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Zhou J, Sun C, Huang H, Zhu Q, Wen F, Dong Y, Wang H. Efficacy of Low-Dose rhGM-CSF Treatment in a Patient With Severe Congenital Neutropenia Due to CSF3R Deficiency: Case Report of a Novel Biallelic CSF3R Mutation and Literature Review. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:746159. [PMID: 34778134 PMCID: PMC8585998 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.746159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the clinical manifestations, genetics, and efficacy of treatment with the efficacy of recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-GSF) of a 2-year-old female patient with severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) type 7 (SCN7) caused by novel biallelic mutations in the colony-stimulating factor 3 receptor (CSF3R) gene. Genetic diagnosis of the patient was performed by whole-exome and Sanger sequencing. Expression of the CSF3R gene in the peripheral neutrophils of the patient was detected by real-time PCR and Western blotting. The patient presented with recurrent suppurative tonsillitis and decreased absolute neutrophil count <0.5 × 109/L. Novel heterozygous mutations were found to be inherited from each parent (maternal c.690delC [p.met231Cysfs*32] and paternal c.64+5G>A). The patient's neutrophils had lower CSF3R mRNA and protein levels than those of the parents. Low-dose rhGM-CSF (3 μg/kg/day once a week) prevented recurrent infection in the patient. These results demonstrate that the clinical manifestations of SCN7 with biallelic CSF3R mutations and downregulated CSF3R can be effectively treated with rhGM-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Zhou
- Departments of Cardiology, Endocrine, Hematology and Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University at Xiamen, Xiamen Children's Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, National Children's Medical Center Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglin Huang
- Departments of Cardiology, Endocrine, Hematology and Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University at Xiamen, Xiamen Children's Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Qiguo Zhu
- Departments of Cardiology, Endocrine, Hematology and Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University at Xiamen, Xiamen Children's Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Fengyun Wen
- Departments of Cardiology, Endocrine, Hematology and Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University at Xiamen, Xiamen Children's Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Ying Dong
- Departments of Cardiology, Endocrine, Hematology and Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University at Xiamen, Xiamen Children's Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- Department of Hematology, National Children's Medical Center Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
In the last 2 decades the introduction new biologic agents such as tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors has resulted in potent disease modifying effects in a variety of immune-mediated diseases. In addition, there were major advancements in cancer treatment due to chemotherapeutic agents including granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor, interferon, epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, and kinase inhibitors for the treatment of hematologic malignancies as well as solid tumors. However, a variety of toxicities including cutaneous reactions is seen in association with these agents. Awareness of commonly associated skin toxicities and recognition of corresponding histologic features is of importance.
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3
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Sredni B. Immunomodulating tellurium compounds as anti-cancer agents. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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4
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Baker AD, Malur A, Barna BP, Ghosh S, Kavuru MS, Malur AG, Thomassen MJ. Targeted PPAR{gamma} deficiency in alveolar macrophages disrupts surfactant catabolism. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:1325-31. [PMID: 20064973 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m001651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Surfactant accumulates in alveolar macrophages of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) knockout (KO) mice and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) patients with a functional loss of GM-CSF resulting from neutralizing anti-GM-CSF antibody. Alveolar macrophages from PAP patients and GM-CSF KO mice are de-ficient in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) lipid transporter ABCG1. Previous studies have demonstrated that GM-CSF induces PPARgamma. We therefore hypothesized that PPARgamma promotes surfactant catabolism through regulation of ABCG1. To address this hypothesis, macrophage-specific PPARgamma (MacPPARgamma) knockout mice were utilized. MacPPARgamma KO mice develop foamy, lipid-engorged Oil Red O positive alveolar macrophages. Lipid analyses revealed significant increases in the cholesterol and phospholipid contents of MacPPARgamma KO alveolar macrophages and extracellular bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)-derived fluids. MacPPARgamma KO alveolar macrophages showed decreased expression of ABCG1 and a deficiency in ABCG1-mediated cholesterol efflux to HDL. Lipid metabolism may also be regulated by liver X receptor (LXR)-ABCA1 pathways. Interestingly, ABCA1 and LXRbeta expression were elevated, indicating that this pathway is not sufficient to prevent surfactant accumulation in alveolar macrophages. These results suggest that PPARgamma mediates a critical role in surfactant homeostasis through the regulation of ABCG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna D Baker
- Department of Internal Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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5
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Oggero M, Forno G, Kratje R, Etcheverrigaray M. Rational selection of an antibody probe to detect the heterogeneous collection of CHO-derived rhGM-CSF glycoforms. Biotechnol Lett 2006; 28:2049-56. [PMID: 17004006 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Revised: 08/09/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Six anti-E. coli rhGM-CSF monoclonal antibodies were generated using hybridoma technology. One of these showed identical affinity for the CHO and E. coli-derived cytokine (dissociation constants of 0.14 +/- 0.01 nM and 0.13 +/- 0.01 nM, respectively), mapping an epitope that is not hindered by carbohydrates. The antibody was used to develop a simple, specific and sensitive competitive ELISA to quantify the entire set of rhGM-CSF glycoforms (detection limit of 780 pg/ml) and it was successful as an affinity ligand to purify them. Therefore, this particular antibody is a useful, reliable and reagent for most immunochemical purposes with the aim of detecting, quantifying and purifying the highly heterogeneous collection of the CHO-derived rhGM-CSF isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Oggero
- Laboratorio de Cultivos Celulares, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Nathan
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, U.S.A.
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7
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Bonfield TL, Raychaudhuri B, Malur A, Abraham S, Trapnell BC, Kavuru MS, Thomassen MJ. PU.1 regulation of human alveolar macrophage differentiation requires granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 285:L1132-6. [PMID: 12896880 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00216.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is critically implicated in lung homeostasis in the GM-CSF knockout mouse model. These animals develop an isolated lung lesion reminiscent of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) seen in humans. The development of the adult form of human alveolar proteinosis is not due to the absence of a GM-CSF gene or receptor defect but to the development of an anti-GM-CSF autoimmunity. The role of GM-CSF in the development of PAP is unknown. Studies in the GM-CSF knockout mouse have shown that lack of PU.1 protein expression in alveolar macrophages is correlated with decreased maturation, differentiation, and surfactant catabolism. This study investigates PU.1 expression in vitro and in vivo in human PAP alveolar macrophages as well as the regulation of PU.1 by GM-CSF. We show for the first time that PU.1 mRNA expression in PAP bronchoalveolar lavage cells is deficient compared with healthy controls. PU.1-dependent terminal differentiation markers CD32 (FCgammaII), mannose receptor, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR) are decreased in PAP alveolar macrophages. In vitro studies demonstrate that exogenous GMCSF treatment upregulated PU.1 and M-CSFR gene expression in PAP alveolar macrophages. Finally, in vivo studies showed that PAP patients treated with GM-CSF therapy have higher levels of PU.1 and M-CSFR expression in alveolar macrophages compared with healthy control and PAP patients before GM-CSF therapy. These observations suggest that PU.1 is critical in the terminal differentiation of human alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey L Bonfield
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195-5038, USA
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8
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Cho YW, Lee DY, Shin SJ, Shin NR, Kang SG, Choi IS, Yoo HS. Kinetic study of porcine GM-CSF expression in porcine alveolar macrophages and spleen cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 39:61-7. [PMID: 14556997 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-8244(03)00203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is an important regulator in inducing differentiation and proliferation of immune cells. The functional roles of porcine GM-CSF (pGM-CSF) have not yet been revealed. Therefore, expression patterns of pGM-CSF were investigated in immune cells after cloning and sequencing of whole pGM-CSF cDNA. Whole cDNA of pGM-CSF was amplified from porcine alveolar macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), using 5'- and 3'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends-polymerase chain reaction (RACE-PCR) methods. The products of 5'- and 3'-RACE-PCR were cloned, and the nucleotide sequence of whole pGM-CSF cDNA was determined (GenBank accession number AY116504). The kinetics of pGM-CSF mRNA expression were studied in porcine immune cells such as alveolar macrophages and spleen cells, using a real-time quantitative PCR. The expression of pGM-CSF in LPS-, phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-, or concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated cells was always higher as compared to the control cells. The expression levels of pGM-CSF in alveolar macrophages were highest at 5 h after LPS stimulation and then continuously decreased in the late phase. In spleen cells, the LPS-stimulated group showed the highest levels after 5 h, but the PHA- and the ConA-stimulated groups showed slightly increased expression levels at the early phase and peaked at 24 h. To our knowledge, this is the first published report describing the nucleotide sequence of whole cDNA and the expression pattern of pGM-CSF using real-time quantitative PCR. These results indicate that pGM-CSF has its own characteristic expression profile in different immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Wook Cho
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shilim-dong, Kwanak-ku, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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9
