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Chen S, Zhang L, Ma Q, Chen M, Cao X, Zhao S, Zhang X. Jasmonate ZIM Domain Protein ( JAZ) Gene SLJAZ15 Increases Resistance to Orobanche aegyptiaca in Tomato. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1493. [PMID: 38891302 PMCID: PMC11174562 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers. is a holoparasitic plant that severely reduces tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production in China. However, there is a lack of effective control methods and few known sources of genetic resistance. In this study, we focused on key genes in the JAZ family, comparing the JAZ family in Arabidopsis thaliana (L. Heynh.) to the tomato genome. After identifying the JAZ family members in S. lycopersicum, we performed chromosomal localization and linear analysis with phylogenetic relationship analysis of the JAZ family. We also analyzed the gene structure of the JAZ gene family members in tomato and the homology of the JAZ genes among the different species to study their relatedness. The key genes for O. aegyptiaca resistance were identified using VIGS (virus-induced gene silencing), and the parasitization rate of silenced tomato plants against O. aegyptiaca increased by 47.23-91.13%. The genes were localized in the nucleus by subcellular localization. Heterologous overexpression in A. thaliana showed that the key gene had a strong effect on the parasitization process of O. aegyptiaca, and the overexpression of the key gene reduced the parasitization rate of O. aegyptiaca 1.69-fold. Finally, it was found that the SLJAZ15 gene can positively regulate the hormone content in tomato plants and affect plant growth and development, further elucidating the function of this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sifeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory at the Universities of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region for Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resource Utilization, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (S.C.); (L.Z.); (Q.M.); (M.C.); (X.C.)
| | - Xuekun Zhang
- Key Laboratory at the Universities of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region for Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resource Utilization, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (S.C.); (L.Z.); (Q.M.); (M.C.); (X.C.)
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Leitão AB, Arunkumar R, Day JP, Hanna N, Devi A, Hayes MP, Jiggins FM. Recognition of nonself is necessary to activate Drosophila's immune response against an insect parasite. BMC Biol 2024; 22:89. [PMID: 38644510 PMCID: PMC11034056 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01886-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innate immune responses can be activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), danger signals released by damaged tissues, or the absence of self-molecules that inhibit immunity. As PAMPs are typically conserved across broad groups of pathogens but absent from the host, it is unclear whether they allow hosts to recognize parasites that are phylogenetically similar to themselves, such as parasitoid wasps infecting insects. RESULTS Parasitoids must penetrate the cuticle of Drosophila larvae to inject their eggs. In line with previous results, we found that the danger signal of wounding triggers the differentiation of specialized immune cells called lamellocytes. However, using oil droplets to mimic infection by a parasitoid wasp egg, we found that this does not activate the melanization response. This aspect of the immune response also requires exposure to parasite molecules. The unidentified factor enhances the transcriptional response in hemocytes and induces a specific response in the fat body. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that a combination of danger signals and the recognition of nonself molecules is required to activate Drosophila's immune response against parasitic insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre B Leitão
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | | | - Jonathan P Day
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nancy Hanna
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aarathi Devi
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Matthew P Hayes
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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3
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Pubert C, Boniface MC, Legendre A, Chabaud M, Carrère S, Callot C, Cravero C, Dufau I, Patrascoiu M, Baussart A, Belmonte E, Gautier V, Poncet C, Zhao J, Hu L, Zhou W, Langlade N, Vautrin S, Coussy C, Muños S. A cluster of putative resistance genes is associated with a dominant resistance to sunflower broomrape. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2024; 137:103. [PMID: 38613680 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-024-04594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The HaOr5 resistance gene is located in a large genomic insertion containing putative resistance genes and provides resistance to O. cumana, preventing successful connection to the sunflower root vascular system. Orobanche cumana (sunflower broomrape) is a parasitic plant that is part of the Orobanchaceae family and specifically infests sunflower crops. This weed is an obligate parasitic plant that does not carry out photosynthetic activity or develop roots and is fully dependent on its host for its development. It produces thousands of dust-like seeds per plant. It possesses a high spreading ability and has been shown to quickly overcome resistance genes successively introduced by selection in cultivated sunflower varieties. The first part of its life cycle occurs underground. The connection to the sunflower vascular system is essential for parasitic plant survival and development. The HaOr5 gene provides resistance to sunflower broomrape race E by preventing the connection of O. cumana to the root vascular system. We mapped a single position of the HaOr5 gene by quantitative trait locus mapping using two segregating populations. The same location of the HaOr5 gene was identified by genome-wide association. Using a large population of thousands of F2 plants, we restricted the location of the HaOr5 gene to a genomic region of 193 kb. By sequencing the whole genome of the resistant line harboring the major resistance gene HaOr5, we identified a large insertion of a complex genomic region containing a cluster of putative resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Pubert
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), CNRS, INRAE, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Claude Boniface
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), CNRS, INRAE, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandra Legendre
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), CNRS, INRAE, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, Toulouse, France
| | - Mireille Chabaud
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), CNRS, INRAE, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Carrère
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), CNRS, INRAE, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, Toulouse, France
| | - Caroline Callot
- Center National de Ressources Génomiques Végétales (CNRGV), INRAE, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Charlotte Cravero
- Center National de Ressources Génomiques Végétales (CNRGV), INRAE, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Isabelle Dufau
- Center National de Ressources Génomiques Végétales (CNRGV), INRAE, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | - Elodie Belmonte
- Plateforme de Génotypage et Séquençage en Auvergne (Gentyane), INRAE, Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Véronique Gautier
- Plateforme de Génotypage et Séquençage en Auvergne (Gentyane), INRAE, Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Charles Poncet
- Plateforme de Génotypage et Séquençage en Auvergne (Gentyane), INRAE, Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Jun Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Luyang Hu
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Mizuda Group, Huzhou, 313000, China
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weijun Zhou
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Mizuda Group, Huzhou, 313000, China
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Nicolas Langlade
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), CNRS, INRAE, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, Toulouse, France
| | - Sonia Vautrin
- Center National de Ressources Génomiques Végétales (CNRGV), INRAE, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Stéphane Muños
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), CNRS, INRAE, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, Toulouse, France.
