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Robello M, Nikolayevskiy H, Scerba MT, Nahui Palomino RA, Mercurio V, Appella DH. Prodrug Strategy Extends the Use of Anti-HIV Sulfanylbenzamides for Application In Vivo. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:259-273. [PMID: 38250006 PMCID: PMC10795369 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Sulfanylbenzamide thioesters are molecules with anti-HIV activity that disrupt zinc coordination in the viral protein NCp7. These molecules are useful as topical microbicides; however, they are too unstable to be used systemically. In this article, a nitroimidazole prodrug was used to protect the sulfanylbenzamide to convey blood stability and oral bioavailability to the molecule. Studies on the molecule called nipamovir were performed to assess the rate of prodrug cleavage, antiviral activity, mechanism of metabolism, and in vivo pharmacokinetics in several different species. An efficient and inexpensive synthesis of nipamovir is also described. The results indicate that nipamovir could be further developed as a new type of drug to treat HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Robello
- Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, Laboratory of
Bioorganic Chemistry (LBC), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney
Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, 8 Center
Drive, Room 404, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Herman Nikolayevskiy
- Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, Laboratory of
Bioorganic Chemistry (LBC), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney
Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, 8 Center
Drive, Room 404, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Michael T. Scerba
- Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, Laboratory of
Bioorganic Chemistry (LBC), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney
Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, 8 Center
Drive, Room 404, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Rogers Alberto Nahui Palomino
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy
Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United
States
| | - Vincenzo Mercurio
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy
Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United
States
| | - Daniel H. Appella
- Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, Laboratory of
Bioorganic Chemistry (LBC), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney
Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, 8 Center
Drive, Room 404, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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2
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Cardia R, Cappellini G, Valentini M, Pieroni E. A combined molecular dynamics simulation and DFT study on mercapto-benzamide inhibitors for the HIV NCp7 protein. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:25547-25554. [PMID: 36254678 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03481f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics and quantum simulations are performed to elucidate some aspects of the action mechanism of mercapto-benzamides, a proposed class of antivirals against HIV-1. These molecules act as prodrugs that, after modifications in the biological environment, are able to denature the HIV nucleocapsid protein 7, a metal binder protein, with two zinc finger motifs, vital for RNA maturation and viral replication. Despite their attractive features, these molecules and their biological target are not well understood. Simulations were performed to support a proposed action mechanism, based on the activation of mercapto-benzamides by acetylation, targeting a relatively rare protein hydrolyzed state, followed by trans-molecular acetylation from the molecule to the protein and finally the direct interaction of the molecular sulphur atom of mercapto-benzamides with the zinc atom coordinated by the protein. Our simulation results are in agreement with the NMR data about the zinc finger binding protein equilibrium configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cardia
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Cagliari, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
- CRS4, Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis Program, 09010, Pula, Italy.
| | - G Cappellini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Cagliari, 09042, Cagliari, Italy
- ETSF, European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility, Italy
| | - M Valentini
- CRS4, Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis Program, 09010, Pula, Italy.
| | - E Pieroni
- CRS4, Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis Program, 09010, Pula, Italy.
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3
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Laitinen T, Meili T, Koyioni M, Koutentis PA, Poso A, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Asquith CRM. Synthesis and evaluation of 1,2,3-dithiazole inhibitors of the nucleocapsid protein of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) as a model for HIV infection. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 68:116834. [PMID: 35653871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We disclose a series of potent anti-viral 1,2,3-dithiazoles, accessed through a succinct synthetic approach from 4,5-dichloro-1,2,3-dithiazolium chloride (Appel's salt). A series of small libraries of compounds were screened against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infected cells as a model for HIV. This approach highlighted new structure activity relationship understanding and led to the development of sub-micro molar anti-viral compounds with reduced toxicity. In addition, insight into the mechanistic progress of this system is provided via advanced QM-MM modelling. The 1,2,3-dithiazole represents a versatile scaffold with potential for further development to treat both FIV and HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Theres Meili
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Maria Koyioni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Christopher R M Asquith
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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4
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Kato T, Lim B, Cheng Y, Pham AT, Maynard J, Moreau D, Poblador-Bahamonde AI, Sakai N, Matile S. Cyclic Thiosulfonates for Thiol-Mediated Uptake: Cascade Exchangers, Transporters, Inhibitors. JACS AU 2022; 2:839-852. [PMID: 35557769 PMCID: PMC9088311 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Thiol-mediated uptake is emerging as a powerful method to penetrate cells. Cyclic oligochalcogenides (COCs) have been identified as privileged scaffolds to enable and inhibit thiol-mediated uptake because they can act as dynamic covalent cascade exchangers, i.e., every exchange produces a new, covalently tethered exchanger. In this study, our focus is on the essentially unexplored COCs of higher oxidation levels. Quantitative characterization of the underlying dynamic covalent exchange cascades reveals that the initial ring opening of cyclic thiosulfonates (CTOs) proceeds at a high speed even at a low pH. The released sulfinates exchange with disulfides in aprotic but much less in protic environments. Hydrophobic domains were thus introduced to direct CTOs into hydrophobic pockets to enhance their reactivity. Equipped with such directing groups, fluorescently labeled CTOs entered the cytosol of living cells more efficiently than the popular asparagusic acid. Added as competitive agents, CTOs inhibit the uptake of various COC transporters and SARS-CoV-2 lentivectors. Orthogonal trends found with different transporters support the existence of multiple cellular partners to account for the diverse expressions of thiol-mediated uptake. Dominant self-inhibition and high activity of dimers imply selective and synergistic exchange in hydrophobic pockets as distinguishing characteristics of thiol-mediated uptake with CTOs. The best CTO dimers with hydrophobic directing groups inhibit the cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2 lentivectors with an IC50 significantly lower than the previous best CTO, below the 10 μM threshold and better than ebselen. Taken together, these results identify CTOs as an intriguing motif for use in cytosolic delivery, as inhibitors of lentivector entry, and for the evolution of dynamic covalent networks in the broadest sense, with reactivity-based selectivity of cascade exchange emerging as a distinguishing characteristic that deserves further attention.
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5
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Dreab A, Bayse CA. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Reduced and Oxidized TFIIIA Zinc Fingers Free and Interacting with 5S RNA. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:903-913. [PMID: 35143196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c01272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interactions of zinc finger (ZF) proteins with nucleic acids and proteins play an important role in DNA transcription and repair, biochemical recognition, and protein regulation. The release of Zn2+ through oxidation of cysteine thiolates is associated with disruption of gene expression and DNA repair, preventing tumor growth. Multi-microsecond molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out to examine the effect of Cys oxidation on the ZF456 fragment of transcription factor III A (TFIIIA) and its complex with 5S RNA. In the absence of 5S RNA, the reduced ZF456 peptide undergoes conformational changes in the secondary structure due to the reorientation of the intact ZF domains. Upon oxidation, the individual ZF domains unfold to various degrees, yielding a globular ZF456 peptide with ZF4 and ZF6, responsible for base-specific hydrogen bonds with 5S RNA, losing their ββα-folds. ZF5, on the other hand, participates in nonspecific interactions through its α-helix that conditionally unravels early in the simulation. In the presence of RNA, oxidation of the ZF456 peptide disrupts the key hydrogen bonding interactions between ZF5/ZF6 and 5S RNA. However, interactions with ZF4 are dependent on the protonation state of His119.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dreab
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Craig A Bayse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
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6
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A computational method for predicting nucleocapsid protein in retroviruses. Sci Rep 2022; 12:524. [PMID: 35017554 PMCID: PMC8752852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03182-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleocapsid protein (NC) in the group-specific antigen (gag) of retrovirus is essential in the interactions of most retroviral gag proteins with RNAs. Computational method to predict NCs would benefit subsequent structure analysis and functional study on them. However, no computational method to predict the exact locations of NCs in retroviruses has been proposed yet. The wide range of length variation of NCs also increases the difficulties. In this paper, a computational method to identify NCs in retroviruses is proposed. All available retrovirus sequences with NC annotations were collected from NCBI. Models based on random forest (RF) and weighted support vector machine (WSVM) were built to predict initiation and termination sites of NCs. Factor analysis scales of generalized amino acid information along with position weight matrix were utilized to generate the feature space. Homology based gene prediction methods were also compared and integrated to bring out better predicting performance. Candidate initiation and termination sites predicted were then combined and screened according to their intervals, decision values and alignment scores. All available gag sequences without NC annotations were scanned with the model to detect putative NCs. Geometric means of sensitivity and specificity generated from prediction of initiation and termination sites under fivefold cross-validation are 0.9900 and 0.9548 respectively. 90.91% of all the collected retrovirus sequences with NC annotations could be predicted totally correct by the model combining WSVM, RF and simple alignment. The composite model performs better than the simplex ones. 235 putative NCs in unannotated gags were detected by the model. Our prediction method performs well on NC recognition and could also be expanded to solve other gene prediction problems, especially those whose training samples have large length variations.
