1
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Mufti A, Gulati S, Kochhar KP, Alam I, Wadhwa S, Sikka K, Saxena R, Jain S. Novel Therapeutic Strategies of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and Nanomedicine in Pediatric Cerebral Palsy Patients. Neurol India 2024; 72:248-257. [PMID: 38691468 DOI: 10.4103/ni.ni_953_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Infantile central palsy (CP) is caused due to damage to the immature developing brain usually before birth, leading to altered topography and biochemical milieu. CP is a life-limiting disorder, which causes changes in sensory, motor, cognitive, and behavioral functioning. Understanding its pathophysiology is complex, and current therapeutic modalities, oral medication, surgical treatment, physical therapy, and rehabilitation provide minimal relief. As the brain is plastic, it has an inherent capacity to adapt to altered activity; thus, non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) strategies, like repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, which can modulate the neuronal activity and its function, may lead to recovery in CP patients. Further, in recent years, nanomedicine has shown a promising approach in pre-clinical studies for the treatment of central nervous system disorder because it can cross the blood-brain barrier, improve penetration, and provide sustained release of the drug. The review focuses on the principles and mechanisms of various NIBS techniques used in CP. We have also contemplated the effect of rehabilitation and nanomedicine in CP children, which will definitely lead to advancing our diagnostic as well as therapeutic abilities, in a vulnerable group of little ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Mufti
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, Delhi, India
| | - Sheffali Gulati
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, Delhi, India
| | - Kanwal P Kochhar
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, Delhi, India
| | - Iqbal Alam
- Department of Physiology Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Wadhwa
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, Delhi, India
| | - Kapil Sikka
- Department of ENT, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, Delhi, India
| | - Rohit Saxena
- Department of Rajendra Prasad Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, Delhi, India
| | - Suman Jain
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, Delhi, India
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2
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Wang H, Jian M, Li S, Liang X, Lu H, Xia K, Zhu M, Wu Y, Zhang Y. Inter-Shell Sliding in Individual Few-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Flexible Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2306144. [PMID: 37505197 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Few-walled carbon nanotube (FWCNT) is composed of a few coaxial shells of CNTs with different diameters. The shells in one tube can slide relatively to each other under external forces, potentially leading to regulated electrical properties, which are never explored due to experimental difficulties. In this work, the electromechanical response induced by inter-shell sliding of individual CNTs is studied and revealed the linear electrical current variation for the first time. Based on centimeter-long FWCNTs grown through chemical vapor deposition, controllable and reversible inter-shell sliding is realized while simultaneously recording the electrical current. Reversible and linear current variation with inter-shell sliding is observed, which is consistent with the proposed inter-shell tunneling model. Further, a silk fibroin-assisted transfer technique is developed for long CNTs and realized the fabrication of FWCNT-based flexible devices. Tensile stress can be applied on the FWCNTs@silk film encapsulated in elastic silicone to induce inter-shell sliding and thus controls electrical current, which is demonstrated to serve as a new human-machine interface with high reliability. Besides, it is foreseen that the electromechanical behaviors induced by inter-layer sliding in 1D nanotubes may also be extended to 2D layered materials, shedding new light on the fabrication of novel electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haomin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Muqiang Jian
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Liang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Haojie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Kailun Xia
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Mengjia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wu
- College of Mathematics and Physics, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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3
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Bie Z, Deng Y, Liu X, Zhu J, Tao J, Shi X, He X. The Controllable Mechanical Properties of Coiled Carbon Nanotubes with Stone-Wales and Vacancy Defects. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2656. [PMID: 37836298 PMCID: PMC10574105 DOI: 10.3390/nano13192656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Coiled carbon nanotubes (CCNTs) as a promising nanometer scale spring are investigated for the effect of the defects on the tensile mechanical properties of CCNTs by using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Six samples of defective CCNTs are constructed by introducing the defects in the different positions. The results show an obvious decrease in the spring constant and elastic limit of defective CCNTs, which results in the lower energy storage ability during the elastic range compared with the perfect CCNTs. However, the defected CCNTs exhibit better ductility (138.9%) and higher energy absorbing ability (1539.93 J/g) during the fracture process since introduced defects change the deformation pattern. Furthermore, among the defected CCNTs, the stiffness (1.48~1.93 nN/nm), elastic limit (75.2~88.7%), ductility (108.5~138.9%), and deformation pattern can be adjusted by changing the position or the type of defects. This study firstly provides insight into the effects of Stone-Wales (SW) and vacancy defects on the mechanical properties of CCNTs, and the obtained results are meaningful for designing CCNTs with specified properties by introducing defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwu Bie
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong; (Z.B.); (J.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Yajie Deng
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (X.L.); (J.T.)
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong; (Z.B.); (J.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Jixiao Tao
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (X.L.); (J.T.)
| | - Xian Shi
- School of Civil Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China;
| | - Xiaoqiao He
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong; (Z.B.); (J.Z.); (X.H.)