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4
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Huang WRH, Joosten MHAJ. Immune signaling: receptor-like proteins make the difference. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024:S1360-1385(24)00068-2. [PMID: 38594153 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
To resist biotic attacks, plants have evolved a sophisticated, receptor-based immune system. Cell-surface immune receptors, which are either receptor-like kinases (RLKs) or receptor-like proteins (RLPs), form the front line of the plant defense machinery. RLPs lack a cytoplasmic kinase domain for downstream immune signaling, and leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing RLPs constitutively associate with the RLK SOBIR1. The RLP/SOBIR1 complex was proposed to be the bimolecular equivalent of genuine RLKs. However, it appears that the molecular mechanisms by which RLP/SOBIR1 complexes and RLKs mount immunity show some striking differences. Here, we summarize the differences between RLP/SOBIR1 and RLK signaling, focusing on the way these receptors recruit the BAK1 co-receptor and elaborating on the negative crosstalk taking place between the two signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen R H Huang
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Bawin T, Didriksen A, Faehn C, Olsen S, Sørensen I, Rose JKC, Krause K. Cuscuta campestris fine-tunes gene expression during haustoriogenesis as an adaptation to different hosts. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:258-273. [PMID: 37706590 PMCID: PMC10756757 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The Cuscuta genus comprises obligate parasitic plants that have an unusually wide host range. Whether Cuscuta uses different infection strategies for different hosts or whether the infection strategy is mechanistically and enzymatically conserved remains unknown. To address this, we investigated molecular events during the interaction between field dodder (Cuscuta campestris) and two host species of the Solanum genus that are known to react differently to parasitic infection. We found that host gene induction, particularly of cell wall fortifying genes, coincided with a differential induction of genes for cell wall degradation in the parasite in the cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) but not in a wild relative (Solanum pennellii). This indicates that the parasite can adjust its gene expression in response to its host. This idea was supported by the increased expression of C. campestris genes encoding an endo-β-1,4-mannanase in response to exposure of the parasite to purified mono- and polysaccharides in a host-independent infection system. Our results suggest multiple key roles of the host cell wall in determining the outcome of an infection attempt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bawin
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9019, Norway
| | - Alena Didriksen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9019, Norway
| | - Corine Faehn
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9019, Norway
| | - Stian Olsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9019, Norway
| | - Iben Sørensen
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kirsten Krause
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9019, Norway
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6
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López-García CM, Ávila-Hernández CA, Quintana-Rodríguez E, Aguilar-Hernández V, Lozoya-Pérez NE, Rojas-Raya MA, Molina-Torres J, Araujo-León JA, Brito-Argáez L, González-Sánchez AA, Ramírez-Chávez E, Orona-Tamayo D. Extracellular Self- and Non-Self DNA Involved in Damage Recognition in the Mistletoe Parasitism of Mesquite Trees. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:457. [PMID: 38203628 PMCID: PMC10778891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Psittacanthus calyculatus parasitizes mesquite trees through a specialized structure called a haustorium, which, in the intrusive process, can cause cellular damage in the host tree and release DAMPs, such as ATP, sugars, RNA, and DNA. These are highly conserved molecules that primarily function as signals that trigger and activate the defense responses. In the present study, we generate extracellular DNA (exDNA) from mesquite (P. laevigata) tree leaves (self-exDNA) and P. calyculatus (non-self exDNA) mistletoe as DAMP sources to examine mesquite trees' capacity to identify specific self or non-self exDNA. We determined that mesquite trees perceive self- and non-self exDNA with the synthesis of O2•-, H2O2, flavonoids, ROS-enzymes system, MAPKs activation, spatial concentrations of JA, SA, ABA, and CKs, and auxins. Our data indicate that self and non-self exDNA application differs in oxidative burst, JA signaling, MAPK gene expression, and scavenger systems. This is the first study to examine the molecular biochemistry effects in a host tree using exDNA sources derived from a mistletoe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Marina López-García
- Medio Ambiente y Biotecnología, Centro de Innovación Aplicada en Tecnologías Competitivas (CIATEC), León 37545, Guanajuato, Mexico; (C.M.L.-G.)
| | - César Alejandro Ávila-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato 36821, Guanajuato, Mexico; (C.A.Á.-H.); (M.A.R.-R.); (E.R.-C.)
| | - Elizabeth Quintana-Rodríguez
- Medio Ambiente y Biotecnología, Centro de Innovación Aplicada en Tecnologías Competitivas (CIATEC), León 37545, Guanajuato, Mexico; (C.M.L.-G.)
| | - Víctor Aguilar-Hernández
- Unidad de Biología Integrativa, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Mérida 97205, Yucatán, Mexico (J.A.A.-L.)
| | - Nancy Edith Lozoya-Pérez
- Medio Ambiente y Biotecnología, Centro de Innovación Aplicada en Tecnologías Competitivas (CIATEC), León 37545, Guanajuato, Mexico; (C.M.L.-G.)
| | - Mariana Atzhiry Rojas-Raya
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato 36821, Guanajuato, Mexico; (C.A.Á.-H.); (M.A.R.-R.); (E.R.-C.)
| | - Jorge Molina-Torres
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato 36821, Guanajuato, Mexico; (C.A.Á.-H.); (M.A.R.-R.); (E.R.-C.)
| | - Jesús Alfredo Araujo-León
- Unidad de Biología Integrativa, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Mérida 97205, Yucatán, Mexico (J.A.A.-L.)
| | - Ligia Brito-Argáez
- Unidad de Biología Integrativa, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Mérida 97205, Yucatán, Mexico (J.A.A.-L.)
| | | | - Enrique Ramírez-Chávez
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato 36821, Guanajuato, Mexico; (C.A.Á.-H.); (M.A.R.-R.); (E.R.-C.)
| | - Domancar Orona-Tamayo
- Medio Ambiente y Biotecnología, Centro de Innovación Aplicada en Tecnologías Competitivas (CIATEC), León 37545, Guanajuato, Mexico; (C.M.L.-G.)
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Jhu MY, Ellison EE, Sinha NR. CRISPR gene editing to improve crop resistance to parasitic plants. Front Genome Ed 2023; 5:1289416. [PMID: 37965302 PMCID: PMC10642197 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1289416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic plants pose a significant threat to global agriculture, causing substantial crop losses and hampering food security. In recent years, CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) gene-editing technology has emerged as a promising tool for developing resistance against various plant pathogens. Its application in combating parasitic plants, however, remains largely unexplored. This review aims to summarise current knowledge and research gaps in utilising CRISPR to develop resistance against parasitic plants. First, we outline recent improvements in CRISPR gene editing tools, and what has been used to combat various plant pathogens. To realise the immense potential of CRISPR, a greater understanding of the genetic basis underlying parasitic plant-host interactions is critical to identify suitable target genes for modification. Therefore, we discuss the intricate interactions between parasitic plants and their hosts, highlighting essential genes and molecular mechanisms involved in defence response and multilayer resistance. These include host resistance responses directly repressing parasitic plant germination or growth and indirectly influencing parasitic plant development via manipulating environmental factors. Finally, we evaluate CRISPR-mediated effectiveness and long-term implications for host resistance and crop improvement, including inducible resistance response and tissue-specific activity. In conclusion, this review highlights the challenges and opportunities CRISPR technology provides to combat parasitic plants and provides insights for future research directions to safeguard global agricultural productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yao Jhu
- Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Evan E. Ellison
- Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Neelima R. Sinha