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Eberhardt M, Frank R, Kratje R, Etcheverrigaray M. Identification of two potential receptor-binding sites for hGM-CSF. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2003. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-66322003000100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Frank
- Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung mbH, Germany
| | - R. Kratje
- Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
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Richardson DS, Newland AC. Current Perspectives on the Use of Growth Factors in the Therapy of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia; Malignancy. HEMATOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2001; 5:189-203. [PMID: 11399614 DOI: 10.1080/10245332.2000.11746508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant haematopoietic growth factors have been available for clinical use for over a decade, however their role in the management of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has yet to be established. There are several potential roles for the use of growth factors in the management of patients with AML, including reduction in the infective complications associated with the underlying disease and its treatment, use as mobilising agents in stem cell transplantation and as priming agents with chemotherapy. Clinical trials have failed to give clear indications for the use of growth factors following chemotherapy, mainly due to the variability of patient populations, chemotherapy and growth factor schedules used. G-CSF appears to be associated with no negative impact on remission rate or survival but clear benefits in terms of infection-related endpoints were not universally seen. Three studies did show a reduction in duration of hospitalisation, particularly when G-CSF was used following consolidation chemotherapy and economic analyses have also shown financial advantages to the administration of G-CSF. GM-CSF had a variable impact on survival and only two studies demonstrated reduction in serious infections or antimicrobial therapy use. These trials also showed economic benefits for the use of GM-CSF. Clinical studies which have attempted to exploit possible potentiation of chemotherapeutic activity by recruitment of leukaemic cells into the cell cycle have generally been disappointing. Use of growth factors for this purpose, outside the context of randomised clinical trials cannot be recommended. GM-CSF may have a role in modulating the cellular immune response against cancer cells but experimental data on its activity against leukaemia cells is limited. Augmentation of white cell function by G-CSF or GM-CSF may also be of clinical benefit in patients with suspected or confirmed fungal infection and further trials are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah S. Richardson
- Department of Haematology, St. Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Xu YX, Talati BR, Janakiraman N, Chapman RA, Gautam SC. Growth Factors: Production of Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 (MCP-1/JE) by Bone Marrow Stromal Cells: Effect on the Migration and Proliferation of Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells. HEMATOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2001; 4:345-356. [PMID: 11399575 DOI: 10.1080/10245332.1999.11746458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant chemotactic cytokines (chemokines) have been shown to modulate in vitro proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Whether bone marrow stromal cells produce chemokines and the physiological role they may have in the regulation of hematopoiesis has largely remained unexamined. We have examined the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/JE) in bone marrow stromal cells and its effect on the migration and proliferation of murine hematopoietic progenitor cells. Freshly derived murine bone marrow stromal cells were found to secrete abundant amounts of MCP-1/JE, which was further increased upon stimulation of stromal cells with pro-inflammatory agents LPS, IL1-alpha, IFN-gamma, or TNF-alpha. Although culture supernatant conditioned by stromal cells exhibited chemotactic activity toward hematopoietic progenitor cells, the chemotactic activity was not due to MCP-1/JE. Furthermore, rMCP-1/JE also failed to induce migration of progenitor cells. MCP-1/JE, however, caused 20 to 30% increase in the clonal expansion of progenitor cells. Thus, although MCP-1/JE does not chemoattract hematopoietic progenitor cells it may have a role in their proliferation and clonal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. X. Xu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
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12
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Bennett JM, Young MS, Liesveld JL, Paietta E, Miller KB, Lazarus HM, Marsh RD, Friedenberg WR, Saba HT, Hayes FA, Dewald GW, Hiddemann W, Rowe JM. Phase II study of combination human recombinant GM-CSF with intermediate-dose cytarabine and mitoxantrone chemotherapy in patients with high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (RAEB, RAEBT, and CMML): an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study. Am J Hematol 2001; 66:23-7. [PMID: 11426487 DOI: 10.1002/1096-8652(200101)66:1<23::aid-ajh1002>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A Phase II study of GM-CSF with intermediate-dose cytarabine and mitoxantrone was conducted in patients with high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome. It was designed to evaluate if priming with growth factor could increase the efficiency of chemotherapy. In this older population only two of 10 patients achieved a bone marrow CR, including one patient whose leukemic blasts had an "S" phase increase of 2.55x at 48 hr. Unexpected hepatotoxicity was noted. This regimen cannot be recommended for this elderly population of patients.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts/drug therapy
- Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts/mortality
- Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts/pathology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/etiology
- Cytarabine/administration & dosage
- Cytarabine/adverse effects
- DNA Replication/drug effects
- Female
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Hyperbilirubinemia/chemically induced
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/mortality
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mitoxantrone/administration & dosage
- Mitoxantrone/adverse effects
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/drug therapy
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/mortality
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/pathology
- Pancytopenia/chemically induced
- Pancytopenia/drug therapy
- Pilot Projects
- Recombinant Proteins
- Remission Induction
- S Phase/drug effects
- Treatment Failure
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Bennett
- University of Rochester Cancer Center, New York 14642, USA.
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13
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Prevost JM, Farrell PJ, Iatrou K, Brown CB. Determinants of the functional interaction between the soluble GM-CSF receptor and the GM-CSF receptor beta-subunit. Cytokine 2000; 12:187-97. [PMID: 10704245 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.1999.0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The GM-CSF receptor consists of a GM-CSF specific low affinity alpha-subunit (GMRalpha) and a beta-subunit (betac) that associates with GMRalpha in the presence of GM-CSF to form a high-affinity complex. A splice variant soluble isoform of GMRalpha (solalpha) consists of the extracellular domain of GMRalpha and a unique 16-amino acid C-terminal domain. Exogenously administered solalpha is unable to associate with betac on the cell surface either in the presence or absence of GM-CSF. However, paradoxically, co-expression of solalpha with betac results in the ligand-independent association of solalpha with betac on the cell surface via the C-terminal domain of solalpha. To study the interaction and functional characteristics of the solalpha-betac complex we engineered a soluble betac-subunit (ECDbeta) and expressed it alone and with solalpha. Co-expressed but not independent sources of solalpha and ECDbeta could be co-precipitated in the absence of ligand demonstrating the extracellular domain of betac was sufficient for association with solalpha upon co-expression. However, independent sources of solalpha could associate with ECDbeta in the presence of GM-CSF as could a C-terminal deficient solalpha mutant (ECDalpha) and the addition of ECDbeta to ECDalpha and GM-CSF was associated with a conversion from a low- to high-affinity ligand-receptor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Prevost
- Alberta Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Cancer Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine and Oncology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
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Recchia F, Accorsi P, Bonfini T, De Filippis S, Grimaldi M, Corrao G, Rosselli M, Amiconi G, Iacone A, Rea S. Randomized trial of sequential administration of G-CSF and GM-CSF vs. G-CSF alone following peripheral blood progenitor cell autograft in solid tumors. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2000; 20:171-7. [PMID: 10714552 DOI: 10.1089/107999000312577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A trial was conducted to investigate whether the sequential administration of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) could accelerate reconstitution of hematopoiesis, compared with G-CSF alone following high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT). A group of 34 consecutive patients with solid tumors undergoing HDCT and autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) transplantation was studied. Conditioning regimen included carboplatin, etoposide, mitoxantrone, and melphalan for breast cancer and cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide for the other tumors. HDCT was delivered from day -3 to day -1. PBPC were infused on day 0, and on the same day growth factors were administered subcutaneously (s.c.) 5 microg/kg each. Seventeen patients were randomized to receive G-CSF from day 0 to day 13 after HDCT (arm A), and 17 patients received G-CSF from day 0 to day 6 and GM-CSF from day 7 to day 13 (arm B). Patients were stratified, and their characteristics were homogeneous in both arms for age, performance status, and number of previous chemotherapy courses and CD34+ infused. The median time to absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >500/microl was 10 days in arm A and 9 days in arm B (p = 0.96). Days to platelet (PLT) count >20,000 were not different in the two treatment arms (p = 0.1), but patients randomized to arm A had a lower platelet count compared with patients in arm B. One month after PBPC transplantation, a statistically significant difference in PLT count was observed (arm A median 150x10(3)/microl (90-310), arm B median 254x10(3)/microl (117-387),p = 0.0013). The days patients had fever >38 degrees C were 39 in arm A and 26 in arm B (p = 0.18). The difference in the length of hospital stay was not statistically significant between the groups (Mann-Whitney sum rank test). After a median follow-up of 30 months, 21 patients were alive and 20 were disease free. These data show that the two growth factors are associated with different patterns of hematopoietic recovery, and larger randomized trials in groups of more homogeneous patients will be needed to define the effects and benefits of combination growth factor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Recchia
- Division of Oncology, Civil Hospital-Avezzano, Italy.
