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Jin J, Zhong XB. Epigenetic Mechanisms Contribute to Intraindividual Variations of Drug Metabolism Mediated by Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:672-684. [PMID: 36973001 PMCID: PMC10197210 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant interindividual and intraindividual variations on cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated drug metabolism exist in the general population globally. Genetic polymorphisms are one of the major contribution factors for interindividual variations, but epigenetic mechanisms mainly contribute to intraindividual variations, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, microRNAs, and long non-coding RNAs. The current review provides analysis of advanced knowledge in the last decade on contributions of epigenetic mechanisms to intraindividual variations on CYP-mediated drug metabolism in several situations, including (1) ontogeny, the developmental changes of CYP expression in individuals from neonates to adults; (2) increased activities of CYP enzymes induced by drug treatment; (3) increased activities of CYP enzymes in adult ages induced by drug treatment at neonate ages; and (4) decreased activities of CYP enzymes in individuals with drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Furthermore, current challenges, knowledge gaps, and future perspective of the epigenetic mechanisms in development of CYP pharmacoepigenetics are discussed. In conclusion, epigenetic mechanisms have been proven to contribute to intraindividual variations of drug metabolism mediated by CYP enzymes in age development, drug induction, and DILI conditions. The knowledge has helped understanding how intraindividual variation are generated. Future studies are needed to develop CYP-based pharmacoepigenetics to guide clinical applications for precision medicine with improved therapeutic efficacy and reduced risk of adverse drug reactions and toxicity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Understanding epigenetic mechanisms in contribution to intraindividual variations of CYP-mediated drug metabolism may help to develop CYP-based pharmacoepigenetics for precision medicine to improve therapeutic efficacy and reduce adverse drug reactions and toxicity for drugs metabolized by CYP enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Xiao-Bo Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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Piekos S, Pope C, Ferrara A, Zhong XB. Impact of Drug Treatment at Neonatal Ages on Variability of Drug Metabolism and Drug-drug Interactions in Adult Life. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:1-9. [PMID: 28344923 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-016-0078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW As the number of patients taking more than one medication concurrently continues to increase, predicting and preventing drug-drug interactions (DDIs) is now more important than ever. Administration of one drug can cause changes in the expression and activity of drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and alter the efficacy or toxicity of other medications that are substrates for these enzymes, resulting in a DDI. In today's medical practice, potential DDIs are evaluated based on the current medications a patient is taking with little regard to drugs the patient has been exposed to in the past. The purpose of this review is to discuss potential impacts of drug treatment at neonatal ages on the variability of drug metabolism and DDIs in adult life. RECENT FINDINGS Existing evidence from the last thirty years has shown that exposure to certain xenobiotics during neonatal life has the potential to persistently alter DME expression through adult life. With recent advancements in the understanding of epigenetic regulation on gene expression, this phenomenon is resurfacing in the scientific community in hopes of defining possible mechanisms. Exposure to compounds that have the ability to bind nuclear receptors and trigger epigenetic modifications at neonatal and pediatric ages may have long-term, if not permanent, consequences on gene expression and DME activity. SUMMARY The information summarized in this review should challenge the way current healthcare providers assess DDI potential and may offer an explanation to the significant interindividual variability in drug metabolism that is observed among patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Piekos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Chad Pope
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Austin Ferrara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Xiao-Bo Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Nakajima T, Wang RS. Induction of cytochrome P450 by toluene. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 26:1333-40. [PMID: 7890112 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(94)90175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
At least six cytochrome P450 (P450) isoenzymes, including CYP1A1/2, CYP2A1, CYP2B1/2, CYP2C6, CYP2C11 and CYP2E1, are involved in the metabolism of toluene in rat liver. Toluene exposure induces CYP1A1/2, CYP2B1/2, CYP2E1 and CYP3A1, but decreases CYP2C11/6 and CYP2A1 in adult males. Both sex and age influence the induction of P450s by toluene: in general, the inductive effect is more prominent in younger than in older animals; in males than in females. Neonatal exposure to toluene causes significant changes in liver microsomal P450 dependent monooxygenase activities during the early stage of life, whereas the effects on the rats of more than 3 weeks of age are small. Although structurally related chemicals of toluene also influence similar hepatic P450 isoenzymes, the degree of CYP2B1/2 induction increases, whilst that of CYP2E1 decreases with increasing molecular weight and aliphatic moieties. Unlike liver, exposure to toluene does not influence the distribution of pulmonary or renal microsomal P450-related enzyme activity in rats. In humans, occupational exposure to toluene is so low that it could not lead to the induction of P450. However, the induction may be seen in toluene sniffers who are exposed to high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakajima