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7
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Singh A, Kaushik A, Dhau JS, Kumar R. Exploring coordination preferences and biological applications of pyridyl-based organochalcogen (Se, Te) ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Laurent Q, Martinent R, Moreau D, Winssinger N, Sakai N, Matile S. Oligonucleotide Phosphorothioates Enter Cells by Thiol‐Mediated Uptake. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Laurent
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Rémi Martinent
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Dimitri Moreau
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Winssinger
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
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9
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Laurent Q, Martinent R, Moreau D, Winssinger N, Sakai N, Matile S. Oligonucleotide Phosphorothioates Enter Cells by Thiol-Mediated Uptake. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19102-19106. [PMID: 34173696 PMCID: PMC8456962 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide phosphorothioates (OPS) are DNA or RNA mimics where one phosphate oxygen is replaced by a sulfur atom. They have been shown to enter mammalian cells much more efficiently than non-modified DNA. Thus, solving one of the key challenges with oligonucleotide technology, OPS became very useful in practice, with several FDA-approved drugs on the market or in late clinical trials. However, the mechanism accounting for this facile cellular uptake is unknown. Here, we show that OPS enter cells by thiol-mediated uptake. The transient adaptive network produced by dynamic covalent pseudo-disulfide exchange is characterized in action. Inhibitors with nanomolar efficiency are provided, together with activators that reduce endosomal capture for efficient delivery of OPS into the cytosol, the site of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Laurent
- School of Chemistry and BiochemistryNational Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical BiologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Rémi Martinent
- School of Chemistry and BiochemistryNational Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical BiologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Dimitri Moreau
- School of Chemistry and BiochemistryNational Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical BiologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Nicolas Winssinger
- School of Chemistry and BiochemistryNational Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical BiologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- School of Chemistry and BiochemistryNational Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical BiologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- School of Chemistry and BiochemistryNational Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical BiologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
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10
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Laurent Q, Martinent R, Lim B, Pham AT, Kato T, López-Andarias J, Sakai N, Matile S. Thiol-Mediated Uptake. JACS AU 2021; 1:710-728. [PMID: 34467328 PMCID: PMC8395643 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This Perspective focuses on thiol-mediated uptake, that is, the entry of substrates into cells enabled by oligochalcogenides or mimics, often disulfides, and inhibited by thiol-reactive agents. A short chronology from the initial observations in 1990 until today is followed by a summary of cell-penetrating poly(disulfide)s (CPDs) and cyclic oligochalcogenides (COCs) as privileged scaffolds in thiol-mediated uptake and inhibitors of thiol-mediated uptake as potential antivirals. In the spirit of a Perspective, the main part brings together topics that possibly could help to explain how thiol-mediated uptake really works. Extreme sulfur chemistry mostly related to COCs and their mimics, cyclic disulfides, thiosulfinates/-onates, diselenolanes, benzopolysulfanes, but also arsenics and Michael acceptors, is viewed in the context of acidity, ring tension, exchange cascades, adaptive networks, exchange affinity columns, molecular walkers, ring-opening polymerizations, and templated polymerizations. Micellar pores (or lipid ion channels) are considered, from cell-penetrating peptides and natural antibiotics to voltage sensors, and a concise gallery of membrane proteins, as possible targets of thiol-mediated uptake, is provided, including CLIC1, a thiol-reactive chloride channel; TMEM16F, a Ca-activated scramblase; EGFR, the epithelial growth factor receptor; and protein-disulfide isomerase, known from HIV entry or the transferrin receptor, a top hit in proteomics and recently identified in the cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Laurent
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rémi Martinent
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bumhee Lim
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anh-Tuan Pham
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Takehiro Kato
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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11
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Rosa LB, Aires RL, Oliveira LS, Fontes JV, Miguel DC, Abbehausen C. A "Golden Age" for the discovery of new antileishmanial agents: Current status of leishmanicidal gold complexes and prospective targets beyond the trypanothione system. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1681-1695. [PMID: 33615725 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the most neglected diseases worldwide and is considered a serious public health issue. The current therapeutic options have several disadvantages that make the search for new therapeutics urgent. Gold compounds are emerging as promising candidates based on encouraging in vitro and limited in vivo results for several AuI and AuIII complexes. The antiparasitic mechanisms of these molecules remain only partially understood. However, a few studies have proposed the trypanothione redox system as a target, similar to the mammalian thioredoxin system, pointed out as the main target for several gold compounds with significant antitumor activity. In this review, we present the current status of the investigation and design of gold compounds directed at treating leishmaniasis. In addition, we explore potential targets in Leishmania parasites beyond the trypanothione system, taking into account previous studies and structure modulation performed for gold-based compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia B Rosa
- Institute of Biology, University of Campinas UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rochanna L Aires
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil)
| | - Laiane S Oliveira
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil)
| | - Josielle V Fontes
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil)
| | - Danilo C Miguel
- Institute of Biology, University of Campinas UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Camilla Abbehausen
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil)
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12
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Brocca S, Grandori R, Longhi S, Uversky V. Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation by Intrinsically Disordered Protein Regions of Viruses: Roles in Viral Life Cycle and Control of Virus-Host Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9045. [PMID: 33260713 PMCID: PMC7730420 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are unable to adopt a unique 3D structure under physiological conditions and thus exist as highly dynamic conformational ensembles. IDPs are ubiquitous and widely spread in the protein realm. In the last decade, compelling experimental evidence has been gathered, pointing to the ability of IDPs and intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), a phenomenon driving the formation of membrane-less organelles (MLOs). These biological condensates play a critical role in the spatio-temporal organization of the cell, where they exert a multitude of key biological functions, ranging from transcriptional regulation and silencing to control of signal transduction networks. After introducing IDPs and LLPS, we herein survey available data on LLPS by IDPs/IDRs of viral origin and discuss their functional implications. We distinguish LLPS associated with viral replication and trafficking of viral components, from the LLPS-mediated interference of viruses with host cell functions. We discuss emerging evidence on the ability of plant virus proteins to interfere with the regulation of MLOs of the host and propose that bacteriophages can interfere with bacterial LLPS, as well. We conclude by discussing how LLPS could be targeted to treat phase separation-associated diseases, including viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Brocca
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Rita Grandori
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Sonia Longhi
- Laboratoire Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), Aix-Marseille University and CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Vladimir Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33601, USA
- Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
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13
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Cheng Y, Pham AT, Kato T, Lim B, Moreau D, López-Andarias J, Zong L, Sakai N, Matile S. Inhibitors of thiol-mediated uptake. Chem Sci 2020; 12:626-631. [PMID: 34163793 PMCID: PMC8179002 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05447j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ellman's reagent has caused substantial confusion and concern as a probe for thiol-mediated uptake because it is the only established inhibitor available but works neither efficiently nor reliably. Here we use fluorescent cyclic oligochalcogenides that enter cells by thiol-mediated uptake to systematically screen for more potent inhibitors, including epidithiodiketopiperazines, benzopolysulfanes, disulfide-bridged γ-turned peptides, heteroaromatic sulfones and cyclic thiosulfonates, thiosulfinates and disulfides. With nanomolar activity, the best inhibitors identified are more than 5000 times better than Ellman's reagent. Different activities found with different reporters reveal thiol-mediated uptake as a complex multitarget process. Preliminary results on the inhibition of the cellular uptake of pseudo-lentivectors expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein do not exclude potential of efficient inhibitors of thiol-mediated uptake for the development of new antivirals. Thiol-reactive inhibitors for the cellular entry of cyclic oligochalcogenide (COC) transporters and SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudo-lentivirus are reported.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Cheng
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile/ +41 22 379 6523
| | - Anh-Tuan Pham
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile/ +41 22 379 6523
| | - Takehiro Kato
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile/ +41 22 379 6523
| | - Bumhee Lim
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile/ +41 22 379 6523
| | - Dimitri Moreau
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile/ +41 22 379 6523
| | - Javier López-Andarias
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile/ +41 22 379 6523
| | - Lili Zong
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile/ +41 22 379 6523
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile/ +41 22 379 6523
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile/ +41 22 379 6523
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14
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Dick A, Cocklin S. Recent Advances in HIV-1 Gag Inhibitor Design and Development. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071687. [PMID: 32272714 PMCID: PMC7181048 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) treatment with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has improved the life quality of many patients since its implementation. However, resistance mutations and the accumulation of severe side effects associated with cART remain enormous challenges that need to be addressed with the continual design and redesign of anti-HIV drugs. In this review, we focus on the importance of the HIV-1 Gag polyprotein as the master coordinator of HIV-1 assembly and maturation and as an emerging drug target. Due to its multiple roles in the HIV-1 life cycle, the individual Gag domains are attractive but also challenging targets for inhibitor design. However, recent encouraging developments in targeting the Gag domains such as the capsid protein with highly potent and potentially long-acting inhibitors, as well as the exploration and successful targeting of challenging HIV-1 proteins such as the matrix protein, have demonstrated the therapeutic viability of this important protein. Such Gag-directed inhibitors have great potential for combating the AIDS pandemic and to be useful tools to dissect HIV-1 biology.