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Hartenstein M, Albert M, Krause K. The plant vampire diaries: a historic perspective on Cuscuta research. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:2944-2955. [PMID: 36882965 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The angiosperm genus Cuscuta lives as an almost achlorophyllous root- and leafless holoparasite and has therefore occupied scientists for more than a century. The 'evolution' of Cuscuta research started with early studies that established the phylogenetic framework for this unusual genus. It continued to produce groundbreaking cytological, morphological, and physiological insight throughout the second half of the 20th century and culminated in the last two decades in exciting discoveries regarding the molecular basis of Cuscuta parasitism that were facilitated by the modern 'omics' tools and traceable fluorescent marker technologies of the 21st century. This review will show how present activities are inspired by those past breakthroughs. It will describe significant milestones and recurring themes of Cuscuta research and connect these to the remaining as well as newly evolving questions and future directions in this research field that is expected to sustain its strong growth in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maleen Hartenstein
- Department of Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Albert
- Department of Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kirsten Krause
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Framstredet 39, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
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Bao Y, Li Y, Chang Q, Chen R, Wang W, Zhang Q, Chen S, Xu G, Wang X, Cui F, Dou D, Liang X. A pair of G-type lectin receptor-like kinases modulates nlp20-mediated immune responses by coupling to the RLP23 receptor complex. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:1312-1327. [PMID: 36633200 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells recognize microbial patterns with the plasma-membrane-localized pattern-recognition receptors consisting mainly of receptor kinases (RKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs). RKs, such as bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2, and their downstream signaling components have been studied extensively. However, newly discovered regulatory components of RLP-mediated immune signaling, such as the nlp20 receptor RLP23, await identification. Unlike RKs, RLPs lack a cytoplasmic kinase domain, instead recruiting the receptor-like kinases (RLKs) BAK1 and SOBIR1. SOBIR1 specifically works as an adapter for RLP-mediated immunity. To identify new regulators of RLP-mediated signaling, we looked for SOBIR1-binding proteins (SBPs) in Arabidopsis thaliana using protein immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, identifying two G-type lectin RLKs, SBP1 and SBP2, that physically interacted with SOBIR1. SBP1 and SBP2 showed high sequence similarity, were tandemly repeated on chromosome 4, and also interacted with both RLP23 and BAK1. sbp1 sbp2 double mutants obtained via CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing showed severely impaired nlp20-induced reactive oxygen species burst, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, and defense gene expression, but normal flg22-induced immune responses. We showed that SBP1 regulated nlp20-induced immunity in a kinase activity-independent manner. Furthermore, the nlp20-induced the RLP23-BAK1 interaction, although not the flg22-induced FLS2-BAK1 interaction, was significantly reduced in sbp1 sbp2. This study identified SBPs as new regulatory components in RLP23 receptor complex that may specifically modulate RLP23-mediated immunity by positively regulating the interaction between the RLP23 receptor and the BAK1 co-receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Bao
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yixin Li
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qin Chang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Rubin Chen
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weijie Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuxian Chen
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guangyuan Xu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fuhao Cui
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiangxiu Liang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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Albanova IA, Zagorchev LI, Teofanova DR, Odjakova MK, Kutueva LI, Ashapkin VV. Host Resistance to Parasitic Plants-Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1447. [PMID: 37050073 PMCID: PMC10096732 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic flowering plants represent a diverse group of angiosperms, ranging from exotic species with limited distribution to prominent weeds, causing significant yield losses in agricultural crops. The major damage caused by them is related to the extraction of water and nutrients from the host, thus decreasing vegetative growth, flowering, and seed production. Members of the root parasites of the Orobanchaceae family and stem parasites of the genus Cuscuta are among the most aggressive and damaging weeds, affecting both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous crops worldwide. Their control and eradication are hampered by the extreme seed longevity and persistence in soil, as well as their taxonomic position, which makes it difficult to apply selective herbicides not damaging to the hosts. The selection of resistant cultivars is among the most promising approaches to deal with this matter, although still not widely employed due to limited knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of host resistance and inheritance. The current review aims to summarize the available information on host resistance with a focus on agriculturally important parasitic plants and to outline the future perspectives of resistant crop cultivar selection to battle the global threat of parasitic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanela A. Albanova
- Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lyuben I. Zagorchev
- Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Denitsa R. Teofanova
- Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mariela K. Odjakova
- Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lyudmila I. Kutueva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Vasily V. Ashapkin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
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11
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Zhou L, Zawaira A, Lu Q, Yang B, Li J. Transcriptome analysis reveals defense-related genes and pathways during dodder (Cuscuta australis) parasitism on white clover (Trifolium repens). Front Genet 2023; 14:1106936. [PMID: 37007956 PMCID: PMC10060986 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1106936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dodders (Cuscuta australis R. Br.) are holo-parasitic stem angiosperms with an extensive host range that have significant ecological and economic potential impact on the ecosystem and the agricultural system. However, how the host plant responds to this biotic stress remains mostly unexplored. To identify the defense-related genes and the pathways in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) induced by dodder parasitism, we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis of the leaf and root tissues from white clover with and without dodder infection by high throughput sequencing. We identified 1,329 and 3,271 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the leaf and root tissues, respectively. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that plant-pathogen interaction, plant hormone signal transduction, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways were significantly enriched. Eight WRKY, six AP2/ERF, four bHLH, three bZIP, three MYB, and three NAC transcription factors showed a close relationship with lignin synthesis-related genes, which defended white clover against dodder parasitism. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) for nine DEGs, further validated the data obtained from transcriptome sequencing. Our results provide new insights into understanding the complex regulatory network behind these parasite-host plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Alexander Zawaira
- School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiuwei Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Beifen Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junmin Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Junmin Li,
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12
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Genomic and Epigenomic Mechanisms of the Interaction between Parasitic and Host Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032647. [PMID: 36768970 PMCID: PMC9917227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic plants extract nutrients from the other plants to finish their life cycle and reproduce. The control of parasitic weeds is notoriously difficult due to their tight physical association and their close biological relationship to their hosts. Parasitic plants differ in their susceptible host ranges, and the host species differ in their susceptibility to parasitic plants. Current data show that adaptations of parasitic plants to various hosts are largely genetically determined. However, multiple cases of rapid adaptation in genetically homogenous parasitic weed populations to new hosts strongly suggest the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms. Recent progress in genome-wide analyses of gene expression and epigenetic features revealed many new molecular details of the parasitic plants' interactions with their host plants. The experimental data obtained in the last several years show that multiple common features have independently evolved in different lines of the parasitic plants. In this review we discuss the most interesting new details in the interaction between parasitic and host plants.