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15
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Uy CC, Bry K, Lappalainen U, Hallman M. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor increases surfactant phospholipid in premature rabbits. Pediatr Res 1999; 46:613-20. [PMID: 10541327 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199911000-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a hematopoietic cytokine that is low in airway specimens from immature lungs at birth. In adult mice, an absence of GM-CSF causes excessive accumulation of alveolar surfactant due to a lack of catabolism. Our aim was to investigate whether recombinant human GM-CSF (rhGM-CSF) affects the pool sizes or the turnover of disaturated phosphatidylcholine (DPC) in preterm (gestation 29 d) rabbits at birth and in term rabbits, age 3 d. 3H-labeled dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, 14C-acetate, and either rhGM-CSF (125 or 25 microg/kg body weight) or placebo were given intratracheally. Thereafter, the intra- and extracellular surfactant fractions were isolated and quantified for DPC and radioactivity. In preterm animals, GM-CSF increased dose-dependently within 24 h both the pool sizes of surfactant DPC and the 3H,14C-labeling of surfactant DPC (p < 0.05). The expression of surfactant protein B mRNA was unaffected, whereas surfactant protein B in bronchoalveolar lavage increased. The number of cells in the whole lung, the type II alveolar epithelial cells, and the lavageable alveolar macrophages were unaffected. At term, rhGM-CSF increased the turnover but did not affect the pool sizes of surfactant DPC. Intraperitoneal rhGM-CSF increased blood eosinophils but had no effect on surfactant DPC. Depending on the degree of lung maturity, GM-CSF in the alveolar space may either up-regulate the pool size or increase the turnover of surfactant phospholipid after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Uy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Orange 92668, USA
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16
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Novitzky N, Jacobs P. In aplastic anemia progenitor cells have a reduced sensitivity to the effects of growth factors. Eur J Haematol 1999; 63:141-8. [PMID: 10485268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1999.tb01761.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that in patients with aplastic anemia (AA) recovering following immunosuppressive therapy, the persistent reduction in the bone marrow clonogenic potential is unrelated to suppressive effects of the myeloid stroma and intrinsic to the hematopoietic progenitors. We examined the mechanisms of this defect by determining the response of the aplastic CD34+ clonogenic precursors to proliferative signals induced by hematopoietic growth factors and comparing their results with those of a control population. Light density bone marrow mononuclear cells were lymphocyte and monocyte depleted and enhanced for the CD34+ progenitors by immunomagnetic selection. Selected progenitors were then cultured in the mixed colony assay with incremental concentrations of combinations containing erythropoietin (Epo), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3) and c-kit ligand. Bone marrow from aplastic patients had significantly fewer light density cells displaying the CD34 antigen (mean 0.65%, SD 0.35 vs. 1.62%, SD 1.4; p=0.002). Dose response studies on aplastic CD34+ cells demonstrated that at low concentrations of Epo, IL-3 and GM-CSF, clonogenic growth was significantly impaired but achieved normal values at concentrations giving plateau growth in control cultures. However, for all colony types, responses to effective concentrations of c-kit ligand corresponded with those of controls. These data suggest abnormalities at the receptor or signal transduction levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Novitzky
- The University of Cape Town Leukaemia Centre and the Department of Haematology, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape, South Africa.
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Revoltella RP, Laricchia Robbio L, Vikinge T, Pardi E, Levantini E, Beffy P. Human GM-CSF interaction with the alpha-chain of its receptor studied using surface plasmon resonance. Biosens Bioelectron 1999; 14:555-67. [PMID: 11459101 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(99)00034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based biosensor has been used for studying the interaction of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) with genetically engineered alpha-chain subunits of its specific receptor (GM-Ralpha). Western blot analysis of GM-Ralpha confirmed the correct size (80 kDa) and reactivity of these proteins against anti-GM-Ralpha polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies. GM-CSF was immobilized, using standard amine coupling methods, to the dextran-modified gold biosensor surface in order to capture GM-Ralpha subsequently injected over the sensing layer. GM-Ralpha were shown to specifically form complexes with the immobilized ligand. Pre-incubation of constant amounts of GM-Ralpha with dilutions of soluble GM-CSF before injection of the mixture over the GM-CSF matrix, prevented ligand binding in a dose dependent manner. In contrast, unrelated soluble cytokines or serum proteins (e.g. G-CSF, albumin, etc.) were found to exert no inhibition. Complexes formation blockage by pre-incubation of constant amounts of GM-Ralpha with dilutions of neutralizing anti-GM-Ralpha antibodies was concentration dependent, further assessing the specificity of the interaction. To investigate the possibility of relating the effect on binding affinity of critical conformational changes at the contact site, experiments of multisite binding were performed, flowing a set of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies reacting to different epitopes on GM-CSF over the GM-CSF matrix, before injecting GM-Ralpha. The results indicated that antibody interaction with helix D and helix A of GM-CSF markedly inhibited GM-CSF binding to GM-Ralpha. Comparable results were obtained using the biosensor technology and enzyme-linked immunoassays, in representative experiments performed with the same reagents. These experiments demonstrate that SPR can be successfully used for studying complementary interactions between GM-CSF and its receptor alpha-chains in solution without using labels or secondary tracers and, compared with conventional immunoanalysis methods, significantly saving time.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Revoltella
- Institute of Mutagenesis and Differentiation, CNR, Pisa, Italy.
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18
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Soo Hoo W, Lundeen KA, Kohrumel JR, Pham NL, Brostoff SW, Bartholomew RM, Carlo DJ. Tumor Cell Surface Expression of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Elicits Antitumor Immunity and Protects from Tumor Challenge in the P815 Mouse Mastocytoma Tumor Model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.12.7343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A novel membrane-bound form of GM-CSF (mbGM-CSF) was expressed on the surface of the mouse mastocytoma cell line P815 to target tumor cell-associated Ags to epidermal Langerhans cells. Transfected clones stimulated the proliferation of syngeneic bone marrow cells, indicating that mbGM-CSF is biologically active. We evaluated the in vivo effects of mbGM-CSF by comparing the growth of mbGM-CSF cells (termed 1D6.1E5) to that of wild-type P815 cells in DBA/2 mice. The growth rates of tumors initiated by P815 and 1D6.1E5 were similar until day 12, after which P815 tumors grew to large sizes while 1D6.1E5 tumors were rejected. In contrast, the growth of both tumors was unimpeded when injected into nude mice, suggesting that a T cell-dependent antitumor response was induced by 1D6.1E5 in normal mice. Lymphocytes from 1D6.1E5-vaccinated mice were able to kill 51Cr-labeled P815 cells in a dose-dependent fashion that was inhibited by anti-CD8 Abs, suggesting that the antitumor response involved CD8+ CTL. We then tested whether vaccination with these cells would elicit a protective antitumor response by injecting mice with either irradiated 1D6.1E5 or P815 cells and challenging them with nonirradiated P815 cells. 1D6.1E5-treated mice grew small tumors that soon disappeared in all animals. In contrast, the majority of animals receiving the irradiated wild-type tumor vaccine grew large tumors, and 50% died. These data demonstrate that mbGM-CSF expressed on the surface of tumor cells is biologically active and elicits protective antitumor immunity.