- Center for Advanced Structural Materials, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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4
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Aydin A, Sisman A, Fransson J, Black-Schaffer AM, Dutta P. Thermodefect voltage in graphene nanoribbon junctions. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:195304. [PMID: 35168226 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac553b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectric junctions are often made of components of different materials characterized by distinct transport properties. Single material junctions, with the same type of charge carriers, have also been considered to investigate various classical and quantum effects on the thermoelectric properties of nanostructured materials. We here introduce the concept of defect-induced thermoelectric voltage, namely,thermodefect voltage, in graphene nanoribbon (GNR) junctions under a temperature gradient. Our thermodefect junction is formed by two GNRs with identical properties except the existence of defects in one of the nanoribbons. At room temperature the thermodefect voltage is highly sensitive to the types of defects, their locations, as well as the width and edge configurations of the GNRs. We computationally demonstrate that the thermodefect voltage can be as high as 1.7 mV K-1for 555-777 defects in semiconducting armchair GNRs. We further investigate the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductance, and electronic thermal conductance, and also the power factor of the individual junction components to explain the thermodefect effect. Taken together, our study presents a new pathway to enhance the thermoelectric properties of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhun Aydin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America
| | - Altug Sisman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Fransson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Paramita Dutta
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
- Theoretical Physics Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad-380009, India
- Department of Physics, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Rajasthan-333031, India
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5
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Tang DM, Erohin SV, Kvashnin DG, Demin VA, Cretu O, Jiang S, Zhang L, Hou PX, Chen G, Futaba DN, Zheng Y, Xiang R, Zhou X, Hsia FC, Kawamoto N, Mitome M, Nemoto Y, Uesugi F, Takeguchi M, Maruyama S, Cheng HM, Bando Y, Liu C, Sorokin PB, Golberg D. Semiconductor nanochannels in metallic carbon nanotubes by thermomechanical chirality alteration. Science 2021; 374:1616-1620. [PMID: 34941420 DOI: 10.1126/science.abi8884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Ming Tang
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Sergey V Erohin
- National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Moscow 119049, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry G Kvashnin
- National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Moscow 119049, Russian Federation.,Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Moscow 119334, Russian Federation
| | - Victor A Demin
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Moscow 119334, Russian Federation
| | - Ovidiu Cretu
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Song Jiang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Peng-Xiang Hou
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Guohai Chen
- CNT-Application Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Don N Futaba
- CNT-Application Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yongjia Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Xin Zhou
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Feng-Chun Hsia
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kawamoto
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Masanori Mitome
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nemoto
- Electron Microscopy Analysis Station, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Uesugi
- Electron Microscopy Analysis Station, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
| | - Masaki Takeguchi
- Electron Microscopy Analysis Station, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
| | - Shigeo Maruyama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.,Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yoshio Bando
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Chang Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Pavel B Sorokin
- National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Moscow 119049, Russian Federation.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow Region 141701, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitri Golberg
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan.,Centre for Materials Science and School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane QLD 4000, Australia
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6
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Gao J, Zhu Z, Shen B, Bai Y, Sun S, Wei F. Bandgap-Coupled Template Autocatalysis toward the Growth of High-Purity sp 2 Nanocarbons. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003078. [PMID: 33854884 PMCID: PMC8025012 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Extraordinary properties and great application potentials of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphene fundamentally rely on their large-scale perfect sp2 structure. Particularly for high-end applications, ultralow defect density and ultrahigh selectivity are prerequisites, for which metal-catalyzed chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is the most promising approach. Due to their structure and peculiarity, CNTs and graphene can themselves provide growth templates and nonlocal dual conductance, serving as template autocatalysts with tunable bandgap during the CVD. However, current growth kinetics models all focus on the external factors and edges. Here, the growth kinetics of sp2 nanocarbons is elaborated from the perspective of template autocatalysis and holistic electronic structure. After reviewing current growth kinetics, various representative works involving CVD growth of different sp2 nanocarbons are analyzed, to reveal their bandgap-coupled kinetics and resulting selective synthesis. Recent progress is then reviewed, which has demonstrated the interlocking between the atomic assembly rate and bandgap of CNTs, with an explicit volcano dependence whose peak would be determined by the environment. In addition, the topological protection for perfect sp2 structure and the defect-induced perturbation for the interlocking are discussed. Finally, the prospects for the kinetic selective growth of perfect nanocarbons are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and TechnologyDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Zhenxing Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and TechnologyDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Boyuan Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and TechnologyDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Yunxiang Bai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and TechnologyDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Silei Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and TechnologyDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Fei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and TechnologyDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
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7
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He M, Zhang S, Zhang J. Horizontal Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Arrays: Controlled Synthesis, Characterizations, and Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 120:12592-12684. [PMID: 33064453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) emerge as a promising material to advance carbon nanoelectronics. However, synthesizing or assembling pure metallic/semiconducting SWNTs required for interconnects/integrated circuits, respectively, by a conventional chemical vapor deposition method or by an assembly technique remains challenging. Recent studies have shown significant scientific breakthroughs in controlled SWNT synthesis/assembly and applications in scaled field effect transistors, which are a critical component in functional nanodevices, thereby rendering the horizontal SWNT array an important candidate for innovating nanotechnology. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the controlled synthesis, surface assembly, characterization techniques, and potential applications of horizontally aligned SWNT arrays. This review begins with the discussion of synthesis of horizontally aligned SWNTs with regulated direction, density, structure, and theoretical models applied to understand the growth results. Several traditional procedures applied for assembling SWNTs on target surface are also briefly discussed. It then discusses the techniques adopted to characterize SWNTs, ranging from electron/probe microscopy to various optical spectroscopy methods. Prototype applications based on the horizontally aligned SWNTs, such as interconnects, field effect transistors, integrated circuits, and even computers, are subsequently described. Finally, this review concludes with challenges and a brief outlook of the future development in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoshuai He
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Shuchen Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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8
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Chen H, Zhang XL, Zhang YY, Wang D, Bao DL, Que Y, Xiao W, Du S, Ouyang M, Pantelides ST, Gao HJ. Atomically precise, custom-design origami graphene nanostructures. Science 2019; 365:1036-1040. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aax7864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xian-Li Zhang
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yu-Yang Zhang
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Departments of Physics and Astronomy and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Dongfei Wang
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - De-Liang Bao
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Departments of Physics and Astronomy and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Yande Que
