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Hao WX, Zhang YY, Wang X, Qu M, Wan SM, Lin Q. Genetic Diversity and Environmental Adaptation Signatures of the Great Seahorse ( Hippocampus kelloggi) in the Coastal Regions of the Indo-Pacific as Revealed by Whole-Genome Re-Sequencing. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:1387. [PMID: 39941154 PMCID: PMC11818898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26031387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2025] [Accepted: 02/04/2025] [Indexed: 02/16/2025] Open
Abstract
The great seahorse (Hippocampus kelloggi) is one of the larger species within the seahorse group and is widely distributed in coastal areas of the Indo-Pacific. However, the natural resources of this species continue to decrease, rendering it a vulnerable species that faces a high risk of extinction. Therefore, there is an urgent need to conduct research on the genetic diversity of this species to protect its genetic resources. In this study, we conducted whole-genome re-sequencing (WGRS) on three H. kelloggi populations from the Red Sea (RS, n = 30), the Andaman Sea (AS, n = 13), and the South China Sea (SCS, n = 13), and a total of 1,398,936 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. The results indicate that the average observed heterozygosity (Ho) and the average expected heterozygosity (He) for the RS, AS, and SCS populations are 0.2031 and 0.1987, 0.1914 and 0.1822, and 0.2083 and 0.2001, respectively. The three geographic populations exhibit a high degree of genetic differentiation with only a minimal gene flow between them. Consistently, in a population structure analysis, the three groups are also clearly distinguished, which is consistent with the results of the population differentiation coefficient. Demographic analyses revealed that the effective population size (Ne) of the SCS population underwent a dramatic bottleneck during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), followed by a substantial recovery, whereas the RS and AS populations maintained stable Ne values throughout this period. To investigate adaptive responses to climate change in the SCS population, we employed selective elimination analysis, which identified 21 candidate genes potentially involved in environmental adaptation. Of particular significance were myo5a, hps4, znf385a, msh3, and pfkfb4, which likely play crucial roles in the adaptive mechanisms of H. kelloggi. This comprehensive study not only illuminates the genetic diversity patterns of H. kelloggi but also provides a valuable foundation for future investigations into the species' evolutionary adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xin Hao
- College of Fisheries, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Ying-Yi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (Y.-Y.Z.); (X.W.); (M.Q.)
| | - Xin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (Y.-Y.Z.); (X.W.); (M.Q.)
| | - Meng Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (Y.-Y.Z.); (X.W.); (M.Q.)
| | - Shi-Ming Wan
- College of Fisheries, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (Y.-Y.Z.); (X.W.); (M.Q.)
| | - Qiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (Y.-Y.Z.); (X.W.); (M.Q.)
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Morales PN, Coons AN, Koopman AJ, Patel S, Chase PB, Parvatiyar MS, Pinto JR. Post-translational modifications of vertebrate striated muscle myosin heavy chains. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2024; 81:832-842. [PMID: 38587113 PMCID: PMC11458826 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) play a crucial role in regulating the function of many sarcomeric proteins, including myosin. Myosins comprise a family of motor proteins that play fundamental roles in cell motility in general and muscle contraction in particular. A myosin molecule consists of two myosin heavy chains (MyHCs) and two pairs of myosin light chains (MLCs); two MLCs are associated with the neck region of each MyHC's N-terminal head domain, while the two MyHC C-terminal tails form a coiled-coil that polymerizes with other MyHCs to form the thick filament backbone. Myosin undergoes extensive PTMs, and dysregulation of these PTMs may lead to abnormal muscle function and contribute to the development of myopathies and cardiovascular disorders. Recent studies have uncovered the significance of PTMs in regulating MyHC function and showed how these PTMs may provide additional modulation of contractile processes. Here, we discuss MyHC PTMs that have been biochemically and/or functionally studied in mammals' and rodents' striated muscle. We have identified hotspots or specific regions in three isoforms of myosin (MYH2, MYH6, and MYH7) where the prevalence of PTMs is more frequent and could potentially play a significant role in fine-tuning the activity of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Nieto Morales
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA
| | - Arianna N. Coons
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA
| | - Amelia J. Koopman
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA
| | - Sonu Patel
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA
| | - P. Bryant Chase
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA
| | - Michelle S. Parvatiyar
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA
| | - Jose R. Pinto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA
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Wang H, Hou J, Wang D, Shi H, Gong L, Lv X, Liu J. Effect of low frequency alternating magnetic field for erythritol production in Yarrowia lipolytica. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:392. [PMID: 39230673 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Numerous works have reported that magnetic fields serve as signals capable of influencing microbial metabolism. However, little is known about the effect of magnetic field on erythritol production by the model microorganism Yarrowia lipolytica (Y. lipolytica). Therefore, we investigated the effect of low-frequency alternating magnetic fields (LF-AMF) with different magnetic field intensities (0-1.5 mT) and different magnetic field treatment times (1-10 days) on the production of erythritol by Y. lipolytica -JZ204. The optimal treatment condition was 0.5 mT for 8 days. As a result, a maximal erythritol yield was achieved 63.74 g/L, the biomass was reached 37 g/L, and the specific erythritol yield per unit of biomass was 1.7227 g/g, which were 60.72%, 32.09%, and 24.85% higher than the control, respectively. We investigated the internal mechanism of magnetic fields impact by using transcriptomics and RT-qPCR technology. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of LF-AMF in enhancing erythritol production by Y. lipolytica JZ-204, providing insights for the application of magnetic field in assisting microbial fermentation and improving the synthesis of beneficial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- College of Food and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Jiayang Hou
- College of Food and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Dongxu Wang
- College of Food and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Hu Shi
- Fermentation Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Luqian Gong
- College of Food and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Xuemeng Lv
- College of Food and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Jinlong Liu
- College of Food and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China.
- Fermentation Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China.
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Horsthemke M, Arnaud CA, Hanley PJ. Are the class 18 myosins Myo18A and Myo18B specialist sarcomeric proteins? Front Physiol 2024; 15:1401717. [PMID: 38784114 PMCID: PMC11112018 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1401717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Initially, the two members of class 18 myosins, Myo18A and Myo18B, appeared to exhibit highly divergent functions, complicating the assignment of class-specific functions. However, the identification of a striated muscle-specific isoform of Myo18A, Myo18Aγ, suggests that class 18 myosins may have evolved to complement the functions of conventional class 2 myosins in sarcomeres. Indeed, both genes, Myo18a and Myo18b, are predominantly expressed in the heart and somites, precursors of skeletal muscle, of developing mouse embryos. Genetic deletion of either gene in mice is embryonic lethal and is associated with the disorganization of cardiac sarcomeres. Moreover, Myo18Aγ and Myo18B localize to sarcomeric A-bands, albeit the motor (head) domains of these unconventional myosins have been both deduced and biochemically demonstrated to exhibit negligible ATPase activity, a hallmark of motor proteins. Instead, Myo18Aγ and Myo18B presumably coassemble with thick filaments and provide structural integrity and/or internal resistance through interactions with F-actin and/or other proteins. In addition, Myo18Aγ and Myo18B may play distinct roles in the assembly of myofibrils, which may arise from actin stress fibers containing the α-isoform of Myo18A, Myo18Aα. The β-isoform of Myo18A, Myo18Aβ, is similar to Myo18Aα, except that it lacks the N-terminal extension, and may serve as a negative regulator through heterodimerization with either Myo18Aα or Myo18Aγ. In this review, we contend that Myo18Aγ and Myo18B are essential for myofibril structure and function in striated muscle cells, while α- and β-isoforms of Myo18A play diverse roles in nonmuscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Horsthemke
- IMM Institute for Molecular Medicine, HMU Health and Medical University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Charles-Adrien Arnaud
- IMM Institute for Molecular Medicine, HMU Health and Medical University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Science Faculty, MSB Medical School Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter J. Hanley
- IMM Institute for Molecular Medicine, HMU Health and Medical University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Miyoshi T, Belyantseva IA, Sajeevadathan M, Friedman TB. Pathophysiology of human hearing loss associated with variants in myosins. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1374901. [PMID: 38562617 PMCID: PMC10982375 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1374901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Deleterious variants of more than one hundred genes are associated with hearing loss including MYO3A, MYO6, MYO7A and MYO15A and two conventional myosins MYH9 and MYH14. Variants of MYO7A also manifest as Usher syndrome associated with dysfunction of the retina and vestibule as well as hearing loss. While the functions of MYH9 and MYH14 in the inner ear are debated, MYO3A, MYO6, MYO7A and MYO15A are expressed in inner ear hair cells along with class-I myosin MYO1C and are essential for developing and maintaining functional stereocilia on the apical surface of hair cells. Stereocilia are large, cylindrical, actin-rich protrusions functioning as biological mechanosensors to detect sound, acceleration and posture. The rigidity of stereocilia is sustained by highly crosslinked unidirectionally-oriented F-actin, which also provides a scaffold for various proteins including unconventional myosins and their cargo. Typical myosin molecules consist of an ATPase head motor domain to transmit forces to F-actin, a neck containing IQ-motifs that bind regulatory light chains and a tail region with motifs recognizing partners. Instead of long coiled-coil domains characterizing conventional myosins, the tails of unconventional myosins have various motifs to anchor or transport proteins and phospholipids along the F-actin core of a stereocilium. For these myosins, decades of studies have elucidated their biochemical properties, interacting partners in hair cells and variants associated with hearing loss. However, less is known about how myosins traffic in a stereocilium using their motor function, and how each variant correlates with a clinical condition including the severity and onset of hearing loss, mode of inheritance and presence of symptoms other than hearing loss. Here, we cover the domain structures and functions of myosins associated with hearing loss together with advances, open questions about trafficking of myosins in stereocilia and correlations between hundreds of variants in myosins annotated in ClinVar and the corresponding deafness phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takushi Miyoshi
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Division of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Inna A. Belyantseva
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mrudhula Sajeevadathan
- Division of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Thomas B. Friedman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Valdebenito S, Ajasin D, Valerdi K, Liu YR, Rao S, Eugenin EA. Mechanisms of Intracellular Communication in Cancer and Pathogen Spreading. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 73:301-326. [PMID: 39242384 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62036-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell interactions are essential for proper development, homeostasis, and complex syncytia/organ formation and function. Intercellular communication are mediated by multiple mechanisms including soluble mediators, adhesion molecules and specific mechanisms of cell to cell communication such as Gap junctions (GJ), tunneling nanotubes (TNT), and exosomes. Only recently, has been discovered that TNTs and exosomes enable the exchange of large signaling molecules, RNA, viral products, antigens, and organelles opening new avenues of research and therapeutic approaches. The focus of this review is to summarize these recent findings in physiologic and pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Valdebenito
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | - David Ajasin
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Karl Valerdi
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Samvrit Rao
- Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA.
