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Yuan X, Sun X, Shi X, Jiang C, Yu D, Zhang W, Guan W, Zhou J, Wu Y, Qiu Y, Ding Y. USP39 promotes the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:823-32. [PMID: 26081192 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin specific protease 39 (USP39) plays an important role in mRNA splicing. In the present study, we investigated the role of USP39 in regulating the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We detected USP39 expression in more than 100 HCC clinical samples. The USP39 expression was significantly higher in the tumor tissues compared to the adjacent normal tissues, and was strongly associated with the pathological grade of HCC. USP39 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation in vitro in the HepG2 cells, while upregulation of USP39 promoted tumor cell growth. FCM assay showed that USP39 knockdown led to G2/M arrest and induced apoptosis in the HepG2 cells. USP39 knockdown by shRNA inhibited xenograft tumor growth in nude mice. Moreover, USP39 knockdown led to the upregulation of p-Cdc2 and downregulation of p-Cdc25c and p-myt1, while the expression of total Cdc2, Cdc25c and myt1 was not changed in the USP39-knockdown cells. We also found that p-Cdc2 was decreased in the USP39-overexpressing cells and was upregulated in the xenografted tumors derived from the HepG2/KD cells from nude mice. Meanwhile, the expression levels of FoxM1 and its target genes PLK1 and cyclin B1 were decreased in the USP39-knockdown cells. These results suggest that USP39 may contribute to FoxM1 splicing in HCC tumor cells. Our data indicate that USP39 knockdown inhibited the growth of HCC both in vitro and in vivo through G2/M arrest, which was partly achieved via the inhibition of FoxM1 splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Yuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Xitai Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolei Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Chunping Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Decai Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Wenxian Guan
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Jianxin Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Yafu Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Yudong Qiu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Yitao Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
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Receptor-dependent and -independent immunomodulatory effects of phenol-soluble modulin peptides from Staphylococcus aureus on human neutrophils are abrogated through peptide inactivation by reactive oxygen species. Infect Immun 2012; 80:1987-95. [PMID: 22431645 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05906-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The virulence and pathogenesis mechanisms of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) strains depend on a newly described group of phenol-soluble modulin (PSM) peptides (the PSMα peptides) with cytolytic activity. These toxins are α-helical peptides with a formyl group at the N terminus, and they activate neutrophils through formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2), a function closely correlated to the capacity of staphylococcal species to cause invasive infections. The effects of two synthetic PSMα peptides were investigated, and we show that they utilize FPR2 and promote neutrophils to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) which in turn trigger inactivation of the peptides. Independently of FPR2, the PSMα peptides also downregulate the neutrophil response to other stimuli and exert a cytolytic effect to which apoptotic neutrophils are more sensitive than viable cells. The novel immunomodulatory functions of the PSMα peptides were sensitive to ROS generated by the neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO)-H(2)O(2) system, suggesting a role for this enzyme system in counteracting bacterial virulence.
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Dent P, Tang Y, Yacoub A, Dai Y, Fisher PB, Grant S. CHK1 inhibitors in combination chemotherapy: thinking beyond the cell cycle. Mol Interv 2011; 11:133-40. [PMID: 21540473 DOI: 10.1124/mi.11.2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cellular sensing of DNA damage, along with concomitant cell cycle arrest, is mediated by a great many proteins and enzymes. One focus of pharmaceutical development has been the inhibition of DNA damage signaling, and checkpoint kinases (Chks) in particular, as a means to sensitize proliferating tumor cells to chemotherapies that damage DNA. 7-Hydroxystaurosporine, or UCN-01, is a clinically relevant and well-studied kinase activity inhibitor that exerts chemosensitizing effects by inhibition of Chk1, and a multitude of Chk1 inhibitors have entered development. Clinical development of UCN-01 has overcome many initial obstacles, but the drug has nevertheless failed to show a high level of clinical activity when combined with chemotherapeutic agents. One very likely reason for the lack of clinical efficacy of Chk1 inhibitors may be that the inhibition of Chk1 causes the compensatory activation of ATM and ERK1/2 pathways. Indeed, inhibition of many enzyme activities, not necessarily components of cell cycle regulation, may block Chk1 inhibitor-induced ERK1/2 activation and enhance the toxicity of Chk1 inhibitors. This review examines the rationally hypothesized actions of Chk1 inhibitors as cell cycle modulatory drugs as well as the impact of Chk1 inhibition upon other cell survival signaling pathways. An understanding of Chk1 inhibition in multiple signaling contexts will be essential to the therapeutic development of Chk1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dent
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Massey Cancer Center, 401 College Street, Richmond, VA 23298-0035, USA.