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wende Xiao
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shixuan Du
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Min Ouyang
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Sokrates T. Pantelides
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Departments of Physics and Astronomy and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Hong-Jun Gao
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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9
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Clément P, Trinchera P, Cervantes-Salguero K, Ye Q, Jones CR, Palma M. A One-Step Chemical Strategy for the Formation of Carbon Nanotube Junctions in Aqueous Solution: Reaction of DNA-Wrapped Carbon Nanotubes with Diazonium Salts. Chempluschem 2019; 84:1235-1238. [PMID: 31944048 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A single-step chemical strategy allows the formation of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) molecular junctions in aqueous solution. SWCNTs were first wrapped with DNA to be water soluble and solution processable. Diazonium salts, which have been shown to react spontaneously with carbon nanotubes in water at room temperature, were then employed to covalently link SWCNT segments. The DNA wrapping of the nanotubes acted as a protective layer that limits the functionalization predominantly to the nanotube terminal ends, therefore allowing the assembly of linear SWCNT junctions. Upon increasing the concentration of the linker, we observed first the formation of side-to-end junctions, and eventually the assembly, through side-to-side interactions, of SWCNTs into bundles. This approach demonstrates the possibility of tuning the formation of linear and branched carbon nanotube junctions that in turn is of importance for the sustainable fabrication of solution-processable CNT-based nanoscale systems and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierrick Clément
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, and Materials Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Piera Trinchera
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, and Materials Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Keitel Cervantes-Salguero
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, and Materials Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Qingyu Ye
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, and Materials Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher R Jones
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, and Materials Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Palma
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, and Materials Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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10
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Nguyen D, Wallum A, Nguyen HA, Nguyen NT, Lyding JW, Gruebele M. Imaging of Carbon Nanotube Electronic States Polarized by the Field of an Excited Quantum Dot. ACS NANO 2019; 13:1012-1018. [PMID: 30605600 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Efficient heat dissipation and large gate capacitance have made carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNT FETs) devices of interest for over 20 years. The mechanism of CNT FETs involves localization of the electronic structure due to a transverse electric field, yet little is known about the localization effect, nor has the electronic polarization been visualized directly. Here, we co-deposit PbS quantum dots (QDs) with CNTs and optically excite the QD so its excited-state dipolar field biases the local environment of a CNT. Using single-molecule absorption scanning tunneling microscopy, we show that the electronic states of the CNT become transversely localized. By nudging QDs to different distances from the CNT, the magnitude of the localization can be controlled. Different bias voltages probe the degree of localization in different CNT excited states. A simple tight-binding model for the CNT in an electrostatic field provides a semiquantitative model for the observed behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nhan T Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry , VNU-University of Science , Hanoi 10000 , Vietnam
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11
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Badehian HA, Gharbavi K, Ghazi SM. First-Principle Investigation of the Mechanical and Transport Properties of the Zigzag Carbon Nanotubes (n, 0) (n = 4, 5) with Stone–Wales Defects. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, TRANSACTIONS A: SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40995-018-0595-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Oruc B, Celik S, Hayat Soytas S, Unal H. DNA Directed Self-Assembly of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes into Three-Way Junction Nanostructures. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:4157-4162. [PMID: 30023887 PMCID: PMC6044768 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Utilization of a self-assembled two-dimensional DNA nanostructure to arrange single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) into predetermined structures at controllable angles is presented. A specially designed DNA three-way junction (3WJ) composed of three double-stranded DNA arms containing single-stranded overhang sequences was prepared by annealing of partially complementary ssDNA sequences and ultrasonicated with SWNTs, resulting in DNA-3WJ/SWNT hybrid nanostructures. Utilization of DNA-3WJ not only allowed the precise dispersion of SWNTs but also acted as a rigid template for the self-assembly of SWNTs into three-armed junctions at an angle of approximately 120° to each other as visualized by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Prepared DNA-3WJ/SWNT nanostructures were also demonstrated to have the appropriate binding sites for fluorophores, providing a simple method for the fluorescent labeling of SWNTs. When ssDNA sequences forming the DNA-3WJ are ultrasonicated with SWNTs, followed by annealing of resulting ssDNA wrapped SWNTs, instead of hybrid junctions composed of three SWNT molecules, a web-like structure composed of interconnected SWNT junctions was obtained. The design approaches demonstrated here provide simple methods for the arrangement of SWNTs into desired nanostructures utilizing pre-assembled DNA nanostructures as linkers in aqueous solution through noncovalent interactions which can greatly contribute to efforts along the controlled assembly of SWNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Oruc
- Faculty
of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci
University, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Celik
- Sabanci
University SUNUM Nanotechnology Research Center, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Hayat Soytas
- Sabanci
University SUNUM Nanotechnology Research Center, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hayriye Unal
- Sabanci
University SUNUM Nanotechnology Research Center, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
- E-mail: (H.U.)
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13
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Otsuka K, Yamamoto S, Inoue T, Koyano B, Ukai H, Yoshikawa R, Xiang R, Chiashi S, Maruyama S. Digital Isotope Coding to Trace the Growth Process of Individual Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2018; 12:3994-4001. [PMID: 29613761 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are attracting increasing attention as an ideal material for high-performance electronics through the preparation of arrays of purely semiconducting SWCNTs. Despite significant progress in the controlled synthesis of SWCNTs, their growth mechanism remains unclear due to difficulties in analyzing the time-resolved growth of individual SWCNTs under practical growth conditions. Here we present a method for tracing the diverse growth profiles of individual SWCNTs by embedding digitally coded isotope labels. Raman mapping showed that, after various incubation times, SWCNTs elongated monotonically until their abrupt termination. Ex situ analysis offered an opportunity to capture rare chirality changes along the SWCNTs, which resulted in sudden acceleration/deceleration of the growth rate. Dependence on growth parameters, such as temperature and carbon concentration, was also traced along individual SWCNTs, which could provide clues to chirality control. Systematic growth studies with a variety of catalysts and conditions, which combine the presented method with other characterization techniques, will lead to further understanding and control of chirality, length, and density of SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Otsuka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Shun Yamamoto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Taiki Inoue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Bunsho Koyano
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ukai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Ryo Yoshikawa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Shohei Chiashi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Shigeo Maruyama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
- Energy NanoEngineering Laboratory , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , 1-2-1 Namiki , Tsukuba 305-8564 , Japan
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14
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He M, Magnin Y, Jiang H, Amara H, Kauppinen EI, Loiseau A, Bichara C. Growth modes and chiral selectivity of single-walled carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:6744-6750. [PMID: 29589849 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr09539b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemical vapor deposition synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes, using an Fe catalyst, and alternating methane and carbon monoxide as carbon feedstocks, leads to the reversible formation of junctions between tubes of different diameters. Combined with an atomistic modeling of the tube/catalyst interface, this shows that the ratio of diameters of the tube and its seeding particle, denoting the growth mode, depends on the carbon fraction inside the catalyst. With carbon monoxide, nanoparticles are strongly carbon enriched, and tend to dewet the tube, in a perpendicular growth mode. Cross-checking our results with the available reports from the literature of the last decade strongly suggests that these latter conditions should favor the near armchair chiral selectivity observed empirically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoshuai He