- Department of Hygiene, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Anderson LM, Jones AB, Riggs CW. Long-term (imprinting) effects of transplacental treatment of mice with 3-methylcholanthrene or beta-naphthoflavone on hepatic metabolism of 3-methylcholanthrene. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 1991; 69:178-88. [PMID: 1796059 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1991.tb01294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Foetal mice of genotype AhbAhd (responsive to induction of metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAH]) or AhdAhd (non-responsive) were exposed transplacentally on gestation day 17 to a single dose of 3-methylcholanthrene (MC, 5-175 mg/kg) with or without prior treatment on day 15 with beta-naphthoflavone (beta NF, 150 mg/kg). The mothers were themselves either induction-responsive [(C57BL/6 x DBA/2)F1] or non-responsive (DBA/2). Metabolism of [14C]MC by homogenates of livers from the transplacentally-exposed offspring was quantified at 9 months of age (first experiment) or 13 months (second experiment) with or without prior inducing treatment with MC. The foetal exposure to MC had a permanent effect on MC metabolism by the adult hepatic homogenates in both experiments. In most instances the effect was positive in direction and small in magnitude (15-30%). It was dose-dependent with regard to transplacental MC, occurred in both induced (AhbAhd) and non-induced (AhdAhd) individuals, and was significant only when the mother and/or the foetus was inducible. beta NF itself did not have a positive imprinting effect. In some cases it either reduced or potentiated the long-term imprinting effect of MC, depending on the MC dose and the phenotype of the mother. These results confirm that transplacental exposure to a carcinogenic PAH may permanently alter metabolism of the chemical in later life, and indicate that this imprinting action is dependent on induced metabolism of the chemical in the mother and/or foetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Anderson
- Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, MD 21701
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Heaton GD, Renwick AG. The effects of high dietary concentrations of saccharin on in vitro metabolism of xenobiotics in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 1991; 29:297-303. [PMID: 2060888 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(91)90200-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of feeding male rats a diet containing 7.5% sodium saccharin on drug metabolism in vitro were studied using both one- and two-generation protocols. Saccharin administration did not affect the hepatic concentrations of total cytochrome P-450, cytochrome b5, cytochrome P-450 reductase, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity or glutathione content but caused a statistically significant increase in dimethylnitrosamine-N-demethylase activity. This increase was detectable in neonatal animals treated using a two-generation protocol. Administration of the sodium, potassium or calcium salts of saccharin or its acid form at 5% in the diet to male rats for 8 wk each caused a significant increase in dimethylnitrosamine-N-demethylase activity. Fasting control and saccharin-treated male rats for 24 hr before the dimethylnitrosamine-N-demethylase assay increased the activity of this enzyme in both groups slightly. The observed increase in dimethylnitrosamine-N-demethylase activity recorded in both male and female rats fed diets containing saccharin after 8 to 12 wk of treatment was reversed when the animals were given control diet for 4 wk.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Heaton
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, University of Southampton, UK
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Kobliakov V, Popova N, Rossi L. Regulation of the expression of the sex-specific isoforms of cytochrome P-450 in rat liver. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 195:585-91. [PMID: 1999182 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb15741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The hepatic metabolism of steroid hormones and of xenobiotics frequently depends on the expression of the sex-specific isoforms of cytochrome P-450 and on differences in sex hormones. Following biochemical, immunological and molecular biological investigations, it was shown that in adult rat liver there exist at least four male-specific and one female-specific isoforms of cytochrome P-450. The designation of these sex-specific genes is IIC11, IIIA2, IIC13 and IIA2 in males, and IIC12 in females. The irreversible programming of the expression of these isoforms of cytochrome P-450 in adulthood occurs during the perinatal period of life, and is named enzyme imprinting. One of the main factors that regulates the expression of the sex-specific isoforms of cytochrome P-450 is the level of androgens in the blood. Castration of adult rats decreased the level of the male isoforms of cytochrome P-450 and the activity of the monooxygenase enzyme system that remained higher than in intact females. The mechanism of enzyme imprinting can be explained as follows: neonatal androgens program the secretion of hypothalamic hormones, somatostatin and growth-hormone-releasing factor. These factors determine the type of growth hormone secretion in adult rats, and this controls the type of sex-specific isoforms of cytochrome P-450 expressed in adulthood. Metabolic regulation similar to that outlined above was shown to occur for several metabolism-dependent chemical carcinogens. Such a pathway may explain the different sensitivity displayed by male and female rats to treatment with these carcinogenic agents. One possible way of modulating the expression of some isoforms of cytochrome P-450 in adult rats is by treating neonates with specific xenobiotics that change the constitutive expression of neonatal androgens. It appears that this enzyme imprinting plays an important role in determining the individual sensitivity to the carcinogenic effects of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kobliakov