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Monette A, Niu M, Chen L, Rao S, Gorelick RJ, Mouland AJ. Pan-retroviral Nucleocapsid-Mediated Phase Separation Regulates Genomic RNA Positioning and Trafficking. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107520. [PMID: 32320662 PMCID: PMC8965748 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The duality of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of cellular components into membraneless organelles defines the nucleation of both normal and disease processes including stress granule (SG) assembly. From mounting evidence of LLPS utility by viruses, we discover that HIV-1 nucleocapsid (NC) protein condenses into zinc-finger (ZnF)-dependent LLPSs that are dynamically influenced by cytosolic factors. ZnF-dependent and Zinc (Zn2+)-chelation-sensitive NC-LLPS are formed in live cells. NC-Zn2+ ejection reverses the HIV-1 blockade on SG assembly, inhibits NC-SG assembly, disrupts NC/Gag-genomic RNA (vRNA) ribonucleoprotein complexes, and causes nuclear sequestration of NC and the vRNA, inhibiting Gag expression and virus release. NC ZnF mutagenesis eliminates the HIV-1 blockade of SG assembly and repositions vRNA to SGs. We find that NC-mediated, Zn2+-coordinated phase separation is conserved among diverse retrovirus subfamilies, illustrating that this exquisitely evolved Zn2+-dependent feature of virus replication represents a critical target for pan-antiretroviral therapies. Monette et al. discover a high degree of conservation of zinc-finger embedded, intrinsically disordered prion-like domains across retrovirus Gag proteins. These domains within the Gag Nucleocapsid regulate the formation of zinc-dependent liquid-liquid phase condensates and stress granules in HIV-1-expressing cells to induce repositioning of the viral genomic RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Monette
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
| | - Meijuan Niu
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Lois Chen
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Shringar Rao
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee634, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert James Gorelick
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Andrew John Mouland
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 2M1, Canada.
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16
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Lee YM, Grauffel C, Chen T, Sargsyan K, Lim C. Factors Governing the Different Functions of Zn2+-Sites with Identical Ligands in Proteins. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:3946-3954. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Cédric Grauffel
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ting Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Karen Sargsyan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Carmay Lim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
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17
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Asquith CRM, Sil BC, Laitinen T, Tizzard GJ, Coles SJ, Poso A, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Hilton ST. Novel epidithiodiketopiperazines as anti-viral zinc ejectors of the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) nucleocapsid protein as a model for HIV infection. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:4174-4184. [PMID: 31395510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Focused libraries of multi-substituted epidithiodiketopiperazines (ETP) were prepared and evaluated for efficacy of inhibiting the nucleocapsid protein function of the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) as a model for HIV. This activity was compared and contrasted to observed toxicity utilising an in-vitro cell culture approach. This resulted in the identification of several promising lead compounds with nanomolar potency in cells with low toxicity and a favorable therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R M Asquith
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom; Clinical Laboratory & Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Bruno C Sil
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom; School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, United Kingdom
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Graham J Tizzard
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Coles
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory & Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephen T Hilton
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
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18
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Tran RJ, Lalonde MS, Sly KL, Conboy JC. Mechanistic Investigation of HIV-1 Gag Association with Lipid Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:4673-4687. [PMID: 31084006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b02655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An extensive investigation into the initial association of HIV-1 Gag with lipid membranes was conducted with second harmonic generation. The roles of the lipid phase, phospholipid 1,2-dioleoyl- sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate) [PI(4,5)P2], the presence of the myristoyl group on Gag, the C-terminus of Gag, and the presence of transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) in Gag-membrane association were examined using the physiologically most relevant full-length Gag protein studied thus far. The tighter packing of a bilayer composed of gel-phase lipids was found to have a lower relative amount of membrane-bound Gag in comparison to its fluid-phase counterpart. Rather than driving membrane association of Gag, the presence of PI(4,5)P2 and the myristoyl group were found to anchor Gag at the membrane by decreasing the rate of desorption. Specifically, the interaction with PI(4,5)P2 allows Gag to overcome electrostatic repulsion with negatively charged lipids at the membrane surface. This behavior was verified by measuring the binding properties of Gag mutants in the matrix domain of Gag, which prevented anchoring to the membrane either by blocking interaction with PI(4,5)P2 or by preventing exposure of the myristoyl group. The presence of tRNA was found to inhibit Gag association with the membrane by specifically blocking the PI(4,5)P2 binding region, thereby preventing exposure of the myristoyl group and precluding subsequent anchoring of Gag to the membrane. While Gag likely samples all membranes, only the anchoring provided by the myristoyl group and PI(4,5)P2 allows Gag to accumulate at the membrane. These quantitative results on the kinetics and thermodynamics of Gag association with lipid membranes provide important new information about the mechanism of Gag-membrane association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee J Tran
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020 , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Matthew S Lalonde
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Utah , 15 North Medical Drive East, Room 4100 , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Krystal L Sly
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020 , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - John C Conboy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020 , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
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19
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Asquith CRM, Meili T, Laitinen T, Baranovsky IV, Konstantinova LS, Poso A, Rakitin OA, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Synthesis and comparison of substituted 1,2,3-dithiazole and 1,2,3-thiaselenazole as inhibitors of the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) nucleocapsid protein as a model for HIV infection. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1765-1768. [PMID: 31101470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We report the first biological evaluation the 1,2,3-thiaselenazole class of compound and utilising a concise synthetic approach of sulfur extrusion, selenium insertion of the 1,2,3-dithiazoles. We created a small diverse library of compounds to contrast the two ring systems. This approach has highlighted new structure activity relationship insights and lead to the development of sub-micro molar anti-viral compounds with reduced toxicity. The 1,2,3-thiaselenazole represents a new class of potential compounds for the treatment of FIV and HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R M Asquith
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Theres Meili
- Clinical Laboratory and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Ilia V Baranovsky
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Lidia S Konstantinova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation; Nanotechnology Education and Research Center, South Ural State University, Lenina Ave. 76, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russian Federation
| | - Antti Poso
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Oleg A Rakitin
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation; Nanotechnology Education and Research Center, South Ural State University, Lenina Ave. 76, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russian Federation
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
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20
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Asquith CRM, Laitinen T, Konstantinova LS, Tizzard G, Poso A, Rakitin OA, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Hilton ST. Investigation of the Pentathiepin Functionality as an Inhibitor of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) via a Potential Zinc Ejection Mechanism, as a Model for HIV Infection. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:454-461. [PMID: 30609219 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A small diverse library of pentathiepin derivatives were prepared to evaluate their efficacy against the nucleocapsid protein function of the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) as a model for HIV, using an in vitro cell culture approach. This study led to the development of nanomolar active compounds with low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R M Asquith
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.,Clinical Laboratory & Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Current address: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Road, Genetic Medicine Building, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Lidia S Konstantinova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.,Nanotechnology Education and Research Center, South Ural State University, Lenina Ave. 76, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
| | - Graham Tizzard
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Oleg A Rakitin
