1
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Ibrahim N, Hefnawy MA, Fadlallah SA, Medany SS. Recent advances in electrochemical approaches for detection of nitrite in food samples. Food Chem 2025; 462:140962. [PMID: 39241683 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Nitrite is a common ingredient in the industry and agriculture; it is everywhere, like water, food, and surroundings. Recently, several approaches have been developed to measure the nitrite levels. So, this review was presented as a summary of many approaches utilized to detect the nitrite. Furthermore, the types of information that may be acquired using these methodologies, including optic and electrical signals, were discussed. In electrical signal methods, electrochemical sensors are usually developed using different materials, including carbon, polymers, oxides, and hydroxides. At the same time, optic signals receiving techniques involve utilizing fluorescence chromatography, absorption, and spectrometry instruments. Furthermore, these methodologies' benefits, drawbacks, and restrictions are examined. Lastly, due to the efficiency and fast means of electrochemical detectors, it was suggested that they can be used for detecting nitrite in food safety. Futuristic advancements in the techniques used for nitrite determination are subsequently outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Ibrahim
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Hefnawy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Sahar A Fadlallah
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Shymaa S Medany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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2
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Yamamoto Y, Washio J, Shimizu K, Takahashi N. Effects of Nitrate and Nitrite on Plaque pH Decrease and Nitrite-Producing and -Degrading Activities of Plaque in vitro. Caries Res 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38955172 DOI: 10.1159/000540017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of nitrate and nitrite on the pH-lowering activity of human plaque, the nitrite-producing and -degrading activities of human plaque, and their correlation. METHODS Nitrate and nitrite were added to human plaque suspensions collected from the buccal aspect of maxillary molars of patients visiting a general dental clinic, and changes in pH were measured with and without glucose addition. Nitrite-producing and -degrading activities were evaluated by adding nitrate and nitrite to the plaque suspension and measuring the increase and decrease in nitrite with Griess reagent, respectively. RESULTS The addition of nitrate inhibited both endogenous and glucose-induced plaque pH-lowering. The addition of glucose enhanced the production of nitrite from nitrate by about 3.3-fold. The addition of nitrite also inhibited endogenous plaque pH-lowering, but the addition of glucose promoted nitrite degradation by only about 1.1-fold. Nitrite-producing activity was positively correlated with age, but not with nitrite-degrading activity. CONCLUSION This study revealed that nitrite was produced from nitrate and inhibited the pH-lowering activity of human plaque, which may contribute to caries control. Both nitrite-producing and -degrading activities occurred in human plaque, but no correlation was found between them. Furthermore, nitrite production was enhanced by glucose metabolism, which may function as a self-regulatory mechanism (resilience) to prevent excessive acidification by glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Yamamoto
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
- Tsuda Dental Clinic, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jumpei Washio
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Koichi Shimizu
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
- Shimizu Pediatric Dental Clinic, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Takahashi
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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3
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Zheng R, Wang C, Liu R, Cai R, Sun C. Physiological and metabolic insights into the first cultured anaerobic representative of deep-sea Planctomycetes bacteria. eLife 2024; 12:RP89874. [PMID: 38265071 PMCID: PMC10945688 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Planctomycetes bacteria are ubiquitously distributed across various biospheres and play key roles in global element cycles. However, few deep-sea Planctomycetes members have been cultivated, limiting our understanding of Planctomycetes in the deep biosphere. Here, we have successfully cultured a novel strain of Planctomycetes (strain ZRK32) from a deep-sea cold seep sediment. Our genomic, physiological, and phylogenetic analyses indicate that strain ZRK32 is a novel species, which we propose be named: Poriferisphaera heterotrophicis. We show that strain ZRK32 replicates using a budding mode of division. Based on the combined results from growth assays and transcriptomic analyses, we found that rich nutrients, or supplementation with NO3- or NH4+ promoted the growth of strain ZRK32 by facilitating energy production through the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas glycolysis pathway. Moreover, supplementation with NO3- or NH4+ induced strain ZRK32 to release a bacteriophage in a chronic manner, without host cell lysis. This bacteriophage then enabled strain ZRK32, and another marine bacterium that we studied, to metabolize nitrogen through the function of auxiliary metabolic genes. Overall, these findings expand our understanding of deep-sea Planctomycetes bacteria, while highlighting their ability to metabolize nitrogen when reprogrammed by chronic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikuan Zheng
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina
- Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Chong Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina
- Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Rui Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina
- Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Ruining Cai
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina
- Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chaomin Sun
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina
- Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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4
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Kanner J. Food Polyphenols as Preventive Medicine. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2103. [PMID: 38136222 PMCID: PMC10740609 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the initiators in foods and in the stomach of oxidized dietary lipids, proteins, and lipid-oxidation end-products (ALEs), inducing in humans the development of several chronic diseases and cancer. Epidemiological, human clinical and animal studies supported the role of dietary polyphenols and derivatives in prevention of development of such chronic diseases. There is much evidence that polyphenols/derivatives at the right timing and concentration, which is critical, acts mostly in the aerobic stomach and generally in the gastrointestinal tract as reducing agents, scavengers of free radicals, trappers of reactive carbonyls, modulators of enzyme activity, generators of beneficial gut microbiota and effectors of cellular signaling. In the blood system, at low concentration, they act as generators of electrophiles and low concentration of H2O2, acting mostly as cellular signaling, activating the PI3K/Akt-mediated Nrf2/eNOS pathways and inhibiting the inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB, inducing the cells, organs and organism for eustress, adaptation and surviving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kanner
- Department of Food Science, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 7505101, Israel; or
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrtion, Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 9190501, Israel
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5
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Soares RRA, Hjort RG, Pola CC, Jing D, Cecon VS, Claussen JC, Gomes CL. Ion-selective electrodes based on laser-induced graphene as an alternative method for nitrite monitoring. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:43. [PMID: 36595104 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05615-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite is an important food additive for cured meats; however, high nitrite levels pose adverse health effects to humans. Hence, monitoring nitrite concentration is critical to comply with limits imposed by regulatory agencies. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has proven to be a scalable manufacturing alternative to produce high-performance electrochemical transducers for sensors. Herein, we expand upon initial LIG studies by fabricating hydrophilic and hydrophobic LIG that are subsequently converted into ion-selective sensors to monitor nitrite in food samples with comparable performance to the standard photometric method (Griess method). The hydrophobic LIG resulted in an ion-selective electrode with improved potential stability due partly to a decrease in the water layer between the electrode and the nitrite poly(vinyl) chloride-based ion-selective membrane. These resultant nitrite ion-selective sensors displayed Nernstian response behavior with a sensitivity of 59.5 mV dec-1, a detection limit of 0.3 ± 0.1 mg L-1 (mean ± standard deviation), and a broad linear sensing range from 10-5 to 10-1 M, which was significantly larger than currently published nitrite methods. Nitrite levels were determined directly in food extract samples of sausage, ham, and bacon for 5 min. These sensor metrics are significant as regulatory agencies limit nitrite levels up to 200 mg L-1 in finished products to reduce the potential formation of nitrosamine (carcinogenic compound). These results demonstrate the versatility of LIG as a platform for ion-selective-LIG sensors and simple, efficient, and scalable electrochemical sensing in general while demonstrating a promising alternative to monitor nitrite levels in food products ensuring regulatory compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel R A Soares
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Robert G Hjort
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Cícero C Pola
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Dapeng Jing
- Materials Analysis and Research Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Victor S Cecon
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Jonathan C Claussen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Carmen L Gomes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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6
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A Common Target of Nitrite and Nitric Oxide for Respiration Inhibition in Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213841. [PMID: 36430319 PMCID: PMC9697910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrite and nitric oxide (NO) are well-known bacteriostatic agents with similar biochemical properties. However, many studies have demonstrated that inhibition of bacterial growth by nitrite is independent of NO. Here, with Shewanella oneidensis as the research model because of its unusually high cytochrome (cyt) c content, we identify a common mechanism by which nitrite and NO compromise cyt c biosynthesis in bacteria, and thereby inhibit respiration. This is achieved by eliminating the inference of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-catabolite repression protein (cAMP-Crp), a primary regulatory system that controls the cyt c content and whose activity is subjected to the repression of nitrite. Both nitrite and NO impair the CcmE of multiple bacteria, an essential heme chaperone of the System I cyt c biosynthesis apparatus. Given that bacterial targets of nitrite and NO differ enormously and vary even in the same genus, these observations underscore the importance of cyt c biosynthesis for the antimicrobial actions of nitrite and NO.