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
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15
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Li Z, Yuan D, Wu H, Li W, Gu D. A novel route to synthesize carbon spheres and carbon nanotubes from carbon dioxide in a molten carbonate electrolyzer. Inorg Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qi00479f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide is readily converted into carbon spheres (CSs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in a molten carbonate electrolyzer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhida Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing
- China
| | - Dandan Yuan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing
- China
| | - Hongjun Wu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing
- China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Petroleum Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing
- China
| | - Di Gu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Chemical Technology
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing
- China
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16
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Zhang Q, Wei N, Laiho P, Kauppinen EI. Recent Developments in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Thin Films Fabricated by Dry Floating Catalyst Chemical Vapor Deposition. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2017; 375:90. [PMID: 29181596 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-017-0178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Transparent conducting films (TCFs) are critical components of many optoelectronic devices that pervade modern technology. Due to their excellent optoelectronic properties and flexibility, single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) films are regarded as an important alternative to doped metal oxides or brittle and expensive ceramic materials. Compared with liquid-phase processing, the dry floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (FCCVD) method without dispersion of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in solution is more direct and simpler. By overcoming the tradeoff between CNT length and solubility during film fabrication, the dry FCCVD method enables production of films that contain longer CNTs and offer excellent optoelectronic properties. This review focuses on fabrication of SWNT films using the dry FCCVD method, covering SWNT synthesis, thin-film fabrication and performance regulation, the morphology of SWNTs and bundles, transparency and conductivity characteristics, random bundle films, patterned films, individual CNT networks, and various applications, especially as TCFs in touch displays. Films based on SWNTs produced by the dry FCCVD method are already commercially available for application in touch display devices. Further research on the dry FCCVD method could advance development of not only industrial applications of CNTs but also the fundamental science of related nanostructured materials and nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, 00076, Aalto, Finland.
| | - Nan Wei
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Patrik Laiho
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Esko I Kauppinen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, 00076, Aalto, Finland
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph McMorrow
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences,
Materials Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Freeley
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences,
Materials Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Palma
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences,
Materials Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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18
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Direct Preparation of Carbon Nanotube Intramolecular Junctions on Structured Substrates. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38032. [PMID: 27905564 PMCID: PMC5131317 DOI: 10.1038/srep38032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Leveraging the unique properties of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) intramolecular junctions (IMJs) in innovative nanodevices and next-generation nanoelectronics requires controllable, repeatable, and large-scale preparation, together with rapid identification and comprehensive characterization of such structures. Here we demonstrate SWNT IMJs through directly growing ultralong SWNTs on trenched substrates. It is found that the trench configurations introduce axial strain in partially suspended nanotubes, and promote bending deformation in the vicinity of the trench edges. As a result, the lattice and electronic structure of the nanotubes can be locally modified, to form IMJs in the deformation regions. The trench patterns also enable pre-defining the formation locations of SWNT IMJs, facilitating the rapid identification. Elaborate Raman characterization has verified the formation of SWNT IMJs and identified their types. Rectifying behavior has been observed by electrical measurements on the as-prepared semiconducting-semiconducting (S-S) junction.
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19
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Zhu L, Wang J, Ding F. The Great Reduction of a Carbon Nanotube's Mechanical Performance by a Few Topological Defects. ACS NANO 2016; 10:6410-6415. [PMID: 27251448 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
It is widely believed that carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be employed to produce superstrong materials with tensile strengths of up to 50 GPa. Numerous efforts have, however, led to CNT fibers with maximum strengths of only a few GPa. Here we report that, due to different mechanical responses to the tensile loading of disclination topological defects in the CNT walls, a few of these topological defects are able to greatly decrease the strength of the CNTs, by up to an order of magnitude. This study reveals that even nearly perfect CNTs cannot be used to build exceptionally strong materials, and therefore synthesizing flawless CNTs is essential for utilizing the ideal strength of CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Zhu
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong, China
- School of Physics and Electronic & Electrical Engineering and Jiangsu Key Construction Laboratory of Modern Measurement Technology and Intelligent Systems, Huaiyin Normal University , Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
- Department of Physics, Southeast University , Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Jinlan Wang
- Department of Physics, Southeast University , Nanjing, 211189, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications (SICQEA), Hunan Normal University , Changsha 410081, China
| | - Feng Ding
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong, China
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20
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Wang WW, Dang JS, Zhao X, Nagase S. Regioselective multistep reconstructions of half-saturated zigzag carbon nanotubes. J Comput Chem 2016; 37:1363-6. [PMID: 26940857 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The open edge reconstruction of half-saturated (6,0) zigzag carbon nanotube (CNT) was introduced by density functional calculations. The multistep rearrangement was demonstrated as a regioselective process to generate a defective edge with alternating pentagons and heptagons. Not only the thermal stability was found to be enhanced significantly after reconstruction but also the total spin of CNT was proved to be reduced gradually from high-spin septet to close-shell singlet, revealing the critical role of deformed edge on the geometrical and magnetic properties of open-ended CNTs. Kinetically, the initial transformation was confirmed as the rate-determining step with relatively the largest reaction barrier and the following steps can take place spontaneously. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Wang
- Institute for Chemical Physics and Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.,Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 606-8103, Japan
| | - Jing-Shuang Dang
- Institute for Chemical Physics and Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics and Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, 606-8103, Japan
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21
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Nienhaus L, Wieghold S, Nguyen D, Lyding JW, Scott GE, Gruebele M. Optoelectronic Switching of a Carbon Nanotube Chiral Junction Imaged with Nanometer Spatial Resolution. ACS NANO 2015; 9:10563-10570. [PMID: 26348682 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chiral junctions of carbon nanotubes have the potential of serving as optically or electrically controllable switches. To investigate optoelectronic tuning of a chiral junction, we stamp carbon nanotubes onto a transparent gold surface and locate a tube with a semiconducting-metallic junction. We image topography, laser absorption at 532 nm, and measure I-V curves of the junction with nanometer spatial resolution. The bandgaps on both sides of the junction depend on the applied tip field (Stark effect), so the semiconducting-metallic nature of the junction can be tuned by varying the electric field from the STM tip. Although absolute field values can only be estimated because of the unknown tip geometry, the bandgap shifts are larger than expected from the tip field alone, so optical rectification of the laser and carrier generation by the laser must also affect the bandgap switching of the chiral junction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Wieghold
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | | | - Gregory E Scott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
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22