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Zhang W, Jin M, Lu Z, Li T, Wang H, Yuan Z, Wei C. Whole Genome Resequencing Reveals Selection Signals Related to Wool Color in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3265. [PMID: 37893989 PMCID: PMC10603731 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wool color is controlled by a variety of genes. Although the gene regulation of some wool colors has been studied in relative depth, there may still be unknown genetic variants and control genes for some colors or different breeds of wool that need to be identified and recognized by whole genome resequencing. Therefore, we used whole genome resequencing data to compare and analyze sheep populations of different breeds by population differentiation index and nucleotide diversity ratios (Fst and θπ ratio) as well as extended haplotype purity between populations (XP-EHH) to reveal selection signals related to wool coloration in sheep. Screening in the non-white wool color group (G1 vs. G2) yielded 365 candidate genes, among which PDE4B, GMDS, GATA1, RCOR1, MAPK4, SLC36A1, and PPP3CA were associated with the formation of non-white wool; an enrichment analysis of the candidate genes yielded 21 significant GO terms and 49 significant KEGG pathways (p < 0.05), among which 17 GO terms and 21 KEGG pathways were associated with the formation of non-white wool. Screening in the white wool color group (G2 vs. G1) yielded 214 candidate genes, including ABCD4, VSX2, ITCH, NNT, POLA1, IGF1R, HOXA10, and DAO, which were associated with the formation of white wool; an enrichment analysis of the candidate genes revealed 9 significant GO-enriched pathways and 19 significant KEGG pathways (p < 0.05), including 5 GO terms and 12 KEGG pathways associated with the formation of white wool. In addition to furthering our understanding of wool color genetics, this research is important for breeding purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; (W.Z.); (M.J.); (T.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; (W.Z.); (M.J.); (T.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Zengkui Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China;
| | - Taotao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; (W.Z.); (M.J.); (T.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Huihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; (W.Z.); (M.J.); (T.L.); (H.W.)
| | - Zehu Yuan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Caihong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China; (W.Z.); (M.J.); (T.L.); (H.W.)
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Valdebenito S, Ono A, Rong L, Eugenin EA. The role of tunneling nanotubes during early stages of HIV infection and reactivation: implications in HIV cure. NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2023; 2:169-186. [PMID: 37476291 PMCID: PMC10355284 DOI: 10.1515/nipt-2022-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs), also called cytonemes or tumor microtubes, correspond to cellular processes that enable long-range communication. TNTs are plasma membrane extensions that form tubular processes that connect the cytoplasm of two or more cells. TNTs are mostly expressed during the early stages of development and poorly expressed in adulthood. However, in disease conditions such as stroke, cancer, and viral infections such as HIV, TNTs proliferate, but their role is poorly understood. TNTs function has been associated with signaling coordination, organelle sharing, and the transfer of infectious agents such as HIV. Here, we describe the critical role and function of TNTs during HIV infection and reactivation, as well as the use of TNTs for cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Valdebenito
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Akira Ono
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Libin Rong
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Eliseo A. Eugenin
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
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Sharma RK, Drusin M, Hostyk J, Baugh EH, Aggarwal VS, Goldstein D, Kim AH. Myosin Mutations and Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Results of Whole Exome Sequencing. Otol Neurotol 2023; 44:16-20. [PMID: 36509433 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000003756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) affects 66,000 patients per year in the United States. Genetic mutations have been associated with progressive hearing loss; however, genetic mutations associated with ISSNHL have not been identified. METHODS A prospective cohort study of adults older than 18 years presenting with ISSNHL at a tertiary academic medical center. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was conducted using Genome Analysis Toolkit best practices. An automated diagnostic screen employing a variety of models for pathogenicity was conducted across all genes with no specific targets. Candidate pathogenic variants were reviewed by a team of geneticists and clinicians. Variants were crossed-referenced with 92 known hearing loss associated genes. RESULTS Twenty-nine patients with SSNHL were screened using WES. The average age of patients was 53 ± 17.1 years, and most patients were White (62%) and men (55%). The mean pure tone average was 64.8 ± 31.3 dB for the affected ear. Using a 0.1% allele frequency screen, 12 (41%) cases had a mutation in any of the nine selected myosin genes. When we restrict to singletons (allele frequency = 0%), 21% (n = 6) of cases have qualifying variants, whereas only 3.8% (n = 481) of 12,577 healthy controls carry qualifying variants (p < 0.01). Most mutations (80%) were missense mutations. Of the novel mutations, one was a frameshift mutation, and two were a stop-gained function. Three were missense mutations. CONCLUSION Myosin mutations may be associated with ISSNHL. However, larger population screening is needed to confirm the association of myosin mutation with ISSNHL and steroid responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madeleine Drusin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center
| | - Joseph Hostyk
- Columba University Irving Medical Center, Institute of Genomic Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Evan H Baugh
- Columba University Irving Medical Center, Institute of Genomic Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Vimla S Aggarwal
- Columba University Irving Medical Center, Institute of Genomic Medicine, New York, New York
| | - David Goldstein
- Columba University Irving Medical Center, Institute of Genomic Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ana H Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center
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Davoudi P, Do DN, Rathgeber B, Colombo SM, Sargolzaei M, Plastow G, Wang Z, Karimi K, Hu G, Valipour S, Miar Y. Genome-wide detection of copy number variation in American mink using whole-genome sequencing. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:649. [PMID: 36096727 PMCID: PMC9468235 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08874-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copy number variations (CNVs) represent a major source of genetic diversity and contribute to the phenotypic variation of economically important traits in livestock species. In this study, we report the first genome-wide CNV analysis of American mink using whole-genome sequence data from 100 individuals. The analyses were performed by three complementary software programs including CNVpytor, DELLY and Manta. RESULTS A total of 164,733 CNVs (144,517 deletions and 20,216 duplications) were identified representing 5378 CNV regions (CNVR) after merging overlapping CNVs, covering 47.3 Mb (1.9%) of the mink autosomal genome. Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses of 1391 genes that overlapped CNVR revealed potential role of CNVs in a wide range of biological, molecular and cellular functions, e.g., pathways related to growth (regulation of actin cytoskeleton, and cAMP signaling pathways), behavior (axon guidance, circadian entrainment, and glutamatergic synapse), lipid metabolism (phospholipid binding, sphingolipid metabolism and regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes), and immune response (Wnt signaling, Fc receptor signaling, and GTPase regulator activity pathways). Furthermore, several CNVR-harbored genes associated with fur characteristics and development (MYO5A, RAB27B, FGF12, SLC7A11, EXOC2), and immune system processes (SWAP70, FYN, ORAI1, TRPM2, and FOXO3). CONCLUSIONS This study presents the first genome-wide CNV map of American mink. We identified 5378 CNVR in the mink genome and investigated genes that overlapped with CNVR. The results suggest potential links with mink behaviour as well as their possible impact on fur quality and immune response. Overall, the results provide new resources for mink genome analysis, serving as a guideline for future investigations in which genomic structural variations are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pourya Davoudi
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Duy Ngoc Do
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Bruce Rathgeber
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Stefanie M Colombo
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Mehdi Sargolzaei
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Select Sires Inc., Plain City, OH, USA
| | - Graham Plastow
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Zhiquan Wang
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Karim Karimi
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Guoyu Hu
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Shafagh Valipour
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Younes Miar
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada.