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7
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Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E. Nitric oxide signaling in health and disease. Cell 2022; 185:2853-2878. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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8
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Chen J, Xie P, Huang Y, Gao H. Complex Interplay of Heme-Copper Oxidases with Nitrite and Nitric Oxide. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:979. [PMID: 35055165 PMCID: PMC8780969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrite and nitric oxide (NO), two active and critical nitrogen oxides linking nitrate to dinitrogen gas in the broad nitrogen biogeochemical cycle, are capable of interacting with redox-sensitive proteins. The interactions of both with heme-copper oxidases (HCOs) serve as the foundation not only for the enzymatic interconversion of nitrogen oxides but also for the inhibitory activity. From extensive studies, we now know that NO interacts with HCOs in a rapid and reversible manner, either competing with oxygen or not. During interconversion, a partially reduced heme/copper center reduces the nitrite ion, producing NO with the heme serving as the reductant and the cupric ion providing a Lewis acid interaction with nitrite. The interaction may lead to the formation of either a relatively stable nitrosyl-derivative of the enzyme reduced or a more labile nitrite-derivative of the enzyme oxidized through two different pathways, resulting in enzyme inhibition. Although nitrite and NO show similar biochemical properties, a growing body of evidence suggests that they are largely treated as distinct molecules by bacterial cells. NO seemingly interacts with all hemoproteins indiscriminately, whereas nitrite shows high specificity to HCOs. Moreover, as biologically active molecules and signal molecules, nitrite and NO directly affect the activity of different enzymes and are perceived by completely different sensing systems, respectively, through which they are linked to different biological processes. Further attempts to reconcile this apparent contradiction could open up possible avenues for the application of these nitrogen oxides in a variety of fields, the pharmaceutical industry in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Haichun Gao
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.C.); (P.X.); (Y.H.)
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9
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Inam AKS, Costa Angeli MA, Shkodra B, Douaki A, Avancini E, Magagnin L, Petti L, Lugli P. Flexible Screen-Printed Electrochemical Sensors Functionalized with Electrodeposited Copper for Nitrate Detection in Water. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:33523-33532. [PMID: 34926901 PMCID: PMC8675019 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3 -) contamination is becoming a major concern due to the negative effects of an excessive NO3 - presence in water which can have detrimental effects on human health. Sensitive, real-time, low-cost, and portable measurement systems able to detect extremely low concentrations of NO3 - in water are thus becoming extremely important. In this work, we present a novel method to realize a low-cost and easy to fabricate amperometric sensor capable of detecting small concentrations of NO3 - in real water samples. The novel fabrication technique combines printing of a silver (Ag) working electrode with subsequent modification of the electrode with electrodeposited copper (Cu) nanoclusters. The process was tuned in order to reach optimized sensor response, with a high catalytic activity toward electroreduction of NO3 - (sensitivity: 19.578 μA/mM), as well as a low limit of detection (LOD: 0.207 nM or 0.012 μg/L) and a good dynamic linear concentration range (0.05 to 5 mM or 31 to 310 mg/L). The sensors were tested against possible interference analytes (NO2 -, Cl-, SO4 2-, HCO3 -, CH3COO-, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Na+, and Cu2+) yielding only negligible effects [maximum standard deviation (SD) was 3.9 μA]. The proposed sensors were also used to detect NO3 - in real samples, including tap and river water, through the standard addition method, and the results were compared with the outcomes of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Temperature stability (maximum SD 3.09 μA), stability over time (maximum SD 3.69 μA), reproducibility (maximum SD 3.20 μA), and repeatability (maximum two-time useable) of this sensor were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. K.
M. S. Inam
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Free University
of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano 39100, Italy
- Department
of Nutrition and Food Engineering, Daffodil
International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | | | - Bajramshahe Shkodra
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Free University
of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano 39100, Italy
| | - Ali Douaki
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Free University
of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano 39100, Italy
| | - Enrico Avancini
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Free University
of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano 39100, Italy
| | - Luca Magagnin
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering
“Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Luisa Petti
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Free University
of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano 39100, Italy
| | - Paolo Lugli
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Free University
of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano 39100, Italy
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10
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Guo K, Gao H. Physiological Roles of Nitrite and Nitric Oxide in Bacteria: Similar Consequences from Distinct Cell Targets, Protection, and Sensing Systems. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2100773. [PMID: 34310085 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202100773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitrite and nitric oxide (NO) are two active nitrogen oxides that display similar biochemical properties, especially when interacting with redox-sensitive proteins (i.e., hemoproteins), an observation serving as the foundation of the notion that the antibacterial effect of nitrite is largely attributed to NO formation. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that they are largely treated as distinct molecules by bacterial cells. Although both nitrite and NO are formed and decomposed by enzymes participating in the transformation of these nitrogen species, NO can also be generated via amino acid metabolism by bacterial NO synthetase and scavenged by flavohemoglobin. NO seemingly interacts with all hemoproteins indiscriminately, whereas nitrite shows high specificity to heme-copper oxidases. Consequently, the homeostasis of redox-sensitive proteins may be responsible for the substantial difference in NO-targets identified to date among different bacteria. In addition, most protective systems against NO damage have no significant role in alleviating inhibitory effects of nitrite. Furthermore, when functioning as signal molecules, nitrite and NO are perceived by completely different sensing systems, through which they are linked to different biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailun Guo
- Institute of Microbiology and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Haichun Gao
- Institute of Microbiology and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
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11
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Kim JW, Lee HJ, Shin DJ, Baek KH, Yong HI, Jung S, Jo C. Enrichment of nitrite in onion powder using atmospheric pressure plasma and egg whites for meat curing. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Shpaizer A, Kanner J, Tirosh O. S-Nitroso-N-acetylcysteine (NAC–SNO) vs. nitrite as an anti-clostridial additive for meat products. Food Funct 2021; 12:2012-2019. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02839h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
NAC–SNO is an efficient preservative against Clostridium spore germination, and under the same conditions and concentrations generates much less methaemoglobin and detectable N-nitrosoamines in the blood, in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Shpaizer
- Institute of Biochemistry
- Food Science and Nutrition
- Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Rehovot 76100
| | - Joseph Kanner
- Institute of Biochemistry
- Food Science and Nutrition
- Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Rehovot 76100
| | - Oren Tirosh
- Institute of Biochemistry
- Food Science and Nutrition
- Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Rehovot 76100
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13
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Palmieri EM, McGinity C, Wink DA, McVicar DW. Nitric Oxide in Macrophage Immunometabolism: Hiding in Plain Sight. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10110429. [PMID: 33114647 PMCID: PMC7693038 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric Oxide (NO) is a soluble endogenous gas with various biological functions like signaling, and working as an effector molecule or metabolic regulator. In response to inflammatory signals, immune myeloid cells, like macrophages, increase production of cytokines and NO, which is important for pathogen killing. Under these proinflammatory circumstances, called “M1”, macrophages undergo a series of metabolic changes including rewiring of their tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Here, we review findings indicating that NO, through its interaction with heme and non-heme metal containing proteins, together with components of the electron transport chain, functions not only as a regulator of cell respiration, but also a modulator of intracellular cell metabolism. Moreover, diverse effects of NO and NO-derived reactive nitrogen species (RNS) involve precise interactions with different targets depending on concentration, temporal, and spatial restrictions. Although the role of NO in macrophage reprogramming has been in evidence for some time, current models have largely minimized its importance. It has, therefore, been hiding in plain sight. A review of the chemical properties of NO, past biochemical studies, and recent publications, necessitates that mechanisms of macrophage TCA reprogramming during stimulation must be re-imagined and re-interpreted as mechanistic results of NO exposure. The revised model of metabolic rewiring we describe here incorporates many early findings regarding NO biochemistry and brings NO out of hiding and to the forefront of macrophages immunometabolism.
