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Greaves MF. Introduction: signals, receptors and repertoire in haemopoietic differentiation. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2008; 84:1-4. [PMID: 6944171 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720660.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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2
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Leonardson KE, Levy SB. Distribution of globin genes and histone variants in micrococcal nuclease-generated subfractions of chromatin from Friend erythroleukemia cells at different malignant states. J Cell Biochem 1994; 54:110-21. [PMID: 8126082 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240540112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of the alpha and beta-globin genes and histone variants was examined in micrococcal nuclease-generated chromatin fractions of three Friend murine erythroleukemia cell types differing in malignant potential and inducibility to erythroid differentiation. A preferential concentration of globin gene sequences, as compared to satellite DNA, was noted in a physiological salt-soluble, histone H1-depleted, mononucleosomal chromatin fraction (Sup 120) in all Friend cell types, even those in which the globin gene was not capable of transcriptional activation by chemical induction. The level of globin gene enrichment in the Sup 120 fraction was highest in the most malignant and inducible cell type. The chemical induction of erythroid differentiation in this cell line did not change the distribution of globin genes in the chromatin fractions. The Sup 120 chromatin fraction prepared from mouse brain nuclei was not enriched in globin genes. Besides the previously reported low H2A. 1/H2A.2 ratio [Blankstein and Levy: Nature 260:638-640, 1976], chromatin from the most tumorigenic cell type showed the lowest H2B.2 to H2B.1 ratio, highest levels of histone H4 acetylation, and the most pronounced change in relative amounts of two major electrophoretic bands of histone H1 variants as compared to the less malignant cell types. The histone variant content of the micrococcal nuclease-generated chromatin fractions from the three Friend cell types reflected the core histone variant differences for the respective intact nuclei. However, the electrophoretic separation of mononucleosomes by size revealed several classes with different H2A variant ratios. The results demonstrate the existence of structural differences in globin gene and histone variants in erythroleukemia cell chromatin associated with distinguishable phenotypes during malignant cell progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Leonardson
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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3
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Sohal RS, Allen RG. Oxidative stress as a causal factor in differentiation and aging: a unifying hypothesis. Exp Gerontol 1990; 25:499-522. [PMID: 2097168 DOI: 10.1016/0531-5565(90)90017-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the authors have pointed out flaws in the current version of the free radical hypothesis of aging and have advanced a new hypothesis that reconciles and encapsulates existing information. The main premise of this hypothesis is that aging is a continuation of development and is thus influenced by genetically programmed phenomena. Completion of various genetic programs and the duration of life are linked to a metabolic potential which is itself a genetically determined sum of energy expenditure. Nevertheless, the rate at which metabolic potential is reached is linked to the rate of metabolism and the level of oxidative stress both of which are influenced by epigenetic stimuli. The current version of the free radical hypothesis postulates that partially reduced oxygen species are produced in aerobic cells in an uncontrolled fashion and do not play any useful physiological function. The principle tenet of the free radical hypothesis is that molecular damage is the underlying cause of aging and that O2- radicals and derivatives induce most of the damage sustained by cells during aging. The authors regard this hypothesis as flawed because it fails to explain either low randomly occurring damage can lead to age-associated changes that are species-specific, or the sequential nature of the changes that occur in aging organisms. In contrast to the free radical hypothesis, our hypothesis can explain the specific and sequential nature of aging-related changes because they are postulated to be neither dependent upon uncontrolled damage nor the cellular capacity to prevent it. Instead, the authors suggest that the damage accumulated during aging is a secondary effect rather than a direct cause of senescence. The authors have shown that cells exert control not only on their level of antioxidant defense but also on their rate of oxidant production. The authors postulate that aging is the terminal stage of development, and as such is influenced genetically. The authors also postulate that a definite sum of energy is required to complete the genetic programs associated with aging. Thus, the rate of aging is linked to the level of oxidative stress; the rate of energy utilization is postulated to determine the level of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is one of the factors which appears to govern changes in gene expression during differentiation and we suggest that it causes alterations in gene expression during aging. In the authors revised hypothesis, free radicals promote aging by affecting specific genetic programs and the incidental damage they inflict in cells is only a by-product of this process.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Sohal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275
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4