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13
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Becker C, Berthomé R, Delavault P, Flutre T, Fréville H, Gibot-Leclerc S, Le Corre V, Morel JB, Moutier N, Muños S, Richard-Molard C, Westwood J, Courty PE, de Saint Germain A, Louarn G, Roux F. The ecologically relevant genetics of plant-plant interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:31-42. [PMID: 36114125 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Interactions among plants have been long recognized as a major force driving plant community dynamics and crop yield. Surprisingly, our knowledge of the ecological genetics associated with variation of plant-plant interactions remains limited. In this opinion article by scientists from complementary disciplines, the international PLANTCOM network identified four timely questions to foster a better understanding of the mechanisms mediating plant assemblages. We propose that by identifying the key relationships among phenotypic traits involved in plant-plant interactions and the underlying adaptive genetic and molecular pathways, while considering environmental fluctuations at diverse spatial and time scales, we can improve predictions of genotype-by-genotype-by-environment interactions and modeling of productive and stable plant assemblages in wild habitats and crop fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Becker
- Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians-University, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Richard Berthomé
- LIPME, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Timothée Flutre
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, UMR GQE-Le Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hélène Fréville
- AGAP, Université Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Gibot-Leclerc
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université du Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Valérie Le Corre
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université du Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Benoit Morel
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Université Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Moutier
- Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection (IGEPP), INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Rennes 1, 35650 Le Rheu, France
| | - Stéphane Muños
- LIPME, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Céline Richard-Molard
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR EcoSys, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - James Westwood
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Courty
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université du Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Alexandre de Saint Germain
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | | | - Fabrice Roux
- LIPME, INRAE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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14
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Kawa D, Brady SM. Root cell types as an interface for biotic interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:1173-1186. [PMID: 35792025 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Root responses to environmental stresses show a high level of cell type and developmental stage specificity. Interactions with beneficial and pathogenic organisms - including microbes and parasites - elicit a set of transcriptional responses unique to each root cell type, often dependent on their differentiation state. Localized changes to the cell wall and to the integrity of root cell types can serve as a physical barrier for a range of pests. Conversely, certain microorganisms weaken existing barriers within root cell types. Interactions with microorganisms vary between roots of different developmental origins and cellular architectures. Here we provide an overview of the molecular, architectural, and structural properties of root cell types crucial to both maintaining beneficial interactions and protecting from pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kawa
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Siobhan M Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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15
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Zagorchev L, Du Z, Shi Y, Teofanova D, Li J. Cuscuta australis Parasitism-Induced Changes in the Proteome and Photosynthetic Parameters of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11212904. [PMID: 36365357 PMCID: PMC9656692 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Cuscuta australis is a widely distributed stem parasitic plant, infecting a variety of host plants. Its parasitism has a negative effect on the hosts, mainly due to the exhaustion of nutrients, thus negatively affecting the growth and development. However, recent studies indicated that the effect of parasitism may extend beyond the simple extraction of organic compounds, water, and minerals. In the present study, the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana was used as a host for Cuscuta australis, to study the effect of the parasite on the photosynthetic parameters and the proteome after short-term infection. To test this, a highly sensitive portable photosynthesis system and gel-based MS/MS proteomics were employed. It was found that the parasite has a dramatic negative effect on the photosynthetic ability of the host, as well as causing the up-regulation of stress-related proteins. Simultaneously, proteins involved in both decreased permeability and loosening of the cell wall of the host were found to be up-regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyuben Zagorchev
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 8 Dragan Tsankov blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Zhaokui Du
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Yongbin Shi
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Denitsa Teofanova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 8 Dragan Tsankov blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Junmin Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-576-88660396
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16
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Chabaud M, Auriac MC, Boniface MC, Delgrange S, Folletti T, Jardinaud MF, Legendre A, Pérez-Vich B, Pouvreau JB, Velasco L, Delavault P, Muños S. Wild Helianthus species: A reservoir of resistance genes for sustainable pyramidal resistance to broomrape in sunflower. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1038684. [PMID: 36340383 PMCID: PMC9630478 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1038684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Orobanche cumana Wall., sunflower broomrape, is one of the major pests for the sunflower crop. Breeding for resistant varieties in sunflower has been the most efficient method to control this parasitic weed. However, more virulent broomrape populations continuously emerge by overcoming genetic resistance. It is thus essential to identify new broomrape resistances acting at various stages of the interaction and combine them to improve resistance durability. In this study, 71 wild sunflowers and wild relatives accessions from 16 Helianthus species were screened in pots for their resistance to broomrape at the late emergence stage. From this initial screen, 18 accessions from 9 species showing resistance, were phenotyped at early stages of the interaction: the induction of broomrape seed germination by sunflower root exudates, the attachment to the host root and the development of tubercles in rhizotron assays. We showed that wild Helianthus accessions are an important source of resistance to the most virulent broomrape races, affecting various stages of the interaction: the inability to induce broomrape seed germination, the development of incompatible attachments or necrotic tubercles, and the arrest of emerged structure growth. Cytological studies of incompatible attachments showed that several cellular mechanisms were shared among resistant Helianthus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Chabaud
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes- Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Castanet-tolosan, France
| | - Marie-Christine Auriac
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes- Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Castanet-tolosan, France
| | - Marie-Claude Boniface
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes- Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Castanet-tolosan, France
| | - Sabine Delgrange
- Unité en Sciences Biologiques et Biotechnologies (US2B), Nantes Université, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Unité mixte de recherche 6286 (UMR 6286), Nantes, France
| | - Tifaine Folletti
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes- Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Castanet-tolosan, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Jardinaud
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes- Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Castanet-tolosan, France
| | - Alexandra Legendre
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes- Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Castanet-tolosan, France
| | | | - Jean-Bernard Pouvreau
- Unité en Sciences Biologiques et Biotechnologies (US2B), Nantes Université, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Unité mixte de recherche 6286 (UMR 6286), Nantes, France
| | | | - Philippe Delavault
- Unité en Sciences Biologiques et Biotechnologies (US2B), Nantes Université, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Unité mixte de recherche 6286 (UMR 6286), Nantes, France
| | - Stéphane Muños
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes- Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Castanet-tolosan, France
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17
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Sun Y, Wang Y, Zhang X, Chen Z, Xia Y, Wang L, Sun Y, Zhang M, Xiao Y, Han Z, Wang Y, Chai J. Plant receptor-like protein activation by a microbial glycoside hydrolase. Nature 2022; 610:335-342. [PMID: 36131021 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05214-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plants rely on cell-surface-localized pattern recognition receptors to detect pathogen- or host-derived danger signals and trigger an immune response1-6. Receptor-like proteins (RLPs) with a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) ectodomain constitute a subgroup of pattern recognition receptors and play a critical role in plant immunity1-3. Mechanisms underlying ligand recognition and activation of LRR-RLPs remain elusive. Here we report a crystal structure of the LRR-RLP RXEG1 from Nicotiana benthamiana that recognizes XEG1 xyloglucanase from the pathogen Phytophthora sojae. The structure reveals that specific XEG1 recognition is predominantly mediated by an amino-terminal and a carboxy-terminal loop-out region (RXEG1(ID)) of RXEG1. The two loops bind to the active-site groove of XEG1, inhibiting its enzymatic activity and suppressing Phytophthora infection of N. benthamiana. Binding of XEG1 promotes association of RXEG1(LRR) with the LRR-type co-receptor BAK1 through RXEG1(ID) and the last four conserved LRRs to trigger RXEG1-mediated immune responses. Comparison of the structures of apo-RXEG1(LRR), XEG1-RXEG1(LRR) and XEG1-BAK1-RXEG1(LRR) shows that binding of XEG1 induces conformational changes in the N-terminal region of RXEG1(ID) and enhances structural flexibility of the BAK1-associating regions of RXEG1(LRR). These changes allow fold switching of RXEG1(ID) for recruitment of BAK1(LRR). Our data reveal a conserved mechanism of ligand-induced heterodimerization of an LRR-RLP with BAK1 and suggest a dual function for the LRR-RLP in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaodan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yeqiang Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujing Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingmei Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifu Han
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jijie Chai
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. .,Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany. .,Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany.