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Itkis ME, Pekker A, Tian X, Bekyarova E, Haddon RC. Networks of semiconducting SWNTs: contribution of midgap electronic states to the electrical transport. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:2270-9. [PMID: 26244611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) thin films provide a unique platform for the development of electronic and photonic devices because they combine the advantages of the outstanding physical properties of individual SWNTs with the capabilities of large area thin film manufacturing and patterning technologies. Flexible SWNT thin film based field-effect transistors, sensors, detectors, photovoltaic cells, and light emitting diodes have been already demonstrated, and SWNT thin film transparent, conductive coatings for large area displays and smart windows are under development. While chirally pure SWNTs are not yet commercially available, the marketing of semiconducting (SC) and metallic (MT) SWNTs has facilitated progress toward applications by making available materials of consistent electronic structure. Nevertheless the electrical transport properties of networks of separated SWNTs are inferior to those of individual SWNTs. In particular, for semiconducting SWNTs, which are the subject of this Account, the electrical transport drastically differs from the behavior of traditional semiconductors: for example, the bandgap of germanium (E = 0.66 eV) roughly matches that of individual SC-SWNTs of diameter 1.5 nm, but in the range 300-100 K, the intrinsic carrier concentration in Ge decreases by more than 10 orders of magnitude while the conductivity of a typical SC-SWNT network decreases by less than a factor of 4. Clearly this weak modulation of the conductivity hinders the application of SC-SWNT films as field effect transistors and photodetectors, and it is the purpose of this Account to analyze the mechanism of the electrical transport leading to the unusually weak temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity of such networks. Extrinsic factors such as the contribution of residual amounts of MT-SWNTs arising from incomplete separation and doping of SWNTs are evaluated. However, the observed temperature dependence of the conductivity indicates the presence of midgap electronic states in the semiconducting SWNTs, which provide a source of low-energy excitations, which can contribute to hopping conductance along the nanotubes following fluctuation induced tunneling across the internanotube junctions, which together dominate the low temperature transport and limit the resistivity of the films. At high temperatures, the intrinsic carriers thermally activated across the bandgap as in a traditional semiconductor became available for band transport. The midgap states pin the Fermi level to the middle of the bandgap, and their origin is ascribed to defects in the SWNT walls. The presence of such midgap states has been reported in connection with scanning tunneling spectroscopy experiments, Coulomb blockade observations in low temperature electrical measurements, selective electrochemical deposition imaging, tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, high resolution photocurrent spectroscopy, and the modeling of the electronic density of states associated with various defects. Midgap states are present in conventional semiconductors, but what is unusual in the present context is the extent of their contribution to the electrical transport in networks of semiconducting SWNTs. In this Account, we sharpen the focus on the midgap states in SC-SWNTs, their effect on the electronic properties of SC-SWNT networks, and the importance of these effects on efforts to develop electronic and photonic applications of SC-SWNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail E. Itkis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Aron Pekker
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Xiaojuan Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Elena Bekyarova
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Robert C. Haddon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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23
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Page AJ, Ding F, Irle S, Morokuma K. Insights into carbon nanotube and graphene formation mechanisms from molecular simulations: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2015; 78:036501. [PMID: 25746411 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/78/3/036501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene over the last two decades has heralded a new era in physics, chemistry and nanotechnology. During this time, intense efforts have been made towards understanding the atomic-scale mechanisms by which these remarkable nanostructures grow. Molecular simulations have made significant contributions in this regard; indeed, they are responsible for many of the key discoveries and advancements towards this goal. Here we review molecular simulations of CNT and graphene growth, and in doing so we highlight the many invaluable insights gained from molecular simulations into these complex nanoscale self-assembly processes. This review highlights an often-overlooked aspect of CNT and graphene formation-that the two processes, although seldom discussed in the same terms, are in fact remarkably similar. Both can be viewed as a 0D → 1D → 2D transformation, which converts carbon atoms (0D) to polyyne chains (1D) to a complete sp(2)-carbon network (2D). The difference in the final structure (CNT or graphene) is determined only by the curvature of the catalyst and the strength of the carbon-metal interaction. We conclude our review by summarizing the present shortcomings of CNT/graphene growth simulations, and future challenges to this important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Page
- Newcastle Institute for Energy and Resources, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia
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24
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Li R, Gao J, Gao P, Zhang S, Liu Y, Du B, Wei Q. A sensitive photoelectrochemical immunoassay based on mesoporous carbon/core–shell quantum dots as donor–acceptor light-harvesting architectures. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj01615g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A label-free PEC biosensor based on the amplification of mesoporous conductive material and core–shell QDs as light-harvesting architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- P. R. China
| | - Jian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- P. R. China
| | - Picheng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- P. R. China
| | - Sen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- P. R. China
| | - Yixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- P. R. China
| | - Bin Du
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- P. R. China
| | - Qin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan 250022
- P. R. China
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25
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Li J, Shen H. Wave propagation in carbon nanotube intramolecular junctions: finite element calculations. Mol Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2014.974701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Zhao Q, Zhang J. Characterizing the chiral index of a single-walled carbon nanotube. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:4586-4605. [PMID: 25330979 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201401567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) mainly depend on their geometry. However, there are still formidable difficulties to determine the chirality of SWCNTs accurately. In this review, some efficient methods to characterize the chiral indices of SWCNTs are illuminated. These methods are divided into imaging techniques and spectroscopy techniques. With these methods, diameter, helix angle, and energy states can be measured. Generally speaking, imaging techniques have a higher accuracy and universality, but are time-consuming with regard to the sample preparation and characterization. The spectroscopy techniques are very simple and fast in operation, but these techniques can be applied only to the particular structure of the sample. Here, the principles and operations of each method are introduced, and a comprehensive understanding of each technique, including their advantages and disadvantages, is given. Advanced applications of some methods are also discussed. The aim of this review is to help readers to choose methods with the appropriate accuracy and time complexity and, furthermore, to put forward an idea to find new methods for chirality characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuchen Zhao
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory for Structural, Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
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27
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Buckling Behavior and Atomic Elastic Stiffness in Defective Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube under Axial Compression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.626.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Axial compressive simulations are performed on defective and non-defective multiwalledcarbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) using the molecular dynamics method, and the effectof defects upon the buckling behavior is discussed. In our previous study, changes in atomicstresses in MWCNTs with three layers were evaluated until buckling occurred. That studysuggested that the transition from homogeneous stress distributions to inhomogeneous onesplays an important role in the occurrence of buckling in MWCNTs, though the critical stressesor strains relating to buckling are dependent upon the structure and location of defects. In thepresent study, the atomic elastic stiffness of each atom, Bij , is evaluated to discuss the onsetof local buckling in MWCNTs with five layers. The det(Bij) of all atoms is found to change toa negative value long before buckling occurs, while the second smallest eigenvalues of Bij forsome atoms change to a negative value just prior to buckling. The existence of dense regions ofatoms that have two negative eigenvalues of Bij are found to vary as a function of the defectlocation, and to correspond with onset points of local buckling.