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.,Nanotechnology Education and Research Center, South Ural State University, Lenina Ave. 76, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory & Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephen T Hilton
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
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21
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Yang L, Song L, Tang S, Li L, Li H, Yuan B, Yang G. Co-Catalyzed Intramolecular S-N Bond Formation in Water for 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3(2H
)-ones and 1,2,4-Thiadiazoles Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liting Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Zhengzhou University; 100 Kexue Avenue 450001 Zhengzhou P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Zhengzhou University; 100 Kexue Avenue 450001 Zhengzhou P. R. China
| | - Shanyu Tang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Zhengzhou University; 100 Kexue Avenue 450001 Zhengzhou P. R. China
| | - Longjia Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Zhengzhou University; 100 Kexue Avenue 450001 Zhengzhou P. R. China
| | - Heng Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Zhengzhou University; 100 Kexue Avenue 450001 Zhengzhou P. R. China
| | - Bingxin Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Zhengzhou University; 100 Kexue Avenue 450001 Zhengzhou P. R. China
| | - Guanyu Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Zhengzhou University; 100 Kexue Avenue 450001 Zhengzhou P. R. China
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22
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Bala J, Chinnapaiyan S, Dutta RK, Unwalla H. Aptamers in HIV research diagnosis and therapy. RNA Biol 2018; 15:327-337. [PMID: 29431588 PMCID: PMC5927724 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2017.1414131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are high affinity single-stranded nucleic acid or protein ligands which exhibit specificity and avidity comparable to, or exceeding that of antibodies and can be generated against most targets. The functionality of aptamers is based on their unique tertiary structure, complexity and their ability to attain unique binding pockets by folding. Aptamers are selected in vitro by a process called Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential enrichment (SELEX). The Kd values for the selected aptamer are often in the picomolar to low nanomolar range. Stable and nontoxic aptamers could be selected for a wide range of ligands including small molecules to large proteins. Aptamers have shown tremendous potential and have found multipurpose application in the field of therapeutic, diagnostic, biosensor and bio-imaging. While their mechanism of action can be similar to that of monoclonal antibodies, aptamers provide additional advantages in terms of production cost, simpler regulatory approval and lower immunogenicity as they are synthesized chemically. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the primary cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), which causes significant morbidity and mortality with a significant consequent decrease in the quality of patient's lives. While cART has led to good viral control, people living with HIV now suffer from non-HIV comorbidities due to viral protein expression that cannot be controlled by cART. Hence pathophysiological mechanisms that govern these comorbidities with a focus on therapies that neutralize these HIV effects gained increased attention. Recent advances in HIV/AIDS research have identified several molecular targets and for the development of therapeutic and diagnostic using aptamers against HIV/AIDS. This review presents recent advances in aptamers technology for potential application in HIV diagnostics and therapeutics towards improving the quality of life of people living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Bala
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Srinivasan Chinnapaiyan
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rajib Kumar Dutta
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Hoshang Unwalla
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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23
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Meanwell NA. Drug-target interactions that involve the replacement or displacement of magnesium ions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:5355-5372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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24
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Wapling J, Srivastava S, Shehu-Xhilaga M, Tachedjian G. Targeting Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Assembly, Maturation and Budding. Drug Target Insights 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/117739280700200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Wapling
- Molecular Interactions Group, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Seema Srivastava
- Molecular Interactions Group, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Miranda Shehu-Xhilaga
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia
| | - Gilda Tachedjian
- Molecular Interactions Group, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia
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25
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Sancineto L, Iraci N, Tabarrini O, Santi C. NCp7: targeting a multitasking protein for next-generation anti-HIV drug development part 1: covalent inhibitors. Drug Discov Today 2017; 23:260-271. [PMID: 29107765 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The major internal component of the HIV virion core is the nucleocapsid protein 7 (NCp7), a small, highly basic protein that is essential for multiple stages of the viral replicative cycle, and whose structure is preserved in all viral strains, including clinical isolates from therapy-experienced patients. This key protein is recognised as a potential target for an effective next-generation antiretroviral therapy, because it could offer the possibility to develop broad-spectrum agents that are less prone to select for resistant strains. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the covalent NCp7 inhibitors that have emerged over the past 25 years of drug discovery campaigns, emphasising, where possible, their structure-activity relationships (SARs) and pharmacophoric features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sancineto
- Department of Heterorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Nunzio Iraci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Oriana Tabarrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudio Santi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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26
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Neamati N, Mazumder A, Sunder S, Owen JM, Schultz RJ, Pommier Y. 2-Mercaptobenzenesulphonamides as Novel Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency virus Type 1 Integrase and Replication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029700800602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Neamati
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - A Mazumder
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - S Sunder
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - JM Owen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - RJ Schultz
- Drug Synthesis and Chemistry Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment, Diagnosis and Centers, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Y Pommier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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27
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Saha M, Scerba MT, Shank NI, Hartman TL, Buchholz CA, Buckheit RW, Durell SR, Appella DH. Probing Mercaptobenzamides as HIV Inactivators via Nucleocapsid Protein 7. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:714-721. [PMID: 28395128 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleocapsid protein 7 (NCp7), a zinc finger protein, plays critical roles in viral replication and maturation and is an attractive target for drug development. However, the development of drug-like molecules that inhibit NCp7 has been a significant challenge. In this study, a series of novel 2-mercaptobenzamide prodrugs were investigated for anti-HIV activity in the context of NCp7 inactivation. The molecules were synthesized from the corresponding thiosalicylic acids, and they are all crystalline solids and stable at room temperature. Derivatives with a range of amide side chains and aromatic substituents were synthesized and screened for anti-HIV activity. Wide ranges of antiviral activity were observed, with IC50 values ranging from 1 to 100 μm depending on subtle changes to the substituents on the aromatic ring and side chain. Results from these structure-activity relationships were fit to a probable mode of intracellular activation and interaction with NCp7 to explain variations in antiviral activity. Our strategy to make a series of mercaptobenzamide prodrugs represents a general new direction to make libraries that can be screened for anti-HIV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinmoy Saha
- Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, LBC, NIDDK, NIH, 8 Center Drive, Room 404, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michael T Scerba
- Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, LBC, NIDDK, NIH, 8 Center Drive, Room 404, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nathaniel I Shank
- Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, LBC, NIDDK, NIH, 8 Center Drive, Room 404, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tracy L Hartman
- ImQuest Biosciences, 7340 Executive Way, Suite R, Frederick, MD, 21704, USA
| | - Caitlin A Buchholz
- ImQuest Biosciences, 7340 Executive Way, Suite R, Frederick, MD, 21704, USA
| | - Robert W Buckheit
- ImQuest Biosciences, 7340 Executive Way, Suite R, Frederick, MD, 21704, USA
| | - Stewart R Durell
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, NCI, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Daniel H Appella
- Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, LBC, NIDDK, NIH, 8 Center Drive, Room 404, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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28