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenic Substances, All Union Cancer Research Center, Moscow, USSR
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Khudolei VV, Mizgirev IV, Maiorova IG. Enzymic imprinting in adult animals. Bull Exp Biol Med 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00841427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lamartiniere CA. Neonatal diethylstilbestrol treatment alters aflatoxin B1-DNA adduct concentrations in adult rats. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY 1990; 5:41-6. [PMID: 2119435 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.2570050107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1-DNA adduct concentrations were measured in the livers of adult Sprague-Dawley CD rats treated on days 2, 4, and 6 postnatally with 1.45 mumols of diethylstilbestrol and in adulthood with phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene, or vehicle prior to treatment with aflatoxin B1. Aflatoxin B1 (1 mg/kg) was injected 5 hr prior to killing the rats. Female rats exposed neonatally to diethylstilbestrol had significantly higher aflatoxin B1-DNA adduct concentrations (three- to sixfold) than adult female rats treated neonatally with propylene glycol. Liver aflatoxin B1-DNA adduct concentrations were slightly higher in control males as compared to adduct concentrations in neonatally diethylstilbestrol-treated males, as compared to adduct concentrations in control females (not significant [NS]). Phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene treatment followed by aflatoxin B1 injection resulted in decreased aflatoxin B1-DNA adduct concentrations in all rats. Our results demonstrate that neonatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol alters the capacity of adult female rats to form and/or dispose of carcinogen-DNA adducts following a single dose of aflatoxin B1 (increased adduct concentration). This alteration may be a consequence of altered imprinting mechanisms with diethylstilbestrol causing developmental modifications early in life. The animals were, however, able to respond to cytochrome P-450 and P-448 inducers as evidenced by decreased aflatoxin B1-DNA adduct concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Lamartiniere
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Gallenberg
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226
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Abstract
To investigate the biochemical mechanism of the previously reported protective effect of dietary selenium against aflatoxin toxicity, the hepatic metabolism of aflatoxin B1 in turkey poults was examined at various dietary selenium concentrations. Diets were supplemented with 0.2, 2.0 or 4.0 ppm selenium (as sodium selenite) and 500 ng aflatoxin B1/g diet in an 18-day trial. Free and conjugated aflatoxin and metabolites were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. The proportion of liver aflatoxins in conjugated forms increased and the ratio of free aflatoxin B1/M1 decreased with increasing dietary selenium concentrations. These in vivo results provide evidence of selenium-induced enhancement of aflatoxin detoxification processes. In a similar experiment using 2.0 ppm selenium and 750 ng aflatoxin B1/g diet, the concentration of hepatic reduced glutathione, cytochrome P-450 and the activity of enzymes involved in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 and glutathione were determined. Although the selenium supplement increased glutathione peroxidase activity, dietary selenium had no effect on reduced glutathione or cytochrome P-450 concentrations or on the activities of glutathione transferase E, glucuronyl transferase and cytochrome c reductase. These data indicate that the protective action of selenium is not mediated by an increase in glutathione availability for aflatoxin conjugation or by effects on the activities of these enzymes as measured in vitro.
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Kahn AJ. Age dependent changes in aversive responses of mice to ethanol and their correlation with life duration. Exp Gerontol 1984; 19:145-52. [PMID: 6479251 DOI: 10.1016/0531-5565(84)90033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Age dependent changes in voluntary responses to an ethanol solution were observed in CF1 male control mice, and an experimental group provided 5% sucrose (w/v) as their only liquid for ten days beginning at the age of four weeks. This was a life duration study that began when the mice were ten weeks of age. An untreated group of C57/B1 mice was similarly observed. A 3% ethanol solution (v/v) was offered the CF1 mice, and for a comparable demonstration of aversion to ethanol in C57/B1 mice, an 18% ethanol solution was required. In all three groups, the curves of decreasing proportions of behaviorally aversive mice that occurs with advancing age closely parallels the survivorship curves. In the CF1 experimentals a more rapid development of behavioral aversion during the early portion of the life cycle, and an earlier onset of its decline phase occurs. Mean life span was significantly shorter in this group than in controls. The age dependent changes in another parameter, total fluid intake per gram body weight, were compared for short-lived and long-lived subgroups of the C57/B1 mice. This ratio is relatively high early in life, decreases to significantly lower levels in adulthood, and later increase with advancing age. In the short-lived contingent lowest values are attained around the age of 40 weeks compared to 100 weeks in long-lived mice; and the subsequent phase of increasing values is similarly shifted.