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Apoptosis of human pancreatic carcinoma cells induced by all-trans retinoic acid and interferon. Chin J Cancer Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11670-009-0224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Pataer A, Fanale MA, Roth JA, Swisher SG, Hunt KK. Induction of apoptosis in human lung cancer cells following treatment with amifostine and an adenoviral vector containing wild-type p53. Cancer Gene Ther 2006; 13:806-14. [PMID: 16628227 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviral delivery of the p53 gene is a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of lung cancer. Furthermore, amifostine is a cytoprotective agent and recent reports have described its potentiation of chemotherapy's antitumor activity in lung cancer. Therefore, we wished to investigate the ability of amifostine both alone and in combination with p53-based therapy to induce apoptosis, and to understand the mechanisms by which this apoptosis occurs. Using p53 null and wild-type p53 human lung cancer cells and normal human bronchial epithelial cells, we evaluated the effects of amifostine on proliferation and apoptosis. We then analyzed Adp53 in combination with amifostine and performed isobologram analysis. Expression of p53, p21(WAF1), Bax, Bak, bcl-2, as well as total and phosphorylated Cdc2 in the absence and presence of olomoucine, a phosphorylated Cdc2 kinase inhibitor, was then determined. Amifostine-induced apoptosis in human lung cancer cells in a dose-dependent fashion. The combination of amifostine and Adp53 significantly enhanced, with a supra-additive effect, the inhibition of proliferation of lung cancer cells. This enhancement of apoptosis by amifostine was associated with activation of p53 and dephosphorylation of Cdc2 proteins. Notably, olomoucine effectively prevented amifostine and/or Adp53-induced Cdc2 kinase activation and subsequent apoptosis. Our data shows that amifostine alone can induce apoptosis of human lung cancer cells, and that the combination of Adp53 with amifostine resulted in significantly higher levels of apoptosis. In addition, it appears that Cdc2 kinase plays an important role in the induction of apoptosis by amifostine and Adp53.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pataer
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Suh SB, Kim JC, Choi YC, Yun S, Kim KS. Nature of One-Dimensional Short Hydrogen Bonding: Bond Distances, Bond Energies, and Solvent Effects. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:2186-93. [PMID: 14971954 DOI: 10.1021/ja037607a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of recently synthesized calix[4]hydroquinone (CHQ) nanotubes which were self-assembled with infinitely long one-dimensional (1-D) short hydrogen bonds (SHB), we have investigated the nature of 1-D SHB using first-principles calculations for all the systems including the solvent water. The H-bonds relay (i.e., contiguous H-bonds) effect in CHQs shortens the H...O bond distances significantly (by more than 0.2 A) and increases the bond dissociation energy to a large extent (by more than approximately 4 kcal/mol) due to the highly enhanced polarization effect along the H-bond relay chain. The H-bonds relay effect shows a large increase in the chemical shift associated with the SHB. The average binding energies for the infinite 1-D H-bond arrays of dioles and dions increase by approximately 4 and approximately 9 kcal/mol per H-bond, respectively. The solvent effect (due to nonbridging water molecules) has been studied by explicitly adding water molecules in the CHQ tube crystals. This effect is found to be small with slight weakening of the SHB strength; the H...O bond distance increases only by 0.02 A, and the average binding energy decreases by approximately 1 kcal/mol per H-bond. All these results based on the first-principles calculations are the first detailed analysis of energy gain by SHB and energy loss by solvent effect, based on a partitioning scheme of the interaction energy components. These reliable results elucidate not only the self-assembly phenomena based on the H-bond relay but also the solvent effect on the SHB strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Bum Suh
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyojadong, Namgu, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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Westler WM, Weinhold F, Markley JL. Quantum chemical calculations on structural models of the catalytic site of chymotrypsin: comparison of calculated results with experimental data from NMR spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:14373-81. [PMID: 12452711 DOI: 10.1021/ja027735j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid density functional quantum mechanical calculations were used to study the strength of the hydrogen bond between His(57) N(delta)(1) and Asp(102) O(delta)(1) in chymotrypsin and how it changes along the reaction coordinate. Comparison of experimental shifts with the results of chemical shift calculations on a variety of small molecules, including species containing very strong hydrogen bonds, has validated the overall approach and provided the means for calibrating and correcting the calculated values. Models of the active site of chymotrypsin in its resting state and tetrahedral intermediate state were derived from high-resolution X-ray structures. The distance between His(57) N(delta)(1) and Asp(102) O(delta)(1) in each model was varied between 2.77 A (weak hydrogen bond) and 2.50 A (extremely strong hydrogen bond), and the one-dimensional potential energy surface of the hydrogen-bonded proton (or deuteron/triton) was determined. The zero-point energy, probability distribution, and chemical shift were determined for each distance. Calculated values for NMR chemical shifts, NMR chemical shift differences between (1)H and (3)H, and (2)H/(1)H fractionation factors were compared with published experimental values. Energies provided by the calculations indicated that the hydrogen bond between His(57) N(delta)(1) and Asp(102) O(delta)(1) in the chymotrypsin active site increases in strength by 11 kcal mol(-)(1) in going from the resting state of the enzyme to the tetrahedral intermediate state. This result confirms the hypothesis that the strengthened hydrogen bond plays an important role in lowering the energy of the transition state and, hence, in the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme. Models of the transition state that best fit the experimental data are consistent with a "strong" hydrogen bond between His(57) N(delta)(1) and Asp(102) O(delta)(1) but apparently not a "low-barrier" or "very strong" hydrogen bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Westler