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19
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Baqui AA, Meiller TF, Kelley JI, Turng BF, Falkler WA. Antigen activation of THP-1 human monocytic cells after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide from oral microorganisms and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Periodontal Res 1999; 34:203-13. [PMID: 10444744 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1999.tb02243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A human THP-1 monocyte cell line culture system has been utilized to evaluate the morphological changes in THP-1 cells and to measure expression of activation antigens (CD-11b, CD-11c, CD-14, CD-35, CD-68, CD-71 and HLA-DR) as evidence of maturation of THP-1 cells in response to stimulation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the oral microorganisms, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. THP-1 cells were stimulated with LPS (1 microgram/ml) of P. gingivalis or F. nucleatum for different time periods (1, 2, 4 and 7 d). Detection of different activation antigens on THP-1 cells was performed by indirect immunohistochemical staining followed by light microscopy. Confirmational studies were performed in parallel using indirect immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy for detection of the corresponding activation antigens. Expression of different activation antigens by resting THP-1 cells revealed HLA-DR to be on 3% of the cells; CD-11b, 9%; CD-11c, 8%; CD-14, 22%; CD-35, 9% and CD-68, 7%. The CD-71 activation antigen was not expressed in untreated THP-1 cells. LPS stimulation increased expression of all activation antigens. A significant (p < 0.05) increase in expression of CD-11b, CD-11c, CD-14, CD-35, CD-68 and CD-71 was observed when GM-CSF (50 IU/ml) was supplemented during the treatment of THP-1 cells with LPS of F. nucleatum or P. gingivalis. Activation and differentiation of THP-1 cells by LPS from oral microorganisms in the presence of GM-CSF supports a role for human macrophages in acute and chronic periodontal diseases and may explain the clinically observable periodontal exacerbations in some patients after GM-CSF therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/immunology
- CD11 Antigens/immunology
- Cell Line
- Coloring Agents
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Fusobacterium nucleatum/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/immunology
- HLA-DR Antigens/immunology
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/immunology
- Lipopolysaccharides/immunology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Microscopy, Electron
- Monocytes/immunology
- Mouth/microbiology
- Periodontal Diseases/immunology
- Periodontal Diseases/microbiology
- Porphyromonas gingivalis/immunology
- Receptors, Complement 3b/immunology
- Receptors, Transferrin/immunology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Baqui
- Department of Oral Medicine, University of Maryland, USA.
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20
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21
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Murray EW, Pihl C, Robbins SM, Prevost J, Mokashi A, Bloomfield SM, Brown CB. The soluble granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor's carboxyl-terminal domain mediates retention of the soluble receptor on the cell surface through interaction with the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor beta-subunit. Biochemistry 1998; 37:14113-20. [PMID: 9760247 DOI: 10.1021/bi9802364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hematopoietic cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) mediates its activity through binding to cell-surface receptors. The high-affinity GM-CSF receptor (GMR) consists of two transmembrane-anchored subunits: a ligand-specific, low-affinity subunit (GMRalpha); and a signal-transducing beta-subunit (GMRbeta). The human GMRalpha subunit also exists in a soluble isoform (SOLalpha) which antagonizes GM-CSF activity in vitro. Previous studies by us have shown that coexpression of SOLalpha and a mutated GMRbeta in BHK cells results in retention of SOLalpha on the cell surface and the formation of an intermediate affinity binding complex (Kd approximately 300 pM). This paper investigates the mechanism of the retention of SOLalpha on the cell surface. The data demonstrate that SOLalpha is anchored by a direct, ligand-independent interaction with GMRbeta which also occurs when SOLalpha is coexpressed with wild-type GMRbeta. However, SOLalpha and wild-type GMRbeta form a complex which binds GM-CSF with high affinity (Kd = 39 pM), indistinguishable from the binding characteristics of the TMalpha/GMRbeta complex. The experiments further reveal that the interaction between SOLalpha and GMRbeta is abrogated by removal of the unique 16 amino acid carboxyl-terminal domain of SOLalpha. Specific mutation of cysteine 323 in this carboxyl-domain to alanine also eliminates the cell-surface retention of SOLalpha identifying this residue as being necessary for the formation of the SOLalpha/GMRbeta complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Murray
- Alberta Bone Marrow Transplant Program and Cancer Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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22
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Bouabdallah R, Olive D, Meyer P, Lopez M, Sainty D, Hirn M, Mannoni P, Fougereau E, Gastaut JA, Maraninchi D. Anti-GM-CSF monoclonal antibody therapy for refractory acute leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 1998; 30:539-49. [PMID: 9711916 DOI: 10.3109/10428199809057566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Several phase I trials and pilot studies using Monoclonal Antibody (MoAb) have been performed in B-cell neoplasms, but this approach has not until now been extensively tested in myeloid leukemias. Recently, we evaluated the use of anti-Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor MoAb (Anti-GM-CSF MoAb) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Eight patients fulfilled inclusion criteria and received a single course of Anti-GM-CSF MoAb infusion during 5 to 15 days. Anti-GM-CSF MoAb was well tolerated and was detectable in pharmacokinetics studies. Using Human Anti-Rat Antibodies (HARA), we also observed an immunological response to the MoAb. Despite sufficient levels detected in the serum and biological activity of Anti-GM-CSF MoAb in vivo, no anti-leukemic effect was noted, except for one patient who had a decrease of 50% in the marrow blast cell mass. These observations indicate that leukemic proliferation in vivo involves a complex network spanning many mechanisms, and inhibition of leukemia is not effective if only one of these key targets is attacked. The development of these new approaches may be more effective in the future.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Blood Platelets/drug effects
- Erythrocytes/drug effects
- Female
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization, Passive
- Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/pharmacokinetics
- Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/therapeutic use
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/blood
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Pilot Projects
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bouabdallah
- Department of Haematology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
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23
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Shi Y, Inoue S, Shinozaki R, Fukue K, Kougo T. Release of cytokines from human umbilical vein endothelial cells treated with platinum compounds in vitro. Jpn J Cancer Res 1998; 89:757-67. [PMID: 9738983 PMCID: PMC5921881 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1998.tb03281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (EC) produce cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). These cytokines have an important role in the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. On the other hand, anticancer agents generally cause hematopoietic disorders. However, little is known about the effects of chemotherapeutic agents on the secretion of cytokines from EC. Therefore, we investigated if treatment with platinum compounds may stimulate EC to secrete cytokines. EC newly isolated from a human umbilical vein were exposed to cisplatin, carboplatin, or TRK-710 for 80 min, then the cells were washed and placed in fresh medium. The levels of cytokines in the fresh medium were measured by the ELISA method, the levels of intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were measured by flow cytometry, and the rhodamine 123-stained live mitochondria of the EC were observed under a confocal laser microscope. Platinum compounds induced cytokine production in human EC: cisplatin most prominently induced the release of IL-1 and IL-6, and TRK-710 had the greatest ability to induce the release of GM-CSF. Intracellular H2O2 production and IL-8 release were transiently induced immediately after treatment with platinum compounds, leading to IL-1 release when H2O2 production was eliminated. These results may provide new insights into the hematological toxicity induced by anticancer agents and the role of IL-1 and IL-6 secreted from EC in this toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shi
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Informatics, Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo
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24
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Zbar AP, Lemoine NR, Wadhwa M, Thomas H, Snary D, Kmiot WA. Biological therapy: approaches in colorectal cancer. Strategies to enhance carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as an immunogenic target. Br J Cancer 1998; 77:683-93. [PMID: 9514045 PMCID: PMC2149974 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1998.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A P Zbar
- Academic Department of Colorectal Surgery, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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25
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The β Chain of the Interleukin-3 Receptor Functionally Associates With the Erythropoietin Receptor. Blood 1997. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v90.5.1867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractInterleukin-3 (IL-3) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF ) receptors share a common β chain (βc), and both cytokines enhance erythropoietin (Epo)-dependent in vitro erythropoiesis by primary hematopoietic progenitors and factor-dependent cells. These data suggest that the Epo receptor and βc may functionally interact. To determine whether such interactions can be documented, we studied a murine factor-dependent cell line (Ba/F3), which endogenously expresses IL-3R. First, Ba/F3 cells were transfected with murine EpoR, making them responsive to both IL-3 and Epo. Next, the EpoR expressing cells were transfected with murine βc. This resulted in an enhanced sensitivity of these cells to Epo, which was especially pronounced at low Epo concentrations. Ba/F3-EpoR were then treated with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to the murine β. Control sense and nonsense had no effect on Epo-dependent growth, but the antisense markedly and specifically inhibited Epo-dependent growth. In contrast, the antisense did not affect β-globin message levels (another Epo-responsive effect in these cells) detectable by Northern blot. Finally, Western blot analysis of proteins immunoprecipitated from cells expressing both receptors with antibody against β and blotted with antibody against EpoR, or immunoprecipitated with antibody against EpoR and blotted with antibody against β, showed that EpoR and β coimmunoprecipitate. These data show that the β chain functionally and physically associates with the EpoR. This suggests that these cytokine receptors exist as a large supercomplex and offers the first molecular explanation for the synergistic effects of IL-3 and GM-CSF with Epo during erythropoiesis.
