase (eCA) of an alkaliphilic phototrophic biofilm composed of bacteria enriched from soda lake benthic mats. By using measurements with microsensors and membrane inlet mass spectrometry, combined with mathematical modeling, we show how eCA controls DIC uptake. In our experiments, the activity of eCA varied four-fold, and was controlled by the bicarbonate concentration during growth: a higher bicarbonate concentration led to lower eCA activity. Inhibition of eCA decreased both the net and the gross photosynthetic productivities of the investigated biofilms. After eCA inhibition, the efflux of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the biofilms increased two- to four-fold. This could be explained by the conversion of CO2, leaking from cyanobacterial cells, by eCA, to bicarbonate. Bicarbonate is then taken up again by the cyanobacteria. In suspensions, eCA reduced the CO2 leakage to the bulk medium from 90 to 50%. In biofilms cultivated at low bicarbonate concentration (~0.13 mM), the oxygen production was reduced by a similar ratio upon eCA inhibition. The role of eCA in intact biofilms was much less significant compared to biomass suspensions, as CO2 loss to the medium is reduced due to mass transfer resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Microsensor Group, Max-Planck-Insititute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Maryam Ataeian
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Marc Strous
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Microsensor Group, Max-Planck-Insititute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
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20
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Hofmann LC, Schoenrock K, de Beer D. Arctic Coralline Algae Elevate Surface pH and Carbonate in the Dark. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1416. [PMID: 30319676 PMCID: PMC6167962 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Red coralline algae are projected to be sensitive to ocean acidification, particularly in polar oceans. As important ecosystem engineers, their potential sensitivity has broad implications, and understanding their carbon acquisition mechanisms is necessary for making reliable predictions. Therefore, we investigated the localized carbonate chemistry at the surface of Arctic coralline algae using microsensors. We report for the first time carbonate ion concentration and pH measurements ([CO3 2-]) at and above the algal surface in the microenvironment. We show that surface pH and [CO3 2-] are higher than the bulk seawater in the light, and even after hours of darkness. We further show that three species of Arctic coralline algae have efficient carbon concentrating mechanisms including direct bicarbonate uptake and indirect bicarbonate use via a carbonic anhydrase enzyme. Our results suggest that Arctic corallines have strong biological control over their surface chemistry, where active calcification occurs, and that net dissolution in the dark does not occur. We suggest that the elevated pH and [CO3 2-] in the dark could be explained by a high rate of light independent carbon fixation that reduces respiratory CO2 release. This mechanism could provide a potential adaptation to ocean acidification in Arctic coralline algae, which has important implications for future Arctic marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie C. Hofmann
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Microsensor Group, Bremen, Germany
| | - Kathryn Schoenrock
- Department of Geographical and Earth Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Microsensor Group, Bremen, Germany
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Haas S, de Beer D, Klatt JM, Fink A, Rench RM, Hamilton TL, Meyer V, Kakuk B, Macalady JL. Low-Light Anoxygenic Photosynthesis and Fe-S-Biogeochemistry in a Microbial Mat. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:858. [PMID: 29755448 PMCID: PMC5934491 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report extremely low-light-adapted anoxygenic photosynthesis in a thick microbial mat in Magical Blue Hole, Abaco Island, The Bahamas. Sulfur cycling was reduced by iron oxides and organic carbon limitation. The mat grows below the halocline/oxycline at 30 m depth on the walls of the flooded sinkhole. In situ irradiance at the mat surface on a sunny December day was between 0.021 and 0.084 μmol photons m-2 s-1, and UV light (<400 nm) was the most abundant part of the spectrum followed by green wavelengths (475–530 nm). We measured a light-dependent carbon uptake rate of 14.5 nmol C cm-2 d-1. A 16S rRNA clone library of the green surface mat layer was dominated (74%) by a cluster (>97% sequence identity) of clones affiliated with Prosthecochloris, a genus within the green sulfur bacteria (GSB), which are obligate anoxygenic phototrophs. Typical photopigments of brown-colored GSB, bacteriochlorophyll e and (β-)isorenieratene, were abundant in mat samples and their absorption properties are well-adapted to harvest light in the available green and possibly even UV-A spectra. Sulfide from the water column (3–6 μmol L-1) was the main source of sulfide to the mat as sulfate reduction rates in the mats were very low (undetectable-99.2 nmol cm-3 d-1). The anoxic water column was oligotrophic and low in dissolved organic carbon (175–228 μmol L-1). High concentrations of pyrite (FeS2; 1–47 μmol cm-3) together with low microbial process rates (sulfate reduction, CO2 fixation) indicate that the mats function as net sulfide sinks mainly by abiotic processes. We suggest that abundant Fe(III) (4.3–22.2 μmol cm-3) is the major source of oxidizing power in the mat, and that abiotic Fe-S-reactions play the main role in pyrite formation. Limitation of sulfate reduction by low organic carbon availability along with the presence of abundant sulfide-scavenging iron oxides considerably slowed down sulfur cycling in these mats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Haas
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.,Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Judith M Klatt
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.,Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Artur Fink
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Rebecca McCauley Rench
- Geosciences Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Trinity L Hamilton
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Volker Meyer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Brian Kakuk
- Bahamas Caves Research Foundation, Marsh Harbour, Bahamas
| | - Jennifer L Macalady
- Geosciences Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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22
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Molari M, Guilini K, Lott C, Weber M, de Beer D, Meyer S, Ramette A, Wegener G, Wenzhöfer F, Martin D, Cibic T, De Vittor C, Vanreusel A, Boetius A. CO 2 leakage alters biogeochemical and ecological functions of submarine sands. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaao2040. [PMID: 29441359 PMCID: PMC5810613 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao2040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Subseabed CO2 storage is considered a future climate change mitigation technology. We investigated the ecological consequences of CO2 leakage for a marine benthic ecosystem. For the first time with a multidisciplinary integrated study, we tested hypotheses derived from a meta-analysis of previous experimental and in situ high-CO2 impact studies. For this, we compared ecological functions of naturally CO2-vented seafloor off the Mediterranean island Panarea (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) to those of nonvented sands, with a focus on biogeochemical processes and microbial and faunal community composition. High CO2 fluxes (up to 4 to 7 mol CO2 m-2 hour-1) dissolved all sedimentary carbonate, and comigration of silicate and iron led to local increases of microphytobenthos productivity (+450%) and standing stocks (+300%). Despite the higher food availability, faunal biomass (-80%) and trophic diversity were substantially lower compared to those at the reference site. Bacterial communities were also structurally and functionally affected, most notably in the composition of heterotrophs and microbial sulfate reduction rates (-90%). The observed ecological effects of CO2 leakage on submarine sands were reproduced with medium-term transplant experiments. This study assesses indicators of environmental impact by CO2 leakage and finds that community compositions and important ecological functions are permanently altered under high CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Molari
- HGF-MPG (Helmholtz Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszenten–Max Planck Gesellschaft) Joint Research Group on Deep Sea Ecology and Technology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Katja Guilini
- Marine Biology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian Lott
- HYDRA Institute for Marine Sciences, Elba Field Station, Via del Forno 80, 57034 Campo nell’Elba (LI), Italy
| | - Miriam Weber
- HGF-MPG (Helmholtz Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszenten–Max Planck Gesellschaft) Joint Research Group on Deep Sea Ecology and Technology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- HYDRA Institute for Marine Sciences, Elba Field Station, Via del Forno 80, 57034 Campo nell’Elba (LI), Italy
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Microsensor Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Meyer