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14
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Electro-kinetics of conversion of NO3− into NO2−and sensing of nitrate ions via reduction reactions at copper immobilized platinum surface in the neutral medium. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Nitrite modulates aminoglycoside tolerance by inhibiting cytochrome heme-copper oxidase in bacteria. Commun Biol 2020; 3:269. [PMID: 32461576 PMCID: PMC7253457 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0991-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
As a bacteriostatic agent, nitrite has been used in food preservation for centuries. When used in combination with antibiotics, nitrite is reported to work either cooperatively or antagonistically. However, the mechanism underlying these effects remains largely unknown. Here we show that nitrite mediates tolerance to aminoglycosides in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, but has little interaction with other types of antibiotics. Nitrite directly and mainly inhibits cytochrome heme-copper oxidases (HCOs), and by doing so, the membrane potential is compromised, blocking uptake of aminoglycosides. In contrast, reduced respiration (oxygen consumption rate) resulting from nitrite inhibition is not critical for aminoglycoside tolerance. While our data indicate that nitrite is a promising antimicrobial agent targeting HCOs, cautions should be taken when used with other antibiotics, aminoglycosides in particular.
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Torregrosa-Crespo J, Pire C, Bergaust L, Martínez-Espinosa RM. Haloferax mediterranei, an Archaeal Model for Denitrification in Saline Systems, Characterized Through Integrated Physiological and Transcriptional Analyses. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:768. [PMID: 32390995 PMCID: PMC7188791 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Haloferax mediterranei (R4) belongs to the group of halophilic archaea, one of the predominant microbial populations in hypersaline environments. In these ecosystems, the low availability of oxygen pushes the microbial inhabitants toward anaerobic pathways and the presence of N-oxyanions favor denitrification. In a recent study comparing three Haloferax species carrying dissimilatory N-oxide reductases, H. mediterranei showed promise as a future model for archaeal denitrification. This work further explores the respiratory physiology of this haloarchaeon when challenged with ranges of nitrite and nitrate concentrations and at neutral or sub-neutral pH during the transition to anoxia. Moreover, to begin to understand the transcriptional regulation of N-oxide reductases, detailed gas kinetics was combined with gene expression analyses at high resolution. The results show that H. mediterranei has an expression pattern similar to that observed in the bacterial Domain, well-coordinated at low concentrations of N-oxyanions. However, it could only sustain a few generations of exponential anaerobic growth, apparently requiring micro-oxic conditions for de novo synthesis of denitrification enzymes. This is the first integrated study within this field of knowledge in haloarchaea and Archaea in general, and it sheds lights on denitrification in salty environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Torregrosa-Crespo
- Department of Agrochemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Carmen Pire
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Linda Bergaust
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Al-Mamun A, Jafary T, Baawain MS, Rahman S, Choudhury MR, Tabatabaei M, Lam SS. Energy recovery and carbon/nitrogen removal from sewage and contaminated groundwater in a coupled hydrolytic-acidogenic sequencing batch reactor and denitrifying biocathode microbial fuel cell. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 183:109273. [PMID: 32105886 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Developing cost-effective technology for treatment of sewage and nitrogen-containing groundwater is one of the crucial challenges of global water industries. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) oxidize organics from sewage by exoelectrogens on anode to produce electricity while denitrifiers on cathode utilize the generated electricity to reduce nitrogen from contaminated groundwater. As the exoelectrogens are incapable of oxidizing insoluble, polymeric, and complex organics, a novel integration of an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) prior to the MFC simultaneously achieve hydrolytic-acidogenic conversion of complex organics, boost power recovery, and remove Carbon/Nitrogen (C/N) from the sewage and groundwater. The results obtained revealed increases in the fractions of soluble organics and volatile fatty acids in pretreated sewage by 52 ± 19% and 120 ± 40%, respectively. The optimum power and current generation with the pretreated sewage were 7.1 W m-3 and 45.88 A m-3, respectively, corresponding to 8% and 10% improvements compared to untreated sewage. Moreover, the integration of the ASBR with the biocathode MFC led to 217% higher carbon and 136% higher nitrogen removal efficiencies compared to the similar system without ASBR. The outcomes of the present study represent the promising prospects of using ASBR pretreatment and successive utilization of solubilized organics in denitrifying biocathode MFCs for simultaneous energy recovery and C/N removal from both sewage and nitrate nitrogen-contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al-Mamun
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33, Al-Khoud 123, Muscat, Oman.
| | - Tahereh Jafary
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33, Al-Khoud 123, Muscat, Oman; Process Engineering Department, International Maritime College, Sohar, Oman
| | - Mahad Said Baawain
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33, Al-Khoud 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - Sadik Rahman
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33, Al-Khoud 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mahbuboor Rahman Choudhury
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Manhattan College, 4513 Manhattan College Parkway, Riverdale, NY, 10471, USA
| | - Meisam Tabatabaei
- Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Biofuel Research Team (BRTeam), Karaj, Iran; Microbial Biotechnology Department, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Extension, and Education Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Transport, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries Research (Akuatrop) & Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development (Bio-D Tropika), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
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18
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Lancaster JR. Historical origins of the discovery of mammalian nitric oxide (nitrogen monoxide) production/physiology/pathophysiology. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 176:113793. [PMID: 31923387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The award of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, and Ferid Murad "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system" highlighted the discovery of NO in mammals. This breakthrough also coincided with the discoveries of the role of NO as a cytotoxic effector in the immune system and as an intercellular neurotransmitter in the nervous system. This brief overview describes the chronological development of this trilinear convergence in 1986-1988, including background chemistry and history of human/nitrogen oxide interactions in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack R Lancaster
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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19
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Gill A, Zajda J, Meyerhoff ME. Comparison of electrochemical nitric oxide detection methods with chemiluminescence for measuring nitrite concentration in food samples. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1077:167-173. [PMID: 31307706 PMCID: PMC6636846 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitrite is a naturally occurring species present in various food samples and also present in our bodies as a product of nitric oxide (NO) oxidation. Considering the ubiquity of nitrite, its determination is of great importance in both biological and food samples. Herein, a very facile indirect method of nitrite determination in meat samples via selective reduction to nitric oxide (NO) is presented. The resulting gaseous product is quantified via portable and cost-effective electrochemical sensors. Both a novel laboratory prepared Pt-Nafion based NO sensor and a commercially available amperometric NO sensor are compared. Excellent correlations between the nitrite amount found in tested samples using both of the electrochemical sensors and a reference chemiluminescence method are demonstrated (r = 0.997 and r = 0.999 for Pt-Nafion based and commercially available NO-B4 electrochemical sensors, respectively, n = 12). Moreover, the slope of the linear regression curves are very close to unity for the comparison of the three systems tested. The amperometric sensors compared within this work exhibit good precision and accuracy and are shown to be an attractive alternative to the costly chemiluminescence detection method for accurately determining nitrite levels in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Gill
- Department of Chemistry, 930 N. University Avenue, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Joanna Zajda
- Department of Chemistry, 930 N. University Avenue, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Mark E Meyerhoff
- Department of Chemistry, 930 N. University Avenue, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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20
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Kanner J, Shpaizer A, Nelgas L, Tirosh O. S-Nitroso- N-acetylcysteine (NAC-SNO) as an Antioxidant in Cured Meat and Stomach Medium. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:10930-10936. [PMID: 31496247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The stability of lipids in meat products depends on the initial concentration of hydroperoxides, the catalytic involvement of metal ions and myoglobin, endogenous antioxidants, and biological and technological factors. Ground meat was treated with additives, sealed in vacuum bags, heated to 75 °C, and stored opened to air at 4 °C. S-Nitroso-N-acetylcysteine (NAC-SNO) at concentration like nitrite used by the industry prevents lipid peroxidation in the product, even after storage for 1 month at 4 °C. The same simulated treatments at different concentrations of both compounds show that NAC-SNO acts as an antioxidant ∼4-fold better than nitrite at pH 6.2 or 3.0. Ascorbic acid significantly improves nitrite antioxidant effect. NAC-SNO was found to prevent, much better than nitrite, accumulation of reactive aldehydes and hydroxynonenal protein modification. In condition like those used by the industry for meat products processing, NAC-SNO acts better than nitrite to provide antioxidant protection without the side effect of N-nitrosation, oxidation, and the loss of nutrient generated by nitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kanner
- Department of Food Science , ARO Volcani Center , Bet Dagan 50250 , Israel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Adi Shpaizer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Liron Nelgas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Oren Tirosh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
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21
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22
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Cao R, Huang H, Liang J, Wang T, Luo Y, Asiri AM, Ye H, Sun X. A MoN nanosheet array supported on carbon cloth as an efficient electrochemical sensor for nitrite detection. Analyst 2019; 144:5378-5380. [PMID: 31441910 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01270b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitrite, widely found in the environment and the food industry, poses a great threat to human health because of its potential toxicity, and its detection is highly important. We report that a MoN nanosheet array on carbon cloth (MoN NA/CC) behaves as an efficient catalyst for nitrite reduction in neutral solution. As a nitrite sensor, this MoN NA/CC offers a wide linear range from 1 μM to 5 mM and a low detection limit of 3 nM (S/N = 3), with a high sensitivity of 4319 μA mM-1 cm-2 and long-term stability and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Cao
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hong Huang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jie Liang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, Sichuan, China
| | - Yonglan Luo
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, Sichuan, China
| | - Abdullah M Asiri
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science & Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hejiang Ye
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xuping Sun
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China.