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26
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Matsuguchi T, Zhao Y, Lilly MB, Kraft AS. The cytoplasmic domain of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) receptor alpha subunit is essential for both GM-CSF-mediated growth and differentiation. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:17450-9. [PMID: 9211889 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.28.17450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) regulates differentiation, survival, and proliferation of colony-forming unit-granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells. The biologic actions of GM-CSF are mediated by binding to a specific receptor consisting of two chains designated as alpha and beta subunits. We have demonstrated that the murine FDC-P1-derived cell line WT-19 transfected with the human GM-CSF receptor alpha and beta subunits (GM-CSFRalpha and beta) can be induced to differentiate by the addition of human GM-CSF (hGM-CSF). By expressing a series of GM-CSFRalpha mutants in WT19 cells, we have determined the amino acid domains of the GM-CSFRalpha cytoplasmic domain that regulate cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival. We found that the membrane proximal proline-rich domain and adjacent 16 residues are essential for both hGM-CSF-dependent cell proliferation and differentiation. In contrast, the C-terminal region of the GM-CSFRalpha cytoplasmic domain was not necessary for cell differentiation mediated by hGM-CSF, but the removal of this region severely impaired the ability of hGM-CSF to support cell survival. While the activation of JAK2, Shc, Erk, and STAT5 proteins correlated with hGM-CSF-mediated cell growth, cellular differentiation occurred in the absence of activation of these signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matsuguchi
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
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27
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Recchia F, De Filippis S, Torchio P, Rea S, Gulino A, Quaglino D, Frati L. Randomized trial of filgrastim vs. sequential filgrastim and molgramostim after dose-intensified carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide: a phase I pilot study. Am J Clin Oncol 1997; 20:209-14. [PMID: 9124202 DOI: 10.1097/00000421-199704000-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This phase I randomized study was designed in order to verify if the sequential administration of filgrastim, a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and molgramostim, a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), was superior to filgrastim alone in improving tolerance of dose-intensified carboplatin (CBDCA), cyclophosphamide (CTX), and etoposide (VP-16). A group of 10 heavily pretreated patients with stage IV disease and no therapeutic option were enrolled into the study. They received two courses of the same chemotherapy with CTX and VP-16 at doses of 1,500 mg/m2 and 400 mg/m2, respectively. CBDCA doses were escalated from 450 to 600 mg/m2. After chemotherapy each patient was allocated randomly to receive either 14 days of G-CSF (arm A) or 7 days of G-CSF followed by 7 days of GM-CSF (arm B). Crossover in the second chemotherapy course was accomplished. Both G-CSF and GM-CSF were given 5 microg/kg/day, subcutaneously. Twenty chemotherapy courses are evaluable, 10 in each arm. Absolute neutrophil count < 1 x 10(3)/microl was observed for 54 days in arm A vs. 68 days in arm B (P < 0.02); platelet (PLT) count < 20 x 10(3)/microl, 57 days vs. 30 days (P < 0.01); days of hospitalization 35 vs. 16 (P < 0.38); PLT transfusion, 107 vs. 58 (P < 0.01); packed red blood cell unit transfusions, 15 vs. 5 (P < 0.13). Seven patients had responses. These data indicate that dose-intensified chemotherapy may be delivered without bone marrow or peripheral stem cell support, with acceptable toxicity, and that, while G-CSF alone shortens days of neutropenia, the combination of the two cytokines shortens the time of thrombocytopenia and decreases the number of PLT transfusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Recchia
- Division of Internal Medicine (Oncology Unit), Civil Hospital, Avezzano, Italy
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28
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Wognum AW, de Jong MO, Wagemaker G. Differential expression of receptors for hemopoietic growth factors on subsets of CD34+ hemopoietic cells. Leuk Lymphoma 1996; 24:11-25. [PMID: 9049958 DOI: 10.3109/10428199609045710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The production of peripheral blood cells is regulated by hemopoietic growth factors (HGF) which promote the survival of stem cells and stimulate the proliferation and maturation of progenitors as well as effector functions of mature blood cell subsets. The actions of HGF's are determined by the cellular distribution of receptors for these HGF's within the hemopoietic tissues and by the functional program that receptor-expressing cells can execute after growth factor stimulation. Identification of stem cells and their progeny and delineation of the growth factor receptor phenotype of these cells will establish target cell range and functions of individual growth factors in hemopoiesis. Cells with specific HGF receptors can be detected and isolated by flow cytometric methods, e.g., by staining with biotinylated ligand and fluorescently-tagged streptavidin. Receptor-expressing cells can be classified on the basis of expression of the CD34 antigen and other markers that distinguish immature progenitors from more differentiated cells. Using this approach distinct expression patterns have been shown for the receptors for interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-6, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and Steel Factor (SF) on subsets of CD34+ and CD34- cells in bone marrow. Expression of the IL-3 receptor (R), IL-6R and GM-CSFR appears to be very low on the most immature subsets of CD34+ cells, but increases progressively during successive stages, of in particular myelomonocytic differentiation. In contrast, the receptor for SF, i.e., Kit, is highly expressed on very immature CD34-bright/HLA-DR-dull cells, which include stem cells. Kit levels decline during myelomonocytic and B-lymphoid differentiation whereas they increase to maximal levels during early stages of erythropoiesis. The heterogeneity in receptor expression, together with other immunophenotypic characteristics, allows for the identification of distinct progenitor cell subsets and differentiation stages within the CD34+ cell compartment. By selecting appropriate phenotypic criteria it will be possible to further dissect the stem cell compartment and eventually establish the, possibly heterogeneous, HGF receptor phenotype of pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Wognum
- Department of Hematology, Erasmas Universit, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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29
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Rozwarski DA, Diederichs K, Hecht R, Boone T, Karplus PA. Refined crystal structure and mutagenesis of human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Proteins 1996; 26:304-13. [PMID: 8953651 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0134(199611)26:3<304::aid-prot6>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structure of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) has been refined against data extending to a resolution of approximately 2.4 A along a* and approximately 1.9 A along b* and c*. Anisotropic scale factors of B11 = -20.8 A2, B22 = 7.4 A2, B33 = 13.3 A2 corrected for the more rapid fall of diffraction in the a* direction. The anisotropy correlates with the weak crystal packing interactions along the a axis. In addition to apolar side chains in the protein core, there are 10 buried hydrogen bonding residues. Those residues involved in intramolecular hydrogen bonding to main chain atoms are better conserved than those hydrogen bonding to other side chain atoms; 24 solvation sites are observed at equivalent positions in the two molecules in the asymmetric unit, and the strongest among these are located in clefts between secondary structural elements. No buried water sites are seen. Two surface clusters of hydrophobic side chains are located near the expected receptor binding regions. Mutagenesis of 11 residues on the helix A/helix C face confirms the importance of Glu-21 and shows that Gly-75 and Gln-86, located on helix C, each cause a greater than fourfold drop in activity. Glu-21 and Gly-75, but not Gln-86, are structurally equivalent to residues involved in the growth hormone binding to its receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Rozwarski
- Section of Biochemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca New York 14853, USA
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30
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Jubinsky PT, Shikama Y, Laurie A, Nathan DG, Carroll M, Sieff CA. The βc Component of the Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF)/Interleukin 3 (IL-3)/IL-5 Receptor Interacts with a Hybrid GM-CSF/Erythropoietin Receptor to Influence Proliferation and β-Globin mRNA Expression. Mol Med 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03401660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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31
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Hofstra LS, de Vries EG, Uyl-de Groot CA, Vellenga E. Clinical role of GM-CSF in neutrophil recovery in relation to health care parameters. Med Oncol 1996; 13:177-84. [PMID: 9106177 DOI: 10.1007/bf02990845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant growth factors, particularly granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), have been only available for a few years. Since their introduction they have affected the management of drug-induced neutropenia, the use of dose intensive chemotherapy regimens and in the setting of autologous stem cell transplantation. This review addresses the clinical role of GM-CSF, using the data available, in neutrophil recovery in relation to various health care parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Hofstra
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands
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32