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28
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Eatemadi A, Daraee H, Karimkhanloo H, Kouhi M, Zarghami N, Akbarzadeh A, Abasi M, Hanifehpour Y, Joo SW. Carbon nanotubes: properties, synthesis, purification, and medical applications. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 9:393. [PMID: 25170330 PMCID: PMC4141964 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Current discoveries of different forms of carbon nanostructures have motivated research on their applications in various fields. They hold promise for applications in medicine, gene, and drug delivery areas. Many different production methods for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been introduced; functionalization, filling, doping, and chemical modification have been achieved, and characterization, separation, and manipulation of individual CNTs are now possible. Parameters such as structure, surface area, surface charge, size distribution, surface chemistry, and agglomeration state as well as purity of the samples have considerable impact on the reactivity of carbon nanotubes. Otherwise, the strength and flexibility of carbon nanotubes make them of potential use in controlling other nanoscale structures, which suggests they will have a significant role in nanotechnology engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Eatemadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5154853431, Iran
| | - Hadis Daraee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5154853431, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Karimkhanloo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5154853431, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kouhi
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5154853431, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5154853431, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Abasi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5154853431, Iran
| | - Younes Hanifehpour
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Sang Woo Joo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
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Lee WJ, Su WS. Investigation into the mechanical properties of single-walled carbon nanotube heterojunctions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:11579-85. [PMID: 23752892 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp51340h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of finite-length (6,0)/(8,0) single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) heterojunctions with respect to different kinds of connection segments, either coaxial or bias, are investigated using molecular dynamics simulation calculations. It is found that the resulting significant deformation of structure and significant drop of stress under yielding strain is due to the strain localization. Moreover, the deformation is occurred below the heptagon ring in the thinner segment of the heterojunctions under tension at different temperatures, whereas under compression it occurs on the heptagon ring. The computed atomic bond number distribution and radius distribution function are applied to determine the deformed atomic structure. Finally, with increasing temperature, the yielding stresses decrease for both coaxial and bias heterojunctions under tension and compression, while the dependence of temperature on the Young's modulus of the heterojunctions is only observed in the case of tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jay Lee
- National Center for High-Performance Computing, Tainan 74147, Taiwan
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30
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Palma M, Wang W, Penzo E, Brathwaite J, Zheng M, Hone J, Nuckolls C, Wind SJ. Controlled Formation of Carbon Nanotube Junctions via Linker-Induced Assembly in Aqueous Solution. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:8440-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4018072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ming Zheng
- Polymers
Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100
Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8542, United States
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Rama Sreekanth P, Kanagaraj S. Restricting the ageing degradation of the mechanical properties of gamma irradiated UHMWPE using MWCNTs. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2013; 21:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Huang H, Wei D, Sun J, Wong SL, Feng YP, Neto AHC, Wee ATS. Spatially resolved electronic structures of atomically precise armchair graphene nanoribbons. Sci Rep 2012; 2:983. [PMID: 23248746 PMCID: PMC3523290 DOI: 10.1038/srep00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene has attracted much interest in both academia and industry. The challenge of making it semiconducting is crucial for applications in electronic devices. A promising approach is to reduce its physical size down to the nanometer scale. Here, we present the surface-assisted bottom-up fabrication of atomically precise armchair graphene nanoribbons (AGNRs) with predefined widths, namely 7-, 14- and 21-AGNRs, on Ag(111) as well as their spatially resolved width-dependent electronic structures. STM/STS measurements reveal their associated electron scattering patterns and the energy gaps over 1 eV. The mechanism to form such AGNRs is addressed based on the observed intermediate products. Our results provide new insights into the local properties of AGNRs, and have implications for the understanding of their electrical properties and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Huang
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117542.
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33
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Cruz C, Illoul L, Chinesta F, Régnier G. Shear-strain step response in linear regime of dilute suspensions of naturally bent carbon nanotubes. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Structural engineering of highly ordered TiO2 nanotube array by periodic anodization of titanium. Electrochem commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Scarselli M, Castrucci P, De Crescenzi M. Electronic and optoelectronic nano-devices based on carbon nanotubes. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2012; 24:313202. [PMID: 22782032 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/31/313202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and understanding of nanoscale phenomena and the assembly of nanostructures into different devices are among the most promising fields of material science research. In this scenario, carbon nanostructures have a special role since, in having only one chemical element, they allow physical properties to be calculated with high precision for comparison with experiment. Carbon nanostructures, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in particular, have such remarkable electronic and structural properties that they are used as active building blocks for a large variety of nanoscale devices. We review here the latest advances in research involving carbon nanotubes as active components in electronic and optoelectronic nano-devices. Opportunities for future research are also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Scarselli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy.