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23
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Panmanee W, Su S, Schurr MJ, Lau GW, Zhu X, Ren Z, McDaniel CT, Lu LJ, Ohman DE, Muruve DA, Panos RJ, Yu HD, Thompson TB, Tseng BS, Hassett DJ. The anti-sigma factor MucA of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Dramatic differences of a mucA22 vs. a ΔmucA mutant in anaerobic acidified nitrite sensitivity of planktonic and biofilm bacteria in vitro and during chronic murine lung infection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216401. [PMID: 31158231 PMCID: PMC6546240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucoid mucA22 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is an opportunistic lung pathogen of cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients that is highly sensitive to acidified nitrite (A-NO2-). In this study, we first screened PA mutant strains for sensitivity or resistance to 20 mM A-NO2- under anaerobic conditions that represent the chronic stages of the aforementioned diseases. Mutants found to be sensitive to A-NO2- included PA0964 (pmpR, PQS biosynthesis), PA4455 (probable ABC transporter permease), katA (major catalase, KatA) and rhlR (quorum sensing regulator). In contrast, mutants lacking PA0450 (a putative phosphate transporter) and PA1505 (moaA2) were A-NO2- resistant. However, we were puzzled when we discovered that mucA22 mutant bacteria, a frequently isolated mucA allele in CF and to a lesser extent COPD, were more sensitive to A-NO2- than a truncated ΔmucA deletion (Δ157–194) mutant in planktonic and biofilm culture, as well as during a chronic murine lung infection. Subsequent transcriptional profiling of anaerobic, A-NO2--treated bacteria revealed restoration of near wild-type transcript levels of protective NO2- and nitric oxide (NO) reductase (nirS and norCB, respectively) in the ΔmucA mutant in contrast to extremely low levels in the A-NO2--sensitive mucA22 mutant. Proteins that were S-nitrosylated by NO derived from A-NO2- reduction in the sensitive mucA22 strain were those involved in anaerobic respiration (NirQ, NirS), pyruvate fermentation (UspK), global gene regulation (Vfr), the TCA cycle (succinate dehydrogenase, SdhB) and several double mutants were even more sensitive to A-NO2-. Bioinformatic-based data point to future studies designed to elucidate potential cellular binding partners for MucA and MucA22. Given that A-NO2- is a potentially viable treatment strategy to combat PA and other infections, this study offers novel developments as to how clinicians might better treat problematic PA infections in COPD and CF airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warunya Panmanee
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH United States of America
| | - Shengchang Su
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH United States of America
| | - Michael J. Schurr
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO United States of America
| | - Gee W. Lau
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL United States of America
| | - Xiaoting Zhu
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH United States of America
| | - Zhaowei Ren
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH United States of America
| | - Cameron T. McDaniel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH United States of America
| | - Long J. Lu
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH United States of America
| | - Dennis E. Ohman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA United States of America
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Muruve
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ralph J. Panos
- Department of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH United States of America
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH United States of America
| | - Hongwei D. Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Marshall University, Huntington, WV United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH United States of America
| | - Boo Shan Tseng
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Hassett
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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HPLC-DAD Determination of Nitrite and Nitrate in Human Saliva Utilizing a Phosphatidylcholine Column. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091754. [PMID: 31064131 PMCID: PMC6539997 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to optimize the separation and quantitative determination of nitrites and nitrates in human saliva. HPLC with UV absorption (HPLC/DAD) using a phosphatidylcholine column (IAM.PC.DD2 Regis HPLC) was applied in this assay. Nitrates were detected directly by their absorbance at 210 nm, whereas nitrites were detected after oxidation to nitrates by potassium permanganate at acidic conditions. The kinetics of the permanganate–nitrite reaction was measured chromatographically. The calibration graph for nitrates was linear in the range of 0.5–35 µg mL−1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999. The limit of detection was 4.56 ng mL−1. The calibration graph for nitrites (after oxidation to nitrates) was linear in the range of 0.5–15 µg mL−1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9972. The limit of detection was 4.21 ng mL−1. The nitrate concentrations in the saliva samples were found in the range of 8.98–18.52 μg mL−1, whereas nitrite was in the range of 3.50–5.34 μg mL−1.