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Zheng Z, Liu H, Shi Y, Liu Z, Teng H, Deng S, Wei L, Wang Y, Zhang F. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals the resistance regulation mechanism and fungicidal activity of the fungicide phenamacril in Fusarium oxysporum. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11081. [PMID: 35773469 PMCID: PMC9247061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15188-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) is an important species complex of soil-borne pathogenic fungi that cause vascular wilt diseases of agricultural crops and some opportunistic diseases of humans. The fungicide phenamacril has been extensively reported to have antifungal activity against Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium fujikuroi. In this study, we found that the amino acid substitutions (V151A and S418T) in Type I myosin FoMyo5 cause natural low resistance to phenamacril in the plant pathogenic Fo isolates. Therefore, we compared the transcriptomes of two phenamacril-resistant Fo isolates FoII5, Fo1st and one phenamacril-sensitive isolate Fo3_a after 1 μg/mL phenamacril treatment. Among the 2728 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 14 DEGs involved in oxidation–reduction processes and MFS transporters, were significantly up-regulated in phenamacril-resistant isolates. On the other hand, 14 DEGs involved in ATP-dependent RNA helicase and ribosomal biogenesis related proteins, showed significantly down-regulated expression in both phenamacril-resistant and -sensitive isolates. These results indicated that phenamacril not only seriously affected the cytoskeletal protein binding and ATPase activity of sensitive isolate, but also suppressed ribosome biogenesis in all the isolates. Hence, this study helps us better understand resistance regulation mechanism and fungicidal activity of phenamacril and provide reference for the development of new fungicides to control Fo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitian Zheng
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huaqi Liu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyong Shi
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zao Liu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Teng
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Deng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lihui Wei
- Institute of Plant Protection, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
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12
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Li X, Yuan RR, Wang Q, Chai S, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Huang SH. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates LYN kinase-mediated myosin light chain kinase activation to modulate nonmuscle myosin II activity in hippocampal neurons. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102054. [PMID: 35598826 PMCID: PMC9194867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosins belong to a large superfamily of actin-dependent molecular motors. Nonmuscle myosin II (NM II) is involved in the morphology and function of neurons, but little is known about how NM II activity is regulated. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a prevalent neurotrophic factor in the brain that encourages growth and differentiation of neurons and synapses. In this study, we report that BDNF upregulates the phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain (MLC2), to increases the activity of NM II. The role of BDNF on modulating the phosphorylation of MLC2 was validated by using Western blotting in primary cultured hippocampal neurons. This result was confirmed by injecting BDNF into the dorsal hippocampus of mice and detecting the phosphorylation level of MLC2 by Western blotting. We further perform coimmunoprecipitation assay to confirm that this process depends on the activation of the LYN kinase through binding with tyrosine kinase receptor B, the receptor of BDNF, in a kinase activity-dependent manner. LYN kinase subsequently phosphorylates MLCK, further promoting the phosphorylation of MLC2. Taken together, our results suggest a new molecular mechanism by which BDNF regulates MLC2 activity, which provides a new perspective for further understanding the functional regulation of NM II in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Li
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Rong-Rong Yuan
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qixia Wang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shouyu Chai
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhengying Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Shu-Hong Huang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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13
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Hensel A, Stahl P, Moews L, König L, Patwardhan R, Höing A, Schulze N, Nalbant P, Stauber RH, Knauer SK. The Taspase1/Myosin1f-axis regulates filopodia dynamics. iScience 2022; 25:104355. [PMID: 35601920 PMCID: PMC9121324 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique threonine protease Tasp1 impacts not only ordered development and cell proliferation but also pathologies. However, its substrates and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. We demonstrate that the unconventional Myo1f is a Tasp1 substrate and unravel the physiological relevance of this proteolysis. We classify Myo1f as a nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttle protein, allowing its unhindered processing by nuclear Tasp1 and an association with chromatin. Moreover, we show that Myo1f induces filopodia resulting in increased cellular adhesion and migration. Importantly, filopodia formation was antagonized by Tasp1-mediated proteolysis, supported by an inverse correlation between Myo1f concentration and Tasp1 expression level. The Tasp1/Myo1f-axis might be relevant in human hematopoiesis as reduced Tasp1 expression coincided with increased Myo1f concentrations and filopodia in macrophages compared to monocytes and vice versa. In sum, we discovered Tasp1-mediated proteolysis of Myo1f as a mechanism to fine-tune filopodia formation, inter alia relevant for cells of the immune system. Myosin1f is a nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttle protein temporarily located in the nucleus Myosin1f induces filopodia resulting in increased cellular adhesion and migration The protease Taspase1 cleaves Myosin1f, thereby impairing its function Taspase1 and Myosin1f inversely correlate in immune cell differentiation
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Hensel
- Department of Molecular Biology II, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
- Corresponding author
| | - Paul Stahl
- Department of Molecular Biology II, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Lisa Moews
- Department of Molecular Biology II, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Lena König
- Department of Molecular Biology II, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Rutuja Patwardhan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Alexander Höing
- Department of Molecular Biology II, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Nina Schulze
- Imaging Center Campus Essen (ICCE), Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Perihan Nalbant
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Roland H. Stauber
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology/ENT, University Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Shirley K. Knauer
- Department of Molecular Biology II, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
- Corresponding author
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14
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Pavlenkova Z, Varga L, Borecka S, Karhanek M, Huckova M, Skopkova M, Profant M, Gasperikova D. Comprehensive molecular-genetic analysis of mid-frequency sensorineural hearing loss. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22488. [PMID: 34795337 PMCID: PMC8602250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01876-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic heterogeneity of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a major hurdle to the detection of disease-causing variants. We aimed to identify underlying causal genes associated with mid-frequency hearing loss (HL), which contributes to less than about 1% of SNHL cases, by whole exome sequencing (WES). Thirty families segregating mid-frequency SNHL, in whom biallelic GJB2 mutations had been previously excluded, were selected from among 851 families in our DNA repository of SNHL. DNA samples from the probands were subjected to WES analysis and searched for candidate variants associated with SNHL. We were able to identify the genetic aetiology in six probands (20%). In total, we found three pathogenic and three likely pathogenic variants in four genes (COL4A5, OTOGL, TECTA, TMPRSS3). One more proband was a compound heterozygote for a pathogenic variant and a variant of uncertain significance (VUS) in MYO15A gene. To date, MYO15A and TMPRSS3 have not yet been described in association with mid-frequency SNHL. In eight additional probands, eight candidate VUS variants were detected in five genes (DIAPH1, MYO7A, TECTA, TMC1, TSPEAR). Seven of these 16 variants have not yet been published or mentioned in the available databases. The most prevalent gene was TECTA, identified in 23% of all tested families. Furthermore, we confirmed the hypothesis that a substantive portion of cases with this conspicuous audiogram shape is a consequence of a genetic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Pavlenkova
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,DIABGENE Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lukas Varga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia. .,DIABGENE Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Silvia Borecka
- DIABGENE Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miloslav Karhanek
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miloslava Huckova
- DIABGENE Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martina Skopkova
- DIABGENE Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Milan Profant
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Daniela Gasperikova
- DIABGENE Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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15
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Identification of Novel Compound Heterozygous MYO15A Mutations in Two Chinese Families with Autosomal Recessive Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:9957712. [PMID: 34093702 PMCID: PMC8140830 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9957712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital deafness is one of the most common causes of disability in humans, and more than half of cases are caused by genetic factors. Mutations of the MYO15A gene are the third most common cause of hereditary hearing loss. Using next-generation sequencing combined with auditory tests, two novel compound heterozygous variants c.2802_2812del/c.5681T>C and c.5681T>C/c.6340G>A in the MYO15A gene were identified in probands from two irrelevant Chinese families. Auditory phenotypes of the probands are consistent with the previously reported for recessive variants in the MYO15A gene. The two novel variants, c.2802_2812del and c.5681T>C, were identified as deleterious mutations by bioinformatics analysis. Our findings extend the MYO15A gene mutation spectrum and provide more information for rapid and precise molecular diagnosis of congenital deafness.