- HGF-MPG (Helmholtz Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszenten–Max Planck Gesellschaft) Joint Research Group on Deep Sea Ecology and Technology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Alban Ramette
- HGF-MPG (Helmholtz Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszenten–Max Planck Gesellschaft) Joint Research Group on Deep Sea Ecology and Technology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Gunter Wegener
- HGF-MPG (Helmholtz Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszenten–Max Planck Gesellschaft) Joint Research Group on Deep Sea Ecology and Technology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- MARUM, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Frank Wenzhöfer
- HGF-MPG (Helmholtz Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszenten–Max Planck Gesellschaft) Joint Research Group on Deep Sea Ecology and Technology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- HGF-MPG Joint Research Group on Deep Sea Ecology and Technology, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Daniel Martin
- Centre d’Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Blanes, Girona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Tamara Cibic
- Sezione di Oceanografia, Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale–OGS, I-34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - Cinzia De Vittor
- Sezione di Oceanografia, Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale–OGS, I-34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - Ann Vanreusel
- Marine Biology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Antje Boetius
- HGF-MPG (Helmholtz Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszenten–Max Planck Gesellschaft) Joint Research Group on Deep Sea Ecology and Technology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- MARUM, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- HGF-MPG Joint Research Group on Deep Sea Ecology and Technology, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
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23
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Abed RMM, Kohls K, Leloup J, de Beer D. Abundance and diversity of aerobic heterotrophic microorganisms and their interaction with cyanobacteria in the oxic layer of an intertidal hypersaline cyanobacterial mat. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2017; 94:4757060. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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24
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Humanes A, Fink A, Willis BL, Fabricius KE, de Beer D, Negri AP. Effects of suspended sediments and nutrient enrichment on juvenile corals. Mar Pollut Bull 2017; 125:166-175. [PMID: 28818603 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Three to six-month-old juveniles of Acropora tenuis, A. millepora and Pocillopora acuta were experimentally co-exposed to nutrient enrichment and suspended sediments (without light attenuation or sediment deposition) for 40days. Suspended sediments reduced survivorship of A. millepora strongly, proportional to the sediment concentration, but not in A. tenuis or P. acuta juveniles. However, juvenile growth of the latter two species was reduced to less than half or to zero, respectively. Additionally, suspended sediments increased effective quantum yields of symbionts associated with A. millepora and A. tenuis, but not those associated with P. acuta. Nutrient enrichment did not significantly affect juvenile survivorship, growth or photophysiology for any of the three species, either as a sole stressor or in combination with suspended sediments. Our results indicate that exposure to suspended sediments can be energetically costly for juveniles of some coral species, implying detrimental longer-term but species-specific repercussions for populations and coral cover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Humanes
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 4811 Townsville, Queensland, Australia; AIMS@JCU, Division of Research & Innovation, James Cook University, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, 4810 Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Artur Fink
- Max-Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Bette L Willis
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 4811 Townsville, Queensland, Australia; AIMS@JCU, Division of Research & Innovation, James Cook University, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Katharina E Fabricius
- AIMS@JCU, Division of Research & Innovation, James Cook University, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, 4810 Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max-Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Andrew P Negri
- AIMS@JCU, Division of Research & Innovation, James Cook University, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, 4810 Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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25
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Jorissen H, Skinner C, Osinga R, de Beer D, Nugues MM. Evidence for water-mediated mechanisms in coral-algal interactions. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.1137. [PMID: 27512146 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many coral reefs have shifted from coral-to-algal dominance, the consequence of such a transition for coral-algal interactions and their underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. At the microscale, it is unclear how diffusive boundary layers (DBLs) and surface oxygen concentrations at the coral-algal interface vary with algal competitors and competitiveness. Using field observations and microsensor measurements in a flow chamber, we show that coral (massive Porites) interfaces with thick turf algae, macroalgae, and cyanobacteria, which are successful competitors against coral in the field, are characterized by a thick DBL and hypoxia at night. In contrast, coral interfaces with crustose coralline algae, conspecifics, and thin turf algae, which are poorer competitors, have a thin DBL and low hypoxia at night. Furthermore, DBL thickness and hypoxia at the interface with turf decreased with increasing flow speed, but not when thick turf was upstream. Our results support the importance of water-mediated transport mechanisms in coral-algal interactions. Shifts towards algal dominance, particularly dense assemblages, may lead to thicker DBLs, higher hypoxia, and higher concentrations of harmful metabolites and pathogens along coral borders, which in turn may facilitate algal overgrowth of live corals. These effects may be mediated by flow speed and orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrikje Jorissen
- EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD, CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, 66860 Perpignan, France Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christina Skinner
- EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD, CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, 66860 Perpignan, France School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Armstrong Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Ronald Osinga
- Marine Animal Ecology Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Microsensor Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Maggy M Nugues
- EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD, CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, 66860 Perpignan, France Laboratoire d'Excellence 'CORAIL', 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France
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26
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Guilini K, Weber M, de Beer D, Schneider M, Molari M, Lott C, Bodnar W, Mascart T, De Troch M, Vanreusel A. Response of Posidonia oceanica seagrass and its epibiont communities to ocean acidification. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181531. [PMID: 28792960 PMCID: PMC5549886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented rate of CO2 increase in our atmosphere and subsequent ocean acidification (OA) threatens coastal ecosystems. To forecast the functioning of coastal seagrass ecosystems in acidified oceans, more knowledge on the long-term adaptive capacities of seagrass species and their epibionts is needed. Therefore we studied morphological characteristics of Posidonia oceanica and the structure of its epibiont communities at a Mediterranean volcanic CO2 vent off Panarea Island (Italy) and performed a laboratory experiment to test the effect of OA on P. oceanica photosynthesis and its potential buffering capacity. At the study site east of Basiluzzo Islet, venting of CO2 gas was controlled by tides, resulting in an average pH difference of 0.1 between the vent and reference site. P. oceanica shoot and leaf density was unaffected by these levels of OA, although shorter leaves at the vent site suggest increased susceptibility to erosion, potentially by herbivores. The community of sessile epibionts differed in composition and was characterized by a higher species richness at the vent site, though net epiphytic calcium carbonate concentration was similar. These findings suggest a higher ecosystem complexity at the vent site, which may have facilitated the higher diversity of copepods in the otherwise unaffected motile epibiont community. In the laboratory experiment, P. oceanica photosynthesis increased with decreasing pHT (7.6, 6.6, 5.5), which induced an elevated pH at the leaf surfaces of up to 0.5 units compared to the ambient seawater pHT of 6.6. This suggests a temporary pH buffering in the diffusive boundary layer of leaves, which could be favorable for epibiont organisms. The results of this multispecies study contribute to understanding community-level responses and underlying processes in long-term acidified conditions. Increased replication and monitoring of physico-chemical parameters on an annual scale are, however, recommended to assure that the biological responses observed during a short period reflect long-term dynamics of these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Guilini