- National Magnetic Resonance Facility at Madison, Department of Biochemistry, and Theoretical Chemistry Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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Ye K, Zhou J, Landen JW, Bradbury EM, Joshi HC. Sustained activation of p34(cdc2) is required for noscapine-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:46697-700. [PMID: 11679575 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c100550200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic arrest and subsequent apoptosis has been observed in many types of cells treated with anti-microtubule agents. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the two events as well as their relationship are not well understood; on the contrary, there has been increasing evidence indicating that anti-microtubule agents might induce apoptosis via signaling pathways independent of mitosis. In this study, we found that apoptosis induced by noscapine, an anti-microtubule drug previously shown to cause both mitotic arrest and apoptotic cell death, was blocked by inhibiting p34(cdc2) activity with olomoucine in FM3A murine mammary carcinoma cells or by reducing the level and activity of p34(cdc2) in a mutant cell line FT210 derived from FM3A. Furthermore, transfection of the mutant FT210 cells with wild-type p34(cdc2) restored their ability to undergo mitotic arrest and then apoptosis in response to noscapine. Thus, we conclude that sustained activation of the p34(cdc2) kinase during mitotic arrest is required for subsequent apoptosis induced by noscapine, establishing a link between the two events.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ye
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1648 Pierce Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Cassinelli G, Supino R, Perego P, Polizzi D, Lanzi C, Pratesi G, Zunino F. A role for loss of p53 function in sensitivity of ovarian carcinoma cells to taxanes. Int J Cancer 2001; 92:738-47. [PMID: 11340581 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(20010601)92:5<738::aid-ijc1249>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Loss of p53 function has been linked to increased responsiveness to taxane treatment of ovarian carcinoma in clinical studies. We recently reported that the acquisition of cisplatin resistance in an ovarian carcinoma cell line (IGROV-1) was associated with mutation of p53 and collateral sensitivity to paclitaxel. The increased sensitivity to paclitaxel of the cisplatin-resistant subline appeared to be pharmacologically relevant since it was reflected in an in vivo sensitization to taxanes. To investigate the cellular and molecular basis of this phenomenon, we performed a comparative study of cellular response to taxanes (paclitaxel and the novel analog IDN 5109) in the parental cell line, containing wild-type p53 and its cisplatin-resistant p53 mutant subline (IGROV-1/Pt1). IDN 5109 was included in this study because of its higher potency and efficacy compared with paclitaxel on both tumor systems. The pattern of cellular response of the two ovarian cell lines was different. In IGROV-1 cells, apoptosis was an early event consequent to a transient mitotic arrest. The cell death of IGROV-1/Pt1 cells was a somewhat slow and delayed event, following mitotic arrest and appearance of hyperploid cells. The increased cytotoxic effect of IDN 5109, compared with paclitaxel, was associated with more marked p34(cdc2) dephosphorylation in IGROV-1 cells and higher Bcl-2 phosphorylation in IGROV-1/Pt1 cells after 24 hr of treatment. In each cell line, these biochemical events were not correlated with parallel levels of mitotic cells. Attempts to reintroduce wild-type p53 in IGROV-1/Pt1 were unsuccessful. However, in other p53-deficient cells (osteosarcoma SAOS), taxane treatment was associated with hyperploid progression and the introduction of wild-type p53 resulted in a reduced sensivity. Although our approach does not allow definitive conclusions, these results suggest that loss of p53-dependent post-mitotic checkpoint results in a different time-course of taxane-induced cell death following DNA reduplication. These events, more evident after exposure to the potent analog IDN 5109, support the notion that the enhanced sensitivity of p53 mutant cells is closely related to the different mode of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cassinelli
- Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Waring P, Müllbacher A. Cell death mediated by alloreactive cytotoxic T cells via the granule exocytosis or the Fas pathway is independent of p34cdc2 kinase: Fas dependent killing of cells arrested in the cell cycle. Immunol Cell Biol 2001; 79:264-73. [PMID: 11380680 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2001.01008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate activation of p34cdc2 kinase has been shown to occur during apoptosis induced by cytotoxic T-cell derived perforin and fragmentin. We analysed the effect of two inhibitors of p34cdc2 kinase on alloreactive Tc-cell-mediated lysis and DNA fragmentation of P815 and L1210 target cells. Olomoucine, a specific inhibitor of cyclin dependent kinases, did not affect DNA fragmentation in the target cells. Lysis of olomoucine-treated target cells as assessed by 51Cr release over a typical 8-h period was also unaffected. We also examined the effects of thapsigargin on target cell death. This toxin causes increased intracellular calcium rises that then result in irreversible inhibition of cyclin dependent kinases, including p34cdc2 kinase. The same extent of specific cell lysis was induced by cytotoxic T cells from perforin(-/-), granzyme B(-/-), granzyme A(-/-), perforin(-/-) X granzymeB(-/-) X granzymeA(-/-) KO mice or normal mice in untreated target cells or target cells treated with either olomoucine or thapsigargin. Similarly DNA fragmentation measured by release of tritiated DNA was also unaffected. Thus inhibition of p34cdc2 kinase affects neither the Fas nor the perforin/granzyme pathways of alloreactive cytotoxic T-cell killing as measured by DNA fragmentation or chromium release. P815 cells treated with olomoucine were arrested in the cell cycle after 12-16 h exposure to the toxin. After cell cycle arrest, target cells now showed enhanced 51Cr release induced by effector cytotoxic T cells (CTL) derived from perforin(-/-) mice compared to untreated cells. This lysis was accompanied by an increase in cell surface Fas expression. Olomoucine induced cell cycle arrest and expression of Fas was reversible and when cells re-entered the cell cycle, surface expression of Fas was lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Waring
- Division of Immunology and Cell Biology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
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Mesner PW, Budihardjo II, Kaufmann SH. Chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2001; 41:461-99. [PMID: 9204156 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)61069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P W Mesner
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Abstract