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Parboosing R, Chonco L, de la Mata FJ, Govender T, Maguire GE, Kruger HG. Potential inhibition of HIV-1 encapsidation by oligoribonucleotide-dendrimer nanoparticle complexes. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:317-325. [PMID: 28115849 PMCID: PMC5221794 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s114446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Encapsidation, the process during which the genomic RNA of HIV is packaged into viral particles, is an attractive target for antiviral therapy. This study explores a novel nanotechnology-based strategy to inhibit HIV encapsidation by an RNA decoy mechanism. The design of the 16-mer oligoribonucleotide (RNA) decoy is based on the sequence of stem loop 3 (SL3) of the HIV packaging signal (Ψ). Recognition of the packaging signal is essential to the encapsidation process. It is theorized that the decoy RNA, by mimicking the packaging signal, will disrupt HIV packaging if efficiently delivered into lymphocytes by complexation with a carbosilane dendrimer. The aim of the study is to measure the uptake, toxicity, and antiviral activity of the dendrimer–RNA nanocomplex. Materials and methods A dendriplex was formed between cationic carbosilane dendrimers and the RNA decoy. Uptake of the fluorescein-labeled RNA into MT4 lymphocytes was determined by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The cytoprotective effect (50% effective concentration [EC50]) and the effect on HIV replication were determined in vitro by the methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and viral load measurements, respectively. Results Flow cytometry and confocal imaging demonstrated efficient transfection of lymphocytes. The dendriplex containing the Ψ decoy showed some activity (EC50 =3.20 µM, selectivity index =8.4). However, there was no significant suppression of HIV viral load. Conclusion Oligoribonucleotide decoys containing SL3 of the packaging sequence are efficiently delivered into lymphocytes by carbosilane dendrimers where they exhibit a modest cytoprotective effect against HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raveen Parboosing
- Department of Virology, University of KwaZulu-Natal; National Health Laboratory Service, Durban, South Africa
| | - Louis Chonco
- Department of Virology, University of KwaZulu-Natal; National Health Laboratory Service, Durban, South Africa
| | - Francisco Javier de la Mata
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Glenn Em Maguire
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Bernardes VHF, Qu Y, Du Z, Beaton J, Vargas MD, Farrell NP. Interaction of the HIV NCp7 Protein with Platinum(II) and Gold(III) Complexes Containing Tridentate Ligands. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:11396-11407. [PMID: 27934299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) nucleocapsid protein (NCp7) plays significant roles in the virus life cycle and has been targeted by compounds that could lead to its denaturation or block its interaction with viral RNA. Herein, we describe the interactions of platinum(II) and gold(III) complexes with NCp7 and how the reactivity/affinity of potential inhibitors can be modulated by judicious choice of ligands. The interactions of [MCl(N3)]n+ (M = Pt2+ (n = 1) and Au3+ (n = 2); N3 = tridentate chelate ligands: bis(2-pyridylmethyl)methylamine (Mebpma, L1) and bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (bpma, L2) with the C-terminal zinc finger of NCp7 (ZF2) were investigated by electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS). Mass spectra from the incubation of [MCl(Mebpma)]n+ complexes (PtL1 and AuL1) with ZF2 indicated that they were more reactive than the previously studied diethylenetriamine-containing analogues [MCl(dien)]n+. The initial product of reaction of PtL1 with ZF2 results in loss of all ligands and release of zinc to give the platinated apopeptide {PtF} (F = apopeptide). This is in contrast to the incubation with [PtCl(dien)]+, in which {Pt(dien)}-peptide adducts are observed. Incubation of the Au3+ complex AuL1 with ZF2 gave AuxFn+ species (x = 1, 2, 4, F = apopeptide) again with loss of all ligands. Furthermore, the formally substitution-inert analogues [Pt(N3)L]2+ (L = 4-methylpyridine (4-pic), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (dmap), and 9-ethylguanine (9-EtGua)) were prepared to examine stacking interactions with N-acetyltryptophan (N-AcTrp), the Trp-containing ZF2, and the "full" two-finger NCp7 itself using fluorescence quenching titration. Use of bpma and Mebpma gave slightly higher affinity than analogous [Pt(dien)L)]2+ complexes. The dmap-containing complexes (PtL1a and PtL2a) had the greatest association constants (Ka) for N-AcTrp and ZF2 peptide. The complex PtL1a had the highest Ka when compared with other known Pt2+ analogues: [Pt(dien)(9-EtGua)]2+ < [Pt(bpma)(9-EtGua)]2+ < [Pt(dien)(dmap)]2+< PtL2a < PtL1a. A Ka value of ca. 40.6 ± 1.0 × 103 M-1 was obtained for the full NCp7 peptide with PtL1a. In addition, the mass spectrum of the interaction between ZF2 and PtL1a confirms formation of a 1:1 PtL1a/ZF2 adduct. The reactivity of selected complexes with sulfur-containing amino acid N-acetylcysteine (N-AcCys) was also investigated by 195Pt and 1H NMR spectroscopy and ESI-MS. The precursor compounds [PtCl(N3)]+ PtL1 and PtL2 reacted readily, whereas their [Pt(N3)L]2+ analogues PtL1a and PtL2a were inert to substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor H F Bernardes
- Chemistry Institute, Fluminense Federal University , Campus Valonguinho, CEP 24020-141, Niterói-RJ, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University , 1001 W. Main St., Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, United States
| | - Yun Qu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University , 1001 W. Main St., Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, United States
| | - Zhifeng Du
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University , 1001 W. Main St., Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, United States
| | - James Beaton
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University , 1001 W. Main St., Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, United States
| | - Maria D Vargas
- Chemistry Institute, Fluminense Federal University , Campus Valonguinho, CEP 24020-141, Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Nicholas P Farrell
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University , 1001 W. Main St., Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, United States
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Hartman TL, Yang L, Helfrick AN, Hassink M, Shank NI, George Rosenker K, Scerba MT, Saha M, Hughes E, Wang AQ, Xu X, Gupta P, Buckheit RW, Appella DH. Preclinical evaluation of a mercaptobenzamide and its prodrug for NCp7-targeted inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus. Antiviral Res 2016; 134:216-225. [PMID: 27568924 PMCID: PMC7113734 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although the effective use of highly active antiretroviral therapy results in the suppression of virus production in infected individuals, it does not eliminate the infection and low level virus production in cells harboring virus in sanctuary sites. Thus, the continued search for new antiretroviral agents with unique and different mechanisms of HIV inhibition remains critical, and compounds that can reduce the level of virus production from cells already infected with HIV, as opposed to preventing de novo infection, would be of great benefit. A mercaptobenzamide (MDH-1-38) and its prodrug (NS1040) are being developed as potential therapeutic compounds targeting the zinc finger of HIV nucleocapsid. In the presence of esterase enzymes, NS1040 is designed to be converted to MDH-1-38 which has antiviral activity. While we presume that NS1040 is rapidly converted to MDH-1-38 in all experiments, the two compounds were tested side-by-side to determine whether the presence of a prodrug affects the antiviral activity or mechanism of action. The two compounds were evaluated against a panel of HIV-1 clinical isolates in human PBMCs and monocyte-macrophages and yielded EC50 values ranging from 0.7 to 13 μM with no toxicity up to 100 μM. MDH-1-38 and NS1040 remained equally active in human PBMCs in the presence of added serum proteins as well as against HIV-1 isolates resistant to reverse transcriptase, integrase or protease inhibitors. Cell-based and biochemical mechanism of antiviral action assays demonstrated MDH-1-38 and NS1040 were virucidal at concentrations of 15 and 50 μM, respectively. Cell to cell transmission of HIV in multiple passages was significantly reduced in CEM-SS and human PBMCs by reducing progeny virus infectivity at compound concentrations greater than 2 μM. The combination of either MDH-1-38 or NS1040 with other FDA-approved HIV drugs yielded additive to synergistic antiviral interactions with no evidence of antiviral antagonism or synergistic toxicity. Serial dose escalation was used in attempts to select for HIV strains resistant to MDH-1-38 and NS1040. Virus at several passages failed to replicate in cells treated at increased compound concentrations, which is consistent with the proposed mechanism of action of the virus inactivating compounds. Through 14 passages, resistance to the compounds has not been achieved. Most HIV inhibitors with mechanism of antiviral action targeting a viral protein would have selected for a drug resistant virus within 14 passages. These studies indicate that these NCp7-targeted compounds represent new potent anti-HIV drug candidates which could be effectively used in combination with all approved anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L Yang
- ImQuest Biosciences, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - M Hassink
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - N I Shank
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - M T Scerba
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Saha
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - X Xu
- NCATS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - P Gupta
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - D H Appella
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Divergent synthesis and identification of the cellular targets of deoxyelephantopins. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12470. [PMID: 27539788 PMCID: PMC4992173 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal extracts containing sesquiterpene lactones have been extensively used in traditional medicine and are known to be rich in α,β-unsaturated functionalities that can covalently engage target proteins. Here we report synthetic methodologies to access analogues of deoxyelephantopin, a sesquiterpene lactone with anticancer properties. Using alkyne-tagged cellular probes and quantitative proteomics analysis, we identified several cellular targets of deoxyelephantopin. We further demonstrate that deoxyelephantopin antagonizes PPARγ activity in situ via covalent engagement of a cysteine residue in the zinc-finger motif of this nuclear receptor. Deoxyelephantopin is a naturally occurring sesquiterpene lactone with known anticancer properties. Here, the authors synthesize deoxyelephantopins and a range of analogues including alkyne-tagged probes, using them to identify its cellular targets.