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Allen RG, Balin AK. Oxidative influence on development and differentiation: an overview of a free radical theory of development. Free Radic Biol Med 1989; 6:631-61. [PMID: 2666278 DOI: 10.1016/0891-5849(89)90071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic gradients exist in developing organisms and are believed to influence development. It has been postulated that the effects of these gradients on development result from differential oxygen supplies to tissues. Oxygen has been found to influence the course of development. Cells and tissues in various stages of differentiation exhibit discrete changes in their antioxidant defenses and in parameters of oxidation. Metabolically generated oxidants have been implicated as one factor that directs the initiation of certain developmental events. Also implicated as factors that modulate developmental processes are the cellular distribution of ions and the cytoskeleton both of which can be influenced by oxidants. The interaction of oxidants with ion balance and cytoskeleton is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Allen
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021
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Lee JJ, Calzone FJ, Britten RJ, Angerer RC, Davidson EH. Activation of sea urchin actin genes during embryogenesis. Measurement of transcript accumulation from five different genes in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. J Mol Biol 1986; 188:173-83. [PMID: 3723595 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(86)90302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The number of molecules of mRNA transcribed from each of five different actin genes are reported for developing embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Transcripts of the cytoskeletal actin genes CyI, CyIIa, CyIIb and CyIIIa, and of the muscle actin gene M, were measured in unfertilized egg and embryo RNAs of cleavage, blastula, gastrula and pluteus stages. The measurements were obtained by probe excess titrations of these RNAs, using a set of single-stranded RNA probes each identifying the mRNA transcripts of a specific actin gene. These mRNAs can be identified by their distinct 3' non-translated trailer sequences. We confirm prior observations that the prevalence of actin mRNA in the unfertilized egg is low. Cytoskeletal actin genes CyI and CyIIIa each contribute 1 X 10(3) to 2 X 10(3) maternal mRNA molecules, and CyIIb contributes less than 2 X 10(2) mRNA molecules, while no detectable maternal mRNAs derive from cytoskeletal actin gene CyIIa or the muscle actin gene M. During certain periods of development, transcripts derived from the individual cytoskeletal actin genes accumulate rapidly, with kinetics specific to each mRNA. Transcripts of the muscle actin gene are absent until after gastrulation, when the initial muscle progenitor cells are formed. At late stages of development, each of the five genes studied is represented by 10(4) to 10(5) mRNA molecules per embryo. The present measurements permit calculation of the levels of each actin mRNA species in the particular cell types in which each gene functions in the fully differentiated embryo.
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Sohal RS, Allen RG, Nations C. Oxygen free radicals play a role in cellular differentiation: an hypothesis. JOURNAL OF FREE RADICALS IN BIOLOGY & MEDICINE 1986; 2:175-81. [PMID: 3553300 DOI: 10.1016/s0748-5514(86)80067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from a variety of sources supports the view that oxygen free radicals play a role in cellular differentiation. It is postulated that cellular differentiation is accompanied by changes in the redox state of cells. Differentiated cells have a relatively more prooxidizing or less reducing intracellular environment than the undifferentiated or dedifferentiated cells. Changes in the redox balance during differentiation appear to be due to an increase in the rate of O2- generation. Differentiated cells, in general, exhibit higher rates of cyanide-resistant respiration, cyanide-insensitive SOD activity, and peroxide concentration and lower levels of GSH as compared to undifferentiated cells. The effects of free radicals on cellular differentiation may be mediated by the consequent changes in ionic composition.
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7
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Baranyi-Furlong BL, Goodman JI. Non-random interaction of N-2-acetylaminofluorene and its N-hydroxy metabolite with DNA of rat hepatic parenchymal and non-parenchymal cell nuclei following in vivo administration of carcinogen. Chem Biol Interact 1984; 48:15-28. [PMID: 6692493 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(84)90003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of rats with the hepatocarcinogen, N-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) results in development of malignant tumors derived primarily from hepatic parenchymal cells. Following administration of AAF, or its N-hydroxy derivative, in vivo nuclei from parenchymal cell and non-parenchymal cell populations (NI and NII nuclei populations, respectively) were isolated and treated with the endonuclease DNase I. The binding of carcinogen residues to the DNA of nuclease-accessible vs. nuclease-resistant regions of chromatin was evaluated on the basis of the selectivity of DNase I for transcriptionally active DNA. Under the experimental conditions employed DNase I digested approx. 50-60% of the genome of NI nuclei while only 10-20% of the DNA from non-parenchymal cell nuclei (NII) was susceptible to this enzyme. When the DNA of NI and NII nuclei were nick translated following limited digestion with DNase I, a greater degree of transcriptional activity (nuclease accessibility) was found in parenchymal cell nuclei (NI). Following a single injection of rats with [ring-3H]AAF or its N-hydroxy metabolite (N-[ring-3H]-OH-AAF) (1.8 mumol carcinogen/100 g), adducts were preferentially associated with DNA of DNase I resistant regions of target cell nuclei (NI), while preferentially associated with nuclease-accessible regions of non-target cell nuclei (NII). Damage following a single injection persisted for up to 3 days in DNase I-resistant DNA of NI nuclei, carcinogen adducts were rapidly lost from DNase I-accessible DNA of NII nuclei. These studies stress the importance of investigating specificity of carcinogens for particular regions of the genome of cell subpopulations within the target organ.