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36
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Zhang C, Mao F, Zhang FS, Zhang Y. Impact energy dependence of defect formation in single-walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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37
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Al-Alttar N, Kennedy E, Kopf I, Giordani S, Rice JH. WITHDRAWN: Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering from small numbers of single-walled carbon nanotubes and oxidised single-walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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38
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Roy S, Banerjee A. Functionalized single walled carbon nanotube containing amino acid based hydrogel: a hybrid nanomaterial. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra00763k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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39
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Hirst ES, Wang F, Jasti R. Theoretical Analysis of [5.7]nCyclacenes: Closed-Shell Cyclacene Isomers. Org Lett 2011; 13:6220-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol202670x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S. Hirst
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanobiotechnology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanobiotechnology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanobiotechnology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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40
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Tan YZ, Chen RT, Liao ZJ, Li J, Zhu F, Lu X, Xie SY, Li J, Huang RB, Zheng LS. Carbon arc production of heptagon-containing fullerene[68]. Nat Commun 2011; 2:420. [PMID: 21829182 PMCID: PMC3267027 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A carbon heptagon ring is a key unit responsible for structural defects in sp2-hybrized carbon allotropes including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphenes, with consequential influences on their mechanical, electronic and magnetic properties. Previous evidence concerning the existence of heptagons in fullerenes has been obtained only in off-line halogenation experiments through top-down detachment of a C2 unit from a stable fullerene. Here we report a heptagon-incorporating fullerene C68, tentatively named as heptafullerene[68], which is captured as C68Cl6 from a carbon arc plasma in situ. The occurrence of heptagons in fullerenes is rationalized by heptagon-related strain relief and temperature-dependent stability. 13C-labelled experiments and mass/energy conservation equation simulations show that heptafullerene[68] grows together with other fullerenes in a bottom-up fashion in the arc zone. This work extends fullerene research into numerous topologically possible, heptagon-incorporating isomers and provides clues to an understanding of the heptagon-involved growth mechanism and heptagon-dependent properties of fullerenes. Chemical manipulation of fullerenes has allowed the production of heptagon-containing fullerenes, but they have not been synthesised using bottom-up approaches. Here, a heptagon-containing fullerene[68] is obtained as C68Cl6 from a carbon arc plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Zhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Nishino T, Kanata S, Umezawa Y. Selective visualization of point defects in carbon nanotubes at the atomic scale by an electron-donating molecular tip. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:7467-9. [PMID: 21629907 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12045j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Nishino
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research Center, Research Organization for the 21st Century, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan.
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42
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Chew HB, Moon MW, Lee KR, Kim KS. Compressive dynamic scission of carbon nanotubes under sonication: fracture by atomic ejection. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2010.0495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that a graphene sheet has an unusual mode of atomic-scale fracture owing to its structural peculiarity, i.e. single sheet of atoms. Unlike conventional bond-breaking tensile fracture, a graphene sheet can be cut by in-plane compression, which is able to eject a row of atoms out-of-plane. Our scale-bridging molecular dynamics simulations and experiments reveal that this compressive atomic-sheet fracture is the critical precursor mechanism of cutting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) by sonication. The atomic-sheet fracture typically occurs within 200 fs during the dynamic axial buckling of a SWCNT; the nanotube is loaded by local nanoscale flow drag of water molecules caused by the collapse of a microbubble during sonication. This is on the contrary to common speculations that the nanotubes would be cut in tension, or by high-temperature chemical reactions in ultrasonication processes. The compressive fracture mechanism clarifies previously unexplainable diameter-dependent cutting of the SWCNTs under sonication.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. B. Chew
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - M.-W. Moon
- Computational Science Center, Interdisciplinary Fusion Technology Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - K. R. Lee
- Computational Science Center, Interdisciplinary Fusion Technology Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - K.-S. Kim
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Abstract
Current as-grown single-walled carbon nanotubes vary in diameter and chirality, which results in variations in their electronic and optical properties. Two approaches have been intensively studied to obtain chirality-pure nanotube structures and thus uniform properties for advanced applications. The first approach involves the post-synthesis separation according to the nanotubes' chiral vectors (n, m), and the second one involves direct synthes of carbon nanotubes with the same (n, m). This paper reviews the efforts along these two directions, with emphasis on the most recent progress of post-synthesis separation and the perspectives of controllable synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yani Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore
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44
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Cole MW, Crespi VH, Dresselhaus MS, Dresselhaus G, Fischer JE, Gutierrez HR, Kojima K, Mahan GD, Rao AM, Sofo JO, Tachibana M, Wako K, Xiong Q. Structural, electronic, optical and vibrational properties of nanoscale carbons and nanowires: a colloquial review. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:334201. [PMID: 21386491 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/33/334201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This review addresses the field of nanoscience as viewed through the lens of the scientific career of Peter Eklund, thus with a special focus on nanocarbons and nanowires. Peter brought to his research an intense focus, imagination, tenacity, breadth and ingenuity rarely seen in modern science. His goal was to capture the essential physics of natural phenomena. This attitude also guides our writing: we focus on basic principles, without sacrificing accuracy, while hoping to convey an enthusiasm for the science commensurate with Peter's. The term 'colloquial review' is intended to capture this style of presentation. The diverse phenomena of condensed matter physics involve electrons, phonons and the structures within which excitations reside. The 'nano' regime presents particularly interesting and challenging science. Finite size effects play a key role, exemplified by the discrete electronic and phonon spectra of C(60) and other fullerenes. The beauty of such molecules (as well as nanotubes and graphene) is reflected by the theoretical principles that govern their behavior. As to the challenge, 'nano' requires special care in materials preparation and treatment, since the surface-to-volume ratio is so high; they also often present difficulties of acquiring an experimental signal, since the samples can be quite small. All of the atoms participate in the various phenomena, without any genuinely 'bulk' properties. Peter was a master of overcoming such challenges. The primary activity of Eklund's research was to measure and understand the vibrations of atoms in