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16
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Pillon M, Doublet P. Myosins, an Underestimated Player in the Infectious Cycle of Pathogenic Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020615. [PMID: 33435466 PMCID: PMC7826972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosins play a key role in many cellular processes such as cell migration, adhesion, intracellular trafficking and internalization processes, making them ideal targets for bacteria. Through selected examples, such as enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Neisseria, Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria or Chlamydia, this review aims to illustrate how bacteria target and hijack host cell myosins in order to adhere to the cell, to enter the cell by triggering their internalization, to evade from the cytosolic autonomous cell defense, to promote the biogenesis of intracellular replicative niche, to disseminate in tissues by cell-to-cell spreading, to exit out the host cell, and also to evade from macrophage phagocytosis. It highlights the diversity and sophistication of the strategy evolved by bacteria to manipulate one of their privileged targets, the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Pillon
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Legionella Pathogenesis Group, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France;
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Patricia Doublet
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Legionella Pathogenesis Group, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France;
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
- Correspondence:
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17
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Liu Y, Zhang T, Zhang H, Li J, Zhou N, Fiskesund R, Chen J, Lv J, Ma J, Zhang H, Tang K, Cheng F, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Wang N, Huang B. Cell Softness Prevents Cytolytic T-cell Killing of Tumor-Repopulating Cells. Cancer Res 2020; 81:476-488. [PMID: 33168645 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biomechanics is a fundamental feature of a cell. However, the manner by which actomysin tension affects tumor immune evasion remains unclear. Here we show that although cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) can effectively destroy stiff differentiated tumor cells, they fail to kill soft tumor-repopulating cells (TRC). TRC softness prevented membrane pore formation caused by CTL-released perforin. Perforin interacting with nonmuscle myosin heavy-chain 9 transmitted forces to less F-actins in soft TRC, thus generating an inadequate contractile force for perforin pore formation. Stiffening TRC allowed perforin the ability to drill through the membrane, leading to CTL-mediated killing of TRC. Importantly, overcoming mechanical softness in human TRC also enhanced TRC cell death caused by human CTL, potentiating a mechanics-based immunotherapeutic strategy. These findings reveal a mechanics-mediated tumor immune evasion, thus potentially providing an alternative approach for tumor immunotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE: Tumor-repopulating cells evade CD8+ cytolytic T-cell killing through a mechanical softness mechanism, underlying the impediment of perforin pore formation at the immune synapse site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Liu
- Department of Immunology and National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- Clinical Immunology Center, CAMS, Beijing, China
| | - Tianzhen Zhang
- Department of Immunology and National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haizeng Zhang
- National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, CAMS, Beijing, China
| | - Jiping Li
- Beijing Smartchip Microelectronics Technology Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Nannan Zhou
- Department of Immunology and National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Roland Fiskesund
- Department of Immunology and National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Karolinska Institutet Medical School, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Junwei Chen
- Laboratory for Cellular Biomechanics and Regenerative Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiadi Lv
- Department of Immunology and National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwei Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feiran Cheng
- Department of Immunology and National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yabo Zhou
- Department of Immunology and National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Immunology and National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- Clinical Immunology Center, CAMS, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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18
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Hu D, Jiang M, Ge T, Liu X, Li Z, Liu J, Zhu K. Pesticide residues in vegetables in four regions of Jilin Province. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2020.1784197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Di Hu
- College of Management Changchun, Changchun University of Finance and Economics, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ting Ge
- College of Food Engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Liu
- College of Food Engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziqi Li
- College of Food Engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinhong Liu
- College of Food Engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ketong Zhu
- College of Management Changchun, Changchun University of Finance and Economics, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
- College of Food Engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
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19
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Doll J, Hofrichter MAH, Bahena P, Heihoff A, Segebarth D, Müller T, Dittrich M, Haaf T, Vona B. A novel missense variant in MYO3A is associated with autosomal dominant high-frequency hearing loss in a German family. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1343. [PMID: 32519820 PMCID: PMC7434730 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MYO3A, encoding the myosin IIIA protein, is associated with autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hearing loss. To date, only two missense variants located in the motor‐head domain of MYO3A have been described in autosomal dominant families with progressive, mild‐to‐profound sensorineural hearing loss. These variants alter the ATPase activity of myosin IIIA. Methods Exome sequencing of a proband from a three‐generation German family with prelingual, moderate‐to‐profound, high‐frequency hearing loss was performed. Segregation analysis confirmed a dominant inheritance pattern. Regression analysis of mean hearing level thresholds per individual and ear was performed at high‐, mid‐, and low‐frequencies. Results A novel heterozygous missense variant c.716T>C, p.(Leu239Pro) in the kinase domain of MYO3A was identified that is predicted in silico as disease causing. High‐frequency, progressive hearing loss was identified. Conclusion Correlation analysis of pure‐tone hearing thresholds revealed progressive hearing loss, especially in the high‐frequencies. In the present study, we report the first dominant likely pathogenic variant in MYO3A in a European family and further support MYO3A as an autosomal dominant hearing loss gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Doll
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Paulina Bahena
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Dennis Segebarth
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Müller
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Dittrich
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany.,Institute of Bioinformatics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Vona
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany.,Tübingen Hearing Research Centre, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
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20
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Kłopocka W, Korczyński J, Pomorski P. Cytoskeleton and Nucleotide Signaling in Glioma C6 Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1202:109-128. [PMID: 32034711 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30651-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This chapter describes signaling pathways, stimulated by the P2Y2 nucleotide receptor (P2Y2R), that regulate cellular processes dependent on actin cytoskeleton dynamics in glioma C6 cells. P2Y2R coupled with G-proteins, in response to ATP or UTP, regulates the level of iphosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) which modulates a variety of actin binding proteins and is involved in calcium response and activates Rac1 and RhoA proteins. The RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway plays an important role in contractile force generation needed for the assembly of stress fibers, focal adhesions and for tail retraction during cell migration. Blocking of this pathway by a specific Rho-kinase inhibitor induces changes in F-actin organization and cell shape and decreases the level of phosphorylated myosin II and cofilin. In glioma C6 cells these changes are reversed after UTP stimulation of P2Y2R. Signaling pathways responsible for this compensation are calcium signaling which regulates MLC kinase activation via calmodulin, and the Rac1/PAK/LIMK cascade. Stimulation of the Rac1 mediated pathway via Go proteins needs additional interaction between αvβ5 integrins and P2Y2Rs. Calcium free medium, or growing of the cells in suspension, prevents Gαo activation by P2Y2 receptors. Rac1 activation is necessary for cofilin phosphorylation as well as integrin activation needed for focal complexes formation and stabilization of lamellipodium. Inhibition of positive Rac1 regulation prevents glioma C6 cells from recovery of control cell like morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Kłopocka
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Korczyński
- M. Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Pomorski
- M. Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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21
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Abstract
Myosin XVI (Myo16), a vertebrate-specific motor protein, is a recently discovered member of the myosin superfamily. The detailed functionality regarding myosin XVI requires elucidating or clarification; however, it appears to portray an important role in neural development and in the proper functioning of the nervous system. It is expressed in the largest amount in neural tissues in the late embryonic-early postnatal period, specifically the time in which neuronal cell migration and dendritic elaboration coincide. The impaired expression of myosin XVI has been found lurking in the background of several neuropsychiatric disorders including autism, schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorders.Two principal isoforms of class XVI myosins have been thus far described: Myo16a, the tailless cytoplasmic isoform and Myo16b, the full-length molecule featuring both cytoplasmic and nuclear localization. Both isoforms contain a class-specific N-terminal ankyrin repeat domain that binds to the protein phosphatase catalytic subunit. Myo16b, the predominant isoform, exhibits a diverse function. In the cytoplasm, it participates in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton through activation of the PI3K pathway and the WAVE-complex, while in the nucleus it may possess a role in cell cycle regulation. Based on the sequence, myosin XVI may have a compromised ATPase activity, implying a potential stationary role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Bugyi
- Department of Biophysics, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - András Kengyel
- Department of Biophysics, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadiel Saper
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Henry Hess
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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A Novel Role of Fungal Type I Myosin in Regulating Membrane Properties and Its Association with d-Amino Acid Utilization in Cryptococcus gattii. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.01867-19. [PMID: 31455652 PMCID: PMC6712397 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01867-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus gattii, one of the etiological agents of cryptococcosis, can be distinguished from its sister species Cryptococcus neoformans by growth on d-amino acids. C. gattiiMYO5 affected the growth of C. gattii on d-amino acids. The myo5Δ cells accumulated high levels of various substrates from outside the cells, and excessively accumulated d-amino acids appeared to have caused toxicity in the myo5Δ cells. We provide evidence on the alteration of membrane properties in the myo5Δ mutants. Additionally, alteration in the myo5Δ membrane permeability causing higher substrate accumulation is associated with the changes in the sterol distribution. Furthermore, myosin-I in three other yeasts also manifested a similar role in substrate accumulation. Thus, while fungal myosin-I may function as a classical myosin-I, it has hitherto unknown additional roles in regulating membrane permeability. Since deletion of fungal myosin-I causes significantly elevated susceptibility to multiple antifungal drugs, it could serve as an effective target for augmentation of fungal therapy. We found a novel role of Myo5, a type I myosin (myosin-I), and its fortuitous association with d-amino acid utilization in Cryptococcus gattii. Myo5 colocalized with actin cortical patches and was required for endocytosis. Interestingly, the myo5Δ mutant accumulated high levels of d-proline and d-alanine which caused toxicity in C. gattii cells. The myo5Δ mutant also accumulated a large set of substrates, such as membrane-permeant as well as non-membrane-permeant dyes, l-proline, l-alanine, and flucytosine intracellularly. Furthermore, the efflux rate of fluorescein was significantly increased in the myo5Δ mutant. Importantly, the endocytic defect of the myo5Δ mutant did not affect the localization of the proline permease and flucytosine transporter. These data indicate that the substrate accumulation phenotype is not solely due to a defect in endocytosis, but the membrane properties may have been altered in the myo5Δ mutant. Consistent with this, the sterol staining pattern of the myo5Δ mutant was different from that of the wild type, and the mutant was hypersensitive to amphotericin B. It appears that the changes in sterol distribution may have caused altered membrane permeability in the myo5Δ mutant, allowing increased accumulation of substrate. Moreover, myosin-I mutants generated in several other yeast species displayed a similar substrate accumulation phenotype. Thus, fungal type I myosin appears to play an important role in regulating membrane permeability. Although the substrate accumulation phenotype was detected in strains with mutations in the genes involved in actin nucleation, the phenotype was not shared in all endocytic mutants, indicating a complicated relationship between substrate accumulation and endocytosis.