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18
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Bernal-Galeano V, Beard K, Westwood JH. An artificial host system enables the obligate parasite Cuscuta campestris to grow and reproduce in vitro. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:687-702. [PMID: 35294033 PMCID: PMC9157073 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cuscuta campestris is an obligate parasitic plant that requires a host to complete its life cycle. Parasite-host connections occur via a haustorium, a unique organ that acts as a bridge for the uptake of water, nutrients, and macromolecules. Research on Cuscuta is often complicated by host influences, but comparable systems for growing the parasite in the absence of a host do not exist. We developed an axenic method to grow C. campestris on an artificial host system (AHS). We evaluated the effects of nutrients and phytohormones on parasite haustoria development and growth. Haustorium morphology and gene expression were also characterized. The AHS consists of an inert, fibrous stick that mimics a host stem, wicking water and nutrients to the parasite. It enables C. campestris to exhibit a parasitic habit and develop through all stages of its life cycle, including production of new shoots and viable seeds. The phytohormones 1-naphthaleneacetic acid and 6-benzylaminopurine affect haustoria morphology and increase parasite fresh weight and biomass. Unigene expression in AHS haustoria reflects processes similar to those in haustoria on living host plants. The AHS is a methodological improvement for studying Cuscuta biology by avoiding specific host effects on the parasite and giving researchers full control of the parasite environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Bernal-Galeano
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Keely Beard
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - James H Westwood
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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19
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Bernal-Galeano V, Beard K, Westwood JH. An artificial host system enables the obligate parasite Cuscuta campestris to grow and reproduce in vitro. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:687-702. [PMID: 35294033 DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.21.449293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cuscuta campestris is an obligate parasitic plant that requires a host to complete its life cycle. Parasite-host connections occur via a haustorium, a unique organ that acts as a bridge for the uptake of water, nutrients, and macromolecules. Research on Cuscuta is often complicated by host influences, but comparable systems for growing the parasite in the absence of a host do not exist. We developed an axenic method to grow C. campestris on an artificial host system (AHS). We evaluated the effects of nutrients and phytohormones on parasite haustoria development and growth. Haustorium morphology and gene expression were also characterized. The AHS consists of an inert, fibrous stick that mimics a host stem, wicking water and nutrients to the parasite. It enables C. campestris to exhibit a parasitic habit and develop through all stages of its life cycle, including production of new shoots and viable seeds. The phytohormones 1-naphthaleneacetic acid and 6-benzylaminopurine affect haustoria morphology and increase parasite fresh weight and biomass. Unigene expression in AHS haustoria reflects processes similar to those in haustoria on living host plants. The AHS is a methodological improvement for studying Cuscuta biology by avoiding specific host effects on the parasite and giving researchers full control of the parasite environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Bernal-Galeano
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Keely Beard
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - James H Westwood
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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20
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Jhu MY, Sinha NR. Parasitic Plants: An Overview of Mechanisms by Which Plants Perceive and Respond to Parasites. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 73:433-455. [PMID: 35363532 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-100635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to most autotrophic plants, which produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide using photosynthesis, parasitic plants obtain water and nutrients by parasitizing host plants. Many important crop plants are infested by these heterotrophic plants, leading to severe agricultural loss and reduced food security. Understanding how host plants perceive and resist parasitic plants provides insight into underlying defense mechanisms and the potential for agricultural applications. In this review, we offer a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of host perception of parasitic plants and the pre-attachment and post-attachment defense responses mounted by the host. Since most current research overlooks the role of organ specificity in resistance responses, we also summarize the current understanding and cases of cross-organ parasitism, which indicates nonconventional haustorial connections on other host organs, for example, when stem parasitic plants form haustoria on their host roots. Understanding how different tissue types respond to parasitic plants could provide the potential for developing a universal resistance mechanism in crops against both root and stem parasitic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yao Jhu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California, USA;
- Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Neelima R Sinha
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California, USA;
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21
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Jhu MY, Farhi M, Wang L, Philbrook RN, Belcher MS, Nakayama H, Zumstein KS, Rowland SD, Ron M, Shih PM, Sinha NR. Heinz-resistant tomato cultivars exhibit a lignin-based resistance to field dodder (Cuscuta campestris) parasitism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:129-151. [PMID: 35099559 PMCID: PMC9070836 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cuscuta species (dodders) are agriculturally destructive, parasitic angiosperms. These parasitic plants use haustoria as physiological bridges to extract nutrients and water from hosts. Cuscuta campestris has a broad host range and wide geographical distribution. While some wild tomato relatives are resistant, cultivated tomatoes are generally susceptible to C. campestris infestations. However, some specific Heinz tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) hybrid cultivars exhibit resistance to dodders in the field, but their defense mechanism was previously unknown. Here, we discovered that the stem cortex in these resistant lines responds with local lignification upon C. campestris attachment, preventing parasite entry into the host. Lignin Induction Factor 1 (LIF1, an AP2-like transcription factor), SlMYB55, and Cuscuta R-gene for Lignin-based Resistance 1, a CC-NBS-LRR (CuRLR1) are identified as factors that confer host resistance by regulating lignification. SlWRKY16 is upregulated upon C. campestris infestation and potentially negatively regulates LIF1 function. Intriguingly, CuRLR1 may play a role in signaling or function as an intracellular receptor for receiving Cuscuta signals or effectors, thereby regulating lignification-based resistance. In summary, these four regulators control the lignin-based resistance response in specific Heinz tomato cultivars, preventing C. campestris from parasitizing resistant tomatoes. This discovery provides a foundation for investigating multilayer resistance against Cuscuta species and has potential for application in other essential crops attacked by parasitic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Li Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Richard N Philbrook
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Dark Heart Nursery, 630 Pena Dr, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael S Belcher
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hokuto Nakayama
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Graduate School of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tokyo, Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | | | - Sarah D Rowland
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mily Ron
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Patrick M Shih
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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22
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Fan L, Fröhlich K, Melzer E, Pruitt RN, Albert I, Zhang L, Joe A, Hua C, Song Y, Albert M, Kim ST, Weigel D, Zipfel C, Chae E, Gust AA, Nürnberger T. Genotyping-by-sequencing-based identification of Arabidopsis pattern recognition receptor RLP32 recognizing proteobacterial translation initiation factor IF1. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1294. [PMID: 35277499 PMCID: PMC8917236 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28887-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of plant pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) relies on the recognition of microbe-derived structures, termed patterns, through plant-encoded surface-resident pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). We show that proteobacterial translation initiation factor 1 (IF1) triggers PTI in Arabidopsis thaliana and related Brassicaceae species. Unlike for most other immunogenic patterns, IF1 elicitor activity cannot be assigned to a small peptide epitope, suggesting that tertiary fold features are required for IF1 receptor activation. We have deployed natural variation in IF1 sensitivity to identify Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor-like protein 32 (RLP32) as IF1 receptor using a restriction site-associated DNA sequencing approach. RLP32 confers IF1 sensitivity to rlp32 mutants, IF1-insensitive Arabidopsis accessions and IF1-insensitive Nicotiana benthamiana, binds IF1 specifically and forms complexes with LRR receptor kinases SOBIR1 and BAK1 to mediate signaling. Similar to other PRRs, RLP32 confers resistance to Pseudomonas syringae, highlighting an unexpectedly complex array of bacterial pattern sensors within a single plant species. Pattern-triggered immunity is activated by recognition of microbe-derived structures by host pattern recognition receptors. Here the authors use a genotype-by sequencing approach to show that bacterial translation initiation factor 1 triggers PTI in Arabidopsis thaliana after recognition by the RLP32 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fan