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Murray EW, Pihl C, Morcos A, Brown CB. Ligand-independent cell surface expression of the human soluble granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor alpha subunit depends on co-expression of the membrane-associated receptor beta subunit. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:15330-5. [PMID: 8663062 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.26.15330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The hematopoietic cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) mediates its activity through binding to cell surface receptors. The receptor for GM-CSF belongs to a superfamily of cytokine receptors characterized by a conserved extracellular motif. The high affinity GM-CSF receptor (GMR) consists of two transmembrane anchored subunits; a ligand binding alpha subunit (transmembrane GMRalpha) and a signal transducing beta subunit (GMRbeta), both of which belong to the cytokine receptor superfamily. The human GM-CSF receptor alpha subunit also exists in a soluble form (solGMRalpha), which antagonizes GM-CSF activity in vitro. We directly tested the potential for solGMRalpha to interact with GMRbeta in vitro. Our experiments demonstrated that exogenous solGMRalpha, even in the presence of GM-CSF, does not interact with GMRbeta on the cell surface. However, when solGMRalpha and GMRbeta are co-expressed in baby hamster kidney cells, solGMRalpha is retained on the cell surface and forms a functional intermediate affinity GM-CSF binding complex (Kd = 331 pM). In addition, the cell surface expression of solGMRalpha is independent of the presence of GM-CSF as demonstrated using flow cytometry. Cells expressing only solGMRalpha do not show cell surface retention or form functional GM-CSF cell surface binding complexes. Sequencing of our GMRbeta clone revealed a nucleotide substitution (A --> C) resulting in the substitution of Ala for Glu at position 9 from the amino terminus of the mature GMRbeta peptide. Because the GMRbeta (A --> C) clone is capable of forming functional high affinity receptors with transmembrane GMRalpha (Kd = 64 pM), we feel that the cell surface retention of solGMRalpha is independent of the GMRbeta mutation. We suggest that the co-expression and interaction of solGMRalpha and GMRbeta represents a previously unrecognized GM-CSF receptor complex and a novel, ligand-independent mechanism of cytokine receptor assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Murray
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Biology Research Group, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1 Canada
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Bretti S, Gilleece MH, Kamthan A, Fitzsimmons L, Hicks F, Rowlands M, Bishop P, Picardo AM, Dexter TM, Scarffe JH. An open phase I study to assess the biological effects of a continuous intravenous infusion of Interleukin-3 followed by Granulocyte Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor. Eur J Cancer 1996; 32A:1171-8. [PMID: 8758249 DOI: 10.1016/0959-8049(96)00027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To assess any synergistic stimulatory effect in vivo of Interleukin 3 (IL-3) and Granulocyte Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) upon white cell and platelet counts, toxicity and antitumour effect, we conducted this phase I study. IL-3 0.25, 0.5 or 5 micrograms/kg/day for 1, 4 or 7 days was given by continuous intravenous (i.v.) infusion to 35 patients with advanced malignancy. 21 of the 35 patients also received sequential or overlapping treatment with continuous i.v. infusion of GM-CSF 1 or 3 micrograms/kg/day for up to 10 days. Monotherapy with IL-3 producted significant dose related increases in platelets and white cell counts. Combinations of IL-3 and GM-CSF also produced increases in white cell counts, but these were no greater than would be expected following GM-CSF treatment alone. There was a trend for platelets to increase more in patients receiving IL-3 and GM-CSF than those receiving IL-3 alone, but this did not reach statistical significance. In general, IL-3 and combinations of IL-3 and GM-CSF were well tolerated and the most common side-effect was fever. A maximum tolerated dose was not reached and antitumour effects were not seen. Future studies using combinations of IL-3 5 micrograms/kg/day and GM-CSF 3 micrograms/kg/day may help to define the optimal therapeutic regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bretti
- CRC Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital Trust, Manchester, UK
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34
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Abstract
Myelosuppression is the most common toxicity associated with the administration of dose-intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy. The basic understanding of neutrophil biology and the physiology of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia has advanced tremendously in the past 2 decades. Concordantly, the ability to reduce the morbidity associated with neutropenia has improved. Adjunctive cytokine and progenitor cell support of hematologic recovery after myelosuppressive therapy have proved to be models of translational research and have led to novel therapeutic initiatives for patients with cancer and hematologic malignancies. In this article, fundamental aspects of neutrophil production are discussed, and the clinical development of hematopoietic cytokines active on cells of the leukocyte lineages is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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35
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Abstract
Evaluating the proliferative activity of the immature erythro- and myelopoiesis as well as the mature myelopoiesis in 21 MDS patients and 14 healthy controls by simultaneously staining bone marrow cells for surface phenotype and DNA content, we found the percentages of proliferating S-phase cells in the early stage of MDS were higher. With disease progression evaluated by the FAB classification this parameter decreased significantly for both the immature myelo- and erythropoiesis. Evaluation of the proliferative activity of the mature myelopoiesis defined by the CD66 antigen revealed no difference between the normal controls and the MDS patients. Using another assay simultaneously labelling bone marrow cells for three leucocyte differentiation antigens during treatment with GM-CSF and low-dose AraC the cells clearly differentiated in one case. In another patient the disease seemed to progress as evaluated by cells only expressing immature antigens. The above mentioned immunophenotypic changes persisted at least one month after termination of treatment. In conclusion, the evaluation of proliferation and differentiation of leucocyte subsets using multiparameter flowcytometric assays in myelodysplastic patients from different FAB groups before as well as during treatment with haemopoietic growth factors may prove valuable in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Jensen
- University Department of Haematology and Medicine, Arhus Amtssygehus, Denmark
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36
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NIELSEN BENDT. The biology of hairy cell leukemia. APMIS 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.1995.tb05545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sawada K, Sato N, Koike T. Inhibition of GM-CSF production by recombinant human interleukin-4: negative regulator of hematopoiesis. Leuk Lymphoma 1995; 19:33-42. [PMID: 8574170 DOI: 10.3109/10428199509059661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4), also known as B-cell stimulatory factor-1 (BSF-1), was initially identified as a T-cell product that mediates anti-IgM-induced DNA synthesis in B-lymphocytes. Various aspects of this highly pleiotropic cytokine have been described, including those on hematopoietic progenitor cells. However, the role of IL-4 in the hematopoietic system has been given different interpretations. Normal human hematopoietic progenitor cells do not proliferate under control of the autocrine system and cytokines are needed for proliferation and differentiation. However, IL-4 in itself does not support proliferation of these cells and if this is the case, the effects of IL-4 on hematopoietic progenitor cells still need to be investigated from the point of view of synergism with other cytokines as well as the control of accessory cells in the production of cytokines. We describe here some properties of IL-4 in association with cytokine production, with special emphasis on granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) production.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sawada
- Department of Medicine II, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Japan
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Silberstein
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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39
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Krüger-Krasagakes S, Krasagakis K, Garbe C, Diamantstein T. Production of cytokines by human melanoma cells and melanocytes. Recent Results Cancer Res 1995; 139:155-68. [PMID: 7597287 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-78771-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Experimental animal models have shown that various cytokines, depending of their specific properties, may support growth and metastasis of tumor cells or even lead to tumor rejection. The analysis of expression of cytokine genes by melanoma cell lines indicated that melanoma cells constitutively produce both autostimulatory and inhibitory cytokines. Using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis, simultaneous expression of several cytokines, including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, by melanoma cells was found. The same cytokine transcripts were detected in melanocytes, suggesting that cells of the melanocytic lineage express a specific pattern of cytokines in vitro. All these cytokines are known to be able to stimulate effector cells of the host. Additionally, production of mRNA for IL-10, a cytokine with potential immunosuppressive properties, was detected in melanoma cells and melanocytes. These and other cytokines are likely to be involved in the immune response to cancer and at this time it is unknown what the net effects of multiple cytokines are on the outcome of the host response to tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Krüger-Krasagakes
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Steglitz, Free University of Berlin, Germany