Apoptosis is a cell suicide program characterized by distinct morphological (cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, pyknosis, chromatin margination, denser cytoplasmic images) and biochemical (e.g., DNA fragmentation into distinct ladders; degradation of apoptotic markers such as PARP and nuclear lamins) features. It is involved in multiple physiological processes examplified by involution of mammary tissues, embryonic development, homeostatic maintenance of tissues and organs, and maturation of the immune system, as well as in many pathological conditions represented by neurologic degeneration (Alzeimer's disease), autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, etiology of atherosclerosis, AIDS, and oncogenesis and tumor progression. Numerous molecular entities have been shown to regulate the apoptotic process. This review provides a concise summary of the recent data on the role of oncogenes/tumor suppressor genes, cytokines and growth factors/growth factor receptors, intracellular signal transducers, cell cycle regulators, reactive oxygen species or other free radicals, extracellular matrix regulators/cell adhesion molecules, and specific endonucleases and cytoplasmic proteases (the ICE family proteins) in regulating cell survival and apoptosis. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms regulating apoptosis bears tremendous impact on enhancing our understanding of many diseases inflicting the human beings and undoubtedly brings us hope for the cure of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean G Tang
- Wayne State University, Department of Radiation Oncology, Detroit, USA
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Arnold WD, Oldfield E. The Chemical Nature of Hydrogen Bonding in Proteins via NMR: J-Couplings, Chemical Shifts, and AIM Theory. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja0025705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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O'Connor DS, Grossman D, Plescia J, Li F, Zhang H, Villa A, Tognin S, Marchisio PC, Altieri DC. Regulation of apoptosis at cell division by p34cdc2 phosphorylation of survivin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:13103-7. [PMID: 11069302 PMCID: PMC27185 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.240390697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The interface between apoptosis (programmed cell death) and the cell cycle is essential to preserve homeostasis and genomic integrity. Here, we show that survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis over-expressed in cancer, physically associates with the cyclin-dependent kinase p34(cdc2) on the mitotic apparatus, and is phosphorylated on Thr(34) by p34(cdc2)-cyclin B1, in vitro and in vivo. Loss of phosphorylation on Thr(34) resulted in dissociation of a survivin-caspase-9 complex on the mitotic apparatus, and caspase-9-dependent apoptosis of cells traversing mitosis. These data identify survivin as a mitotic substrate of p34(cdc2)-cyclin B1 and suggest that survivin phosphorylation on Thr(34) may be required to preserve cell viability at cell division. Manipulation of this pathway may facilitate the elimination of cancer cells at mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S O'Connor
- Departments of Pathology, Dermatology, and Genetics, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
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Hollfelder F, Kirby AJ, Tawfik DS, Kikuchi K, Hilvert D. Characterization of Proton-Transfer Catalysis by Serum Albumins. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja993471y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hollfelder
- Contribution from the University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, Centre for Protein Engineering, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2HQ, United Kingdom, Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony J. Kirby
- Contribution from the University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, Centre for Protein Engineering, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2HQ, United Kingdom, Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dan S. Tawfik
- Contribution from the University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, Centre for Protein Engineering, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2HQ, United Kingdom, Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kazuya Kikuchi
- Contribution from the University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, Centre for Protein Engineering, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2HQ, United Kingdom, Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Donald Hilvert
- Contribution from the University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, Centre for Protein Engineering, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2HQ, United Kingdom, Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, and Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Expression of cdc2 and cyclin B1 in Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric MALT and MALT lymphoma : relationship to cell death, proliferation, and transformation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2000; 156:217-25. [PMID: 10623670 PMCID: PMC1868611 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64722-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) may accumulate within gastric mucosa as a result of long standing Helicobacter pylori infection, and this acquired MALT may eventually develop into low-grade B-cell MALT lymphoma. To determine the possible association of cell cycle regulatory proteins and apoptotic cell death in the transformation of H. pylori gastritis to MALT lymphoma, the extent of cell proliferation, cell viability, expression of Cdc2/Cdk1 and cyclin B in gastric mucosal from patients with H. pylori-positive chronic gastritis (n = 7), MALT (n = 12), or MALT lymphoma (n = 12) were undertaken. Control tissue was obtained from H. pylori- negative patients (n = 5). Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Cdc2, and cyclin B1 were examined in paraffin embedded tissue by immunohistochemistry, while the apoptotic index (AI) was determined using the TUNEL assay. H&E staining for histology and modified Giemsa staining for the detection of H. pylori was conducted simultaneously. When compared to chronic gastritis tissue, those with MALT or MALT lymphoma had an increase in PCNA labeling index of 3.3- and 2.7-fold, while that for Cdc2/Cdk1 increased 2.3- and 3.1-fold, respectively. cyclin B1 labeling was 1.9 and 3.0 fold, while the AI was 3.4- and 1.4-fold higher in MALT and MALT lymphoma tissue, respectively, in the same comparison. On the other hand, the AI index of MALT lymphoma was 2. 5-fold lower than that for MALT tissues. The labeling scores for Cdc2/Cdk1 and cyclin B1 were significantly higher in the germinal center when compared to the mantle and marginal zones of MALT tissues. Using chi(2) and Pearson/Spearman's rho correlation coefficient with regression analyses, there was an inverse correlation between the AI and Cdc2/Cdk1 or cyclin B1 in MALT and MALT lymphoma tissues. There was no correlation between AI and PCNA labeling in any of the tissues. These results suggest that Cdc2/Cdk1 and cyclin B1 expression may be actively associated in the modulation of cellular death by apoptosis, as well as cellular proliferation and transformation during the evolution of H. pylori-associated gastritis to MALT lymphoma. Subclassification of high labeling score (>/=40) for Cdc2/Cdk1 and cyclin B1 and low labeling index (<0.6) for apoptotic cells in H. pylori-associated MALT may help in identifying a population of patients with an increased risk of developing MALT lymphoma.