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25
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Hrncirova L, Hudcovic T, Sukova E, Machova V, Trckova E, Krejsek J, Hrncir T. Human gut microbes are susceptible to antimicrobial food additives in vitro. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2019; 64:497-508. [PMID: 30656592 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-018-00674-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to test the hypothesis that antimicrobial food additives may alter the composition of human gut microbiota by selectively suppressing the growth of susceptible gut microbes. To explore the influence of antimicrobial food additives on the composition of the human gut microbiota, we examined the susceptibility of both aerobic and anaerobic gut bacteria to sodium benzoate, sodium nitrite, and potassium sorbate, and their combinations, using a broth microdilution method. The tested bacteria exhibited a wide range of susceptibilities to food additives. For example, the most susceptible strain, Bacteroides coprocola, was almost 580 times more susceptible to sodium nitrite than the most resistant strain, Enterococcus faecalis. However, most importantly, we found that gut microbes with known anti-inflammatory properties, such as Clostridium tyrobutyricum or Lactobacillus paracasei, were significantly more susceptible to additives than microbes with known proinflammatory or colitogenic properties, such as Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron or Enterococcus faecalis. Our data show that some human gut microbes are highly susceptible to antimicrobial food additives. We speculate that permanent exposure of human gut microbiota to even low levels of additives may modify the composition and function of gut microbiota and thus influence the host's immune system. Whether the effect of additive-modified gut microbiota on the human immune system could explain, at least in part, the increasing incidence of allergies and autoimmune diseases remains to be shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Hrncirova
- The Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- The Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Hudcovic
- The Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Eliska Sukova
- The Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimira Machova
- The Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Trckova
- The Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Krejsek
- The Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Hrncir
- The Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
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26
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Shpaizer A, Nussinovich A, Kanner J, Tirosh O. S-Nitroso-N-acetylcysteine Generates Less Carcinogenic N-Nitrosamines in Meat Products than Nitrite. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11459-11467. [PMID: 30281301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite reacts with secondary amines to form N-nitrosamines (N-NA), which lead to gastrointestinal cancers. The aim of this study was to compare nitrite with S-nitrosocysteine (Cys-SNO) and S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine (NAC-SNO) with respect to N-NA formation, which was evaluated by determining the conversion of N-methylaniline to N-nitrosomethylaniline. Under neutral and acidic pH conditions, N-NA formation rate was nitrite > Cys-SNO > NAC-SNO. In the presence of copper or nucleophiles, NAC-SNO generated much less N-NA than Cys-SNO. Nitrite and Cys-SNO produced higher amounts of N-NA in the presence of oxygen, whereas NAC-SNO was almost oxygen insensitive. In meat in the stomach medium, NAC-SNO produced much lower amounts of N-NA than other additives. In heated meat, Cys-SNO and NAC-SNO generated the nitrosyl-hemochrome pink pigment, better than nitrite. In conclusion, NAC-SNO was much less reactive for N-NA formation than nitrite and Cys-SNO in conditions relevant to meat production and stomach digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Shpaizer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Amos Nussinovich
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Joseph Kanner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Oren Tirosh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
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27
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Chen L, Li J, Dong Z, Yuan X, Shao T. Effects of applying oil-extracted microalgae on the fermentation quality, feed-nutritive value and aerobic stability of ensiled sweet sorghum. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:4462-4470. [PMID: 29457650 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A laboratory-silo study was conducted to evaluate the fermentation quality, feed-nutritive value and aerobic stability of sweet sorghum silage with or without oil-extracted microalgae supplementation. Sweet sorghum was mixed with four microalgae levels (0%, 1%, 2% and 3% on a dry matter basis; control, M1, M2 and M3, respectively) and ensiled for 45 d. Further, the four experimental silages were subjected to an aerobic stability test lasting 7 d. RESULTS All the silages except M3 silage had good fermentative characteristics with low pH and ammonia nitrogen concentrations, and high lactic acid concentrations and favorable microbial parameters. Meanwhile, oil-extracted microalgae supplementation improved the feed-nutritional value of sweet sorghum silage. Fibre (neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin and cellulose) concentrations decreased, while dry matter and crude protein levels markedly increased (P < 0.05). Compared with the control (69.7 h), treatments M2 and M3 improved the aerobic stability of sweet sorghum silage by 43.8% and more than 143% respectively, and decreased the clostridia spore counts during the stage of air exposure. CONCLUSION Sweet sorghum silage produced with 2% oil-extracted microalgae addition was the most suitable for animal use due to the optimal balance of fermentation quality, feed-nutritional value and aerobic stability, which merits further in vivo studies using grazing ruminants. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junfeng Li
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihao Dong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianjun Yuan
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Shao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Cytochromes c Constitute a Layer of Protection against Nitric Oxide but Not Nitrite. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.01255-18. [PMID: 29934335 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01255-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a radical gas that reacts with various biological molecules in complex ways to inhibit growth as a bacteriostatic agent. NO is nearly ubiquitous because it can be generated both biotically and abiotically. To protect the cell from NO damage, bacteria have evolved many strategies, with the production of detoxifying enzymatic systems being the most efficient. Here, we report that c-type cytochromes (cytochromes c) constitute a primary NO protection system in Shewanella oneidensis, a Gram-negative environmental bacterium renowned for respiratory versatility due to its high cytochrome c content. By using mutants producing cytochromes c at varying levels, we found that the content of these proteins is inversely correlated with the growth inhibition imposed by NO, whereas the effect of each individual cytochrome c is negligible. This NO-protecting system has no effect on nitrite inhibition. In the absence of cytochromes c, other NO targets and protective proteins, such as NnrS, emerge to show physiological influences during the NO stress. We further demonstrate that cytochromes c also play a similar role in Escherichia coli, albeit only modestly. Our data thus identify the in vivo function of an important group of proteins in alleviating NO stress.IMPORTANCE It is widely accepted that the antibacterial effects of nitrite are attributable to nitric oxide (NO) formation, suggesting a correlation of bacterial susceptibilities to these two chemicals. However, compared to E. coli, S. oneidensis is highly sensitive to nitrite but resistant to NO, implying the presence of robust NO-protective systems. Here, we show that c-type cytochromes (cytochromes c) play a main role in protecting S. oneidensis against damages from NO but not from nitrite. In their absence, impacts of proteins that promote NO tolerance and that are targets of NO inhibition become evident. Our data thus reveal the specific activity of cytochromes c in alleviating the stress caused by NO but not nitrite.
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29
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Distinct Nitrite and Nitric Oxide Physiologies in Escherichia coli and Shewanella oneidensis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.00559-18. [PMID: 29654177 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00559-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrite has been used as a bacteriostatic agent for centuries in food preservation. It is widely accepted that this biologically inert molecule functions indirectly, serving as a stable reservoir of bioactive nitric oxide (NO) and other reactive nitrogen species to impact physiology. As a result, to date, we know surprisingly little about in vivo targets of nitrite. Here, we carry out comparative analyses of nitrite and NO physiology in Escherichia coli and in Shewanella oneidensis, a Gram-negative environmental bacterium renowned for respiratory versatility. These two bacteria differ from each other in many aspects of nitrite and NO physiology, including NO generation, NO degradation, and unexpectedly, their contrary susceptibility to nitrite and NO. In cell extracts of both bacteria, most of the NO targets are also susceptible to nitrite, and vice versa. However, with respect to growth inhibition caused by NO, the targets are impacted distinctly; NO targets are responsible for the inhibition of growth of E. coli but not of S. oneidensis More surprisingly, all proteins identified to be implicated in NO tolerance in other bacteria appear to play a dispensable role in protecting S. oneidensis against NO. These data suggest that S. oneidensis is equipped with a robust but yet unknown NO protecting system. In the case of nitrite, it is clear that the target of physiological significance in both bacteria is cytochrome heme-copper oxidase.IMPORTANCE Nitrite is toxic to living organisms at high levels, but such antibacterial effects of nitrite are attributable to the formation of nitric oxide (NO), a highly reactive radical gas molecule. Here, we report that Shewanella oneidensis is highly resistant to NO but sensitive to nitrite compared to Escherichia coli by approximately 4-fold. In both bacteria, nitrite inhibits bacterial growth by targeting cytochrome heme-copper oxidase. In contrast, the targets of NO are diverse. Although these targets are similar in E. coli and S. oneidensis, they are responsible for growth inhibition caused by NO in the former but not in the latter. Overall, the presented data, along with the previous data, solidify a proposal that the in vivo targets of NO and nitrite in bacteria are largely different.
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A new Co(III) complex of Schiff base derivative for electrochemical recognition of nitrite anion. J CHEM SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-017-1363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Denitrification synergized with ANAMMOX for the anaerobic degradation of benzene: performance and microbial community structure. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:4315-4325. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8166-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Erickson MC, Doyle MP. The Challenges of Eliminating or Substituting Antimicrobial Preservatives in Foods. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2017; 8:371-390. [PMID: 28125350 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030216-025952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Consumers' criteria for evaluating food safety have evolved recently from considering the food's potential to cause immediate physical harm to considering the potential long-term effects that consumption of artificial ingredients, including antimicrobial preservatives, would have on health. As bacteriostatic and bactericidal agents to prevent microbial spoilage, antimicrobials not only extend shelf life, but they also enhance the product's safety. Antimicrobials and their levels that may be used in foods are specified by regulatory agencies. This review addresses the safety of antimicrobials and the potential consequences of removing those that are chemically synthesized or replacing them with antimicrobials from so-called natural sources. Such changes can affect the microbiological safety and spoilage of food as well as reduce shelf life, increase wastage, and increase the occurrence of foodborne illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn C Erickson
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223; ,
| | - Michael P Doyle
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223; ,
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Wang QH, Yu LJ, Liu Y, Lin L, Lu RG, Zhu JP, He L, Lu ZL. Methods for the detection and determination of nitrite and nitrate: A review. Talanta 2017; 165:709-720. [PMID: 28153321 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Various techniques for the determination of nitrite and/or nitrate developed during the past 15 years were reviewed in this article. 169 references were covered. The detection principles and analytical parameters such as matrix, detection limits and detection range of each method were tabulated. The advantages and disadvantages of various methods were evaluated. In comparison to other methods, spectrofluorimetric methods have become more attractive due to its facility availability, high sensitivity and selectivity, low limits of detection and low-cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Hua Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Li-Ju Yu
- Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710018, China; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yang Liu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lan Lin
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ri-Gang Lu
- Guangxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Guilin 530021, China
| | - Jian-Ping Zhu
- Guangxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Guilin 530021, China
| | - Lan He
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Zhong-Lin Lu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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NapB in excess inhibits growth of Shewanella oneidensis by dissipating electrons of the quinol pool. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37456. [PMID: 27857202 PMCID: PMC5114592 DOI: 10.1038/srep37456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Shewanella, a group of ubiquitous bacteria renowned for respiratory versatility, thrive in environments where various electron acceptors (EAs) of different chemical and physiological characteristics coexist. Despite being extensively studied, we still know surprisingly little about strategies by which multiple EAs and their interaction define ecophysiology of these bacteria. Previously, we showed that nitrite inhibits growth of the genus representative Shewanella oneidensis on fumarate and presumably some other CymA (quinol dehydrogenase)-dependent EAs by reducing cAMP production, which in turn leads to lowered expression of nitrite and fumarate reductases. In this study, we demonstrated that inhibition of fumarate growth by nitrite is also attributable to overproduction of NapB, the cytochrome c subunit of nitrate reductase. Further investigations revealed that excessive NapB per se inhibits growth on all EAs tested, including oxygen. When overproduced, NapB acts as an electron shuttle to dissipate electrons of the quinol pool, likely to extracellullar EAs, because the Mtr system, the major electron transport pathway for extracellular electron transport, is implicated. The study not only sheds light on mechanisms by which certain EAs, especially toxic ones, impact the bacterial ecophysiology, but also provides new insights into how electron shuttle c-type cytochromes regulate multi-branched respiratory networks.