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Asquith CRM, Konstantinova LS, Laitinen T, Meli ML, Poso A, Rakitin OA, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Hilton ST. Evaluation of Substituted 1,2,3-Dithiazoles as Inhibitors of the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Nucleocapsid Protein via a Proposed Zinc Ejection Mechanism. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2119-2126. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. M. Asquith
- School of Pharmacy; Faculty of Life Sciences; University College London; London WC1N 1AX UK
- Clinical Laboratory & Center for Clinical Studies; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Lidia S. Konstantinova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
- Nanotechnology Education and Research Center; South Ural State, University; Lenina Ave. 76 Chelyabinsk 454080 Russian Federation
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Eastern, Finland; Kuopio 70211 Finland
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory & Center for Clinical Studies; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Eastern, Finland; Kuopio 70211 Finland
| | - Oleg A. Rakitin
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
- Nanotechnology Education and Research Center; South Ural State, University; Lenina Ave. 76 Chelyabinsk 454080 Russian Federation
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory & Center for Clinical Studies; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Stephen T. Hilton
- School of Pharmacy; Faculty of Life Sciences; University College London; London WC1N 1AX UK
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Turpin JA, Schaeffer CA, Terpening SJ, Graham L, Bu M, Rice WG. Reverse Transcription of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 is Blocked by Retroviral Zinc Finger Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029700800107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Cys-Xaa2-Cys-Xaa4-His-Xaa4-Cys zinc fingers of retroviral nucleocapsid (NC) proteins are prime antiviral targets due to conservation of the Cys and His chelating residues and the absolute requirement of these fingers in both early and late phases of retroviral replication. Certain 2,2′-dithiobisbenzamides (DIBAs) chemically modify the Cys residues of the fingers, thereby inhibiting in vitro replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We examined the consequences of DIBA interaction with cell-free virions and their subsequent ability to initiate new rounds of infection. The DIBAs entered intact virions and chemically modified the p7NC proteins, resulting in extensive disulphide cross-linkage among zinc fingers of adjacent p7NC molecules. Likewise, treatment of Pr55gag-laden pseudovirions, used as a model of virion particles, with DIBAs resulted in Pr55gag cross-linkage. In contrast, monomeric p7NC protein did not form cross-linkages after DIBA treatment, indicating that the retroviral zinc finger proteins must exist in close proximity for cross-linkage to occur. Cross-linkage of p7NC in virions correlated with loss of infectivity and decreased proviral DNA synthesis during acute infection, even though DIBAs did not inhibit virus attachment to host cells or reverse transcriptase enzymatic activity. Thus, DIBA-type molecules impair the ability of HIV-1 virions to initiate reverse transcription through their action on the retroviral zinc finger, thereby blocking further rounds of replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- JA Turpin
- Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Mechanisms, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment, Diagnosis and Centers, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, SAIC Frederick, Frederick MD 21702, USA
| | - CA Schaeffer
- Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Mechanisms, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment, Diagnosis and Centers, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, SAIC Frederick, Frederick MD 21702, USA
| | - SJ Terpening
- Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Mechanisms, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment, Diagnosis and Centers, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, SAIC Frederick, Frederick MD 21702, USA
| | - L Graham
- Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Mechanisms, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment, Diagnosis and Centers, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, SAIC Frederick, Frederick MD 21702, USA
| | - M Bu
- Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Mechanisms, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment, Diagnosis and Centers, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, SAIC Frederick, Frederick MD 21702, USA
| | - WG Rice
- Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Mechanisms, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment, Diagnosis and Centers, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, SAIC Frederick, Frederick MD 21702, USA
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34
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Chalcogen bonding interactions between reducible sulfur and selenium compounds and models of zinc finger proteins. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 157:94-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Sancineto L, Mariotti A, Bagnoli L, Marini F, Desantis J, Iraci N, Santi C, Pannecouque C, Tabarrini O. Design and Synthesis of DiselenoBisBenzamides (DISeBAs) as Nucleocapsid Protein 7 (NCp7) Inhibitors with anti-HIV Activity. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9601-14. [PMID: 26613134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The interest in the synthesis of Se-containing compounds is growing with the discovery of derivatives exhibiting various biological activities. In this manuscript, we have identified a series of 2,2'-diselenobisbenzamides (DISeBAs) as novel HIV retroviral nucleocapsid protein 7 (NCp7) inhibitors. Because of its pleiotropic functions in the whole viral life cycle and its mutation intolerant nature, NCp7 represents a target of great interest which is not reached by any anti-HIV agent in clinical use. Using the diselenobisbenzoic scaffold, amino acid, and benzenesulfonamide derivatives were prepared and biologically profiled against different models of HIV infection. The incorporation of amino acids such as glycine and glutamate into DISeBAs 7 and 8 resulted in selective anti-HIV activity against both acutely and chronically infected cells as well as an interesting virucidal effect. DISeBAs demonstrated broad antiretroviral activity, encompassing HIV-1 drug-resistant strains including clinical isolates, as well as simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Time of addition experiments, along with the observed dose dependent inhibition of the Gag precursor proper processing, confirmed that their mechanism of action is based on NCp7 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sancineto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Group of Catalysis and Organic Green Chemistry, University of Perugia , Via del Liceo 1, Perugia 06100, Italy
| | - Alice Mariotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Group of Catalysis and Organic Green Chemistry, University of Perugia , Via del Liceo 1, Perugia 06100, Italy
| | - Luana Bagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Group of Catalysis and Organic Green Chemistry, University of Perugia , Via del Liceo 1, Perugia 06100, Italy
| | - Francesca Marini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Group of Catalysis and Organic Green Chemistry, University of Perugia , Via del Liceo 1, Perugia 06100, Italy
| | - Jenny Desantis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia , Via del Liceo 1, Perugia 06100, Italy
| | - Nunzio Iraci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia , Via del Liceo 1, Perugia 06100, Italy
| | - Claudio Santi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Group of Catalysis and Organic Green Chemistry, University of Perugia , Via del Liceo 1, Perugia 06100, Italy
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven , B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Oriana Tabarrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia , Via del Liceo 1, Perugia 06100, Italy
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Kim MJ, Kim SH, Park JA, Yu KL, Jang SI, Kim BS, Lee ES, You JC. Identification and characterization of a new type of inhibitor against the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 nucleocapsid protein. Retrovirology 2015; 12:90. [PMID: 26545586 PMCID: PMC4636002 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) nucleocapsid protein (NC) is an essential and multifunctional protein involved in multiple stages of the viral life cycle such as reverse transcription, integration of proviral DNA, and especially genome RNA packaging. For this reason, it has been considered as an attractive target for the development of new anti-HIV drugs. Although a number of inhibitors of NC have been reported thus far, the search for NC-specific and functional inhibitor(s) with a good antiviral activity continues. Results In this study, we report the identification of A1752, a small molecule with inhibitory action against HIV-1 NC, which shows a strong antiviral efficacy and an IC50 around 1 μM. A1752 binds directly to HIV-1 NC, thereby inhibiting specific chaperone functions of NC including Psi RNA dimerization and complementary trans-activation response element (cTAR) DNA destabilization, and it also disrupts the proper Gag processing. Further analysis of the mechanisms of action of A1752 also showed that it generates noninfectious viral particles with defects in uncoating and reverse transcription in the infected cells. Conclusions These results demonstrate that A1752 is a specific and functional inhibitor of NC with a novel mode of action and good antiviral efficacy. Thus, this agent provides a new type of anti-HIV NC inhibitor candidate for further drug development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-015-0218-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seon Hee Kim
- Avixgen Inc., Seoul, 137-701, Korea. .,National Research Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, Korea.
| | | | - Kyung Lee Yu
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, Korea.
| | - Soo In Jang
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, Korea.
| | | | - Eun Soo Lee
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, Korea.
| | - Ji Chang You
- Avixgen Inc., Seoul, 137-701, Korea. .,National Research Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, Korea.