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Choi KS, Eom YW, Kang Y, Ha MJ, Rhee H, Yoon JW, Kim SJ. Cdc2 and Cdk2 kinase activated by transforming growth factor-beta1 trigger apoptosis through the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein in FaO hepatoma cells. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:31775-83. [PMID: 10542199 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.45.31775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling pathway leading to TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis was investigated using a TGF-beta1-sensitive hepatoma cell line, FaO. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated that the accumulation of apoptotic cells was preceded by a progressive decrease of the cell population in the G(1) phase concomitant with a slight increase of the cell population in the G(2)/M phase in response to TGF-beta1. TGF-beta1 induced a transient increase in the expression of Cdc2, cyclin A, cyclin B, and cyclin D1 at an early phase of apoptosis. During TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis, the transient increase in cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) activities coincides with a dramatic increase in the hyperphosphorylated forms of RB. Treatment with roscovitine or olomoucine, inhibitors of Cdc2 and Cdk2, blocked TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis by inhibiting RB phosphorylation. Overexpression of Bcl-2 or adenovirus E1B 19K suppressed TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis by blocking the induction of Cdc2 mRNA and the subsequent activation of Cdc2 kinase, whereas activation of Cdk2 was not affected, suggesting that Cdc2 plays a more critical role in TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, we present the evidence that Cdc2 and Cdk2 kinase activity transiently induced by TGF-beta1 phosphorylates RB as a physiological target in FaO cells and that RB hyperphosphorylation may trigger abrupt cell cycle progression, leading to irreversible cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Choi
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Institute for Medical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, 5 Wonchon-Dong, Paldal-Gu, Suwon 442-749, Korea.
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19
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Lerga A, Richard C, Delgado MD, Cañelles M, Frade P, Cuadrado MA, León J. Apoptosis and mitotic arrest are two independent effects of the protein phosphatases inhibitor okadaic acid in K562 leukemia cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 260:256-64. [PMID: 10381376 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of human myeloid leukemia K562 cells with the serine/threonine protein phosphatases inhibitor okadaic acid induced mitotic arrest followed by apoptosis in a synchronized manner. The effect was observed at drug concentrations that inhibited the protein phosphatase type 2A but not type 1. We investigated whether apoptosis was a consequence of the preceding mitosis arrest or was induced independently by okadaic acid. We found that (1) apoptosis, but not mitotic arrest, was inhibited in cells with constitutive expression of Bcl-2; (2) pretreatment of cells with the DNA synthesis inhibitor hydroxyurea blocked the mitotic arrest but not the apoptosis mediated by okadaic acid; (3) down-regulation of c-myc gene was associated with apoptosis, but not with mitotic arrest; and (4) inhibition of protein synthesis abrogated mitotic arrest, but not apoptosis. The results suggest that inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A by okadaic acid provokes mitotic arrest and apoptosis of leukemia cells by independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lerga
- Grupo de Biología Molecular del Cáncer, Departamento de Biología Molecular-Unidad Asociada al Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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20
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Kaufmann SH. Cell death induced by topoisomerase-targeted drugs: more questions than answers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1400:195-211. [PMID: 9748575 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(98)00136-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic agents that target topoisomerase I and II set into motion a series of biochemical changes that culminate in cell death, but only under some conditions. The realization that stabilization of covalent topoisomerase-DNA complexes is not sufficient to insure cell death has prompted investigators to examine various aspects of the drug-induced death process itself. Several discrete steps along this pathway have been identified, including (a) the processing of stabilized cleavage complexes into frank DNA strand breaks; (b) sensing of the DNA damage, leading to activation of stress-associated signaling pathways and cell cycle arrest; and (c) activation of a preexisting group of enzymes and enzyme precursors, typified by the cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases (caspases), that catalyze the relatively orderly biochemical cascade of terminal events known as apoptosis. The present review discusses the evidence that these steps occur after treatment with etoposide or camptothecin, the two prototypic topoisomerase poisons that are commonly studied. As in any emerging area, a large number of questions remain to be answered about the process of cell death induced by topoisomerase-directed drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Kaufmann
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic and Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Medical School, 200 First St. S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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21
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Hendzel MJ, Nishioka WK, Raymond Y, Allis CD, Bazett-Jones DP, Th'ng JP. Chromatin condensation is not associated with apoptosis. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:24470-8. [PMID: 9733739 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.38.24470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis plays an important role in the survival of an organism, and substantial work has been done to understand the signaling pathways that regulate this process. Characteristic changes in chromatin organization accompany apoptosis and are routinely used as markers for cell death. We have examined the organization of chromatin in apoptotic PC12 and HeLa cells by indirect immunofluorescence and electron spectroscopic imaging. Our results indicate that de novo chromatin condensation normally seen during mitosis does not occur when cells undergo apoptosis. Instead, the condensed chromatin typically observed results from aggregation of the heterochromatin. We present evidence that, early in apoptosis, there is a rapid degradation of the nuclease-hypersensitive euchromatin that contains hyperacetylated histones. This occurs coincident with the loss of nuclear integrity due to degradation of lamins and reorganization of intranuclear protein matrix. These events lead to collapse of the nucleus and aggregation of heterochromatin to produce the appearance of condensed apoptotic chromatin. This heterochromatin aggregate is then digested by nucleases to produce the oligonucleosomal DNA ladder that is a hallmark of late apoptosis. Unlike mitosis, we have not seen any evidence for the requirement of phosphorylated histones H1 and H3 to maintain the chromatin in the condensed state.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hendzel