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Ko YS, Bae JA, Kim KY, Kim SJ, Sun EG, Lee KH, Kim N, Kang H, Seo YW, Kim H, Chung IJ, Kim KK. MYO1D binds with kinase domain of the EGFR family to anchor them to plasma membrane before their activation and contributes carcinogenesis. Oncogene 2019; 38:7416-7432. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0954-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Amrutha AS, Sunil Kumar KR, Tamaoki N. Azobenzene‐Based Photoswitches Facilitating Reversible Regulation of Kinesin and Myosin Motor Systems for Nanotechnological Applications. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ammathnadu S. Amrutha
- Research Institute for Electronic ScienceHokkaido University Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0020 Japan
| | - K. R. Sunil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologySchool of EngineeringThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tamaoki
- Research Institute for Electronic ScienceHokkaido University Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0020 Japan
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Islam MJ, Matsuo K, Menezes HM, Takahashi M, Nakagawa H, Kakugo A, Sada K, Tamaoki N. Substrate selectivity and its mechanistic insight of the photo-responsive non-nucleoside triphosphate for myosin and kinesin. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:53-65. [PMID: 30534753 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02714e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Linear motor proteins including kinesin and myosin are promising biomaterials for developing nano-devices. Photoswitchable substrates of these biomotors can be used to optically regulate the motility of their associated cytoskeletal filaments in in vitro systems. Here, we describe the discovery of the myosin selective azobenzene-tethered triphosphate. It enables the specific photocontrol over myosin in a reversible mode with the composite motility assay composed of both kinesin and myosin. The mechanistic insight into this myosin selectivity is also explained with the docking simulation study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jahirul Islam
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Japan.
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Zheng Z, Zhang Y, Wu X, Yang H, Ma L, Zhou M. FoMyo5 motor domain substitutions (Val 151 to Ala and Ser 418 to Thr) cause natural resistance to fungicide phenamacril in Fusarium oxysporum. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 147:119-126. [PMID: 29933981 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) is an important genus of filamentous fungi that causes many devastating diseases of agronomical plants and some opportunistic diseases of humans. Previous studies have indicated that mutations in myosin5 acquired resistance to phenamacril in Fusarium graminearum (Fg). Here, we need to determine the residues of FoMyo5 involved in the natural resistance of plant pathogenic Fo strains. Six kinds of Fo reference strains from different hosts were studied. Fungicide susceptibility testing showed that these Fo strains demonstrated different resistance or susceptibility to phenamacril, which is Fusarium-specific antifungal compound, compared with Fg species. When aligned these homologous myosin5 motor domains of these strains, we found that the substitutions (Val151 to Ala and Ser418 to Thr) in FoMyo5 cause natural resistance to phenamacril in the plant pathogenic Fo strains. And we confirmed this result by gene replacement strategy. Such a phenomenon impeded the practical development of this fungicide for controlling vascular wilt diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitian Zheng
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, MA, United States
| | - Xiaoyi Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, MA, United States
| | - He Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, MA, United States
| | - Lijun Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, MA, United States.
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Kim BJ, Han JH, Park HR, Kim MY, Kim AR, Oh SH, Park WY, Oh DY, Lee S, Choi BY. A clinical guidance to DFNA22 drawn from a Korean cohort study with an autosomal dominant deaf population: A retrospective cohort study. J Gene Med 2018; 20:e3019. [PMID: 29607572 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The MYO6 gene, if altered, can cause nonsyndromic hearing loss (NSHL) either in an autosomal dominant (AD) (DFNA22) or recessive form. The present study identified MYO6 variants in the cohort of Korean AD NSHL families and investigated the audiological phenotypes of DFNA22 with respect to suggesting clinical guides for the counseling of DFNA22. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed on 81 AD NSHL families in two hospitals. Among them, five families (SH21, SB60, SB247, SB290 and SB305) segregating with MYO6 variant were genetically and clinically assessed. RESULTS We identified two novel missense variants of MYO6: p.G223R (SB290) and p.T158R (SB305). A known heterozygous truncation variant, p.R205X, reported previously (SH21, SB60), was identified (SB247). The overall frequency of DFNA22 among such cases was 6.2%. Specifically, we found p.R205X from three of five DFNA22 families (60%). Five DFNA22 families demonstrated extremely diverse audiogram configurations and age of onset with even intrafamilial variations, whereas the severity of hearing loss mostly ranged within moderate. CONCLUSIONS We report a recurring predominant allele and two new missense variants of MYO6, highlighting the significant contribution of MYO6 to AD NSHL in the Korean population. Extremely diverse audiological configurations of DFNA22 suggest that MYO6 should be considered in future genetic studies of patients with AD NSHL. Gradual progression with a good speech audiometry score could provide physicians with clinical insight with respect to advising patients to use hearing aids or consider middle ear implants, whereas, in the case of certain exceptional circumstances, physicians could provide patients with the option to consider a cochlear implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Jik Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jin Hee Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hye-Rim Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Min Young Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ah Reum Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Seung-Ha Oh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Doo Yi Oh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Seungmin Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Byung Yoon Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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Kato Y, Miyakawa T, Tanokura M. Overview of the mechanism of cytoskeletal motors based on structure. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:571-581. [PMID: 29235081 PMCID: PMC5899727 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, a wealth of structural and functional knowledge has been obtained for the three major cytoskeletal motor proteins, myosin, kinesin and dynein, which we review here. The cytoskeletal motor proteins myosin and kinesin are structurally similar in the core architecture of their motor domains and have similar force-producing mechanisms that are coupled with the chemical cycles of ATP binding, hydrolysis, Pi release and subsequent ADP release. The force is generated through conformational changes in the motor domain during Pi release and ATP binding in myosin and kinesin, respectively, and then converted into the rotation of the lever arm or neck linker (referred to as a power stroke) through the common structural pathways. On the other hand, the dynein cytoskeletal motor is an AAA+ protein and has a different structure and power stroke mechanism from those of myosins and kinesins. The linker protruding from the AAA+ ring of dynein swings according to the ATPase states, which, presumably, generates force to carry cargos within a cell. The communication mechanism between the track-binding and ATPase domains of dynein is unique because the two helices that presumably slide with respect to each other work as coordinators for these domains. Details of the mechanism underlying the power stroke and interdomain communication were revealed through recent progress in the structural studies of myosin, kinesin and dynein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kato
- Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyakawa
- Laboratory of Basic Science on Healthy Longevity, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanokura
- Laboratory of Basic Science on Healthy Longevity, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Myosin 1f is specifically required for neutrophil migration in 3D environments during acute inflammation. Blood 2018; 131:1887-1898. [PMID: 29487067 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-10-811851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extravasation and interstitial migration are important steps during the recruitment of neutrophils to sites of inflammation. In the present study, we addressed the functional importance of the unconventional class I myosin 1f (Myo1f) for neutrophil trafficking during acute inflammation. In contrast to leukocyte rolling and adhesion, the genetic absence of Myo1f severely compromised neutrophil extravasation into the inflamed mouse cremaster tissue when compared with Myo1f+/+ mice as studied by intravital microscopy. Similar results were obtained in experimental models of acute peritonitis and acute lung injury. In contrast to 2-dimensional migration, which occurred independently of Myo1f, Myo1f was indispensable for neutrophil migration in 3-dimensional (3D) environments, that is, transmigration and migration in collagen networks as it regulated squeezing and dynamic deformation of the neutrophil nucleus during migration through physical barriers. Thus, we provide evidence for an important role of Myo1f in neutrophil trafficking during inflammation by specifically regulating neutrophil extravasation and migration in 3D environments.
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31
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Li YR, Yang WX. Myosins as fundamental components during tumorigenesis: diverse and indispensable. Oncotarget 2018; 7:46785-46812. [PMID: 27121062 PMCID: PMC5216836 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin is a kind of actin-based motor protein. As the crucial functions of myosin during tumorigenesis have become increasingly apparent, the profile of myosin in the field of cancer research has also been growing. Eighteen distinct classes of myosins have been discovered in the past twenty years and constitute a diverse superfamily. Various myosins share similar structures. They all convert energy from ATP hydrolysis to exert mechanical stress upon interactions with microfilaments. Ongoing research is increasingly suggesting that at least seven kinds of myosins participate in the formation and development of cancer. Myosins play essential roles in cytokinesis failure, chromosomal and centrosomal amplification, multipolar spindle formation and DNA microsatellite instability. These are all prerequisites of tumor formation. Subsequently, myosins activate various processes of tumor invasion and metastasis development including cell migration, adhesion, protrusion formation, loss of cell polarity and suppression of apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the roles of myosins during tumorigenesis and discuss the factors and mechanisms which may regulate myosins in tumor progression. Furthermore, we put forward a completely new concept of “chromomyosin” to demonstrate the pivotal functions of myosins during karyokinesis and how this acts to optimize the functions of the members of the myosin superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ruide Li
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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32
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Talebi F, Mardasi FG, Asl JM, Sayahi M. Next-generation sequencing identifies three novel missense variants in ILDR1 and MYO6 genes in an Iranian family with hearing loss with review of the literature. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 103:103-108. [PMID: 29224747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hearing impairment is the most common sensorineural disorder and is genetically heterogeneous. Identification of the pathogenic mutations underlying hearing impairment is difficult, since causative mutations in 127 different genes have so far been reported. METHODS In this study, we performed Next-generation sequencing (NGS) in 2 individuals from a consanguineous family with hearing loss. RESULTS Three novel mutations in known deafness genes were identified in the family; MYO6-p.R928C and -p.D1223N in heterozygous state and ILDR1-p.Y143C in homozygous state. Sanger sequencing confirmed co-segregation of the three mutations with deafness in the family. The identified mutation in ILDR1 gene is located in the immunoglobulin-type domain of the ILDR1 protein and the detected mutations in MY06 are located in the tail domain of the MYO6 protein. The mutations are predicted to be pathogenic by SIFT, PolyPhen and Mutation Taster. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that either the homozygous ILDR1-p.Y143C mutation might be the pathogenic variant for ARNSHL or heterozygous MYO6- p.R928C, -p.D1223N might be involved in these patient's disorder due to compound heterozygousity. To our knowledge, this is the first ILDR1 and MYO6 mutations recognized in the southwest Iran. Our data expands the spectrum of mutations in ILDR1 and MYO6 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Javad Mohammadi Asl
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Sayahi
- Department of Midwifery, Shoushtar Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shoushtar, Iran
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Bedi D, Dennis JC, Morrison EE, Braden TD, Judd RL. Regulation of intracellular trafficking and secretion of adiponectin by myosin II. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 490:202-208. [PMID: 28606474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adiponectin is a protein secreted by white adipocytes that plays an important role in insulin action, energy homeostasis and the development of atherosclerosis. The intracellular localization and trafficking of GLUT4 and leptin in adipocytes has been well studied, but little is known regarding the intracellular trafficking of adiponectin. Recent studies have demonstrated that constitutive adiponectin secretion is dependent on PIP2 levels and the integrity of cortical F-actin. Non-muscle myosin II is an actin-based motor that is associated with membrane vesicles and participates in vesicular trafficking in mammalian cells. Therefore, we investigated the role of myosin II in the trafficking and secretion of adiponectin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Confocal microscopy revealed that myosin IIA and IIB were dispersed throughout the cytoplasm of the adipocyte. Both myosin isoforms were localized in the Golgi/TGN region as evidenced by colocalization with the cis-Golgi marker, p115 and the trans-Golgi marker, γ-adaptin. Inhibition of myosin II activity by blebbistatin or actin depolymerization by latrunculin B dispersed myosin IIA and IIB towards the periphery while significantly inhibiting adiponectin secretion. Therefore, the constitutive trafficking and secretion of adiponectin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes occurs by an actin-dependent mechanism that involves the actin-based motors, myosin IIA and IIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Bedi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, United States.