carbon materials. Raman spectroscopy was very dear to Peter. He published several papers on the theory of phonons (Eklund et al 1995a Carbon 33 959-72, Eklund et al 1995b Thin Solid Films 257 211-32, Eklund et al 1992 J. Phys. Chem. Solids 53 1391-413, Dresselhaus and Eklund 2000 Adv. Phys. 49 705-814) and many more papers on measuring phonons (Pimenta et al 1998b Phys. Rev. B 58 16016-9, Rao et al 1997a Nature 338 257-9, Rao et al 1997b Phys. Rev. B 55 4766-73, Rao et al 1997c Science 275 187-91, Rao et al 1998 Thin Solid Films 331 141-7). His careful sample treatment and detailed Raman analysis contributed greatly to the elucidation of photochemical polymerization of solid C(60) (Rao et al 1993b Science 259 955-7). He developed Raman spectroscopy as a standard tool for gauging the diameter of a single-walled carbon nanotube (Bandow et al 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 3779-82), distinguishing metallic versus semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes, (Pimenta et al 1998a J. Mater. Res. 13 2396-404) and measuring the number of graphene layers in a peeled flake of graphite (Gupta et al 2006 Nano Lett. 6 2667-73). For these and other ground breaking contributions to carbon science he received the Graffin Lecture award from the American Carbon Society in 2005, and the Japan Carbon Prize in 2008. As a material, graphite has come full circle. The 1970s renaissance in the science of graphite intercalation compounds paved the way for a later explosion in nanocarbon research by illuminating many beautiful fundamental phenomena, subsequently rediscovered in other forms of nanocarbon. In 1985, Smalley, Kroto, Curl, Heath and O'Brien discovered carbon cage molecules called fullerenes in the soot ablated from a rotating graphite target (Kroto et al 1985 Nature 318 162-3). At that time, Peter's research was focused mainly on the oxide-based high-temperature superconductors. He switched to fullerene research soon after the discovery that an electric arc can prepare fullerenes in bulk quantities (Haufler et al 1990 J. Phys. Chem. 94 8634-6). Later fullerene research spawned nanotubes, and nanotubes spawned a newly exploding research effort on single-layer graphene. Graphene has hence evolved from an oversimplified model of graphite (Wallace 1947 Phys. Rev. 71 622-34) to a new member of the nanocarbon family exhibiting extraordinary electronic properties. Eklund's career spans this 35-year odyssey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton W Cole
- Department of Physics, Penn State University, 104 Davey Lab MB123, University Park, PA 16802-6300, USA.
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46
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Ronci F, Colonna S, Cricenti A, Le Lay G. Detecting and localizing surface dynamics with STM: a study of the Sn/Ge(111) and Sn/Si(111) α-phase surfaces. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:264003. [PMID: 21386460 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/26/264003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
After almost three decades since the invention of the scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) its application to the study of dynamic processes at surfaces is attracting a great deal of interest due to its unique capacity to observe such processes at the atomic level. The α-phase of group IV adatoms on Ge(111) and Si(111) is the ideal playground for the analysis of critical phenomena and represents a prototype of a two-dimensional electron system exhibiting thermally activated peculiar Sn adatom dynamics. This paper will relate the study of adatom dynamics at the α-Sn/Ge(111) and α-Sn/Si(111) surfaces, discussing in detail the methods we used for such kinds of time-resolved measurements. The microscope tip was used to record the tunnelling current on top of an oscillating Sn adatom, keeping the feedback loop turned off. The dynamics of the adatoms is detected as telegraph noise present in the tunnelling versus time curves. With this method it is possible to increase the acquisition rate to the actual limit of the instrument electronics, excluding piezo movement and feedback circuitry response time. We put emphasis on the statistical data analysis which allows the localization of the sample areas that are involved in dynamical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Ronci
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura della Materia, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Roma, Italy.
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47
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Deng X, Wang W, Zhang D, Lu W, Fan B. First-principles investigations of the magnetic properties of graphite boron nitride sheet induced by Fe doping. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:205501. [PMID: 21393706 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/20/205501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The first-principles spin polarization method is used to investigate the magnetic properties of graphite boron nitride (g-BN) sheet induced by Fe doping. We find that a nitrogen or boron atom substituted by Fe can induce a magnetic moment. From standard Mulliken population analysis, we also find that the magnetic moment is mainly dominated by Fe 3d states. Using Heisenberg exchange coupling theory, we study the exchange coupling mechanisms by constructing two-Fe centers in g-BN. The results show the presence of relatively strong exchange coupling for two-Fe substituted two-B atoms and the coupling is ferromagnetic. For the case of two-Fe substituted two-N atoms, the coupling is antiferromagnetic and the exchange coupling is very weak. The paper enriches recent molecular magnetic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Deng
- Department of Physics and Electronic Information Science, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421008, People's Republic of China
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48
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Wen Q, Qian W, Nie J, Cao A, Ning G, Wang Y, Hu L, Zhang Q, Huang J, Wei F. 100 mm long, semiconducting triple-walled carbon nanotubes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:1867-1871. [PMID: 20512964 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200902746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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Abstract
The potential role of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as free-radical scavengers is still an emerging area of research. So far some promising results have been reported strongly suggesting that CNTs can be very efficient for that task. The implications of such a valuable property for applications aimed at biomedical and environmental uses are encouraging. There are still abundant open questions related to the possible use of CNTs for scavenging free radicals. Thus much more work needs to be devoted to this fascinating topic. In this mini review the progress made so far is reviewed and some future perspectives are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annia Galano
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, C. P. 09340, México D F, México.
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50
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Zhang B, Chen X, Yang J, Yu D, Chen Y, Wu D, Fu R, Zhang M. Enhanced photoresponse of CdS/CMK-3 composite as a candidate for light-harvesting assembly. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:045601. [PMID: 20009164 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/4/045601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Two typical carbon materials (ordered mesoporous carbon and carbon nanotube) were chosen as scaffolds in combination with semiconductor quantum dots (SQDs) for making light-harvesting assemblies. The effects of interfacial morphology on photoelectric performance of the carbon-based heterostructures have been investigated in detail. The enhanced photoresponse shows a strong dependence on the interfacial morphology as a result of direct interfacial contacts between SQDs and carbon materials, which plays a major role in increasing charge generation at the interface and transport pathways for photoinduced electron transfer. The methodology to enhance the photoresponse through tuning interfacial morphology proves to be a potent alternative in fabricating photochemical energy conversion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Polymer Composite and Functional Materials, DSAPM Lab, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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