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37
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In silico structure-based design and synthesis of novel anti-RSV compounds. Antiviral Res 2015; 122:46-50. [PMID: 26259810 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause for respiratory tract disease in infants and young children. Currently, no licensed vaccine or a selective antiviral drug against RSV infections are available. Here, we describe a structure-based drug design approach that led to the synthesis of a novel series of zinc-ejecting compounds active against RSV replication. 30 compounds, sharing a common dithiocarbamate moiety, were designed and prepared to target the zinc finger motif of the M2-1 protein. A library of ∼ 12,000 small fragments was docked to explore the area surrounding the zinc ion. Among these, seven ligands were selected and used for the preparation of the new derivatives. The results reported here may help the development of a lead compound for the treatment of RSV infections.
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Mori M, Kovalenko L, Lyonnais S, Antaki D, Torbett BE, Botta M, Mirambeau G, Mély Y. Nucleocapsid Protein: A Desirable Target for Future Therapies Against HIV-1. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 389:53-92. [PMID: 25749978 PMCID: PMC7122173 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The currently available anti-HIV-1 therapeutics is highly beneficial to infected patients. However, clinical failures occur as a result of the ability of HIV-1 to rapidly mutate. One approach to overcome drug resistance is to target HIV-1 proteins that are highly conserved among phylogenetically distant viral strains and currently not targeted by available therapies. In this respect, the nucleocapsid (NC) protein, a zinc finger protein, is particularly attractive, as it is highly conserved and plays a central role in virus replication, mainly by interacting with nucleic acids. The compelling rationale for considering NC as a viable drug target is illustrated by the fact that point mutants of this protein lead to noninfectious viruses and by the inability to select viruses resistant to a first generation of anti-NC drugs. In our review, we discuss the most relevant properties and functions of NC, as well as recent developments of small molecules targeting NC. Zinc ejectors show strong antiviral activity, but are endowed with a low therapeutic index due to their lack of specificity, which has resulted in toxicity. Currently, they are mainly being investigated for use as topical microbicides. Greater specificity may be achieved by using non-covalent NC inhibitors (NCIs) targeting the hydrophobic platform at the top of the zinc fingers or key nucleic acid partners of NC. Within the last few years, innovative methodologies have been developed to identify NCIs. Though the antiviral activity of the identified NCIs needs still to be improved, these compounds strongly support the druggability of NC and pave the way for future structure-based design and optimization of efficient NCIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Mori
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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Ugaonkar SR, Clark JT, English LB, Johnson TJ, Buckheit KW, Bahde RJ, Appella DH, Buckheit RW, Kiser PF. An Intravaginal Ring for the Simultaneous Delivery of an HIV-1 Maturation Inhibitor and Reverse-Transcriptase Inhibitor for Prophylaxis of HIV Transmission. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:3426-39. [PMID: 26149293 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nucleocapsid 7 (NCp7) inhibitors have been investigated extensively for their role in impeding the function of HIV-1 replication machinery and their ability to directly inactivate the virus. A class of NCp7 zinc finger inhibitors, S-acyl-2-mercaptobenzamide thioesters (SAMTs), was investigated for topical drug delivery. SAMTs are inherently unstable because of their hydrolytically labile thioester bond, thus requiring formulation approaches that can lend stability. We describe the delivery of N-[2-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoylthio)benzoyl]-β-alaninamide (SAMT-10), as a single agent antiretroviral (ARV) therapeutic and in combination with the HIV-1 reverse-transcriptase inhibitor pyrimidinedione IQP-0528, from a hydrophobic polyether urethane (PEU) intravaginal ring (IVR) for a month. The physicochemical stability of the ARV-loaded IVRs was confirmed after 3 months at 40°C/75% relative humidity. In vitro, 25 ± 3 mg/IVR of SAMT-10 and 86 ± 13 mg/IVR of IQP-0528 were released. No degradation of the hydrolytically labile SAMT-10 was observed within the matrix. The combination of ARVs had synergistic antiviral activity when tested in in vitro cell-based assays. Toxicological evaluations performed on an organotypic EpiVaginal(™) tissue model demonstrated a lack of formulation toxicity. Overall, SAMT-10 and IQP-0528 were formulated in a stable PEU IVR for sustained release. Our findings support the need for further preclinical evaluation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 104:3426-3439, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta R Ugaonkar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
| | - Justin T Clark
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208
| | - Lexie B English
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
| | - Todd J Johnson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
| | | | - Robert J Bahde
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Daniel H Appella
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | | | - Patrick F Kiser
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208
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40
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Tedbury PR, Freed EO. HIV-1 gag: an emerging target for antiretroviral therapy. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 389:171-201. [PMID: 25731773 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The advances made in the treatment of HIV-1 infection represent a major success of modern biomedical research, prolonging healthy life and reducing virus transmission. There remain, however, many challenges relating primarily to side effects of long-term therapy and the ever-present danger of the emergence of drug-resistant strains. To counter these threats, there is a continuing need for new and better drugs, ideally targeting multiple independent steps in the HIV-1 replication cycle. The most successful current drugs target the viral enzymes: protease (PR), reverse transcriptase (RT), and integrase (IN). In this review, we outline the advances made in targeting the Gag protein and its mature products, particularly capsid and nucleocapsid, and highlight possible targets for future pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Tedbury
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
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Abstract
Inactivated vaccines have been used for over a century to induce protection against viral pathogens. This established approach of vaccine production is relatively straightforward to achieve and there is an augmented safety profile as compared to their live counterparts. Today, there are six viral pathogens for which licensed inactivated vaccines are available with many more in development. Here, we describe the principles of viral inactivation and the application of these principles to vaccine development. Specifically emphasized are the manufacturing procedure and the accompanying assays, of which assays used for monitoring the inactivation process and preservation of neutralizing epitopes, are pivotal. Novel inactivated vaccines in development and the hurdles they face for licensure are also discussed as well as the (dis)advantages of inactivation over the other vaccine production methodologies.
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Garg D, Torbett BE. Advances in targeting nucleocapsid-nucleic acid interactions in HIV-1 therapy. Virus Res 2014; 193:135-43. [PMID: 25026536 PMCID: PMC4252855 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The continuing challenge of HIV-1 treatment resistance in patients creates a need for the development of new antiretroviral inhibitors. The HIV nucleocapsid (NC) protein is a potential therapeutic target. NC is necessary for viral RNA packaging and in the early stages of viral infection. The high level of NC amino acid conservation among all HIV-1 clades suggests a low tolerance for mutations. Thus, NC mutations that could arise during inhibitor treatment to provide resistance may render the virus less fit. Disruption of NC function provides a unique opportunity to strongly dampen replication at multiple points during the viral life cycle with a single inhibitor. Although NC exhibits desirable features for a potential antiviral target, the structural flexibility, size, and the presence of two zinc fingers makes small molecule targeting of NC a challenging task. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in strategies to develop inhibitors of NC function and present a perspective on potential novel approaches that may help to overcome some of the current challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divita Garg
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bruce E Torbett
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Retrospective on the all-in-one retroviral nucleocapsid protein. Virus Res 2014; 193:2-15. [PMID: 24907482 PMCID: PMC7114435 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This retrospective reviews 30 years of research on the retroviral nucleocapsid protein (NC) focusing on HIV-1 NC. Originally considered as a non-specific nucleic-acid binding protein, NC has seminal functions in virus replication. Indeed NC turns out to be a all-in-one viral protein that chaperones viral DNA synthesis and integration, and virus formation. As a chaperone NC provides assistance to genetic recombination thus allowing the virus to escape the immune response and antiretroviral therapies against HIV-1.
This review aims at briefly presenting a retrospect on the retroviral nucleocapsid protein (NC), from an unspecific nucleic acid binding protein (NABP) to an all-in-one viral protein with multiple key functions in the early and late phases of the retrovirus replication cycle, notably reverse transcription of the genomic RNA and viral DNA integration into the host genome, and selection of the genomic RNA together with the initial steps of virus morphogenesis. In this context we will discuss the notion that NC protein has a flexible conformation and is thus a member of the growing family of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) where disorder may account, at least in part, for its function as a nucleic acid (NA) chaperone and possibly as a protein chaperone vis-à-vis the viral DNA polymerase during reverse transcription. Lastly, we will briefly review the development of new anti-retroviral/AIDS compounds targeting HIV-1 NC because it represents an ideal target due to its multiple roles in the early and late phases of virus replication and its high degree of conservation.