| | - John C Dennis
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Edward E Morrison
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Tim D Braden
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Robert L Judd
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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Myosin isoform expressed in metastatic prostate cancer stimulates cell invasion. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8476. [PMID: 28814772 PMCID: PMC5559518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09158-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During metastasis, tumor cells migrate out of their original tissue to invade other organs. Secretion of exosomes and metalloproteases is essential for extracellular matrix remodeling, enabling migration through tissue barriers. Metastatic prostate cancer is differentiated by expression of the rare isoform A of the molecular motor myosin IC, however the function of this isoform remained unknown. Here we show that it contributes causatively to the invasive motility of prostate cancer cells. We found that the isoform associates with metalloprotease-containing exosomes and stimulates their secretion. While the data show that myosin IC is involved in prostate cancer cell migration, migration outside extracellular matrix in vitro proves little affected specifically by isoform A. Nevertheless, this isoform stimulates invasion through extracellular matrix, pointing to a critical role in secretion. Both the secretion and invasion depend on the integrity of the motor and lipid-binding domains of the protein. Our results demonstrate how myosin IC isoform A is likely to function in metastasis, driving secretion of exosomes that enable invasion of prostate cancer cells across extracellular matrix barriers. The new data identify a molecule suitable for a mechanistically grounded development into a marker and target for prognosis, detection, and treatment of invasive prostate cancer.
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Li YR, Zhong A, Dong H, Ni LH, Tan FQ, Yang WX. Myosin Va plays essential roles in maintaining normal mitosis, enhancing tumor cell motility and viability. Oncotarget 2017; 8:54654-54671. [PMID: 28903372 PMCID: PMC5589611 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin Va, a member of Class V myosin, functions in organelle motility, spindle formation, nuclear morphogenesis and cell motility. The purpose of this study is to explore the expression and localization of myosin Va in testicular cancer and prostate cancer, and its specific roles in tumor progression including cell division, migration and proliferation. We detected myosin Va in testicular and prostate tumor tissues using sqRT-PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence. Tumor samples showed an increased expression of myosin Va, abnormal actin and myosin Va distribution. Immunofluorescence images during the cell cycle showed that myosin Va tended to gather at cytoplasm during anaphase but co-localized with nucleus during other phases, suggesting the roles of myosin Va in disassembly of spindle microtubule, movement of chromosomes and normal cytokinesis. In addition, multi-nucleation and aberrant nuclear morphology were observed in myosin Va-knockdown cells. Wounding assay and CCK-8-based cell counting were conducted to explore myosin Va roles in cell migration, viability and proliferation. Our results suggest that myosin Va plays essential roles in maintaining normal mitosis, enhancing tumor cell motility and viability, and these properties are the hallmark of tumor progression and metastasis development. Therefore, an increased understanding of myosin Va expression and function will assist in the development of future oncodiagnosis and -therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ruide Li
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ai Zhong
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han Dong
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu-Han Ni
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Qing Tan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Guo M, Tan L, Nie X, Zhang Z. A class-II myosin is required for growth, conidiation, cell wall integrity and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae. Virulence 2017; 8:1335-1354. [PMID: 28448785 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1323156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic organisms, myosin proteins are the major ring components that are involved in cytokinesis. To date, little is known about the biologic functions of myosin proteins in Magnaporthe oryzae. In this study, insertional mutagenesis conducted in M. oryzae led to identification of Momyo2, a pathogenicity gene predicted to encode a class-II myosin protein homologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Myo1. According to qRT-PCR, Momyo2 is highly expressed during early infectious stage. When this gene was disrupted, the resultant mutant isolates were attenuated in virulence on rice and barley. These were likely caused by defective mycelial growth and frequent emergence of branch hyphae and septum. The Momyo2 mutants were also defective in conidial and appressorial development, characterized by abnormal conidia and appressoria. These consequently resulted in plant tissue penetration defects that the wild type strain lacked, and mutants being less pathogenic. Cytorrhysis assay, CFW staining of appressorium and monitoring of protoplast release suggested that appressorial wall was altered, presumably affecting the level of turgor pressure within appressorium. Furthermore, impairments in conidial germination, glycogen metabolites, tolerance to exogenous stresses and scavenging of host-derived reactive oxygen species were associated with defects on appressorium mediated penetration, and therefore attenuated the virulence of Momyo2 mutants. Taken together, these results suggest that Momyo2 plays pleiotropic roles in fungal development, and is required for the full pathogenicity of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Guo
- a Department of Plant Pathology , College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , China
| | - Leyong Tan
- a Department of Plant Pathology , College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , China
| | - Xiang Nie
- a Department of Plant Pathology , College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- b Department of Plant Pathology , College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China
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Horsthemke M, Bachg AC, Groll K, Moyzio S, Müther B, Hemkemeyer SA, Wedlich-Söldner R, Sixt M, Tacke S, Bähler M, Hanley PJ. Multiple roles of filopodial dynamics in particle capture and phagocytosis and phenotypes of Cdc42 and Myo10 deletion. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:7258-7273. [PMID: 28289096 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.766923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage filopodia, finger-like membrane protrusions, were first implicated in phagocytosis more than 100 years ago, but little is still known about the involvement of these actin-dependent structures in particle clearance. Using spinning disk confocal microscopy to image filopodial dynamics in mouse resident Lifeact-EGFP macrophages, we show that filopodia, or filopodia-like structures, support pathogen clearance by multiple means. Filopodia supported the phagocytic uptake of bacterial (Escherichia coli) particles by (i) capturing along the filopodial shaft and surfing toward the cell body, the most common mode of capture; (ii) capturing via the tip followed by retraction; (iii) combinations of surfing and retraction; or (iv) sweeping actions. In addition, filopodia supported the uptake of zymosan (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) particles by (i) providing fixation, (ii) capturing at the tip and filopodia-guided actin anterograde flow with phagocytic cup formation, and (iii) the rapid growth of new protrusions. To explore the role of filopodia-inducing Cdc42, we generated myeloid-restricted Cdc42 knock-out mice. Cdc42-deficient macrophages exhibited rapid phagocytic cup kinetics, but reduced particle clearance, which could be explained by the marked rounded-up morphology of these cells. Macrophages lacking Myo10, thought to act downstream of Cdc42, had normal morphology, motility, and phagocytic cup formation, but displayed markedly reduced filopodia formation. In conclusion, live-cell imaging revealed multiple mechanisms involving macrophage filopodia in particle capture and engulfment. Cdc42 is not critical for filopodia or phagocytic cup formation, but plays a key role in driving macrophage lamellipodial spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Horsthemke
- From the Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Anne C Bachg
- From the Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina Groll
- From the Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sven Moyzio
- From the Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Barbara Müther
- From the Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sandra A Hemkemeyer
- From the Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Roland Wedlich-Söldner
- the Institut für Zelldynamik und Bildgebung, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Sixt
- the Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria, and
| | - Sebastian Tacke
- the Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Bähler
- From the Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Peter J Hanley
- From the Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany,
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Myosin B of Plasmodium falciparum (PfMyoB): in silico prediction of its three-dimensional structure and its possible interaction with MTIP. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:1373-1382. [PMID: 28265752 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5417-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The mobility and invasion strategy of Plasmodium falciparum is governed by a protein complex known as the glideosome, which contains an actin-myosin motor. It has been shown that myosin A of the parasite (PfMyoA) is the myosin of the glideosome, and the interaction of PfMyoA with myosin tail domain interacting protein (MTIP) determines its correct location and its ability to function in the complex. Because PfMyoA and myosin B of P. falciparum (PfMyoB) share high sequence identity, are both small proteins without a tail domain, belong to the class XIV myosins, and are expressed in late schizonts and merozoites, we suspect that these myosins may have similar or redundant functions. Therefore, this work examined the structural similarity between PfMyoA and PfMyoB and performed a molecular docking between PfMyoB and MTIP. Three-dimensional (3D) models obtained for PfMyoA and PfMyoB achieved high scores in the structural validation programs used, and their superimposition revealed high structural similarity, supporting the hypothesis of possible similar functions for these two proteins. The 3D interaction models obtained and energy values found suggested that interaction between PfMyoB and MTIP is possible. Given the apparent abundance of PfMyoA relative to PfMyoB in the parasite, we believe that the interaction between PfMyoB and MTIP would only be detectable in specific cellular environments because under normal circumstances, it would be masked by the interaction between PfMyoA and MTIP.