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8
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Balcarek JM, McMorris FA. DNase I hypersensitive sites of globin genes of uninduced Friend erythroleukemia cells and changes during induction with dimethyl sulfoxide. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)44502-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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9
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Harbers E, Brust R, Notbohm H. [Structural arrangement of chromatin (author's transl)]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1982; 60:51-9. [PMID: 7070005 DOI: 10.1007/bf01716382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent observations and hypotheses on the structure of chromatin are reviewed. Elementary "subunit" for higher structural orders is the nucleosome, consisting of a histone octamer and doublehelical DNA wrapped around it. During the last years details of the nucleosomal structure could be deduced down to a resolution of 2 nm. In the chromatin fiber, built up by (mono-)nucleosomes, the superhelical DNA has a tertiary structure, from which structures of still higher order (quaternary structure of DNA) can be formed. The correlation of these structures to the terms euchromatin and heterochromatin are discussed. Finally, some functional aspects, especially transcription and replication, are discussed in view of the new knowledge of chromatin structure.
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Goldsmith ME. Release of a globin gene enriched chromatin fraction from chicken erythrocyte nuclei following DNase II digestion. Nucleic Acids Res 1981; 9:6471-85. [PMID: 6275364 PMCID: PMC327617 DOI: 10.1093/nar/9.23.6471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild digestion of chicken erythrocyte nuclei with deoxyribonuclease II results in the release of a chromatin fraction which is 4- to 13-fold enriched for the globin coding sequences when compared to total chicken DNA. The remaining nuclear pellet is depleted in these sequences. A maximum of 25% of the globin genes have been recovered in the released fraction. The addition of 5 mM sodium butyrate to the digestion buffer is required to obtain reproducible globin gene enrichment. The released fraction contains equimolar amounts of the four core histones and a subset of the nonhistone chromosomal proteins. The globin genes are released as large chromatin fragments which exceed the 1.6 kilobase size of the transcribed portion of the gene.
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11
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Poliard A, Szpirer J, Szpirer C. The phenotype of triparental hepatoma cell hybrids depends on the fusion sequence used to generate them. Exp Cell Res 1981; 133:213-25. [PMID: 6165594 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(81)90370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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12
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Motoyoshi K, Bank A, Rifkind RA, Marks PA. Restriction endonuclease sensitivity of DNA containing globin genes in different murine erythroleukemia cell lines. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1981; 653:139-44. [PMID: 6261819 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(81)90112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The arrangement of the globin structural genes has been examined in murine erythroleukemia cells, strain DS19, and several related inducer-resistant variant cell lines. One fragment larger than 20 kilobases and six globin gene-containing fragments between 10 and 1.9 kilobases in size are detected in EcoRI-cleaved purified DNA prepared from strain DS19. By comparison, when isolated nuclei are digested with EcoRI, only two globin gene-containing fragments are detected, one greater than 20 kilobases and the other 1.9 kilobases. Of seven cell lines derived from DS19 and resistant to inducers, six had similar patterns to DS19 of globin gene-containing EcoRI-generated DNA fragments from nuclei and from purified DNA. One cell line, DR10, a DMSo-resistant cell line, lacks the 1.9 kilobase fragment after digestion of either nuclei or purified DNA. The 1.9 kilobase fragment hybridizes with alpha-globin cDNA but not with the beta-globin cDNA, suggesting either rearrangement or deletion of an alpha-globin gene-like fragment in DR10 DNA.