- Departments of Anatomy and Medical Biochemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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22
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Thomas HC, Lamé MW, Dunston SK, Segall HJ, Wilson DW. Monocrotaline pyrrole induces apoptosis in pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1998; 151:236-44. [PMID: 9707500 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1998.8458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the monocrotaline (MCT) model of pulmonary hypertension, the pulmonary vascular endothelium is the likely early target of the reactive metabolite monocrotaline pyrrole (MCTP). Incubation of cultured bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (BPAEC) with MCTP results in covalent binding to DNA, cell cycle arrest, and delayed but progressive cell death. The mode of cell death in MCTP-induced endothelial damage has not been addressed previously. Since DNA damage is frequently associated with apoptosis, the presence or absence of apoptosis in adherent BPAEC was determined by several techniques, including morphologic and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling. Two concentrations of MCTP (5 and 34.5 microgram/ml) along with a vehicle control were examined with each assay. Both concentrations of MCTP induced increasing numbers of cells to undergo apoptosis over time beginning as early as 6 h after exposure to MCTP in the high concentration group. Control and vehicle control cells exhibited small amounts of apoptosis (1-2%), which did not change over the duration of the experiment. Additionally, cell membrane integrity was assessed over time by either exposure to membrane-impermeant dyes or measuring LDH release. By either method, BPAEC had increased membrane permeability after about 48 h of either low or high concentration MCTP exposure. We conclude that both a low or high concentration of MCTP causes cell death in BPAEC by inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Thomas
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California at Davis, California, USA
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23
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Leppert PC. Proliferation and apoptosis of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in rat uterine cervix throughout gestation and the effect of the antiprogesterone onapristone. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178:713-25. [PMID: 9579433 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(98)70481-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the relative percentages of apoptosis and proliferation in fibroblasts and cervical smooth muscles throughout gestation and the effect of an antiprogesterone on these processes. STUDY DESIGN Rats were studied at days 5, 15, 18, and 21 and immediately postpartum (day 22). Apoptosis and proliferation as detected by specific immunohistochemistry quantitative morphometric analysis was performed. Onapristone, an antiprogesterone, was used to study effects of hormonal change on these processes in 16- and 19-day timed-pregnant rats. RESULTS Proliferation of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells was highest in early pregnancy and decreased progressively, whereas apoptosis increased progressively in later pregnancy. Onapristone inhibited apoptosis. CONCLUSION Changes in cervical cellular turnover are initiated early in gestation and are under hormonal influence. Antiprogesterone inhibits cell death at days 16 and 19 of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Leppert
- Department of Gynecology-Obstetrics, State University of New York at Buffalo, 14222, USA
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24
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Labat-Moleur F, Guillermet C, Lorimier P, Robert C, Lantuejoul S, Brambilla E, Negoescu A. TUNEL apoptotic cell detection in tissue sections: critical evaluation and improvement. J Histochem Cytochem 1998; 46:327-34. [PMID: 9487114 DOI: 10.1177/002215549804600306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TUNEL, i.e., terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling, has become a widely used staining method to assist in detection of apoptotic cells in tissue sections. However, despite its apparent simplicity, this technique has led to considerable disappointment because of its serious limitations in sensitivity and, even more, in specificity. We reviewed the limitations and artifacts of TUNEL and designed a comprehensive protocol to reassess the various procedures in use for five crosslinking and/or precipitating fixatives. By introducing microwave heating in extreme pH-value solutions (pH 3 for formalin and pH 10.6 for Bouin's fixative) coupled with proteolysis, we obtained an intense staining of 70-80% of apoptotic cells and bodies on archival tissue blocks, with little or no background. Owing to the enhanced sensitivity, early stages of apoptosis could be visualized and may enlarge our vision of the apoptotic cell beyond the mere image of shrinkage necrosis. We conclude that TUNEL remains a technique as useful as it is delicate, requiring critical interpretation of the staining. This study points out that, on archival tissues, despite the technical improvements we propose no protocol can be the final answer to all problems. Technique must be readjusted for any variation in tissue processing. However, step-by-step progress has rendered this method not only applicable but also performable within the constraints of archival surgical pathology specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Labat-Moleur
- Laboratoire de Pathologie Cellulaire, CHRU, Grenoble, France
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25
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Kimura E, Kitamura H, Koike T, Shiro M. Facile and Selective Electrostatic Stabilization of Uracil N(1)- Anion by a Proximate Protonated Amine: A Chemical Implication for Why Uracil N(1) Is Chosen for Glycosylation Site. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja972129n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Kimura
- Contribution from the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicine, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734, Japan, and Rigaku Corporation X-ray Research Laboratory, Matsubaracho 3-9-12, Akishima, Tokyo, 196, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kitamura
- Contribution from the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicine, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734, Japan, and Rigaku Corporation X-ray Research Laboratory, Matsubaracho 3-9-12, Akishima, Tokyo, 196, Japan
| | - Tohru Koike
- Contribution from the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicine, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734, Japan, and Rigaku Corporation X-ray Research Laboratory, Matsubaracho 3-9-12, Akishima, Tokyo, 196, Japan
| | - Motoo Shiro
- Contribution from the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Medicine, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734, Japan, and Rigaku Corporation X-ray Research Laboratory, Matsubaracho 3-9-12, Akishima, Tokyo, 196, Japan
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26