- Marine Biology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Miriam Weber
- HGF-MPG Joint Research Group on Deep Sea Ecology and Technology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
- HYDRA Institute for Marine Sciences, Elba Field Station, Italy
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Microsensor Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Massimiliano Molari
- HGF-MPG Joint Research Group on Deep Sea Ecology and Technology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Christian Lott
- HYDRA Institute for Marine Sciences, Elba Field Station, Italy
| | - Wanda Bodnar
- Marine Biology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thibaud Mascart
- Marine Biology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marleen De Troch
- Marine Biology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ann Vanreusel
- Marine Biology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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27
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Chennu A, Färber P, De'ath G, de Beer D, Fabricius KE. A diver-operated hyperspectral imaging and topographic surveying system for automated mapping of benthic habitats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7122. [PMID: 28769060 PMCID: PMC5541065 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07337-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a novel integrated technology for diver-operated surveying of shallow marine ecosystems. The HyperDiver system captures rich multifaceted data in each transect: hyperspectral and color imagery, topographic profiles, incident irradiance and water chemistry at a rate of 15-30 m2 per minute. From surveys in a coral reef following standard diver protocols, we show how the rich optical detail can be leveraged to generate photopigment abundance and benthic composition maps. We applied machine learning techniques, with a minor annotation effort (<2% of pixels), to automatically generate cm-scale benthic habitat maps of high taxonomic resolution and accuracy (93-97%). The ability to efficiently map benthic composition, photopigment densities and rugosity at reef scales is a compelling contribution to modernize reef monitoring. Seafloor-level hyperspectral images can be used for automated mapping, avoiding operator bias in the analysis and deliver the degree of detail necessary for standardized environmental monitoring. The technique can deliver fast, objective and economic reef survey results, making it a valuable tool for coastal managers and reef ecologists. Underwater hyperspectral surveying shares the vantage point of the high spatial and taxonomic resolution restricted to field surveys, with analytical techniques of remote sensing and provides targeted validation for aerial monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Chennu
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Paul Färber
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Glenn De'ath
- Australian Institute for Marine Science, Townsville, Australia
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
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28
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de Beer D, Weber M, Chennu A, Hamilton T, Lott C, Macalady J, M. Klatt J. Oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis in a microbial mat from an anoxic and sulfidic spring. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:1251-1265. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk de Beer
- Microsensor Group; Max-Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology; Celsiusstrasse 1 Bremen 28359 Germany
| | - Miriam Weber
- HYDRA Institute for Marine Sciences; Via del Forno 80, 57034 Campo nell'Elba (LI) Italy
| | - Arjun Chennu
- Microsensor Group; Max-Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology; Celsiusstrasse 1 Bremen 28359 Germany
| | - Trinity Hamilton
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati OH 45221 USA
| | - Christian Lott
- HYDRA Institute for Marine Sciences; Via del Forno 80, 57034 Campo nell'Elba (LI) Italy
| | - Jennifer Macalady
- Department of Geosciences; Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Judith M. Klatt
- Microsensor Group; Max-Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology; Celsiusstrasse 1 Bremen 28359 Germany
- Geomicrobiology Laboratory, Dept. of Earth & Environmental Sciences; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
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29
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Klatt JM, de Beer D, Häusler S, Polerecky L. Cyanobacteria in Sulfidic Spring Microbial Mats Can Perform Oxygenic and Anoxygenic Photosynthesis Simultaneously during an Entire Diurnal Period. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1973. [PMID: 28018309 PMCID: PMC5156726 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We used microsensors to study the regulation of anoxygenic and oxygenic photosynthesis (AP and OP, respectively) by light and sulfide in a cyanobacterium dominating microbial mats from cold sulfidic springs. Both photosynthetic modes were performed simultaneously over all H2S concentrations (1–2200 μM) and irradiances (4–52 μmol photons m-2 s-1) tested. AP increased with H2S concentration while the sum of oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthetic rates was constant at each light intensity. Thus, the total photosynthetically driven electron transport rate was solely controlled by the irradiance level. The partitioning between the rates of these two photosynthetic modes was regulated by both light and H2S concentration. The plastoquinone pool (PQ) receives electrons from sulfide:quinone:reductase (SQR) in AP and from photosystem II (PSII) in OP. It is thus the link in the electron transport chain where both pathways intersect, and the compound that controls their partitioning. We fitted our data with a model of the photosynthetic electron transport that includes the kinetics of plastoquinone reduction and oxidation. The model results confirmed that the observed partitioning between photosynthetic modes can be explained by a simple kinetic control based on the affinity of SQR and PSII toward PQ. The SQR enzyme and PSII have similar affinities toward PQ, which explains the concurrent OP and AP over an astonishingly wide range of H2S concentrations and irradiances. The elegant kinetic control of activity makes the cyanobacterium successful in the fluctuating spring environment. We discuss how these specific regulation mechanisms may have played a role in ancient H2S-rich oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Klatt
- Microsensor Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Marine MicrobiologyBremen, Germany; Geomicrobiology Lab, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann ArborMI, USA
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Microsensor Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefan Häusler
- Microsensor Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology Bremen, Germany
| | - Lubos Polerecky
- Microsensor Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Marine MicrobiologyBremen, Germany; Department of Earth Sciences - Geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
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30
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Hofmann LC, Koch M, de Beer D. Biotic Control of Surface pH and Evidence of Light-Induced H+ Pumping and Ca2+-H+ Exchange in a Tropical Crustose Coralline Alga. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159057. [PMID: 27459463 PMCID: PMC4961294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Presently, an incomplete mechanistic understanding of tropical reef macroalgae photosynthesis and calcification restricts predictions of how these important autotrophs will respond to global change. Therefore, we investigated the mechanistic link between inorganic carbon uptake pathways, photosynthesis and calcification in a tropical crustose coralline alga (CCA) using microsensors. We measured pH, oxygen (O2), and calcium (Ca2+) dynamics and fluxes at the thallus surface under ambient (8.1) and low (7.8) seawater pH (pHSW) and across a range of irradiances. Acetazolamide (AZ) was used to inhibit extracellular carbonic anhydrase (CAext), which mediates hydrolysis of HCO3-, and 4,4′ diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulphonate (DIDS) that blocks direct HCO3- uptake by anion exchange transport. Both inhibited photosynthesis, suggesting both diffusive uptake of CO2 via HCO3- hydrolysis to CO2 and direct HCO3- ion transport are important in this CCA. Surface pH was raised approximately 0.3 units at saturating irradiance, but less when CAext was inhibited. Surface pH was lower at pHSW 7.8 than pHSW 8.1 in the dark, but not in the light. The Ca2+ fluxes were large, complex and temporally variable, but revealed net Ca2+ uptake under all conditions. The temporal variability in Ca2+ dynamics was potentially related to localized dissolution during epithallial cell sloughing, a strategy of CCA to remove epiphytes. Simultaneous Ca2+ and pH dynamics suggest the presence of Ca2+/H+ exchange. Rapid light-induced H+ surface dynamics that continued after inhibition of photosynthesis revealed the presence of a light-mediated, but photosynthesis-independent, proton pump. Thus, the study indicates metabolic control of surface pH can occur in CCA through photosynthesis and light-inducible H+ pumps. Our results suggest that complex light-induced ion pumps play an important role in biological processes related to inorganic carbon uptake and calcification in CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie C. Hofmann