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13
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Levinger L, Barsoum J, Varshavsky A. Two-dimensional hybridization mapping of nucleosomes. comparison of DNA and protein patterns. J Mol Biol 1981; 146:287-304. [PMID: 7265232 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90389-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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14
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Georgieva EI, Pashev IG, Tsanev RG. Distribution of high mobility group and other acid-soluble proteins in fractionated chromatin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1981; 652:240-4. [PMID: 6260186 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(81)90228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin was fractionated by digestion with deoxyribonuclease II and precipitation with MgCl2. The Mg2+-soluble fraction, known to be enriched in transcribed DNA sequences, was enriched also in high mobility group proteins 1 and 2 and contained almost all other acid-soluble nonhistone proteins.
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15
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Lishanskaya AI. Successful separation of the transcriptionally-active chromatin fraction from pigeon reticulocytes and calf thymus. FEBS Lett 1980; 121:207-10. [PMID: 7461127 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(80)80343-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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16
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Arceci RJ, Gross PR. Sea urchin sperm chromatin structure as probed by pancreatic DNase I: evidence for a noval cutting periodicity. Dev Biol 1980; 80:210-24. [PMID: 7439531 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(80)90509-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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17
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Lo SC, Ross J, Mueller GC. Localization of globin gene replication in Friend Leukemia cells to a specific interval of the S phase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 608:103-11. [PMID: 7388028 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(80)90138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Murine erythroblastic leukemia cells, infected with Friend leukemia virus, were grown and synchronized in suspension culture by a double-block procedure involving medium depletion and treatment with excess thymidine. Replicating cultures were then caused to synthesize DNA during the early, middle, or late third of the S period with bromodeoxyuridine as a precursor. The bromodeoxyuridine density-labeled DNA and normal DNA were isolated by sedimentation in a cesium chloride density gradient and analyzed for the level of globin-specific DNA by hybridization with radioactive cDNA of the globin messenger RNA. Globin genes were found to be replicated near the end of the middle third of the S phase. The incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into DNA also resulted in a lowered induction of hemoglobin synthesis in dimethyl sulfoxide-treated cells. In this case, the sensitivity was correlated with the introduction of bromodeoxyuridine into DNA replicated in early S phase. The possibility that this fraction of DNA, which is low in globin gene content, carries genes regulating the erythroid differentiation or the expression of globin genes is discussed.
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18
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Pashev IG, Nencheva MM, Markov GG. Fractionation of native and reconstituted chromatin by digesting with deoxyribonuclease ii. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 607:269-76. [PMID: 6245702 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(80)90079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Native and reconstituted chromatin from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were fractionated into template-active and inactive fractions by the DNAase II/Mg2+-solubility method of Gottesfeld et al. (Gottesfeld, J.M., Garrard, W.T., Bagi, G., Wilson, R.F. and Bonner, J. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71, 2193-2197). The Mg2+-soluble (template-active) fractions were compared in respect to sedimentation behavior in sucrose gradients and the relative content of specific transcribed (ribosomal) and non-transcribed (satellite) DNA sequences. It was found that the Mg2+-soluble fraction of the native chromatin was enriched in ribosomal DNA while almost completely devoid of satellite DNA; the nucleoprotein monomer of this fraction sedimented in sucrose gradient at 14 S. Similar-results were obtained if chromatin was fractionated in the presence of 3 M urea. With reconstituted chromatin, however, neither the sedimentation profile, nor the relative content of ribosomal and satellite DNA sequences were recovered, thus indicating that reconstitution did not yield nucleoprotein structurally similar to native chromatin.
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19
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Brown H, Uphouse L. Corticosterone effects on rat brain template active region chromatin. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1980; 12:207-12. [PMID: 7375482 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(80)90357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The effect of prenatal exposure to corticosterone on brain chromatin was examined. Pregnant Fischer inbred rats were administered corticosterone or saline on Days 17 and 18 of gestation and their offspring examined at 0 (day of birth), 2, 3, 4 or 6 days of age. In utero exposure to corticosterone was associated with a 24 hr delay of a developmental peak in the percentage of brain template active region chromatin. Brain and body weights of the steroid and saline-treated animals were similar, but corticosterone led to a temporary decrease in body and brain weight at 2 days of age which was reversed at 6 days of age. These results of these studies suggest an impact of corticosterone on brain gene expression.