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Fröhlich
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eric Melzer
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,BioChem agrar, Labor für biologische und chemische Analytik GmbH, Machern, Germany
| | - Rory N Pruitt
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Isabell Albert
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna Joe
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chenlei Hua
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yanyue Song
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Albert
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sang-Tae Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Medical & Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, South Korea
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eunyoung Chae
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany. .,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Andrea A Gust
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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23
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Santos MDL, de Resende MLV, dos Santos Ciscon BA, Freitas NC, Pereira MHDB, Reichel T, Mathioni SM. LysM receptors in Coffea arabica: Identification, characterization, and gene expression in response to Hemileia vastatrix. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0258838. [PMID: 35143519 PMCID: PMC8830669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) localized on the host plasma membrane. These receptors activate a broad-spectrum and durable defense, which are desired characteristics for disease resistance in plant breeding programs. In this study, candidate sequences for PRRs with lysin motifs (LysM) were investigated in the Coffea arabica genome. For this, approaches based on the principle of sequence similarity, conservation of motifs and domains, phylogenetic analysis, and modulation of gene expression in response to Hemileia vastatrix were used. The candidate sequences for PRRs in C. arabica (Ca1-LYP, Ca2-LYP, Ca1-CERK1, Ca2-CERK1, Ca-LYK4, Ca1-LYK5 and Ca2-LYK5) showed high similarity with the reference PRRs used: Os-CEBiP, At-CERK1, At-LYK4 and At-LYK5. Moreover, the ectodomains of these sequences showed high identity or similarity with the reference sequences, indicating structural and functional conservation. The studied sequences are also phylogenetically related to the reference PRRs described in Arabidopsis, rice, and other plant species. All candidates for receptors had their expression induced after the inoculation with H. vastatrix, since the first time of sampling at 6 hours post‐inoculation (hpi). At 24 hpi, there was a significant increase in expression, for most of the receptors evaluated, and at 48 hpi, a suppression. The results showed that the candidate sequences for PRRs in the C. arabica genome display high homology with fungal PRRs already described in the literature. Besides, they respond to pathogen inoculation and seem to be involved in the perception or signaling of fungal chitin, acting as receptors or co-receptors of this molecule. These findings represent an advance in the understanding of the basal immunity of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana de Lima Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail: (MLS); (MLVR)
| | | | | | - Natália Chagas Freitas
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Tharyn Reichel
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sandra Marisa Mathioni
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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24
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Jhu MY, Farhi M, Wang L, Zumstein K, Sinha NR. Investigating Host and Parasitic Plant Interaction by Tissue-Specific Gene Analyses on Tomato and Cuscuta campestris Interface at Three Haustorial Developmental Stages. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:764843. [PMID: 35222447 PMCID: PMC8866705 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.764843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic weeds cause billions of dollars in agricultural losses each year worldwide. Cuscuta campestris (C. campestris), one of the most widespread and destructive parasitic plants in the United States, severely reduces yield in tomato plants. Reducing the spread of parasitic weeds requires understanding the interaction between parasites and hosts. Several studies have identified factors needed for parasitic plant germination and haustorium induction, and genes involved in host defense responses. However, knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the interactions between host and parasitic plants, specifically at the interface between the two organisms, is relatively limited. A detailed investigation of the crosstalk between the host and parasite at the tissue-specific level would enable development of effective parasite control strategies. To focus on the haustorial interface, we used laser-capture microdissection (LCM) with RNA-seq on early, intermediate and mature haustorial stages. In addition, the tomato host tissue that immediately surround the haustoria was collected to obtain tissue- resolution RNA-Seq profiles for C. campestris and tomato at the parasitism interface. After conducting RNA-Seq analysis and constructing gene coexpression networks (GCNs), we identified CcHB7, CcPMEI, and CcERF1 as putative key regulators involved in C. campestris haustorium organogenesis, and three potential regulators, SlPR1, SlCuRe1-like, and SlNLR, in tomatoes that are involved in perceiving signals from the parasite. We used host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) transgenic tomatoes to knock-down the candidate genes in C. campestris and produced CRISPR transgenic tomatoes to knock out candidate genes in tomatoes. The interactions of C. campestris with these transgenic lines were tested and compared with that in wild-type tomatoes. The results of this study reveal the tissue-resolution gene regulatory mechanisms at the parasitic plant-host interface and provide the potential of developing a parasite-resistant system in tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yao Jhu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
- Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Moran Farhi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
- The Better Meat Co., West Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kristina Zumstein
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Neelima R. Sinha
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
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25
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Fernández-Aparicio M, Del Moral L, Muños S, Velasco L, Pérez-Vich B. Genetic and physiological characterization of sunflower resistance provided by the wild-derived Or Deb2 gene against highly virulent races of Orobanche cumana Wallr. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:501-525. [PMID: 34741641 PMCID: PMC8866362 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03979-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OrDeb2 confers post-attachment resistance to Orobanche cumana and is located in a 1.38 Mbp genomic interval containing a cluster of receptor-like kinase and receptor-like protein genes with nine high-confidence candidates. Sunflower broomrape is a holoparasitic angiosperm that parasitizes on sunflower roots, severely constraining crop yield. Breeding for resistance is the most effective method of control. OrDeb2 is a dominant resistance gene introgressed into cultivated sunflower from a wild-related species that confers resistance to highly virulent broomrape races. The objectives of this study were as follows: (i) locate OrDeb2 into the sunflower genome and determine putative candidate genes and (ii) characterize its underlying resistance mechanism. A segregating population from a cross between the sunflower resistant line DEB2, carrying OrDeb2, and a susceptible line was phenotyped for broomrape resistance in four experiments, including different environments and two broomrape races (FGV and GTK). This population was also densely genotyped with microsatellite and SNP markers, which allowed locating OrDeb2 within a 0.9 cM interval in the upper half of Chromosome 4. This interval corresponded to a 1.38 Mbp genomic region of the sunflower reference genome that contained a cluster of genes encoding LRR (leucine-rich repeat) receptor-like proteins lacking a cytoplasmic kinase domain and receptor-like kinases with one or two kinase domains and lacking an extracellular LRR region, which were valuable candidates for OrDeb2. Rhizotron and histological studies showed that OrDeb2 determines a post-attachment resistance response that blocks O. cumana development mainly at the cortex before the establishment of host-parasite vascular connections. This study will contribute to understand the interaction between crops and parasitic weeds, to establish durable breeding strategies based on genetic resistance and provide useful tools for marker-assisted selection and OrDeb2 map-based cloning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lidia Del Moral
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS-CSIC), Alameda del Obispo s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Stéphane Muños
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), CNRS, INRAE, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Leonardo Velasco
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS-CSIC), Alameda del Obispo s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Begoña Pérez-Vich
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS-CSIC), Alameda del Obispo s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
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26