- Microsensor Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Marguerite Koch
- Aquatic Plant Ecology Lab, Biological Sciences Department, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Microsensor Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
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31
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Hassenrück C, Fink A, Lichtschlag A, Tegetmeyer HE, de Beer D, Ramette A. Quantification of the effects of ocean acidification on sediment microbial communities in the environment: the importance of ecosystem approaches. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw027. [PMID: 26887661 PMCID: PMC4828923 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how ocean acidification (OA) influences sediment microbial communities, naturally CO2-rich sites are increasingly being used as OA analogues. However, the characterization of these naturally CO2-rich sites is often limited to OA-related variables, neglecting additional environmental variables that may confound OA effects. Here, we used an extensive array of sediment and bottom water parameters to evaluate pH effects on sediment microbial communities at hydrothermal CO2 seeps in Papua New Guinea. The geochemical composition of the sediment pore water showed variations in the hydrothermal signature at seep sites with comparable pH, allowing the identification of sites that may better represent future OA scenarios. At these sites, we detected a 60% shift in the microbial community composition compared with reference sites, mostly related to increases in Chloroflexi sequences. pH was among the factors significantly, yet not mainly, explaining changes in microbial community composition. pH variation may therefore often not be the primary cause of microbial changes when sampling is done along complex environmental gradients. Thus, we recommend an ecosystem approach when assessing OA effects on sediment microbial communities under natural conditions. This will enable a more reliable quantification of OA effects via a reduction of potential confounding effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Hassenrück
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Artur Fink
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Anna Lichtschlag
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Halina E Tegetmeyer
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Alban Ramette
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Bern University, Finkenhubelweg 11, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Teske A, de Beer D, McKay LJ, Tivey MK, Biddle JF, Hoer D, Lloyd KG, Lever MA, Røy H, Albert DB, Mendlovitz HP, MacGregor BJ. The Guaymas Basin Hiking Guide to Hydrothermal Mounds, Chimneys, and Microbial Mats: Complex Seafloor Expressions of Subsurface Hydrothermal Circulation. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:75. [PMID: 26925032 PMCID: PMC4757712 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydrothermal mats, mounds, and chimneys of the southern Guaymas Basin are the surface expression of complex subsurface hydrothermal circulation patterns. In this overview, we document the most frequently visited features of this hydrothermal area with photographs, temperature measurements, and selected geochemical data; many of these distinct habitats await characterization of their microbial communities and activities. Microprofiler deployments on microbial mats and hydrothermal sediments show their steep geochemical and thermal gradients at millimeter-scale vertical resolution. Mapping these hydrothermal features and sampling locations within the southern Guaymas Basin suggest linkages to underlying shallow sills and heat flow gradients. Recognizing the inherent spatial limitations of much current Guaymas Basin sampling calls for comprehensive surveys of the wider spreading region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Teske
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Microsensor Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Bremen, Germany
| | - Luke J McKay
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA; Center for Biofilm Engineering and Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State UniversityBozeman, MT, USA
| | - Margaret K Tivey
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer F Biddle
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware Lewes, DE, USA
| | - Daniel Hoer
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Karen G Lloyd
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee at KnoxvilleKnoxville, TN, USA
| | - Mark A Lever
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Environmental Sciences, Eidgenössische Technische HochschuleZurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans Røy
- Center for Geomicrobiology, Aarhus University Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Daniel B Albert
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Howard P Mendlovitz
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Barbara J MacGregor
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Chennu A, Grinham A, Polerecky L, de Beer D, Al-Najjar MAA. Rapid Reactivation of Cyanobacterial Photosynthesis and Migration upon Rehydration of Desiccated Marine Microbial Mats. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1472. [PMID: 26733996 PMCID: PMC4689872 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Desiccated cyanobacterial mats are the dominant biological feature in the Earth's arid zones. While the response of desiccated cyanobacteria to rehydration is well-documented for terrestrial systems, information about the response in marine systems is lacking. We used high temporal resolution hyperspectral imaging, liquid chromatography, pulse-amplitude fluorometry, oxygen microsensors, and confocal laser microscopy to study this response in a desiccated microbial mat from Exmouth Gulf, Australia. During the initial 15 min after rehydration chlorophyll a concentrations increased 2-5 fold and cyanobacterial photosynthesis was re-established. Although the mechanism behind this rapid increase of chlorophyll a remains unknown, we hypothesize that it involves resynthesis from a precursor stored in desiccated cyanobacteria. The subsequent phase (15 min-48 h) involved migration of the reactivated cyanobacteria toward the mat surface, which led, together with a gradual increase in chlorophyll a, to a further increase in photosynthesis. We conclude that the response involving an increase in chlorophyll a and recovery of photosynthetic activity within minutes after rehydration is common for cyanobacteria from desiccated mats of both terrestrial and marine origin. However, the response of upward migration and its triggering factor appear to be mat-specific and likely linked to other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Chennu
- Max Planck Institute for Marine MicrobiologyBremen, Germany
| | - Alistair Grinham
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. LuciaQLD, Australia
| | - Lubos Polerecky
- Max Planck Institute for Marine MicrobiologyBremen, Germany
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine MicrobiologyBremen, Germany
| | - Mohammad A. A. Al-Najjar
- Max Planck Institute for Marine MicrobiologyBremen, Germany
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyJeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Hofmann LC, Fink A, Bischof K, de Beer D. Microsensor studies on Padina from a natural CO2 seep: implications of morphology on acclimation to low pH. J Phycol 2015; 51:1106-1115. [PMID: 26987005 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Low seawater pH can be harmful to many calcifying marine organisms, but the calcifying macroalgae Padina spp. flourish at natural submarine carbon dioxide seeps where seawater pH is low. We show that the microenvironment created by the rolled thallus margin of Padina australis facilitates supersaturation of CaCO3 and calcifi-cation via photosynthesis-induced elevated pH. Using microsensors to investigate oxygen and pH dynamics in the microenvironment of P. australis at a shallow CO2 seep, we found that, under saturating light, the pH inside the microenvironment (pHME ) was higher than the external seawater (pHSW ) at all pHSW levels investigated, and the difference (i.e., pHME - pHSW ) increased with decreasing pHSW (0.9 units at pHSW 7.0). Gross photosynthesis (Pg ) inside the microenvironment increased with decreasing pHSW , but algae from the control site reached a threshold at pH 6.5. Seep algae showed no pH threshold with respect to Pg within the pHSW range investigated. The external carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitor, acetazolamide, strongly inhibited Pg of P. australis at pHSW 8.2, but the effect was diminished under low pHSW (6.4-7.5), suggesting a greater dependence on membrane-bound CA for the dehydration of HCO3 (-) ions during dissolved inorganic carbon uptake at the higher pHSW . In comparison, a calcifying green alga, Halimeda cuneata f. digitata, was not inhibited by AZ, suggesting efficient bicarbonate transport. The ability of P. australis to elevate pHME at the site of calcification and its strong dependence on CA may explain why it can thrive at low pHSW .