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20
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Bonner J. Chromosome biology and chemistry. UCLA FORUM IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 1980:133-50. [PMID: 400314 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-643150-6.50016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Mathis D, Oudet P, Chambon P. Structure of transcribing chromatin. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1980; 24:1-55. [PMID: 6256821 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60670-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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22
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Walker MS, Becker FF, Rodriguez LV. In vivo binding of N-2-acetylaminofluorene and its N-hydroxy derivative to the DNA of fractionated rat liver chromatin. Chem Biol Interact 1979; 27:177-90. [PMID: 498353 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(79)90124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo binding of radioactive N-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF) to the DNA of rat liver chromatin was examined. The chromatin was fractionated into putative transcriptionally active and inactive fractions by hydrodynamic shearing and subsequent glycerol gradient centrifugation, DNAase II digestion followed by MgCl2 aggregation of transcriptionally inactive chromatin, or mild digestion with micrococcal nuclease. Carcinogens were administered for various times prior to sacrifice. Irrespective of the duration of exposure, no preferential binding of either carcinogen to DNA was detected in any of the fractions prepared by hydrodynamic shearing of DNAase II digestion. When micrococcal nuclease was utilized, a 2-fold increase in carcinogen bound to the DNA of that chromatin fraction containing the smallest molecular weight fragments was detected. These small molecular weight fragments produced by micrococcal nuclease have been postulated to be derived from in vivo transcriptional units. Additionally, when DNAase II was used to probe chromatin from rat livers which had been exposed to a carcinogenic regimen of AAF, no preferential binding of radioactive N-OH-AAF to the DNA of any chromatin fraction was detected.
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23
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Nelson P, Albright S, Garrard W. Nucleosome arrangement with regard to DNA base composition. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86829-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Schwartz EL, Goodman JI. Quantitative and qualitative aspects of the binding of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene to hepatic chromatin fractions. Chem Biol Interact 1979; 26:287-303. [PMID: 509692 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(79)90032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The binding of a chemical carcinogen to components of hepatic chromatin in male rats was examined. After a single injection of N-[3H]hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene ([3H]OH-AAF) covalent binding to chromatin RNA, protein, and DNA occurs. The amount of carcinogen bound to RNA was approximately 5 times greater than to DNA, and 10 times that of the protein. However, loss of carcinogen from RNA with time was rapid, whereas a persistent binding to DNA equal to 15% of the initial values was observed. To localize the initial and persistent DNA-bound carcinogen, the genome was fractionated using two different chromatin fractionation procedures. The procedures used yielded 3 chromatin fractions based on physical characteristics, degree of association with nascent RNA and in vitro template capacity. Based on those parameters, these chromatin fractions have been tentatively classified as template expressed euchromatin, a repressed heterochromatin, and a highly condensed pelleted heterochromatin. With both the glycerol gradient chromatin fractionation procedure and the selective MgCl2 chromatin precipitation procedure, the initial (2 h) binding of carcinogen was greatest on the euchromatin DNA. Loss of carcinogen from the DNA, however, was also significantly faster from the euchromatin when compared to the heterochromatin and the pelleted heterochromatin. By 10 days after a single injection of the carcinogen, the largest amount of bound fluorene residues was located on the pelleted heterochromatin DNA, an apparently repressed portion of the genome, while less than 5% of the initial values were found on either the eu- or heterochromatin. When the rats were fed a 2-acetylaminofluorene-containing diet, loss of carcinogen from the pelleted heterochromatin DNA was enhanced, while loss from the euchromatin DNA was reduced. The covalent nature of the carcinogen modification of DNA was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). These studies also demonstrated 2 separate carcinogen-purine base adducts which were identified as N-(guanin-8-yl)-N-AF and 3-(guanin-N2-yl)-N-AAF based on either co-chromatography with an authentic standard or on published Rf-values, respectively. The pelleted heterochromatin DNA had a significantly greater proportion of the 3-guanine-N2 adduct when compared to DNA from either the eu- or heterochromatin.