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40
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Beffy P, Rovero P, Di Bartolo V, Laricchia Robbio L, Dané A, Pegoraro S, Bertolero F, Revoltella RP. An immunodominant epitope in a functional domain near the N-terminus of human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor identified by cross-reaction of synthetic peptides with neutralizing anti-protein and anti-peptide antibodies. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 1994; 13:457-68. [PMID: 7737670 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.1994.13.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We produced polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against recombinant human (rh) granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and performed studies of epitope mapping by ELISA, using five synthetic peptides corresponding to sequences along this molecule. Additionally, anti-peptide MAbs were generated. The antibody ability to inhibit rhGM-CSF activity was determined using as bioassay the MO7e cell line, which is dependent on hGM-CSF for growth in vitro. An immunodominant epitope able to induce the highest neutralization antibody titers was identified near the N terminus of hGM-CSF. A synthetic peptide 14-24, homologous to a sequence including part of the first alpha-helix of the molecule, was recognized by neutralizing anti-protein antibodies. Similarly, MAbs anti- 14-24 cross-reacted with rhGM-CSF and specifically blocked its function. Replacement of Val16 or Asn17 with alanine greatly reduced the antibody-binding capacity to peptide 14-24, whereas substitution of Gln20 or Glu21 was less critical. Monoclonal antibodies generated against residues 30-41 (corresponding to an intrahelical loop) and 79-91 (homologous to a sequence including part of the third alpha-helix) or its analog [Ala88](79-91)beta Ala-Cys, were conformation dependent and nonneutralizing: they failed to react or bound poorly to rhGM-CSF in ELISA, but readily recognized the homologous sequence in the denatured protein, by Western blotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Beffy
- Institute of Mutagenesis and Differentiation, C.N.R., Pisa, Italy
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41
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Nielsen B, Hokland P. Clonal T-lymphocytes from untreated hairy-cell leukaemia patients enhance the growth of BFU-E. Eur J Haematol 1994; 53:271-9. [PMID: 7813707 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1994.tb01319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The anaemia in hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) has been suggested to be mediated in part by T lymphocytes. Consequently, we have investigated the role of T lymphocytes in this disease by cloning pre-treatment HCL T lymphocytes and testing their influence on the in vitro growth of BFU-E from autologous post-treatment and normal donors T-lymphocyte depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC-T). Altogether, 24 CD4+/CD8- and 17 CD4-/CD8+ T-lymphocyte clones from 3 different HCL patients were tested. All were found to enhance the growth of BFU-E, the degree of enhancement being independent of the length of IFN treatment at the time of the post-treatment sampling. Likewise, no difference in the extent of enhancement was seen between CD4+/CD8- and CD4-/CD8+ clones, or whether the clones were tested for modulation of BFU-E from PBMNC-T of autologous or allogeneic origin. Finally, no differences could be observed between different patients in the extent of clonal enhancement. These findings, which are in line with our previous ones in normal donors, indicate that the T-lymphocyte function with regard to regulation of the erythropoiesis is normal in HCL, arguing against a T-lymphocyte mediated suppression of the erythropoiesis in HCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nielsen
- Department of Medicine and Haematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
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42
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Schaufelberger HD, Uhr MR, McGuckin C, Logan RP, Misiewicz JJ, Gordon-Smith EC, Beglinger C. Platelets in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease express functional interleukin-1 and interleukin-8 receptors. Eur J Clin Invest 1994; 24:656-63. [PMID: 7531643 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1994.tb01057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tissue and plasma concentrations of several cytokines are increased in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Platelets play an important role in inflammation and circulate in an activated state in patients with IBD. This study assesses the expression of IL-8 and IL-1 receptors on the surface of platelets from patients with IBD using phycoerythrin (PE)-labelled recombinant human rhIL-1 beta and rhIL-8 and flow cytometry. The percentage IL-1R expressing platelets (median and interquartile range IQR) in the IBD group was 8.7% (5.5-18.2) compared to 4.2% (2.3-6.1) in controls (P = 0.02). The percentage IL-8R expressing platelets in the IBD group was 22.5% (16.5-27.9) and 9.2% (4.3-9.6) in controls (P < 0.001). Furthermore, platelet IL-1R expression in patients with IBD was inversely related to the total daily dose of steroids (r = 0.71, P < 0.01 linear regression analysis). Finally, platelet rich plasma from healthy controls was stimulated with rhIL-1 beta and rhIL-8 and assessed for activation dependent expression of platelet aGPIIb/IIIa and CD62 (p-selectin, GMP-140). IL-1 beta and IL-8 in vitro significantly and specifically activated the platelets. The surface membrane of platelets is able to express functional IL-1R and IL-8R, the expression of which is significantly increased in IBD. Interleukin-1 beta and IL-8 modulate platelet activation in vitro indicating a target role for platelet function in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Schaufelberger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Central Middlesex Hospital, London, UK
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43
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Bassan R, Rambaldi A, Amaru R, Motta T, Barbui T. Unexpected remission of acute myeloid leukaemia after GM-CSF. Br J Haematol 1994; 87:835-8. [PMID: 7986724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1994.tb06746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The administration of granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was associated with complete clinical and haematological response in an adult patient with minimally differentiated acute myeloid leukaemia who presented with pneumonia and moderate neutropenia, but no blast cells in the peripheral blood. The response lasted 9 months. At relapse, a second GM-CSF course resulted in a very good partial remission lasting 5 months, although differences in the kinetics of haemoglobin, neutrophil and platelet recovery were noted. Subsequent recurrences were managed with chemotherapy, a complete remission being obtained twice more and lastly consolidated with myeloablative chemo-radiotherapy supported by a peripheral blood stem cell autograft. This report suggests that GM-CSF should be further investigated as a therapeutic agent in selected cases of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bassan
- Divisione di Ematologia, Ospedali Riuniti, Bergamo, Italy
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44
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Han ZC, Caen JP. Cytokines acting on committed haematopoietic progenitors. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY 1994; 7:65-89. [PMID: 8038500 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3536(05)80007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Z C Han
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institut des Vaisseaux et du Sang, Paris, France
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45
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Kehoe S, Poole CJ, Stanley A, Earl HM, Blackledge GR. A phase I/II trial of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the intensification of cisplatin and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 1994; 69:537-40. [PMID: 8123484 PMCID: PMC1968837 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1994.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A pilot study was undertaken in eight patients to assess the feasibility of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rH GM-CSF) support to intensify standard chemotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer using a shortened 15 day treatment interval. Only four patients completed the course of six cycles of cisplatin 75 mg m-2 and cyclophosphamide 750 mg m-2 with rH GM-CSF, 3-5 micrograms kg-1 day-1, days 3-14, but one of these suffered a toxic death on study. Another died of disease progression. There were two episodes of life-threatening infection (WHO grade 4), and three patients were withdrawn because of various rH GM-CSF-related problems. Although potentially affording some patients the hypothetical benefits of dose intensification, as well as the possible attraction of a shorter duration of chemotherapy, this regimen is not without problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kehoe
- Cancer Research Campaign Trials Unit, Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre, Birmingham, UK
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46