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Xiao Q, Hu X, Wei Z, Tam KY. Cytoskeleton Molecular Motors: Structures and Their Functions in Neuron. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:1083-92. [PMID: 27570482 PMCID: PMC4997052 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.15633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells make use of molecular motors to transport small molecules, macromolecules and cellular organelles to target region to execute biological functions, which is utmost important for polarized cells, such as neurons. In particular, cytoskeleton motors play fundamental roles in neuron polarization, extension, shape and neurotransmission. Cytoskeleton motors comprise of myosin, kinesin and cytoplasmic dynein. F-actin filaments act as myosin track, while kinesin and cytoplasmic dynein move on microtubules. Cytoskeleton motors work together to build a highly polarized and regulated system in neuronal cells via different molecular mechanisms and functional regulations. This review discusses the structures and working mechanisms of the cytoskeleton motors in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingpin Xiao
- 1. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China; 2. Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaohui Hu
- 1. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Zhiyi Wei
- 2. Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kin Yip Tam
- 1. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
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How peroxisomes partition between cells. A story of yeast, mammals and filamentous fungi. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 41:73-80. [PMID: 27128775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells are subcompartmentalized into discrete, membrane-enclosed organelles. These organelles must be preserved in cells over many generations to maintain the selective advantages afforded by compartmentalization. Cells use complex molecular mechanisms of organelle inheritance to achieve high accuracy in the sharing of organelles between daughter cells. Here we focus on how a multi-copy organelle, the peroxisome, is partitioned in yeast, mammalian cells, and filamentous fungi, which differ in their mode of cell division. Cells achieve equidistribution of their peroxisomes through organelle transport and retention processes that act coordinately, although the strategies employed vary considerably by organism. Nevertheless, we propose that mechanisms common across species apply to the partitioning of all membrane-enclosed organelles.
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Zhang T, Shen S, Zhu Z, Lu S, Yin X, Zheng J, Jin J. Homoharringtonine binds to and increases myosin-9 in myeloid leukaemia. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:212-21. [PMID: 26448459 PMCID: PMC4813388 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Homoharringtonine (HHT) is a natural alkaloid isolated from various Cephalotaxus species. HHT has been used to treat acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), chronic lymphocyte leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. Although HHT inhibits protein synthesis and promotes apoptosis of leukaemia cells in preclinical studies, its molecular target proteins remain unknown. The aim of this study was to identify target proteins of HHT. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We have synthesized a biotinylated affinity column and used it to identify targets of HHT and confirmed the results by MS and Western blots. We also examined the effects of HHT on the target protein and determined roles of the target protein in anti-leukaemia activities of HHT through Western blots, flow cytometry and retrovirus transfection. KEY RESULTS Myosin-9, a member of the myosin super-family, was identified as a direct interactor of HHT. Furthermore, HHT up-regulated the expression level of myosin-9 in both AML and CML cell lines in a time-dependent manner. Thus, HHT-induced apoptosis of leukaemia cells begins in 6 h and continues to increase for 24 h. There is a positive correlation between up-regulated myosin-9 expression level and increased percentage of apoptotic cells mediated by HHT. Overexpression of myosin-9 could increase the sensitivity of the leukaemia cells to the cytotoxicity of HHT and arrest cells in S and G2/M phases. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results indicated that myosin-9 was the target protein of HHT and played an important role in the HHT-induced apoptosis of leukaemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Department of Haematology and Institute of Haematology, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Shuijie Shen
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of PediatricsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Zhijuan Zhu
- Department of Haematology and Institute of Haematology, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Shasha Lu
- Department of Haematology and Institute of Haematology, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Xiufeng Yin
- Department of Haematology and Institute of Haematology, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of PediatricsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Key Laboratory of Structure‐Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of EducationShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Haematology and Institute of Haematology, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
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Kwon TJ, Oh SK, Park HJ, Sato O, Venselaar H, Choi SY, Kim S, Lee KY, Bok J, Lee SH, Vriend G, Ikebe M, Kim UK, Choi JY. The effect of novel mutations on the structure and enzymatic activity of unconventional myosins associated with autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss. Open Biol 2015; 4:rsob.140107. [PMID: 25080041 PMCID: PMC4118606 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.140107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in five unconventional myosin genes have been associated with genetic hearing loss (HL). These genes encode the motor proteins myosin IA, IIIA, VI, VIIA and XVA. To date, most mutations in myosin genes have been found in the Caucasian population. In addition, only a few functional studies have been performed on the previously reported myosin mutations. We performed screening and functional studies for mutations in the MYO1A and MYO6 genes in Korean cases of autosomal dominant non-syndromic HL. We identified four novel heterozygous mutations in MYO6. Three mutations (p.R825X, p.R991X and Q918fsX941) produce a premature truncation of the myosin VI protein. Another mutation, p.R205Q, was associated with diminished actin-activated ATPase activity and actin gliding velocity of myosin VI in an in vitro analysis. This finding is consistent with the results of protein modelling studies and corroborates the pathogenicity of this mutation in the MYO6 gene. One missense variant, p.R544W, was found in the MYO1A gene, and in silico analysis suggested that this variant has deleterious effects on protein function. This finding is consistent with the results of protein modelling studies and corroborates the pathogenic effect of this mutation in the MYO6 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Jun Kwon
- School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 plus project), Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Se-Kyung Oh
- School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 plus project), Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | | | - Osamu Sato
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hanka Venselaar
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - SungHee Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Fatima Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Yup Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jinwoong Bok
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea BK21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Heun Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Gert Vriend
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mitsuo Ikebe
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Un-Kyung Kim
- School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 plus project), Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae Young Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Class I myosins have overlapping and specialized functions in left-right asymmetric development in Drosophila. Genetics 2015; 199:1183-99. [PMID: 25659376 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.174698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The class I myosin genes are conserved in diverse organisms, and their gene products are involved in actin dynamics, endocytosis, and signal transduction. Drosophila melanogaster has three class I myosin genes, Myosin 31DF (Myo31DF), Myosin 61F (Myo61F), and Myosin 95E (Myo95E). Myo31DF, Myo61F, and Myo95E belong to the Myosin ID, Myosin IC, and Myosin IB families, respectively. Previous loss-of-function analyses of Myo31DF and Myo61F revealed important roles in left-right (LR) asymmetric development and enterocyte maintenance, respectively. However, it was difficult to elucidate their roles in vivo, because of potential redundant activities. Here we generated class I myosin double and triple mutants to address this issue. We found that the triple mutant was viable and fertile, indicating that all three class I myosins were dispensable for survival. A loss-of-function analysis revealed further that Myo31DF and Myo61F, but not Myo95E, had redundant functions in promoting the dextral LR asymmetric development of the male genitalia. Myo61F overexpression is known to antagonize the dextral activity of Myo31DF in various Drosophila organs. Thus, the LR-reversing activity of overexpressed Myo61F may not reflect its physiological function. The endogenous activity of Myo61F in promoting dextral LR asymmetric development was observed in the male genitalia, but not the embryonic gut, another LR asymmetric organ. Thus, Myo61F and Myo31DF, but not Myo95E, play tissue-specific, redundant roles in LR asymmetric development. Our studies also revealed differential colocalization of the class I myosins with filamentous (F)-actin in the brush border of intestinal enterocytes.