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Serrano PN, Wang H, Crack JC, Prior C, Hutchings MI, Thomson AJ, Kamali S, Yoda Y, Zhao J, Hu MY, Alp EE, Oganesyan VS, Le Brun NE, Cramer SP. Nitrosylation of Nitric-Oxide-Sensing Regulatory Proteins Containing [4Fe-4S] Clusters Gives Rise to Multiple Iron-Nitrosyl Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:14575-14579. [PMID: 27778474 PMCID: PMC5204455 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of protein-bound iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters with nitric oxide (NO) plays key roles in NO-mediated toxicity and signaling. Elucidation of the mechanism of the reaction of NO with DNA regulatory proteins that contain Fe-S clusters has been hampered by a lack of information about the nature of the iron-nitrosyl products formed. Herein, we report nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations that identify NO reaction products in WhiD and NsrR, regulatory proteins that use a [4Fe-4S] cluster to sense NO. This work reveals that nitrosylation yields multiple products structurally related to Roussin's Red Ester (RRE, [Fe2 (NO)4 (Cys)2 ]) and Roussin's Black Salt (RBS, [Fe4 (NO)7 S3 ]. In the latter case, the absence of 32 S/34 S shifts in the Fe-S region of the NRVS spectra suggest that a new species, Roussin's Black Ester (RBE), may be formed, in which one or more of the sulfide ligands is replaced by Cys thiolates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hongxin Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
- Physical Biosciences DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Jason C. Crack
- Centre for Molecular and Structural BiochemistrySchool of ChemistryUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
| | - Christopher Prior
- Centre for Molecular and Structural BiochemistrySchool of ChemistryUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
| | | | - Andrew J. Thomson
- Centre for Molecular and Structural BiochemistrySchool of ChemistryUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
| | - Saeed Kamali
- University of Tennessee Space InstituteTullahomeTN37388-9700USA
| | - Yoshitaka Yoda
- Research and Utilization DivisionSPring-8/JASRI1-1-1 Kouto, SayoHyogo679-5198Japan
| | - Jiyong Zhao
- Advanced Photon SourceArgonne National LaboratoryArgonneIL60439USA
| | - Michael Y. Hu
- Advanced Photon SourceArgonne National LaboratoryArgonneIL60439USA
| | - Ercan E. Alp
- Advanced Photon SourceArgonne National LaboratoryArgonneIL60439USA
| | - Vasily S. Oganesyan
- Centre for Molecular and Structural BiochemistrySchool of ChemistryUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
| | - Nick E. Le Brun
- Centre for Molecular and Structural BiochemistrySchool of ChemistryUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7TJUK
| | - Stephen P. Cramer
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
- Physical Biosciences DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA
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Yasugi M, Otsuka K, Miyake M. Nitrate salts suppress sporulation and production of enterotoxin in Clostridium perfringens strain NCTC8239. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 60:657-668. [PMID: 27594514 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens type A is a common source of food-borne illness in humans. Ingested vegetative cells sporulate in the small intestinal tract and in the process produce C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE). Although sporulation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of food-borne illness, the molecules triggering/inhibiting sporulation are still largely unknown. It has previously been reported by our group that sporulation is induced in C. perfringens strain NCTC8239 co-cultured with Caco-2 cells in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM). In contrast, an equivalent amount of spores was not observed when bacteria were co-cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute-1640 medium (RPMI). In the present study it was found that, when these two media are mixed, RPMI inhibits sporulation and CPE production induced in DMEM. When a component of RPMI was added to DMEM, it was found that calcium nitrate (Ca[NO3 ]2 ) significantly inhibits sporulation and CPE production. The number of spores increased when Ca(NO3 )2 -deficient RPMI was used. The other nitrate salts significantly suppressed sporulation, whereas the calcium salts used did not. qPCR revealed that nitrate salts increased expression of bacterial nitrate/nitrite reductase. Furthermore, it was found that nitrite and nitric oxide suppress sporulation. In the sporulation stages, Ca(NO3 )2 down-regulated the genes controlled by Spo0A, a master regulator of sporulation, but not spo0A itself. Collectively, these results indicate that nitrate salts suppress sporulation and CPE production by down-regulating Spo0A-regulated genes in C. perfringens strain NCTC8239. Nitrate reduction may be associated with inhibition of sporulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayo Yasugi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ourai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Otsuka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ourai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Masami Miyake
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ourai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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Serrano PN, Wang H, Crack JC, Prior C, Hutchings MI, Thomson AJ, Kamali S, Yoda Y, Zhao J, Hu MY, Alp EE, Oganesyan VS, Le Brun NE, Cramer SP. Nitrosylation of Nitric-Oxide-Sensing Regulatory Proteins Containing [4Fe-4S] Clusters Gives Rise to Multiple Iron-Nitrosyl Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hongxin Wang
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
- Physical Biosciences Division; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Jason C. Crack
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry; School of Chemistry; University of East Anglia; Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Christopher Prior
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry; School of Chemistry; University of East Anglia; Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | | | - Andrew J. Thomson
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry; School of Chemistry; University of East Anglia; Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Saeed Kamali
- University of Tennessee Space Institute; Tullahome TN 37388-9700 USA
| | - Yoshitaka Yoda
- Research and Utilization Division; SPring-8/JASRI; 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo Hyogo 679-5198 Japan
| | - Jiyong Zhao
- Advanced Photon Source; Argonne National Laboratory; Argonne IL 60439 USA
| | - Michael Y. Hu
- Advanced Photon Source; Argonne National Laboratory; Argonne IL 60439 USA
| | - Ercan E. Alp
- Advanced Photon Source; Argonne National Laboratory; Argonne IL 60439 USA
| | - Vasily S. Oganesyan
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry; School of Chemistry; University of East Anglia; Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Nick E. Le Brun
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry; School of Chemistry; University of East Anglia; Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Stephen P. Cramer
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
- Physical Biosciences Division; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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Abstract
Many anaerobic spore-forming clostridial species are pathogenic, and some are industrially useful. Although many are strict anaerobes, the bacteria persist under aerobic and growth-limiting conditions as multilayered metabolically dormant spores. For many pathogens, the spore form is what most commonly transmits the organism between hosts. After the spores are introduced into the host, certain proteins (germinant receptors) recognize specific signals (germinants), inducing spores to germinate and subsequently grow into metabolically active cells. Upon germination of the spore into the metabolically active vegetative form, the resulting bacteria can colonize the host and cause disease due to the secretion of toxins from the cell. Spores are resistant to many environmental stressors, which make them challenging to remove from clinical environments. Identifying the conditions and the mechanisms of germination in toxin-producing species could help develop affordable remedies for some infections by inhibiting germination of the spore form. Unrelated to infectious disease, spore formation in species used in the industrial production of chemicals hinders the optimum production of the chemicals due to the depletion of the vegetative cells from the population. Understanding spore germination in acetone-butanol-ethanol-producing species can help boost the production of chemicals, leading to cheaper ethanol-based fuels. Until recently, clostridial spore germination is assumed to be similar to that of Bacillus subtilis However, recent studies in Clostridium difficile shed light on a mechanism of spore germination that has not been observed in any endospore-forming organisms to date. In this review, we focus on the germinants and the receptors recognizing these germinants in various clostridial species.