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Thacker JD, Dedhar S, Hogge DE. The effect of GM-CSF and G-CSF on the growth of human osteosarcoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Int J Cancer 1994; 56:236-43. [PMID: 7508889 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910560216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The human osteosarcoma cell line, MG63, responds both to GM-CSF and to G-CSF in vitro. To assess the significance of these observations to tumor growth in vivo, MG63 cells were engineered by retroviral infection to produce human GM-CSF or G-CSF. These retrovirally infected cells become autostimulatory as measured by increased [3H]-thymidine incorporation (3- to 7-fold) and anchorage-independent colony formation (7- to 10-fold) as compared with uninfected MG63 cells or cells infected with control (neor) retrovirus. The increased proliferation induced by exogenous GM-CSF or G-CSF on uninfected MG63 cells in both assays could be completely inhibited by anti-GM-CSF or anti-G-CSF antibodies, while the same antibodies only partially abrogated proliferation by the growth-factor-producing cells. None of 34 nude or SCID mice developed tumors when injected s.c. with uninfected or neor-virus-infected cells. In contrast, all 30 mice injected with GM-CSF- or G-CSF-producing MG63 cells developed tumors which were G418-resistant and factor-producing. Tumor cell DNA showed a polyclonal retroviral integration pattern indistinguishable from that in the DNA of cells injected into mice. Tumors that formed following injection of a mixture of G418-resistant, GM-CSF-producing cells and cells infected with virus containing only the hygror gene contained hygromycin-resistant cells in the same proportion as was present in the original cell mixture. These data indicate that GM-CSF and G-CSF can support the growth of an osteosarcoma cell line both in vitro and in vivo whether the factor is supplied by autocrine production or from exogenous sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Thacker
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
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47
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Holyoake TL, Alcorn MJ, Richmond LJ, Freshney MG, Pearson C, Fitzsimons E, Steward WP, Dunlop DJ, Pragnell IB. Efficient isolation of human CD34 positive hemopoietic progenitor cells by immune panninga. Stem Cells 1994; 12:114-24. [PMID: 7511456 DOI: 10.1002/stem.5530120118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study we have assessed the use of soybean agglutinin (SBA) and CD34 microcellector devices for the selection of CD34 positive hemopoietic progenitor cells. Burst forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E), colony forming unit-granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM) and the recently developed multipotential human colony forming unit-type A (CFU-A) clonogenic assays were used to measure progenitor numbers in the starting mononuclear cell (MNC), the SBA negative, the nonadherent CD34 negative and the adherent CD34 positive fractions during panning. CFU-A progenitors were present at a relatively high incidence in the MNC fraction (220 per 10(5) MNC) and were enriched 15-fold in the adherent CD34 positive fraction. This progenitor incidence and enrichment were similar to those of CFU-GM and BFU-E. The mean recovery for CD34 positive cells was 2.3 x 10(6) cells per marrow aspirate. Analyses by flow cytometry demonstrated that 1-5% of input MNC were CD34 positive, that the purity of the CD34 fraction was approximately 80% and that the calculated recovery for CD34 positive cells was 61%. Recoveries for CFU-GM, BFU-E and CFU-A were between 18 and 40%. CFU-A progenitors were found exclusively in the adherent CD34 positive fraction, whereas a significant proportion of both CFU-GM and BFU-E were present in the nonadherent CD34 negative fraction. We propose that the Applied Immune Sciences (AIS) flasks preferentially bind the cells which express CD34 most strongly and that this is reflected in the finding of primitive CFU-A only in the CD34 positive fraction, with lineage-restricted progenitors found in both CD34 positive and negative fractions. This hypothesis is strengthened by data on long-term bone marrow cultures in which the CD34 positive fraction is better able to maintain output of CFU-GM compared with the CD34 negative fraction. In conclusion, relatively pure populations of CD34 positive cells may be rapidly and efficiently isolated from bone marrow samples with good recovery. The isolated cells show enhanced colony forming capacity in standard clonogenic assays and in the multipotential CFU-A assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Holyoake
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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48
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Hansen PB, Johnsen HE, Hippe E, Hellström-Lindberg E, Ralfkiaer E. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus recombinant human erythropoietin may improve anemia in selected patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Am J Hematol 1993; 44:229-36. [PMID: 8237992 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.2830440403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to improve erythropoiesis in patients with anemia due to myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). We treated 13 patients first with recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) for 6 weeks, then with recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo) and rhGM-CSF for the next 12 weeks. Five patients had refractory anemia (RA), 3 refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts (RAS), and 5 refractory anemia with excess of blasts (RAEB). Ten patients were transfusion-dependent at the time of inclusion. Eleven patients completed this phase II study. Five responded with an increase in hemoglobin level (3 patients) or a reduction in transfusion requirement (2 patients). We registered no response in the remaining 6 patients during treatment. Patients responding to combined treatment had relatively low concentrations of plasma Epo and plasma ferritin before treatment with rhEpo and a normal karyotype throughout the study. Long-term bone marrow cultures did not predict the response. Still, responders seemed to have a higher number of colony-forming progenitors than nonresponders. In conclusion, combined therapy with rhGM-CSF and rhEpo may stimulate hematopoiesis and correct or improve anemia in some patients with MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Hansen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology L, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Hospital, Denmark
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49
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Kaku K, Takahashi M, Moriyama Y, Nakahata T, Masaoka T, Yoshida Y, Shibata A, Kaneko T, Miwa S. Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) after chemotherapy in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; a placebo-controlled double blind phase III trial. Leuk Lymphoma 1993; 11:229-38. [PMID: 8260897 DOI: 10.3109/10428199309087000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To assess the clinical and hematopoietic effects of rhGM-CSF, a placebo-controlled double blind multicenter phase III study was undertaken in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy. Sixty-two patients who had granulocytopenia (< 1 x 10(3)/microliters) after the first cycle of chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine, and prednisolone were enrolled. After the second cycle of chemotherapy with the same regimen, patients randomly received either rhGM-CSF (125 micrograms/m2/day) or placebo for 14 days (rhGM-CSF; 31 patients and placebo; 31 patients). Administration of rhGM-CSF induced a significant increase in granulocytes mainly with neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes, but elevation of lymphocytes, platelets, and reticulocytes was not induced. Median days of granulocytes less than 1 x 10(3)/microliters in patients receiving rhGM-CSF were significantly shorter than in patients receiving placebo (p = 0.001). Adverse reactions encountered with rhGM-CSF, and observed in 58% of the patients were never life-threatening and always rapidly reversible. They included fever, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, skin eruption, and malaise. These results suggest that rhGM-CSF can be safely administered to prevent neutropenia after chemotherapy in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kaku
- 3rd Department of Medicine, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
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50
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McCulloch EA. Stem cell renewal and determination during clonal expansion in normal and leukaemic haemopoiesis. Cell Prolif 1993; 26:399-425. [PMID: 9087532 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.1993.tb00129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal haemopoiesis is a cellular hierarchy headed by pluripotent stem cells capable of both self renewal and, after determination, the generation of differentiating lineages that end in terminal functional cells. The role of stem cells is crucial because only these have the capacity to generate clonal populations during development or after injury. During clonal expansion the cells are affected by many sets of receptors and ligands. These belong to at least two classes: one consists of growth factors that bind cell surface receptors and initiate signalling events; the other class contains receptors which act as ligand-dependent transcription factors such as the intracellular steroid superfamily. In spite of this elaborate regulatory apparatus, control during clonal expansion is lax, perhaps stochastic, as evident from the great heterogeneity disclosed by examining the cellular compositions of haemopoietic clones. It may be that the large number of signals impinging on binary possible outcomes (for example self-renewal or determination) serve to set probabilities rather than to determine outcomes. In leukaemia, many of the features of normal haemopoiesis are retained. The disease begins as transformations in normal stem cells; after additional leukaemogenic events clonal expansion yields malignant populations which are clonal in each affected individual. These dominant clonal populations retain the hierarchical organization found in the normal, the major difference is that post-deterministic divisions in leukaemia yield descendants that retain primitive (blast) morphology although proliferative capacity is lost. In acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) cell culture methods are available that permit the measurement of clonogenic blast stem cells. These methods have shown that regulatory mechanisms active in normal haemopoiesis are retained in AML, including lax regulation during clonal expansion. The biological features of blast stems cells displayed by the culture technique reflect in part, events in vivo, as associations have been found between results in cell culture and clinical outcome. Thus, study of leukaemic populations provides a challenge for basic science and an opportunity for successful application in control of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A McCulloch
- Department of Medical Biophysics, the University of Toronto, Canada
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