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Malejka-Giganti D, Decker RW, Ritter CL. Modifications of carcinogen metabolism in hepatic microsomes of suckling young by 3-methylcholanthrene or beta-naphthoflavone administered to lactating rats. Biochem Pharmacol 1983; 32:3335-44. [PMID: 6316979 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(83)90359-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The effects of treating lactating rats with 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) or beta-naphthoflavone (beta-NF) (three i.p. injections of 20 or 40 mg compound/kg of body weight) on hepatic microsomal enzymes of their suckling young were examined. This treatment had no apparent effect on the contents of cytochromes P-450 and b5 or on the activities of NADH- and NADPH-cytochrome c reductases in hepatic microsomes of the pups. However, these microsomes had 8- and 6-fold increased capacities for hydroxylations of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and N-2-fluorenylacetamide (2-FAA) respectively. These increases were about 5-fold greater in the hepatic microsomes of the dams, in which they were inhibited by 0.1 mM alpha-naphthoflavone (alpha-NF) in vitro 72-81 and 89-95% and by 0.1 mM beta-NF in vitro 12-41 and 60-76% respectively. In the pups, the induced activities were also inhibited, whereas the basal hydroxylations of B[a]P and 2-FAA were stimulated by alpha-NF 2.7- and 5.0-fold and by beta-NF 1.4- and 2.4-fold respectively. The inhibition of the induced hydroxylations by alpha-NF and beta-NF may be explained by their higher affinities (Ks, 0.14 and 0.28 microM, respectively) than those of B[a]P and 2-FAA (Ks, 4.4 to 8.8 and 2.4 to 3.1 microM, respectively) for cytochrome P-450. Whereas beta-NF gave a type I binding spectrum, alpha-NF gave a spectrum composed of type I and reverse-type I elements. Analysis of metabolites of 2-FAA showed differences in their type and amounts formed by hepatic microsomes of beta-NF-treated lactating rats and their pups. Thus, in the dams the formation of 1-, 3-, 5-, 7-, 9- and N-hydroxy-2-FAA was increased by 9-, 30-, 40-, 5-, 20- and 5-fold respectively. In the pups, the formation of 1-, 3-, 5-, 7- and N-hydroxy-2-FAA was increased by 2-, 30-, 18-, 4- and 27-fold respectively. All these increased hydroxylations were inhibited by 0.1 mM alpha-NF in vitro. In the hepatic microsomes of pups from the corn oil-treated dams, alpha-NF stimulated all ring-hydroxylations, but not N-hydroxylation of 2-FAA. The results support earlier findings that microsomal enzymes differ in immature and mature rat liver and suggest that N-hydroxylation of 2-FAA, the activation required for carcinogenesis, and specific ring-hydroxylations are catalyzed by different cytochrome P-450 isozymes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Bagley DM, Hayes JR. Neonatal phenobarbital administration results in increased cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase activity in adult male and female rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983; 114:1132-7. [PMID: 6615508 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(83)90680-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The effects of neonatal exposure to phenobarbital during the first five days after birth on the enzymatic activity of the adult male and female rat liver P450-dependent monooxygenase system were investigated. Although liver weight per 100 grams of body weight and total hepatic microsomal protein content were not altered in adult rats treated neonatally with phenobarbital, both sexes did show significant increases in cytochrome P450 content, cytochrome P450 reductase activity, cytochrome c reductase activity, ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase activity and in the activity of a specific glucuronyl-transferase. Several of these activities were increased to a larger extent in the females, suggesting that females may be more sensitive to this phenomenon.
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Miller KW, Stoewsand GS. Hepatic polysubstrate monooxygenase activities in different strains of rats fed cabbage (Brassica oleracea). Drug Chem Toxicol 1983; 6:93-110. [PMID: 6861663 DOI: 10.3109/01480548309072464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Weanling male Fischer (F), Long-Evans (LE), and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed a semi-purified basal diet or a 20% cabbage diet for 3 and 4 weeks. Hepatic polysubstrate monooxygenase (PSM) activity was measured. Significant strain differences were found in aniline hydroxylase and p-nitrophenol O-demethylase activities. Aniline hydroxylase and NADPH cytochrome c reductase activities were significantly decreased in all strains after 4 weeks of cabbage dietary treatment. F and LE rats consuming the cabbage diets also had significantly reduced O-demethylase activity after 4 weeks. Except in LE, aminopyrine N-demethylase activity tended to be elevated in the strains consuming the cabbage diets. Cabbage diets increased testes weight in SD and thyroid weights in LE rats. All strains showed decreased thymus weights in the cabbage dietary treatments. This study with rats shows that hepatic PSM activities, as well as some organ changes due to dietary cabbage are strain dependent.
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Lamartiniere CA, Lucier GW. Endocrine regulation of xenobiotic conjugation enzymes. BASIC LIFE SCIENCES 1983; 24:295-312. [PMID: 6305330 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4400-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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