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie C Hofmann
- Marine Botany, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. NW2, Bremen, 28359, Germany
| | - Artur Fink
- Microsensor Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, Bremen, 28359, Germany
| | - Kai Bischof
- Marine Botany, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. NW2, Bremen, 28359, Germany
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Microsensor Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, Bremen, 28359, Germany
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Li T, Piltz B, Podola B, Dron A, de Beer D, Melkonian M. Microscale profiling of photosynthesis-related variables in a highly productive biofilm photobioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:1046-55. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Botanisches Institut; Universität zu Köln; Köln 50674 Germany
| | - Bastian Piltz
- Botanisches Institut; Universität zu Köln; Köln 50674 Germany
| | - Björn Podola
- Botanisches Institut; Universität zu Köln; Köln 50674 Germany
| | - Anthony Dron
- Max-Planck-Institut für Marine Mikrobiologie; Bremen Germany
- Sustainable Energy, Air & Water Technology; Department of Bioscience Engineering; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Marine Mikrobiologie; Bremen Germany
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Sellmann L, Scholtysik R, de Beer D, Eisele L, Klein-Hitpass L, Nückel H, Dührsen U, Dürig J, Röth A, Baerlocher GM. Shorter telomeres correlate with an increase in the number of uniparental disomies in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 57:590-5. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1076929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Sellmann
- Department of Haematology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany,
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany,
| | - Rene Scholtysik
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany,
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Experimental Haematology, Department of Clinical Research, University Bern, Switzerland, and
| | - Lewin Eisele
- Department of Haematology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany,
| | - Ludger Klein-Hitpass
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany,
| | - Holger Nückel
- Department of Haematology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany,
| | - Ulrich Dührsen
- Department of Haematology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany,
| | - Jan Dürig
- Department of Haematology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany,
| | - Alexander Röth
- Department of Haematology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany,
| | - Gabriela M. Baerlocher
- Experimental Haematology, Department of Clinical Research, University Bern, Switzerland, and
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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Ionescu D, Bizic-Ionescu M, Khalili A, Malekmohammadi R, Morad MR, de Beer D, Grossart HP. A new tool for long-term studies of POM-bacteria interactions: overcoming the century-old Bottle Effect. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14706. [PMID: 26435525 PMCID: PMC4592964 DOI: 10.1038/srep14706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Downward fluxes of particulate organic matter (POM) are the major process for sequestering atmospheric CO2 into aquatic sediments for thousands of years. Budget calculations of the biological carbon pump are heavily based on the ratio between carbon export (sedimentation) and remineralization (release to the atmosphere). Current methodologies determine microbial dynamics on POM using closed vessels, which are strongly biased towards heterotrophy due to rapidly changing water chemistry (Bottle Effect). We developed a flow-through rolling tank for long term studies that continuously maintains POM at near in-situ conditions. There, bacterial communities resembled in-situ communities and greatly differed from those in the closed systems. The active particle-associated community in the flow-through system was stable for days, contrary to hours previously reported for closed incubations. In contrast to enhanced respiration rates, the decrease in photosynthetic rates on particles throughout the incubation was much slower in our system than in traditional ones. These results call for reevaluating experimentally-derived carbon fluxes estimated using traditional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Ionescu
- Leibniz Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Alte Fischerhuette 2, OT Neuglobsow, 16775, Stechlin, Germany
| | - Mina Bizic-Ionescu
- Leibniz Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Alte Fischerhuette 2, OT Neuglobsow, 16775, Stechlin, Germany
| | - Arzhang Khalili
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Reza Malekmohammadi
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Dirk de Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Grossart
- Leibniz Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Alte Fischerhuette 2, OT Neuglobsow, 16775, Stechlin, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Maulbeerallee 2, 14469,10 Potsdam, Germany
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Li T, Podola B, de Beer D, Melkonian M. A method to determine photosynthetic activity from oxygen microsensor data in biofilms subjected to evaporation. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 117:100-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Klatt JM, Meyer S, Häusler S, Macalady JL, de Beer D, Polerecky L. Structure and function of natural sulphide-oxidizing microbial mats under dynamic input of light and chemical energy. ISME J 2015; 10:921-33. [PMID: 26405833 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2015.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We studied the interaction between phototrophic and chemolithoautotrophic sulphide-oxidizing microorganisms in natural microbial mats forming in sulphidic streams. The structure of these mats varied between two end-members: one characterized by a layer dominated by large sulphur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB; mostly Beggiatoa-like) on top of a cyanobacterial layer (B/C mats) and the other with an inverted structure (C/B mats). C/B mats formed where the availability of oxygen from the water column was limited (<5 μm). Aerobic chemolithotrophic activity of the SOB depended entirely on oxygen produced locally by cyanobacteria during high light conditions. In contrast, B/C mats formed at locations where oxygen in the water column was comparatively abundant (>45 μM) and continuously present. Here SOB were independent of the photosynthetic activity of cyanobacteria and outcompeted the cyanobacteria in the uppermost layer of the mat where energy sources for both functional groups were concentrated. Outcompetition of photosynthetic microbes in the presence of light was facilitated by the decoupling of aerobic chemolithotrophy and oxygenic phototrophy. Remarkably, the B/C mats conserved much less energy than the C/B mats, although similar amounts of light and chemical energy were available. Thus ecosystems do not necessarily develop towards optimal energy usage. Our data suggest that, when two independent sources of energy are available, the structure and activity of microbial communities is primarily determined by the continuous rather than the intermittent energy source, even if the time-integrated energy flux of the intermittent energy source is greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Klatt
- Microsensor Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Steffi Meyer
- Microsensor Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefan Häusler
- Microsensor Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Dirk de Beer
- Microsensor Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Lubos Polerecky