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Schutte B, Nieland L, van Engeland M, Henfling ME, Meijer L, Ramaekers FC. The effect of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor olomoucine on cell cycle kinetics. Exp Cell Res 1997; 236:4-15. [PMID: 9344580 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1997.3700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the cyclin-dependent (CDK) inhibitors olomoucine and roscovitine on cell kinetics was studied. To this end, nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line MR65 and neuroblastoma cell line CHP-212 were pulse labeled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) and chased in culture medium, to which various concentrations of olomoucine or roscovitine were added. A dose-dependent inhibition of the G1/S-phase and G2/ M-/G1 transitions was observed. Furthermore, S-phase progression was also inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, roscovitine, another CDK inhibitor with a 10-fold higher efficiency for both CDK1 and CDK2 as compared to olomoucine, showed the same effects at a 10-fold lower concentration. At the highest tested doses both olomoucine (200 microM) and roscovitine (40 microM) induced a complete cell cycle block in both cell lines, paralleled by the appearance of apoptotic figures. In these cultures a decrease in CDK1 protein level was found as shown by Western blotting. Bivariate CDK1/DNA analysis confirmed these observations and showed that a subpopulation of cells with characteristics of apoptosis became CDK1 negative. The presented data suggest that cyclins and CDKs are involved at an important nodal point shared by pathways regulating cellular proliferation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schutte
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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27
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Waring P, Khan T, Sjaarda A. Apoptosis induced by gliotoxin is preceded by phosphorylation of histone H3 and enhanced sensitivity of chromatin to nuclease digestion. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:17929-36. [PMID: 9218417 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.29.17929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal toxin gliotoxin induces apoptotic cell death in a variety of cells. Apoptosis induced in thymocytes by gliotoxin is rapid, and DNA fragmentation is observable within 4 h treatment. Apoptosis induced by gliotoxin is calcium-independent and unaffected by protein synthesis inhibitors. We have previously shown that gliotoxin results in phosphorylation of a 16.3-kDa protein within 10 min treatment of thymocytes. Here we show that this protein is histone H3 and phosphorylation occurs on Ser-10. Cyclic AMP levels and activity of protein kinase A (PKA) are raised in cells treated with gliotoxin. Apoptosis is inhibited by genistein which also inhibits PKA and histone H3 phosphorylation. Apoptosis is also inhibited by a number of specific inhibitors of PKA suggesting apoptosis induced by gliotoxin is modulated by this kinase. The agents forskolin and cholera toxin do not induce rapid phosphorylation of H3 although some increase in phosphorylation of H3 does occur after 8 h with these agents. Forskolin and cholera toxin also induce apoptosis but over a longer time course than gliotoxin. In all cases levels of apoptosis correlate with degree of H3 phosphorylation. Cells treated with gliotoxin show an early sensitivity to micrococcal nuclease and DNase I digestion indicating a functional relationship between DNA fragmentation and H3 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Waring
- Division of Immunology and Cell Biology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, P.O. Box 334, Canberra City, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.
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28
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Ferraris C, Cooklis M, Polakowska RR, Haake AR. Induction of apoptosis through the PKC pathway in cultured dermal papilla fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 1997; 234:37-46. [PMID: 9223368 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1997.3601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The dermal papilla (DP) consists of a discrete population of specialized fibroblasts that are important in the morphogenesis of the hair follicle in the embryo and in the control of the hair growth cycle in the adult. This mitotically quiescent and long-lived cell population expresses gene products that promote cell survival such as Bcl-2, and thus normally might be protected from apoptosis. We investigated whether cultured DP fibroblasts are able to undergo apoptosis by treatment with the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine. Involvement of the PKC signaling pathway in DP fibroblast survival/death was investigated by inhibition (staurosporine and Bisindolylmaleimide (Bis) treatment) or activation (TPA; 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate treatment) of PKC and characterization of DP-expressed PKC isoforms by RT-PCR. We determined that cultured DP fibroblasts undergo apoptosis, in a dose-related manner, when treated with staurosporine but not when treated with Bis, an inhibitor with narrow PKC isoform specificity. TPA confers partial and transient resistance to staurosporine-induced DP apoptosis. Staurosporine and Bis each induced G1 arrest, whereas TPA treatment of cultured DP resulted in increased entry into S-phase. The differential responses to individual inhibitors and activators of PKC may be related to the multiple PKC isoforms that DP fibroblasts express. Flow cytometric analysis indicates that the mechanism of staurosporine-induced apoptosis may be through decrease of Bcl-2 in treated DP cells or through modulation of cell cycle regulators. Correlation between sensitivity to induction of apoptosis and proliferation suggests that dermal papilla cells may normally be protected from apoptosis in vivo by their mitotically quiescent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ferraris
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York 14642, USA
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29
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De Luca A, De Maria R, Baldi A, Trotta R, Facchiano F, Giordano A, Testi R, Condorelli G. Fas-induced changes in cdc2 and cdk2 kinase activity are not sufficient for triggering apoptosis in HUT-78 cells. J Cell Biochem 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19970315)64:4<579::aid-jcb6>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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Takahashi A, Earnshaw WC. In vitro systems for the study of apoptosis. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1997; 41:89-106. [PMID: 9204142 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)61055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Takahashi
- Institute of Cell & Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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31
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Ucker DS. Death and dying in the immune system. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1997; 41:179-218. [PMID: 9204146 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)61059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D S Ucker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago 60612, USA
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32
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Abstract