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25
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Schwartz EL, Goodman JI. A comparison of procedures for fractionating hepatic chromatin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0160-5402(79)90040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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27
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Reeves R, Cserjesi P. Constitutive synthesis of globins within most of the members of an uninduced, proliferating population of Friend erythroluekemic cells. Dev Biol 1979; 69:576-88. [PMID: 108164 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(79)90312-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Goldknopf IL, French MF, Daskal Y, Busch H. A reciprocal relationship between contents of free ubiquitin and protein A24, its conjugate with histone 2A, in chromatin fractions obtained by the DNase II, Mg++ procedure. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1978; 84:786-93. [PMID: 718717 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(78)90773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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29
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Moore GP, Scheller RH, Davidson EH, Britten RJ. Evolutionary change in the repetition frequency of sea urchin DNA sequences. Cell 1978; 15:649-60. [PMID: 719756 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The frequency of occurrence of particular repetitive sequence families has been estimated in the DNA of the three sea urchin species Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and Lytechinus pictus using individual cloned S. purpuratus repetitive sequence elements. Cloned repetitive sequence elements as described by Scheller et al. (1977a) were prepared by reassociation of S. purpuratus DNA fragments to repetitive Cot, digestion with single-strand-specific nuclease S1 and ligation of synthetic restriction sites to their ends. The sequences were cloned by insertion at the Eco RI site of plasmid RSF2124, labeled, strand-separated and reassociated with 800--900 nucleotide long unlabeled DNA. Both kinetic (genomic DNA excess) and saturation (cloned DNA excess) estimates of frequencies were made. For nine cloned fragments, the ratio of the repetition frequency in S. purpuratus DNA to that in S. franciscanus DNA ranges from about 20 to about 1. In the four cases examined, only a few copies were detected in the DNA of L. pictus. Estimates have also been made of frequency changes in many repetitive families by measuring the reassociation of labeled repetitive DNA fractions of each species with total DNA from other species. In each reciprocal comparison, the labeled repetitive sequences reassociate more slowly with DNA of other species than with DNA of the species from which they were prepared. Thus it appears that the dominant repetitive sequence families in the DNA of each species are present at lower frequencies in the DNA of closely related species. Measurements of thermal stability have been made of S. purpuratus cloned repetitive sequences reassociated with S. franciscanus DNA or S. purpuratus DNA. Most families have changed both in frequency and sequence, although some have changed little in sequence but show great changes in frequency.
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Scheller RH, Costantini FD, Kozlowski MR, Britten RJ, Davidson EH. Specific representation of cloned repetitive DNA sequences in sea urchin RNAs. Cell 1978; 15:189-203. [PMID: 699041 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nine cloned repetitive sequences were labeled, strands-separated and individually hybridized with RNA extracted from the nuclei of gastrula stage sea urchin embryos and of adult sea urchin intestine cells. The concentration of transcripts complementary to each cloned sequence was measured by RNA excess hybridization kinetics and by a DNA excess titration method. Transcripts of certain of the repeat families are present at over 100 times the concentration of transcripts of other families in each RNA. The set of repetitive sequence families highly represented in intestine nuclear RNA is different from that highly represented in gastrula nuclear RNA. Together with the results obtained with mature oocyte RNA and presented in the accompanying paper by Costantini et al. (1978), these findings show that quantitative patterns of repetitive sequence representation in RNA are specific to each cell type. Both strands of all of the nine cloned repeats are represented at some level in all the RNAs studied. Usually, though not always, the concentration of transcripts complementary to the two strands of each repeat do not differ by more than a factor of two. The cloned tracers do not react with polysomal messenger RNA, and the nuclear RNA molecules with which they hybridize are many times larger than the repetitive sequences themselves.
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Rao PM, Rajalakshmi S, Sarma DS. Carcinogen induced alterations in DNAase I release of N3-methyladenine from liver chromatin. Chem Biol Interact 1978; 22:347-51. [PMID: 699183 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(78)90138-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Bloom KS, Anderson JN. Fractionation of hen oviduct chromatin into transcriptionally active and inactive regions after selective micrococcal nuclease digestion. Cell 1978; 15:141-50. [PMID: 699037 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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33
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Miller DM, Turner P, Nienhuis AW, Axelrod DE, Gopalakrishnan TV. Active conformation of the globin genes in uninduced and induced mouse erythroleukemia cells. Cell 1978; 14:511-21. [PMID: 99241 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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34
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Pederson T. Chromatin structure and gene transcription: nucleosomes permit a new synthesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1978; 55:1-21. [PMID: 389861 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61884-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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