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Zheng Z, Hou Y, Cai Y, Zhang Y, Li Y, Zhou M. Whole-genome sequencing reveals that mutations in myosin-5 confer resistance to the fungicide phenamacril in Fusarium graminearum. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8248. [PMID: 25648042 PMCID: PMC5389027 DOI: 10.1038/srep08248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the mechanism of resistance to the fungicide phenamacril (JS399-19) in Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight, we sequenced and annotated the genome of the resistant strain YP-1 (generated by treating the F. graminearum reference strain PH-1 with phenamacril). Of 1.4 million total reads from an Illumina-based paired-end sequencing assay, 92.80% were aligned to the F. graminearum reference genome. Compared with strain PH-1, strain YP-1 contained 1,989 single-nucleotide polymorphisms that led to amino acid mutations in 132 genes. We sequenced 22 functional annotated genes of another F. graminearum sensitive strain (strain 2021) and corresponding resistant strains. The only mutation common to all of the resistant mutants occurred in the gene encoding myosin-5 (point mutations at codon 216, 217, 418, 420, or 786). To confirm whether the mutations in myosin-5 confer resistance to phenamacril, we exchanged the myosin-5 locus between the sensitive strain 2021 and the resistant strain Y2021A by homologous double exchange. The transformed mutants with a copy of the resistant fragment exhibited resistance to phenamacril, and the transformed mutant with a copy of the sensitive fragment exhibited sensitivity to phenamacril. These results indicate that mutations in myosin-5 confers resistance to phenamacril in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitian Zheng
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yiping Hou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yiqiang Cai
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Pesticide, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Zhang C, Chen Y, Yin Y, Ji HH, Shim WB, Hou Y, Zhou M, Li XD, Ma Z. A small molecule species specifically inhibits Fusarium myosin I. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:2735-46. [PMID: 25404531 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum is a devastating disease of cereal crops worldwide. Recently, a novel fungicide JS399-19 has been launched into the marketplace to manage FHB. It is compelling that JS399-19 shows highly inhibitory activity towards some Fusarium species, but not to other fungi, indicating that it is an environmentally compatible fungicide. To explore the mode of action of this species-specific compound, we conducted a whole-genome transcript profiling together with genetic and biochemical assays, and discovered that JS399-19 targets the myosin I of F. graminearum (FgMyo1). FgMyo1 is essential for F. graminearum growth. A point mutation S217L or E420K in FgMyo1 is responsible for F. graminearum resistance to JS399-19. In addition, transformation of F. graminearum with the myosin I gene of Magnaporthe grisea, the causal agent of rice blast, also led to JS399-19 resistance. JS399-19 strongly inhibits the ATPase activity of the wild-type FgMyo1, but not the mutated FgMyo1(S217L/E420K) . These results provide us a new insight into the design of species-specific antifungal compounds. Furthermore, our strategy can be applied to identify novel drug targets in various pathogenic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengqi Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanni Yin
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Huan-Hong Ji
- National Laboratory of Integrated Management of Insect Pests and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Won-Bo Shim
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2132, USA
| | - Yiping Hou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Li
- National Laboratory of Integrated Management of Insect Pests and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Castaldi PJ, Cho MH, San José Estépar R, McDonald MLN, Laird N, Beaty TH, Washko G, Crapo JD, Silverman EK. Genome-wide association identifies regulatory Loci associated with distinct local histogram emphysema patterns. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190:399-409. [PMID: 25006744 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201403-0569oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Emphysema is a heritable trait that occurs in smokers with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Emphysema occurs in distinct pathologic patterns, but the genetic determinants of these patterns are unknown. OBJECTIVES To identify genetic loci associated with distinct patterns of emphysema in smokers and investigate the regulatory function of these loci. METHODS Quantitative measures of distinct emphysema patterns were generated from computed tomography scans from smokers in the COPDGene Study using the local histogram emphysema quantification method. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed in 9,614 subjects for five emphysema patterns, and the results were referenced against enhancer and DNase I hypersensitive regions from ENCODE and Roadmap Epigenomics cell lines. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Genome-wide significant associations were identified for seven loci. Two are novel associations (top single-nucleotide polymorphism rs379123 in MYO1D and rs9590614 in VMA8) located within genes that function in cell-cell signaling and cell migration, and five are in loci previously associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease susceptibility (HHIP, IREB2/CHRNA3, CYP2A6/ADCK, TGFB2, and MMP12). Five of these seven loci lay within enhancer or DNase I hypersensitivity regions in lung fibroblasts or small airway epithelial cells, respectively. Enhancer enrichment analysis for top GWAS associations (single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated at P < 5 × 10(-6)) identified multiple cell lines with significant enhancer enrichment among top GWAS loci, including lung fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates for the first time genetic associations with distinct patterns of pulmonary emphysema quantified by computed tomography scan. Enhancer regions are significantly enriched among these GWAS results, with pulmonary fibroblasts among the cell types showing the strongest enrichment.
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Doller A, Badawi A, Schmid T, Brauss T, Pleli T, zu Heringdorf DM, Piiper A, Pfeilschifter J, Eberhardt W. The cytoskeletal inhibitors latrunculin A and blebbistatin exert antitumorigenic properties in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by interfering with intracellular HuR trafficking. Exp Cell Res 2014; 330:66-80. [PMID: 25240929 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The impact of the RNA-binding protein HuR for the post-transcriptional deregulation of tumor-relevant genes is well established. Despite of elevations in HuR expression levels, an increase in cytoplasmic HuR abundance in many cases correlates with a high grade of malignancy. Here, we demonstrated that administration of the actin-depolymerizing macrolide latrunculin A, or blebbistatin, an inhibitor of myosin II ATPase activity, caused a dose- and time-dependent reduction in the high cytoplasmic HuR content of HepG2 and Huh7 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Subcellular fractionation revealed that in addition, both inhibitors strongly attenuated cytoskeletal and membrane-bound HuR abundance and conversely increased the HuR amount in nuclear cell fractions. Concomitant with changes in intracellular HuR localization, both cytoskeletal inhibitors markedly decreased the half-lives of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), cyclin A and cyclin D1 encoding mRNAs resulting in a significant reduction in their expression levels in HepG2 cells. Importantly, a similar reduction in the expression of these HuR targets was achieved by a RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of either HuR or nonmuscle myoin IIA. Using polysomal fractionation, we further demonstrate that the decrease in cytoplasmic HuR by latrunculin A or blebbistatin is accompanied by a marked change in the allocation of HuR and its mRNA cargo from polysomes to ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles. Functionally, the basal migration and prostaglandin E2 synthesis are similarly impaired in inhibitor-treated and stable HuR-knockdown HepG2 cells. Our data demonstrate that interfering with the actomyosin-dependent HuR trafficking may comprise a valid therapeutic option for antagonizing pathologic posttranscriptional gene expression by HuR and furthermore emphasize the potential benefit of HuR inhibitory strategies for treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Doller
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Amel Badawi
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Tobias Schmid
- Institut für Biochemie I (Pathobiochemie), Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Thilo Brauss
- Institut für Biochemie I (Pathobiochemie), Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Pleli
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | | | - Albrecht Piiper
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eberhardt
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Subramonian D, Raghunayakula S, Olsen JV, Beningo KA, Paschen W, Zhang XD. Analysis of changes in SUMO-2/3 modification during breast cancer progression and metastasis. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:3905-18. [PMID: 25072996 DOI: 10.1021/pr500119a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
SUMOylation is an essential posttranslational modification and regulates many cellular processes. Dysregulation of SUMOylation plays a critical role in metastasis, yet how its perturbation affects this lethal process of cancer is not well understood. We found that SUMO-2/3 modification is greatly up-regulated in metastatic breast cancer cells compared with nonmetastatic control cells. To identify proteins differentially modified by SUMO-2/3 between metastatic and nonmetastatic cells, we established a method in which endogenous SUMO-2/3 conjugates are labeled by stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), immunopurified by SUMO-2/3 monoclonal antibodies and epitope-peptide elution, and analyzed by quantitative mass spectrometry. We identified 66 putative SUMO-2/3-conjugated proteins, of which 15 proteins show a significant increase/decrease in SUMO-2/3 modification in metastatic cells. Targets with altered SUMOylation are involved in cell cycle, migration, inflammation, glycolysis, gene expression, and SUMO/ubiquitin pathways, suggesting that perturbations of SUMO-2/3 modification might contribute to metastasis by affecting these processes. Consistent with this, up-regulation of PML SUMO-2/3 modification corresponds to an increased number of PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) in metastatic cells, whereas up-regulation of global SUMO-2/3 modification promotes 3D cell migration. Our findings provide a foundation for further investigating the effects of SUMOylation on breast cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Subramonian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University , 5047 Gullen Mall, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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Santos-Argumedo L, Maravillas-Montero JL, López-Ortega O. Class I myosins in B-cell physiology: functions in spreading, immune synapses, motility, and vesicular traffic. Immunol Rev 2014; 256:190-202. [PMID: 24117822 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Myosins comprise a family of motor proteins whose role in muscle contraction and motility in a large range of eukaryotic cells has been widely studied. Although these proteins have been characterized extensively and much is known about their function in different cellular compartments, little is known about these molecules in hematopoietic cells. Myosins expressed by cells from the immune response are involved in maintaining plasma membrane tension, moving and secreting vesicles, endo- and exocytotic processes, and promoting the adhesion and motility of cells. Herein, we summarize our current understanding of class I myosins in B cells, with an emphasis on the emerging roles of these molecular motors in immune functions.
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Myosin light chain kinase regulates hearing in mice by influencing the F-actin cytoskeleton of outer hair cells and cochleae. Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:905-12. [PMID: 24481113 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) phosphorylates myosin regulatory light chains to facilitate its interaction with actin filaments and produce contractile activity. The outer hair cells (OHCs) in the ear contain large amounts of actin and a variety myosins. The stereociliary and somatic motility of OHCs are closely related to hearing. It appears likely that MLCK may play an important role in acoustic trans-duction. In this study, we analyzed, both in vivo and in vitro, the OHCs of mice bearing a specific deletion of the MLCK gene and the OHCs of control mice. The phenotype was assessed by auditory function [acoustic brainstem responses (ABRs) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs)], inner ear morphology and histology. MLCK-deficient mice aged 6-7 months showed impaired hearing, a 5- to 10-dB sound pressure level (SPL) increase in the ABR thresholds, when responding to clicks and tones of different frequencies (8 and 16 kHz) (P<0.05). The DPOAE amplitudes of 3-month-old MLCK-deficient mice decreased significantly (>10 dB SPL) at low frequencies (4, 5 and 6 kHz). The OHCs in the MLCK-deficient mice increased with abnormal stereocilia. The staining of F-actin and the phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain in MLCK-deficient OHCs was weak. Our results indicate that MLCK may regulate the structure and the motility of stereocilia through F-actin polymerization.
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