The transmission of signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus involves a number of different pathways all of which have in common protein modification. The modification is primarily in the form of phosphorylation which leads to the activation of a series of protein kinases. It is now evident that these pathways are common to stimuli that lead to mitogenic and apoptotic responses. Even the same stimuli under different physiological conditions can cause either cell proliferation or apoptosis. Activation of specific protein kinases can in some circumstances protect against cell death, while in others it protects the cell against apoptosis. Some of the pathways involved lead to activation of transcription factors and the subsequent induction of genes involved in the process of cell death or proliferation. In other cases, such as for the tumour suppressor gene product p53, activation may be initiated both at the level of gene expression or through pre-existing proteins. Yet in others, while the initial steps in the pathway are ill-defined, it is clear that downstream activation of a series of cystein proteases is instrumental in pushing the cell towards apoptosis. In this report we review the involvement of protein kinases at several different levels in the control of cell behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Lavin
- Cancer Research Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Bancroft Centre, PO Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Australia
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33
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Shi L, Chen G, MacDonald G, Bergeron L, Li H, Miura M, Rotello RJ, Miller DK, Li P, Seshadri T, Yuan J, Greenberg AH. Activation of an interleukin 1 converting enzyme-dependent apoptosis pathway by granzyme B. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:11002-7. [PMID: 8855298 PMCID: PMC38273 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.20.11002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) can induce apoptosis through a granzyme B-based killing mechanism. Here we show that in cells undergoing apoptosis by granzyme B, both p45 pro-interleukin 1 beta converting enzyme (ICE) and pro-CPP32 are processed. Using ICE deficient (ICE -/-) mice, embryonic fibroblasts exhibit high levels of resistance to apoptosis by granzyme B or granzyme 3, while B lymphoblasts are granzyme B-resistant, thus identifying an ICE-dependent apoptotic pathway that is activated by CTL granzymes. In contrast, an alternative ICE-independent pathway must also be activated as ICE -/- thymocytes remain susceptible to apoptosis by both granzymes. In ICE -/- B cells or HeLa cells transfected with mutant inactive ICE or Ich-1S that exhibit resistance to granzyme B, CPP32 is processed to p17 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase is cleaved indicating that this protease although activated was not associated with an apoptotic nuclear phenotype. Using the peptide inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CHO, apoptosis as well as p45 ICE hydrolysis are suppressed in HeLa cells, suggesting that a CPP32-like protease is upstream of ICE. In contrast, p34cdc2 kinase, which is required for granzyme B-induced apoptosis, remains inactive in ICE -/- B cells indicating it is downstream of ICE. We conclude that granzyme B activates an ICE-dependent cell death pathway in some cell types and requires a CPP32-like Ac-DEVD-CHO inhibitable protease acting upstream to initiate apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Shi
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Manitoba Cancer Treatment and Research Foundation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Zhang J, Winoto A. A mouse Fas-associated protein with homology to the human Mort1/FADD protein is essential for Fas-induced apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 1996; 16:2756-63. [PMID: 8649383 PMCID: PMC231266 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.16.6.2756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fas cell surface receptor belongs to the tumor necrosis factor receptor family and can initiate apoptosis in a variety of cell types. Using the Fas cytoplasmic domain as bait in a yeast two-hybrid screening, we isolated a mouse cDNA encoding a 205-amino-acid protein. Its predicted protein sequence shows 68% identity and 80% similarity with the sequence of recently described human Mort/FADD. This protein, most likely the mouse homolog of human FADD, associates with Fas in vivo only upon the induction of cell death. A fraction of this protein is highly phosphorylated at serine/threonine residues, with both phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms being capable of binding to FAS. Stable expression of a truncated form of the Mort/FADD protein protects cells from Fas-mediated apoptosis by interfering with the wild-type protein-Fas interaction. Thus, mouse Mort/FADD is an essential downstream component that mediates Fas-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley 94720-3200, USA
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Greenberg
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Woronicz JD, Lina A, Calnan BJ, Szychowski S, Cheng L, Winoto A. Regulation of the Nur77 orphan steroid receptor in activation-induced apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:6364-76. [PMID: 7565789 PMCID: PMC230888 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.15.11.6364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated apoptosis in immature thymocytes and T-cell hybridomas is calcium dependent and can be inhibited by cyclosporin A (CsA). Induction of the orphan steroid receptor Nur77 (NGFI-B) is required for activation-induced apoptosis. Here, we examined the regulation of Nur77 expression, in response to apoptotic TCR signals, which consists of kinase C and calcium pathways. We show that the major control of Nur77 induction is mediated by the calcium signaling pathway. In contrast, protein kinase C signals induce only a low level of Nur77 activity. Nur77 promoter activity parallels its protein levels. CsA decreases both Nur77 protein levels and promoter activity, and the kinetics of CsA inhibition of apoptosis correlates with a decrease in Nur77 protein levels. TCR signals and kinase C signals result in a similar level of Nur77 protein phosphorylation but mediate differential transactivation activity of Nur77. In addition, Nur77 promoter deletion analysis revealed two RSRF (related to serum-responsive factor) binding sites, which can confer calcium and CsA sensitivity on a heterologous promoter. Taken together, our data suggest that the levels of transcriptional induction of Nur77 play an important role during activation-induced apoptosis and that calcium signals regulate a novel CsA-sensitive nuclear factor required for Nur77 transcription in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Woronicz
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720-3200, USA
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Abstract
An escalating research effort focused on apoptotic cell death continues to chip away at the central mechanisms of this intriguing process. One of the areas in which this research has already yielded fundamental insights is in the analysis of oncogenesis, where defects in cell death can have profound effects. Recent progress has been made in understanding the processes of apoptosis induction, transduction, and effect (or 'execution'), especially with respect to our understanding of malignancy, hyperplasia and related phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Green
- Division of Cellular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA 92037, USA
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