- Microsensor Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.,Department of Earth Sciences-Geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Chennu A, Volkenborn N, de Beer D, Wethey DS, Woodin SA, Polerecky L. Effects of Bioadvection by Arenicola marina on Microphytobenthos in Permeable Sediments. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134236. [PMID: 26230398 PMCID: PMC4521690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We used hyperspectral imaging to study short-term effects of bioturbation by lugworms (Arenicola marina) on the surficial biomass of microphytobenthos (MPB) in permeable marine sediments. Within days to weeks after the addition of a lugworm to a homogenized and recomposed sediment, the average surficial MPB biomass and its spatial heterogeneity were, respectively, 150-250% and 280% higher than in sediments without lugworms. The surficial sediment area impacted by a single medium-sized lugworm (~4 g wet weight) over this time-scale was at least 340 cm2. While sediment reworking was the primary cause of the increased spatial heterogeneity, experiments with lugworm-mimics together with modeling showed that bioadvective porewater transport from depth to the sediment surface, as induced by the lugworm ventilating its burrow, was the main cause of the increased surficial MPB biomass. Although direct measurements of nutrient fluxes are lacking, our present data show that enhanced advective supply of nutrients from deeper sediment layers induced by faunal ventilation is an important mechanism that fuels high primary productivity at the surface of permeable sediments even though these systems are generally characterized by low standing stocks of nutrients and organic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Chennu
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Nils Volkenborn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States of America
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - David S. Wethey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States of America
| | - Sarah A. Woodin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States of America
| | - Lubos Polerecky
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
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de Beer D, Völzmann J, Kalka C, Baerlocher GM. Longitudinal Telomere Erosion in Lymphocyte Subsets of Patients with Atherosclerotic Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD). J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:OM01-3. [PMID: 25954657 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/10931.5684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Telomere attrition has been linked to accelerate vascular ageing and seems to predispose for vascular disease. Our aim was to study the telomere length dynamics over time and in subsets of leukocytes from 15 patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). The mean telomere length in subsets of leukocytes of patients with PAD was in the normal range of age-related telomere length values from healthy individuals. However, we found significant higher telomere attrition for T-cells from patients with PAD over a time period of six months when compared to the controls. The higher telomere loss in T-cells of patients with PAD most likely reflects a higher cell turnover of this leukocyte subset, which is involved in the process of chronic inflammatory disease underlying vascular disease. Further studies are needed to confirm these data and to assess how far this T-cell telomere attrition will correlate to the extent of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk de Beer
- Experimental Hematology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern Switzerland; Department of Hematology, University Hospital/Inselspital Bern , Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Völzmann
- Department of Clinical and Interventional Angiology, University Hospital Bern , Bern
| | - Christoph Kalka
- Department of Clinical and Interventional Angiology, University Hospital Bern , Bern
| | - Gabriela M Baerlocher
- Experimental Hematology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern Switzerland; Department of Hematology, University Hospital/Inselspital Bern , Bern, Switzerland
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Brocke HJ, Polerecky L, de Beer D, Weber M, Claudet J, Nugues MM. Organic matter degradation drives benthic cyanobacterial mat abundance on Caribbean coral reefs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125445. [PMID: 25941812 PMCID: PMC4420485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Benthic cyanobacterial mats (BCMs) are impacting coral reefs worldwide. However, the factors and mechanisms driving their proliferation are unclear. We conducted a multi-year survey around the Caribbean island of Curaçao, which revealed highest BCM abundance on sheltered reefs close to urbanised areas. Reefs with high BCM abundance were also characterised by high benthic cover of macroalgae and low cover of corals. Nutrient concentrations in the water-column were consistently low, but markedly increased just above substrata (both sandy and hard) covered with BCMs. This was true for sites with both high and low BCM coverage, suggesting that BCM growth is stimulated by a localised, substrate-linked release of nutrients from the microbial degradation of organic matter. This hypothesis was supported by a higher organic content in sediments on reefs with high BCM coverage, and by an in situ experiment which showed that BCMs grew within days on sediments enriched with organic matter (Spirulina). We propose that nutrient runoff from urbanised areas stimulates phototrophic blooms and enhances organic matter concentrations on the reef. This organic matter is transported by currents and settles on the seabed at sites with low hydrodynamics. Subsequently, nutrients released from the organic matter degradation fuel the growth of BCMs. Improved management of nutrients generated on land should lower organic loading of sediments and other benthos (e.g. turf and macroalgae) to reduce BCM proliferation on coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J. Brocke
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology (MPI Bremen), Bremen, Germany
- Department of Ecology, Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT), Bremen, Germany
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Corail, CRIOBE—USR 3278, EPHE-CNRS-UPVD, Perpignan, France
| | - Lubos Polerecky
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology (MPI Bremen), Bremen, Germany
- Geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology (MPI Bremen), Bremen, Germany
| | - Miriam Weber
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology (MPI Bremen), Bremen, Germany
- HYDRA Institute for Marine Sciences, Elba Field Station, Campo nell'Elba, Italy
| | - Joachim Claudet
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Corail, CRIOBE—USR 3278, EPHE-CNRS-UPVD, Perpignan, France
| | - Maggy M. Nugues
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Corail, CRIOBE—USR 3278, EPHE-CNRS-UPVD, Perpignan, France
- Caribbean Research and Management of Biodiversity (CARMABI) Foundation, Willemstad, Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles
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Brocke HJ, Wenzhoefer F, de Beer D, Mueller B, van Duyl FC, Nugues MM. High dissolved organic carbon release by benthic cyanobacterial mats in a Caribbean reef ecosystem. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8852. [PMID: 25747523 PMCID: PMC4649756 DOI: 10.1038/srep08852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Benthic cyanobacterial mats (BCMs) are increasing in abundance on coral reefs worldwide. However, their impacts on biogeochemical cycling in the surrounding water and sediment are virtually unknown. By measuring chemical fluxes in benthic chambers placed over sediment covered by BCMs and sediment with BCMs removed on coral reefs in Curaçao, Southern Caribbean, we found that sediment covered by BCMs released 1.4 and 3.5 mmol C m−2 h−1 of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during day and night, respectively. Conversely, sediment with BCMs removed took up DOC, with day and night uptake rates of 0.9 and 0.6 mmol C m−2 h−1. DOC release by BCMs was higher than reported rates for benthic algae (turf and macroalgae) and was estimated to represent 79% of the total DOC released over a 24 h diel cycle at our study site. The high nocturnal release of DOC by BCMs is most likely the result of anaerobic metabolism and degradation processes, as shown by high respiration rates at the mat surface during nighttime. We conclude that BCMs are significant sources of DOC. Their increased abundance on coral reefs will lead to increased DOC release into the water column, which is likely to have negative implications for reef health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Brocke