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Asquith CRM, Meli ML, Konstantinova LS, Laitinen T, Peräkylä M, Poso A, Rakitin OA, Allenspach K, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Hilton ST. Evaluation of the antiviral efficacy of bis[1,2]dithiolo[1,4]thiazines and bis[1,2]dithiolopyrrole derivatives against the nucelocapsid protein of the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) as a model for HIV infection. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2640-4. [PMID: 24813732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A diverse library of bis[1,2]dithiolo[1,4]thiazines and bis[1,2]dithiolopyrrole derivatives were prepared for evaluation of activity against the nucleocapsid protein of the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) as a model for HIV, using an in vitro cell culture approach, yielding nanomolar active compounds with low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R M Asquith
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Marina L Meli
- Clinical Laboratory and Center of Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Lidia S Konstantinova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikael Peräkylä
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Oleg A Rakitin
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory and Center of Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Stephen T Hilton
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
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Turpin JA. The next generation of HIV/AIDS drugs: novel and developmental antiHIV drugs and targets. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 1:97-128. [PMID: 15482105 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.1.1.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There are presently 42 million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS, the majority of which have limited access to antiretrovirals. Even if worldwide penetration was possible, our current chemotherapeutic strategies still suffer from issues of cost, patient compliance, deleterious acute and chronic side effects, emerging single and multidrug resistance, and generalized treatment and economic issues. Even our best antiretroviral therapeutic strategy, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), falls short of completely suppressing HIV replication. Therefore, expansion of current therapeutic options by discovering new antiretrovirals and targets will be critical in the coming years. This review addresses the current status of reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitor development, and summarizes the progress in emerging classes of HIV inhibitors, including entry (T-20, T-1249), coreceptor (SCH-C, SCH-D), integrase (beta-Diketos) and p7 nucleocapsid Zn finger inhibitors (thioesters and PATEs). In addition, the processes of virus entry, PIC transport to the nucleus, HIV interaction with nuclear pores, Tat function, Rev function and virus budding (Tsg101 and ubiquitination) are examined, and proof of concept inhibitors and potential antiviral targets discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim A Turpin
- HowPin Consulting International, PO Box B Frederick, MD 21705, USA.
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Sepúlveda CS, García CC, Levingston Macleod JM, López N, Damonte EB. Targeting of arenavirus RNA synthesis by a carboxamide-derivatized aromatic disulfide with virucidal activity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81251. [PMID: 24278404 PMCID: PMC3835668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several arenaviruses can cause severe hemorrhagic fever (HF) in humans, representing a public health threat in endemic areas of Africa and South America. The present study characterizes the potent virucidal activity of the carboxamide-derivatized aromatic disulfide NSC4492, an antiretroviral zinc finger-reactive compound, against Junín virus (JUNV), the causative agent of Argentine HF. The compound was able to inactivate JUNV in a time and temperature-dependent manner, producing more than 99 % reduction in virus titer upon incubation with virions at 37°C for 90 min. The ability of NSC4492-treated JUNV to go through different steps of the multiplication cycle was then evaluated. Inactivated virions were able to bind and enter into the host cell with similar efficiency as control infectious particles. In contrast, treatment with NSC4492 impaired the capacity of JUNV to drive viral RNA synthesis, as measured by quantitative RT-PCR, and blocked viral protein expression, as determined by indirect immunofluorescence. These results suggest that the disulfide NSC4492 targets on the arenavirus replication complex leading to impairment in viral RNA synthesis. Additionally, analysis of VLP produced in NSC4492-treated cells expressing JUNV matrix Z protein revealed that the compound may interact with Z resulting in an altered aggregation behavior of this protein, but without affecting its intrinsic self-budding properties. The potential perspectives of NSC4492 as an inactivating vaccinal compound for pathogenic arenaviruses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia S. Sepúlveda
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cybele C. García
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jesica M. Levingston Macleod
- Centro de Virología Animal (CEVAN), Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora López
- Centro de Virología Animal (CEVAN), Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elsa B. Damonte
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Esmaili R, Nematollahi D. Electrochemical Method for the Synthesis of Disulfides of 2-(Benzo[d]thiazol(or oxazol)-2-ylamino)-5-morpholinobenzenethiol. J Org Chem 2013; 78:5018-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jo302647r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roya Esmaili
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University, Hamedan 65178-38683, I. R.
Iran
| | - Davood Nematollahi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University, Hamedan 65178-38683, I. R.
Iran
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Jacques A, Mettra B, Lebrun V, Latour JM, Sénèque O. On the design of zinc-finger models with cyclic peptides bearing a linear tail. Chemistry 2013; 19:3921-31. [PMID: 23436718 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic peptides with a linear tail (CPLT) have been successfully used to model two zinc fingers (ZFs) adopting the treble-clef- and loosened zinc-ribbon folds. In this article, we examine the factors that may influence the design of such ZF models: mutations in the sequence, size of the cycle, and size of the tail. For this purpose, several peptides derived from the CPLT-based models of the treble-clef- and loosened zinc-ribbon ZF were synthesized and studied. CPLT-based models appear to be robust toward mutations, accommodate various cycle sizes, and are sensible to the size of the linking region of the tail located between the cycle and the coordinating amino acids. Based on these criteria, we describe the design of a new CPLT-based model for the zinc-ribbon ZFs, LZR , and compare it to a linear analogue, LZR(lin) . The model complex Zn⋅LZR is able to fold correctly around the metal ion contrary to Zn⋅LZR(lin) , suggesting that CPLT-based models are more likely to yield structurally meaningful models of ZF sites than linear peptide models. Finally, we draw some rules that could allow the design of new CPLT-based metallopeptides with a controlled fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Jacques
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Equipe de Physicochimie des Métaux en Biologie, UMR 5249 CNRS/CEA-DSV-iRTSV/, Université Joseph Fourier, 17 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38054, France
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Vercruysse T, Basta B, Dehaen W, Humbert N, Balzarini J, Debaene F, Sanglier-Cianférani S, Pannecouque C, Mély Y, Daelemans D. A phenyl-thiadiazolylidene-amine derivative ejects zinc from retroviral nucleocapsid zinc fingers and inactivates HIV virions. Retrovirology 2012; 9:95. [PMID: 23146561 PMCID: PMC3542062 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sexual acquisition of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through mucosal transmission may be prevented by using topically applied agents that block HIV transmission from one individual to another. Therefore, virucidal agents that inactivate HIV virions may be used as a component in topical microbicides. Results Here, we have identified 2-methyl-3-phenyl-2H-[1,2,4]thiadiazol-5-ylideneamine (WDO-217) as a low-molecular-weight molecule that inactivates HIV particles. Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 virions pretreated with this compound were unable to infect permissive cells. Moreover, WDO-217 was able to inhibit infections of a wide spectrum of wild-type and drug-resistant HIV-1, including clinical isolates, HIV-2 and SIV strains. Whereas the capture of virus by DC-SIGN was unaffected by the compound, it efficiently prevented the transmission of DC-SIGN-captured virus to CD4+ T-lymphocytes. Interestingly, exposure of virions to WDO-217 reduced the amount of virion-associated genomic RNA as measured by real-time RT-qPCR. Further mechanism-of-action studies demonstrated that WDO-217 efficiently ejects zinc from the zinc fingers of the retroviral nucleocapsid protein NCp7 and inhibits the cTAR destabilization properties of this protein. Importantly, WDO-217 was able to eject zinc from both zinc fingers, even when NCp7 was bound to oligonucleotides, while no covalent interaction between NCp7 and WDO-217 could be observed. Conclusion This compound is a new lead structure that can be used for the development of a new series of NCp7 zinc ejectors as candidate topical microbicide agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vercruysse
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
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Kacem Y, Ben Hassine B. Efficient synthesis of new imidazo[1,2-b][1,2]benzothiazine 4,4-dioxide derivatives via lateral lithiation of N-mesitylenesulfonyl hydantoins. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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