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Hespen CW, Bruegger JJ, Phillips-Piro CM, Marletta MA. Structural and Functional Evidence Indicates Selective Oxygen Signaling in Caldanaerobacter subterraneus H-NOX. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2337-46. [PMID: 27328180 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Acute and specific sensing of diatomic gas molecules is an essential facet of biological signaling. Heme nitric oxide/oxygen binding (H-NOX) proteins are a family of gas sensors found in diverse classes of bacteria and eukaryotes. The most commonly characterized bacterial H-NOX domains are from facultative anaerobes and are activated through a conformational change caused by formation of a 5-coordinate Fe(II)-NO complex. Members of this H-NOX subfamily do not bind O2 and therefore can selectively ligate NO even under aerobic conditions. In contrast, H-NOX domains encoded by obligate anaerobes do form stable 6-coordinate Fe(II)-O2 complexes by utilizing a conserved H-bonding network in the ligand-binding pocket. The biological function of O2-binding H-NOX domains has not been characterized. In this work, the crystal structures of an O2-binding H-NOX domain from the thermophilic obligate anaerobe Caldanaerobacter subterraneus (Cs H-NOX) in the Fe(II)-NO, Fe(II)-CO, and Fe(II)-unliganded states are reported. The Fe(II)-unliganded structure displays a conformational shift distinct from the NO-, CO-, and previously reported O2-coordinated structures. In orthogonal signaling assays using Cs H-NOX and the H-NOX signaling effector histidine kinase from Vibrio cholerae (Vc HnoK), Cs H-NOX regulates Vc HnoK in an O2-dependent manner and requires the H-bonding network to distinguish O2 from other ligands. The crystal structures of Fe(II) unliganded and NO- and CO-bound Cs H-NOX combined with functional assays herein provide the first evidence that H-NOX proteins from obligate anaerobes can serve as O2 sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W. Hespen
- Department
of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California—Berkeley, 356 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, California 94720-3220, United States
| | - Joel J. Bruegger
- QB3
Institute, University of California—Berkeley, 356 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, California, 94720-3220, United States
| | - Christine M. Phillips-Piro
- Department of Chemistry, HAC 416 Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17604-3003, United States
| | - Michael A. Marletta
- Department
of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California—Berkeley, 356 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, California 94720-3220, United States
- Department
of Chemistry Department of Molecular and Cell Biology QB3 Institute, University of California—Berkeley, 374B Stanley Hall, Berkeley, California 94720-3220, United States
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Jin M, Fu H, Yin J, Yuan J, Gao H. Molecular Underpinnings of Nitrite Effect on CymA-Dependent Respiration in Shewanella oneidensis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1154. [PMID: 27493647 PMCID: PMC4954811 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Shewanella exhibit a remarkable versatility of respiration, with a diverse array of electron acceptors (EAs). In environments where these bacteria thrive, multiple EAs are usually present. However, we know little about strategies by which these EAs and their interaction affect ecophysiology of Shewanella. In this study, we demonstrate in the model strain, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, that nitrite, not through nitric oxide to which it may convert, inhibits respiration of fumarate, and probably many other EAs whose reduction depends on quinol dehydrogenase CymA. This is achieved via the repression of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production, a second messenger required for activation of cAMP-receptor protein (Crp) which plays a primary role in regulation of respiration. If nitrite is not promptly removed, intracellular cAMP levels drop, and this impairs Crp activity. As a result, the production of nitrite reductase NrfA, CymA, and fumarate reductase FccA is substantially reduced. In contrast, nitrite can be simultaneously respired with trimethylamine N-oxide, resulting in enhanced biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Jin
- Institute of Microbiology and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Huihui Fu
- Institute of Microbiology and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Yin
- Institute of Microbiology and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Institute of Microbiology and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Haichun Gao
- Institute of Microbiology and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
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Effect of sodium nitrite and regulatory mutations Δagr, ΔsarA, and ΔsigB on the mRNA and protein levels of staphylococcal enterotoxin D. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mills CE, Khatri J, Maskell P, Odongerel C, Webb AJ. It is rocket science - why dietary nitrate is hard to 'beet'! Part II: further mechanisms and therapeutic potential of the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 83:140-151. [PMID: 26914827 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary nitrate (found in green leafy vegetables such as rocket and in beetroot) is now recognized to be an important source of nitric oxide, via the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway. Dietary nitrate confers several cardiovascular beneficial effects on blood pressure, platelets, endothelial function, mitochondrial efficiency and exercise. Having described key twists and turns in the elucidation of the pathway and the underlying mechanisms in Part I, we explore the more recent developments which have served to confirm mechanisms, extend our understanding, and discover new properties and potential therapeutic uses of the pathway in Part II. Even the established dependency on low oxygen states for bioactivation of nitrite has recently been challenged. Dietary nitrate appears to be an important component of 'healthy diets', such as the DASH diet to lower blood pressure and the Mediterranean diet, with its potential to lower cardiovascular risk, possibly through beneficial interactions with a range of other constituents. The World Cancer Research Foundation report strong evidence for vegetables including spinach and lettuce (high nitrate-containing) decreasing cancer risk (mouth, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus and stomach), summarized in a 'Nitrate-Cancer Risk Veg-Table'. The European Space Agency recommends that beetroot, lettuce, spinach and rocket (high-nitrate vegetables) are grown to provide food for long-term space missions. Nitrate, an ancient component of rocket fuel, could support sustainable crops for healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Elizabeth Mills
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Franklins Wilkins Building, London, SE1 0NH
| | - Jibran Khatri
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St.Thomas, Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Perry Maskell
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St.Thomas, Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Chimed Odongerel
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St.Thomas, Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Andrew James Webb
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St.Thomas, Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
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Sawers RG, Falke D, Fischer M. Oxygen and Nitrate Respiration in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Adv Microb Physiol 2016; 68:1-40. [PMID: 27134020 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Streptomyces species belong to the phylum Actinobacteria and can only grow with oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. Like other members of this phylum, such as corynebacteria and mycobacteria, the aerobic respiratory chain lacks a soluble cytochrome c. It is therefore implicit that direct electron transfer between the cytochrome bc1 and the cytochrome aa3 oxidase complexes occurs. The complex developmental cycle of streptomycetes manifests itself in the production of spores, which germinate in the presence of oxygen into a substrate mycelium that greatly facilitates acquisition of nutrients necessary to support their saprophytic lifestyle in soils. Due to the highly variable oxygen levels in soils, streptomycetes have developed means of surviving long periods of hypoxia or even anaerobiosis but they fail to grow under these conditions. Little to nothing is understood about how they maintain viability under conditions of oxygen limitation. It is assumed that they can utilise a number of different electron acceptors to help them maintain a membrane potential, one of which is nitrate. The model streptomycete remains Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), and it synthesises three nonredundant respiratory nitrate reductases (Nar). These Nar enzymes are synthesised during different phases of the developmental cycle and they are functional only under oxygen-limiting (<5% oxygen in air) conditions. Nevertheless, the regulation of their synthesis does not appear to be responsive to nitrate and in the case of Nar1, it appears to be developmentally regulated. This review highlights some of the novel aspects of our current, but somewhat limited, knowledge of respiration in these fascinating bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Sawers
- Institute for Biology/Microbiology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - D Falke
- Institute for Biology/Microbiology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - M Fischer
- Institute for Biology/Microbiology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Da Silva T, Smith M, Barnard A, Kung L. The effect of a chemical additive on the fermentation and aerobic stability of high-moisture corn. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:8904-12. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that many diseases are characterized or associated with perturbations in nitric oxide (NO) production/signaling. Therapeutics or strategies designed to restore normal NO homeostasis will likely have broad application and utility. This highly complex and multistep pathway for NO production and subsequent target activation provides many steps in the endogenous pathway that may be useful targets for drug development for cardiovascular disease, antimicrobial, cancer, wound healing, etc. This article will summarize known strategies that are currently available or in development for enhancing NO production or availability in the human body. Each strategy will be discussed including exogenous sources of NO, use of precursors to promote NO production and downstream pathways affected by NO production with advantages and disadvantages highlighted for each. Development of NO-based therapeutics is and will continue to be a major focus of biotech, academia as well as pharmaceutical companies. Application of safe and effective strategies will certainly transform health and disease.