- 1] Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology (MPI Bremen), Celsiusstr. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany [2] Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT), Fahrenheitstr. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany [3] CRIOBE - USR 3278, CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Frank Wenzhoefer
- 1] Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology (MPI Bremen), Celsiusstr. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany [2] Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology (MPI Bremen), Celsiusstr. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mueller
- 1] Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), P.O. Box 59, 1790AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands [2] CARMABI Foundation, Piscaderabaai z/n, P.O. Box 2090, Willemstad, Curaçao
| | - Fleur C van Duyl
- 1] Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), P.O. Box 59, 1790AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands [2] CARMABI Foundation, Piscaderabaai z/n, P.O. Box 2090, Willemstad, Curaçao
| | - Maggy M Nugues
- 1] CRIOBE - USR 3278, CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France [2] CARMABI Foundation, Piscaderabaai z/n, P.O. Box 2090, Willemstad, Curaçao [3] Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL"
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Klatt JM, Haas S, Yilmaz P, de Beer D, Polerecky L. Hydrogen sulfide can inhibit and enhance oxygenic photosynthesis in a cyanobacterium from sulfidic springs. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:3301-13. [PMID: 25630511 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We used microsensors to investigate the combinatory effect of hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) and light on oxygenic photosynthesis in biofilms formed by a cyanobacterium from sulfidic springs. We found that photosynthesis was both positively and negatively affected by H2 S: (i) H2 S accelerated the recovery of photosynthesis after prolonged exposure to darkness and anoxia. We suggest that this is possibly due to regulatory effects of H2 S on photosystem I components and/or on the Calvin cycle. (ii) H2 S concentrations of up to 210 μM temporarily enhanced the photosynthetic rates at low irradiance. Modelling showed that this enhancement is plausibly based on changes in the light-harvesting efficiency. (iii) Above a certain light-dependent concentration threshold H2 S also acted as an inhibitor. Intriguingly, this inhibition was not instant but occurred only after a specific time interval that decreased with increasing light intensity. That photosynthesis is most sensitive to inhibition at high light intensities suggests that H2 S inactivates an intermediate of the oxygen evolving complex that accumulates with increasing light intensity. We discuss the implications of these three effects of H2 S in the context of cyanobacterial photosynthesis under conditions with diurnally fluctuating light and H2 S concentrations, such as those occurring in microbial mats and biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Klatt
- Max-Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, Bremen, 28359, Germany
| | - Sebastian Haas
- Max-Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, Bremen, 28359, Germany
| | - Pelin Yilmaz
- Max-Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, Bremen, 28359, Germany
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, Bremen, 28359, Germany
| | - Lubos Polerecky
- Max-Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, Bremen, 28359, Germany.,Department of Earth Sciences - Geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, Utrecht, 3584 CD, The Netherlands
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Klatt JM, Al-Najjar MAA, Yilmaz P, Lavik G, de Beer D, Polerecky L. Anoxygenic photosynthesis controls oxygenic photosynthesis in a cyanobacterium from a sulfidic spring. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:2025-31. [PMID: 25576611 PMCID: PMC4345360 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03579-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Before the Earth's complete oxygenation (0.58 to 0.55 billion years [Ga] ago), the photic zone of the Proterozoic oceans was probably redox stratified, with a slightly aerobic, nutrient-limited upper layer above a light-limited layer that tended toward euxinia. In such oceans, cyanobacteria capable of both oxygenic and sulfide-driven anoxygenic photosynthesis played a fundamental role in the global carbon, oxygen, and sulfur cycle. We have isolated a cyanobacterium, Pseudanabaena strain FS39, in which this versatility is still conserved, and we show that the transition between the two photosynthetic modes follows a surprisingly simple kinetic regulation controlled by this organism's affinity for H2S. Specifically, oxygenic photosynthesis is performed in addition to anoxygenic photosynthesis only when H2S becomes limiting and its concentration decreases below a threshold that increases predictably with the available ambient light. The carbon-based growth rates during oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis were similar. However, Pseudanabaena FS39 additionally assimilated NO3 (-) during anoxygenic photosynthesis. Thus, the transition between anoxygenic and oxygenic photosynthesis was accompanied by a shift of the C/N ratio of the total bulk biomass. These mechanisms offer new insights into the way in which, despite nutrient limitation in the oxic photic zone in the mid-Proterozoic oceans, versatile cyanobacteria might have promoted oxygenic photosynthesis and total primary productivity, a key step that enabled the complete oxygenation of our planet and the subsequent diversification of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Klatt
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Mohammad A A Al-Najjar
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany Red Sea Research Center, KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pelin Yilmaz
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Gaute Lavik
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Lubos Polerecky
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany Department of Earth Sciences-Geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Raulf FF, Fabricius K, Uthicke S, de Beer D, Abed RMM, Ramette A. Changes in microbial communities in coastal sediments along natural CO2gradients at a volcanic vent in Papua New Guinea. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:3678-91. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix F. Raulf
- HGF-MPG Joint Research Group on Deep Sea Ecology and Technology; Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology; Bremen Germany
| | - Katharina Fabricius
- Water Quality and Ecosystem Health; Australian Institute of Marine Science; Townsville Australia
| | - Sven Uthicke
- Water Quality and Ecosystem Health; Australian Institute of Marine Science; Townsville Australia
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Microsensor Group; Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology; Bremen Germany
| | | | - Alban Ramette
- HGF-MPG Joint Research Group on Deep Sea Ecology and Technology; Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology; Bremen Germany
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Abed RMM, Polerecky L, Al-Habsi A, Oetjen J, Strous M, de Beer D. Rapid recovery of cyanobacterial pigments in desiccated biological soil crusts following addition of water. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112372. [PMID: 25375172 PMCID: PMC4223047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined soil surface colour change to green and hydrotaxis following addition of water to biological soil crusts using pigment extraction, hyperspectral imaging, microsensors and 13C labeling experiments coupled to matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALD-TOF MS). The topsoil colour turned green in less than 5 minutes following water addition. The concentrations of chlorophyll a (Chl a), scytonemin and echinenon rapidly increased in the top <1 mm layer while in the deeper layer, their concentrations remained low. Hyperspectral imaging showed that, in both wet and dehydrated crusts, cyanobacteria formed a layer at a depth of 0.2–0.4 mm and this layer did not move upward after wetting. 13C labeling experiments and MALDI TOF analysis showed that Chl a was already present in the desiccated crusts and de novo synthesis of this molecule started only after 2 days of wetting due to growth of cyanobacteria. Microsensor measurements showed that photosynthetic activity increased concomitantly with the increase of Chl a, and reached a maximum net rate of 92 µmol m−2 h−1 approximately 2 hours after wetting. We conclude that the colour change of soil crusts to green upon water addition was not due to hydrotaxis but rather to the quick recovery and reassembly of pigments. Cyanobacteria in crusts can maintain their photosynthetic apparatus intact even under prolonged periods of desiccation with the ability to resume their photosynthetic activities within minutes after wetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raeid M. M. Abed