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Kang WH, Lee J, Koo N, Kwon JS, Park B, Kim YM, Yeom SI. Universal gene co-expression network reveals receptor-like protein genes involved in broad-spectrum resistance in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab003. [PMID: 35043174 PMCID: PMC8968494 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like proteins (RLPs) on plant cells have been implicated in immune responses and developmental processes. Although hundreds of RLP genes have been identified in plants, only a few RLPs have been functionally characterized in a limited number of plant species. Here, we identified RLPs in the pepper (Capsicum annuum) genome and performed comparative transcriptomics coupled with the analysis of conserved gene co-expression networks (GCNs) to reveal the role of core RLP regulators in pepper-pathogen interactions. A total of 102 RNA-seq datasets of pepper plants infected with four pathogens were used to construct CaRLP-targeted GCNs (CaRLP-GCNs). Resistance-responsive CaRLP-GCNs were merged to construct a universal GCN. Fourteen hub CaRLPs, tightly connected with defense-related gene clusters, were identified in eight modules. Based on the CaRLP-GCNs, we evaluated whether hub CaRLPs in the universal GCN are involved in the biotic stress response. Of the nine hub CaRLPs tested by virus-induced gene silencing, three genes (CaRLP264, CaRLP277, and CaRLP351) showed defense suppression with less hypersensitive response-like cell death in race-specific and non-host resistance response to viruses and bacteria, respectively, and consistently enhanced susceptibility to Ralstonia solanacearum and/or Phytophthora capsici. These data suggest that key CaRLPs are involved in the defense response to multiple biotic stresses and can be used to engineer a plant with broad-spectrum resistance. Together, our data show that generating a universal GCN using comprehensive transcriptome datasets can provide important clues to uncover genes involved in various biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Hee Kang
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501, Jinju-daero, Gajwa-dong, Jinju, 52828,
Republic of Korea
| | - Junesung Lee
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 four), Gyeongsang National University, 501, Jinju-daero, Gajwa-dong, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Namjin Koo
- Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Su Kwon
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 four), Gyeongsang National University, 501, Jinju-daero, Gajwa-dong, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Boseul Park
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 four), Gyeongsang National University, 501, Jinju-daero, Gajwa-dong, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Min Kim
- Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Genome Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-In Yeom
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501, Jinju-daero, Gajwa-dong, Jinju, 52828,
Republic of Korea
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 four), Gyeongsang National University, 501, Jinju-daero, Gajwa-dong, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
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27
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Yokoyama R, Yokoyama T, Kuroha T, Park J, Aoki K, Nishitani K. Regulatory Modules Involved in the Degradation and Modification of Host Cell Walls During Cuscuta campestris Invasion. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:904313. [PMID: 35873971 PMCID: PMC9298654 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.904313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Haustoria of parasitic plants have evolved sophisticated traits to successfully infect host plants. The degradation and modification of host cell walls enable the haustorium to effectively invade host tissues. This study focused on two APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF) genes and a set of the cell wall enzyme genes principally expressed during the haustorial invasion of Cuscuta campestris Yuncker. The orthogroups of the TF and cell wall enzyme genes have been implicated in the cell wall degradation and modification activities in the abscission of tomatoes, which are currently the phylogenetically closest non-parasitic model species of Cuscuta species. Although haustoria are generally thought to originate from root tissues, our results suggest that haustoria have further optimized invasion potential by recruiting regulatory modules from other biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ryusuke Yokoyama,
| | | | - Takeshi Kuroha
- Division of Crop Genome Editing Research, Institute of Agrobiological Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jihwan Park
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Koh Aoki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
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28
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Schultink A, Steinbrenner AD. A playbook for developing disease-resistant crops through immune receptor identification and transfer. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 62:102089. [PMID: 34333377 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants are resistant to most pathogens because of an immune system that perceives invading microbes and activates defense. A large repertoire of innate immune receptors mediates specific direct or indirect recognition of pathogen-derived molecules. Disease is often a consequence of insufficient immune surveillance, and the transfer of immune receptor genes from resistant plants to susceptible crop varieties is an effective strategy for combating disease outbreaks. We discuss approaches for identifying intracellular and cell surface immune receptors, with particular focus on recently developed and emerging methodologies. We also review considerations for the transfer of immune receptor genes into crop species, including additional host factors that may be required for immune receptor function. Together, these concepts lay out a broadly applicable playbook for developing crop varieties with durable disease resistance.
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29
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Fishman MR, Shirasu K. How to resist parasitic plants: pre- and post-attachment strategies. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 62:102004. [PMID: 33647828 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The lifecycle of parasitic plants can be divided into pre-attachment and post-attachment phases that equate to free living and parasitic stages. Similarly, plant resistance to parasitic plants can be defined as pre-attachment and post-attachment resistance. Parasitic plants rely on host cues for successful host invasion. During pre-attachment resistance, changes in the composition of host signals can disrupt parasitic plant development and ultimately host invasion. Recent studies have only now begun to elucidate the genetic elements in the host that promote pre-attachment resistance. In comparison, new research points to post-attachment resistance using the common molecular mechanisms utilized by the plant immune system during plant-pathogen interactions. In kind, parasitic plants secrete proteinaceous and RNA-based effectors post-attachment to subvert the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan; Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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30
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Lee DH, Lee HS, Belkhadir Y. Coding of plant immune signals by surface receptors. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 62:102044. [PMID: 33979769 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The detection of molecular signals derived from other organisms is central to the evolutionary success of plants in the colonization of Earth. The sensory coding of these signals is critical for marshaling local and systemic immune responses that keep most invading organisms at bay. Plants detect immune signals inside and outside their cells using receptors. Here, we focus on receptors that function at the cell surface. We present recent work that expands our understanding of the repertoire of immune signals sensed by this family of receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du-Hwa Lee
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ho-Seok Lee
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Youssef Belkhadir
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria.
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31
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Kang WH, Park B, Lee J, Yeom SI. Tissue-Specific RNA-Seq Analysis and Identification of Receptor-Like Proteins Related to Plant Growth in Capsicum annuum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:972. [PMID: 34068172 PMCID: PMC8152994 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-like proteins (RLPs) are a gene family of cell surface receptors that are involved in plant growth, development, and disease resistance. In a recent study, 438 pepper RLP genes were identified in the Capsicum annuum genome (CaRLPs) and determined to be present in response to multiple biotic stresses. To further understand the role of CaRLPs in plant growth and development, we analyzed expression patterns of all CaRLPs from various pepper tissues and developmental stages using RNA-seq. Ten CaRLP genes were selected for further analysis according to transcript levels with hierarchical clustering. The selected CaRLP genes displayed similarity of motifs within the same groups and structures typical of RLPs. To examine RLP function in growth and development, we performed loss-of-function analysis using a virus-induced gene silencing system. Three of the ten tested CaRLPs (CaRLP238, 253, and 360) in silenced plants exhibited phenotypic alteration with growth retardation compared to controls. All three gene-silenced peppers showed significant differences in root dry weight. Only CaRLP238 had significant differences in both root and shoot dry weight. Our results suggest that CaRLPs may play important roles in regulation of plant growth and development as well as function in defense responses to biotic stresses in the RLP gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Hee Kang
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Boseul Park
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (B.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Junesung Lee
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (B.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Seon-In Yeom
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (B.P.); (J.L.)