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Butler A. Nitrites and nitrates in the human diet: Carcinogens or beneficial hypotensive agents? JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 167:105-107. [PMID: 25300670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The presence of nitrite in the human diet was thought to constitute a hazard as secondary nitrosamines are known to cause gastric cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Recent publications on the physiology of serum nitrite have been consulted. PROBLEMS Nitrite is added to some foodstuffs as an antibotulinum agent. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The epidemiological evidence that nitrite causes gastric ulcers is weak. On the other hand, evidence that the presence of nitrite in serum lowers blood pressure is strong. This allows us to explain why a Tang dynasty treatment for angina, given in a Dunhuang medical manuscript, can be successful. CONCLUSION The presence of nitrite in food is free of danger and a diet high in nitrate is beneficial to the health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Butler
- Medical School, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
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Emel’yanova NS, Shmatko NY, Sanina NA, Aldoshin SM. Quantum-chemical study of the Fe(NO)2 fragment in the cation of mononuclear nitrosyl iron complex [Fe(SC(NH2)2)2(NO)2]Сl·H2O. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tsai ML, Tsou CC, Liaw WF. Dinitrosyl iron complexes (DNICs): from biomimetic synthesis and spectroscopic characterization toward unveiling the biological and catalytic roles of DNICs. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:1184-93. [PMID: 25837426 DOI: 10.1021/ar500459j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dinitrosyl iron complexes (DNICs) have been recognized as storage and transport agents of nitric oxide capable of selectively modifying crucial biological targets via its distinct redox forms (NO(+), NO(•) and NO(-)) to initiate the signaling transduction pathways associated with versatile physiological and pathological responses. For decades, the molecular geometry and spectroscopic identification of {Fe(NO)2}(9) DNICs ({Fe(NO)x}(n) where n is the sum of electrons in the Fe 3d orbitals and NO π* orbitals based on Enemark-Feltham notation) in biology were limited to tetrahedral (CN = 4) and EPR g-value ∼2.03, respectively, due to the inadequacy of structurally well-defined biomimetic DNICs as well as the corresponding spectroscopic library accessible in biological environments. The developed synthetic methodologies expand the scope of DNICs into nonclassical square pyramidal and trigonal bipyramidal (CN = 5) and octahedral (CN = 6) {Fe(NO)2}(9) DNICs, as well as two/three accessible redox couples for mononuclear {Fe(NO)2}(9/10) and dinuclear [{Fe(NO)2}(9/10)-{Fe(NO)2}(9/10)] DNICs with biologically relevant S/O/N ligation modes. The unprecedented molecular geometries and electronic states of structurally well-defined DNIC models provide the foundation to construct a spectroscopic library for uncovering the identity of DNICs in biological environments as well as to determine the electronic structures of the {Fe(NO)2} core in qualitative and quantitative fashions by a wide range of spectroscopic methods. On the basis of (15)N NMR, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), IR, cyclic voltammetry (CV), superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry, UV-vis, single-crystal X-ray crystallography, and Fe/S K-edge X-ray absorption and Fe Kβ X-ray emission spectroscopies, the molecular geometry, ligation modes, nuclearity, and electronic states of the mononuclear {Fe(NO)2}(9/10) and dinuclear [{Fe(NO)2}(9/10)-{Fe(NO)2}(9/10)] DNICs could be characterized and differentiated. In addition, Fe/S K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy of tetrahedral DNICs deduced the qualitative assignment of Fe/NO oxidation states of {Fe(NO)2}(9) DNICs as a resonance hybrid of {Fe(II)((•)NO)(NO(-))}(9) and {Fe(III)(NO(-))2}(9) electronic states; the quantitative NO oxidation states of [(PhS)3Fe(NO)](-), [(PhS)2Fe(NO)2](-), and [(PhO)2Fe(NO)2](-) were further achieved by newly developed valence to core Fe Kβ X-ray emission spectroscopy as -0.58 ± 0.18, -0.77 ± 0.18, and -0.95 ± 0.18, respectively. The in-depth elaborations of electronic structures provide credible guidance to elucidate (a) the essential roles of DNICs modeling the degradation and repair of [Fe-S] clusters under the presence of NO, (b) transformation of DNIC into S-nitrosothiol (RSNO)/N-nitrosamine (R2NNO) and NO(+)/NO(•)/NO(-), (c) nitrite/nitrate activation producing NO regulated by redox shuttling of {Fe(NO)2}(9) and {Fe(NO)2}(10) DNICs, and (d) DNICs as H2S storage and cellular permeation pathway of DNIC/Roussin's red ester (RRE) for subsequent protein S-nitrosylation. The consolidated efforts on biomimetic synthesis, inorganic spectroscopy, chemical reactivity, and biological functions open avenues to the future designs of DNICs serving as stable inorganic NO(+)/NO(•)/NO(-) donors for pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Li Tsai
- Department of Chemistry and
Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chin Tsou
- Department of Chemistry and
Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Feng Liaw
- Department of Chemistry and
Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Abstract
The coordination chemistry of metal nitrosyls has expanded rapidly in the past decades due to major advances of nitric oxide and its metal compounds in biology. This review article highlights advances made in the area of multinuclear metal nitrosyl complexes, including Roussin's salts and their ester derivatives from 2003 to present. The review article focuses on isolated multinuclear metal nitrosyl complexes and is organized into different sections by the number of metal centers and bridging ligands.
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50
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Zemke AC, Shiva S, Burns JL, Moskowitz SM, Pilewski JM, Gladwin MT, Bomberger JM. Nitrite modulates bacterial antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm formation in association with airway epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 77:307-16. [PMID: 25229185 PMCID: PMC4278422 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the major pathogenic bacteria in cystic fibrosis and other forms of bronchiectasis. Growth in antibiotic-resistant biofilms contributes to the virulence of this organism. Sodium nitrite has antimicrobial properties and has been tolerated as a nebulized compound at high concentrations in human subjects with pulmonary hypertension; however, its effects have not been evaluated on biotic biofilms or in combination with other clinically useful antibiotics. We grew P. aeruginosa on the apical surface of primary human airway epithelial cells to test the efficacy of sodium nitrite against biotic biofilms. Nitrite alone prevented 99% of biofilm growth. We then identified significant cooperative interactions between nitrite and polymyxins. For P. aeruginosa growing on primary CF airway cells, combining nitrite and colistimethate resulted in an additional log of bacterial inhibition compared to treating with either agent alone. Nitrite and colistimethate additively inhibited oxygen consumption by P. aeruginosa. Surprisingly, whereas the antimicrobial effects of nitrite in planktonic, aerated cultures are nitric oxide (NO) dependent, antimicrobial effects under other growth conditions are not. The inhibitory effect of nitrite on bacterial oxygen consumption and biofilm growth did not require NO as an intermediate as chemically scavenging NO did not block growth inhibition. These data suggest an NO-radical independent nitrosative or oxidative inhibition of respiration. The combination of nebulized sodium nitrite and colistimethate may provide a novel therapy for chronic P. aeruginosa airway infections, because sodium nitrite, unlike other antibiotic respiratory chain "poisons," can be safely nebulized at high concentration in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Zemke
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Jane L Burns
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Samuel M Moskowitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Joseph M Pilewski
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Jennifer M Bomberger
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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