- Sultan Qaboos University, College of Science, Biology Department, Al Khoud, Sultanate of Oman
- * E-mail:
| | - Lubos Polerecky
- Max-Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Amal Al-Habsi
- Sultan Qaboos University, College of Science, Biology Department, Al Khoud, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Janina Oetjen
- MALDI Imaging Laboratory, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Marc Strous
- Max-Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max-Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
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Behrendt A, Tarre S, Beliavski M, Green M, Klatt J, de Beer D, Stief P. Effect of high electron donor supply on dissimilatory nitrate reduction pathways in a bioreactor for nitrate removal. Bioresour Technol 2014; 171:291-297. [PMID: 25212823 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The possible shift of a bioreactor for NO3(-) removal from predominantly denitrification (DEN) to dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) by elevated electron donor supply was investigated. By increasing the C/NO3(-) ratio in one of two initially identical reactors, the production of high sulfide concentrations was induced. The response of the dissimilatory NO3(-) reduction processes to the increased availability of organic carbon and sulfide was monitored in a batch incubation system. The expected shift from a DEN- towards a DNRA-dominated bioreactor was not observed, also not under conditions where DNRA would be thermodynamically favorable. Remarkably, the microbial community exposed to a high C/NO3(-) ratio and sulfide concentration did not use the most energy-gaining process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Behrendt
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Microsensor Group, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Sheldon Tarre
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michael Beliavski
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michal Green
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Judith Klatt
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Microsensor Group, Bremen, Germany
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Microsensor Group, Bremen, Germany
| | - Peter Stief
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Microsensor Group, Bremen, Germany; University of Southern Denmark, Department of Biology, NordCEE, Odense, Denmark
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Ionescu D, Buchmann B, Heim C, Häusler S, de Beer D, Polerecky L. Oxygenic photosynthesis as a protection mechanism for cyanobacteria against iron-encrustation in environments with high Fe(2+) concentrations. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:459. [PMID: 25228899 PMCID: PMC4151041 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
If O2 is available at circumneutral pH, Fe2+ is rapidly oxidized to Fe3+, which precipitates as FeO(OH). Neutrophilic iron oxidizing bacteria have evolved mechanisms to prevent self-encrustation in iron. Hitherto, no mechanism has been proposed for cyanobacteria from Fe2+-rich environments; these produce O2 but are seldom found encrusted in iron. We used two sets of illuminated reactors connected to two groundwater aquifers with different Fe2+ concentrations (0.9 μM vs. 26 μM) in the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL), Sweden. Cyanobacterial biofilms developed in all reactors and were phylogenetically different between the reactors. Unexpectedly, cyanobacteria growing in the Fe2+-poor reactors were encrusted in iron, whereas those in the Fe2+-rich reactors were not. In-situ microsensor measurements showed that O2 concentrations and pH near the surface of the cyanobacterial biofilms from the Fe2+-rich reactors were much higher than in the overlying water. This was not the case for the biofilms growing at low Fe2+ concentrations. Measurements with enrichment cultures showed that cyanobacteria from the Fe2+-rich environment increased their photosynthesis with increasing Fe2+ concentrations, whereas those from the low Fe2+ environment were inhibited at Fe2+ > 5 μM. Modeling based on in-situ O2 and pH profiles showed that cyanobacteria from the Fe2+-rich reactor were not exposed to significant Fe2+ concentrations. We propose that, due to limited mass transfer, high photosynthetic activity in Fe2+-rich environments forms a protective zone where Fe2+ precipitates abiotically at a non-lethal distance from the cyanobacteria. This mechanism sheds new light on the possible role of cyanobacteria in precipitation of banded iron formations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Ionescu
- Microsensor Group, Max-Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Bremen, Germany ; Department of Stratified Lakes, Leibniz Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Stechlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Buchmann
- Microsensor Group, Max-Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Bremen, Germany
| | - Christine Heim
- Department of Geobiology, Geoscience Center, Georg-August University of Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Häusler
- Microsensor Group, Max-Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Bremen, Germany
| | - Dirk de Beer
- Microsensor Group, Max-Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Bremen, Germany
| | - Lubos Polerecky
- Microsensor Group, Max-Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology Bremen, Germany ; Department of Earth Sciences - Geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
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Häusler S, Weber M, de Beer D, Ionescu D. Spatial distribution of diatom and cyanobacterial mats in the Dead Sea is determined by response to rapid salinity fluctuations. Extremophiles 2014; 18:1085-94. [PMID: 25138278 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-014-0686-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria and diatom mats are ubiquitous in hypersaline environments but have never been observed in the Dead Sea, one of the most hypersaline lakes on Earth. Here we report the discovery of phototrophic microbial mats at underwater freshwater seeps in the Dead Sea. These mats are either dominated by diatoms or unicellular cyanobacteria and are spatially separated. Using in situ and ex situ O2 microsensor measurements we show that these organisms are photosynthetically active in their natural habitat. The diatoms, which are phylogenetically associated to the Navicula genus, grew in culture at salinities up to 40 % Dead Sea water (DSW) (14 % total dissolved salts, TDS). The unicellular cyanobacteria belong to the extremely halotolerant Euhalothece genus and grew at salinities up to 70 % DSW (24.5 % TDS). As suggested by a variable O2 penetration depth measured in situ, the organisms are exposed to drastic salinity fluctuations ranging from brackish to DSW salinity within minutes to hours. We could demonstrate that both phototrophs are able to withstand such extreme short-term fluctuations. Nevertheless, while the diatoms recover better from rapid fluctuations, the cyanobacteria cope better with long-term exposure to DSW. We conclude that the main reason for the development of these microbial mats is a local dilution of the hypersaline Dead Sea to levels allowing growth. Their spatial distribution in the seeping areas is a result of different recovery rates from short or long-term fluctuation in salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Häusler
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, 28211, Bremen, Germany
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