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Slaby P, Körner M, Albert M. A cell wall-localized glycine-rich protein of dodder acts as pathogen-associated molecular pattern. Commun Integr Biol 2021; 14:111-114. [PMID: 33995821 PMCID: PMC8096328 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2021.1918369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cuscuta reflexa (giant dodder) is an obligate stem holoparasite withdrawing water, nutrients, and carbohydrates from its hosts. For a broad spectrum of host plants, C. reflexa usually stays unrecognized. The cultivated tomato Solanum lycopersicum, as one notable exception, possesses a leucine-rich repeat receptor protein (LRR-RP), Cuscuta receptor 1 (CuRe1), which enables tomato to recognize C. reflexa as a dangerous parasitic invader and to respond with plant immune responses. During the infection process, a glycine-rich protein (GRP) is freed from C. reflexa and gets detected by CuRe1. Here, we focus on the subcellular localization of the GRP within plant cell walls using a fluorescence based co-localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Slaby
- Department of Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max Körner
- Department of Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Albert
- Department of Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology, Erlangen, Germany
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Albert M, Axtell MJ, Timko MP. Mechanisms of resistance and virulence in parasitic plant-host interactions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1282-1291. [PMID: 33793887 PMCID: PMC8133583 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic plants pose a major biotic threat to plant growth and development and lead to losses in crop productivity of billions of USD annually. By comparison with "normal" autotrophic plants, parasitic plants live a heterotrophic lifestyle and rely on water, solutes and to a greater (holoparasitic plants) or lesser extent (hemiparasitic plants) on sugars from other host plants. Most hosts are unable to detect an infestation by plant parasites or unable to fend off these parasitic invaders. However, a few hosts have evolved defense strategies to avoid infestation or protect themselves actively post-attack often leading to full or partial resistance. Here, we review the current state of our understanding of the defense strategies to plant parasitism used by host plants with emphasis on the active molecular resistance mechanisms. Furthermore, we outline the perspectives and the potential of future studies that will be indispensable to develop and breed resistant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Albert
- Department of Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology, FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael J Axtell
- Department of Biology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Michael P Timko
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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Brun G, Spallek T, Simier P, Delavault P. Molecular actors of seed germination and haustoriogenesis in parasitic weeds. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1270-1281. [PMID: 33793893 PMCID: PMC8133557 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
One-sentence summary Recent advances provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying host-dependent seed germination and haustorium formation in parasitic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Brun
- Department for Systematic Botany and Biodiversity, Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 13, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Spallek
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philippe Simier
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Pathology, University of Nantes, F-44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Philippe Delavault
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Pathology, University of Nantes, F-44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
- Author for communication:
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Fischer K, Lachner LAM, Olsen S, Mulisch M, Krause K. The Enigma of Interspecific Plasmodesmata: Insight From Parasitic Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:641924. [PMID: 33868340 PMCID: PMC8049502 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.641924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic plants live in intimate physical connection with other plants serving as their hosts. These host plants provide the inorganic and organic compounds that the parasites need for their propagation. The uptake of the macromolecular compounds happens through symplasmic connections in the form of plasmodesmata. In contrast to regular plasmodesmata, which connect genetically identical cells of an individual plant, the plasmodesmata that connect the cells of host and parasite join separate individuals belonging to different species and are therefore termed "interspecific". The existence of such interspecific plasmodesmata was deduced either indirectly using molecular approaches or observed directly by ultrastructural analyses. Most of this evidence concerns shoot parasitic Cuscuta species and root parasitic Orobanchaceae, which can both infect a large range of phylogenetically distant hosts. The existence of an interspecific chimeric symplast is both striking and unique and, with exceptions being observed in closely related grafted plants, exist only in these parasitic relationships. Considering the recent technical advances and upcoming tools for analyzing parasitic plants, interspecific plasmodesmata in parasite/host connections are a promising system for studying secondary plasmodesmata. For open questions like how their formation is induced, how their positioning is controlled and if they are initiated by one or both bordering cells simultaneously, the parasite/host interface with two adjacent distinguishable genetic systems provides valuable advantages. We summarize here what is known about interspecific plasmodesmata between parasitic plants and their hosts and discuss the potential of the intriguing parasite/host system for deepening our insight into plasmodesmatal structure, function, and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Fischer
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lena Anna-Maria Lachner
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stian Olsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Maria Mulisch
- Central Microscopy at the Biology Center, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kirsten Krause
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Mutuku JM, Cui S, Yoshida S, Shirasu K. Orobanchaceae parasite-host interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:46-59. [PMID: 33202061 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic plants in the family Orobanchaceae, such as Striga, Orobanche and Phelipanche, often cause significant damage to agricultural crops. The Orobanchaceae family comprises more than 2000 species in about 100 genera, providing an excellent system for studying the molecular basis of parasitism and its evolution. Notably, the establishment of model Orobanchaceae parasites, such as Triphysaria versicolor and Phtheirospermum japonicum, that can infect the model host Arabidopsis, has greatly facilitated transgenic analyses of genes important for parasitism. In addition, recent genomic and transcriptomic analyses of several Orobanchaceae parasites have revealed fascinating molecular insights into the evolution of parasitism and strategies for adaptation in this family. This review highlights recent progress in understanding how Orobanchaceae parasites attack their hosts and how the hosts mount a defense against the threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Musembi Mutuku
- The Central and West African Virus Epidemiology (WAVE). Pôle Scientifique et d'Innovation de Bingerville, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, BP V34, Abidjan, 01, Côte d'Ivoire
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Songkui Cui
- Institute for Research Initiatives, Division for Research Strategy, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Satoko Yoshida
- Institute for Research Initiatives, Division for Research Strategy, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
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Narukawa H, Yokoyama R, Kuroha T, Nishitani K. Host-produced ethylene is required for marked cell expansion and endoreduplication in dodder search hyphae. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:491-502. [PMID: 33721891 PMCID: PMC8133569 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The genus Cuscuta comprises stem holoparasitic plant species with wide geographic distribution. Cuscuta spp. obtain water, nutrients, proteins, and mRNA from their host plants via a parasitic organ called the haustorium. As the haustorium penetrates into the host tissue, search hyphae elongate within the host tissue and finally connect with the host's vascular system. Invasion by Cuscuta spp. evokes various reactions within the host plant's tissues. Here, we show that, when Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is invaded by Cuscuta campestris, ethylene biosynthesis by the host plant promotes elongation of the parasite's search hyphae. The expression of genes encoding 1-aminocylclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthases, ACC SYNTHASE2 (AtACS2) and ACC SYNTHASE6 (AtACS6), was activated in the stem of Arabidopsis plants upon invasion by C. campestris. When the ethylene-deficient Arabidopsis acs octuple mutant was invaded by C. campestris, cell elongation and endoreduplication of the search hyphae were significantly reduced, and the inhibition of search hyphae growth was complemented by exogenous application of ACC. In contrast, in the C. campestris-infected Arabidopsis ethylene-insensitive mutant etr1-3, no growth inhibition of search hyphae was observed, indicating that ETHYLENE RESPONSE1-mediated ethylene signaling in the host plant is not essential for parasitism by C. campestris. Overall, our results suggest that C. campestris recognizes host-produced ethylene as a stimulatory signal for successful invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Narukawa
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Yokoyama
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kuroha
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nishitani
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Author for communication: (K.N.)
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Jiang Z, Zhao Q, Bai R, Yu R, Diao P, Yan T, Duan H, Ma X, Zhou Z, Fan Y, Wuriyanghan H. Host sunflower-induced silencing of parasitism-related genes confers resistance to invading Orobanche cumana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:424-440. [PMID: 33721890 PMCID: PMC8133596 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Orobanche cumana is a holoparasitic plant that attaches to host-plant roots and seriously reduces the yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Effective control methods are lacking with only a few known sources of genetic resistance. In this study, a seed-soak agroinoculation (SSA) method was established, and recombinant tobacco rattle virus vectors were constructed to express RNA interference (RNAi) inducers to cause virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in sunflower. A host target gene HaTubulin was systemically silenced in both leaf and root tissues by the SSA-VIGS approach. Trans-species silencing of O. cumana genes were confirmed for 10 out of 11 target genes with silencing efficiency of 23.43%-92.67%. Knockdown of target OcQR1, OcCKX5, and OcWRI1 genes reduced the haustoria number, and silencing of OcEXPA6 caused further phenotypic abnormalities such as shorter tubercles and necrosis. Overexpression of OcEXPA6 caused retarded root growth in alfalfa (Medicago sativa). The results demonstrate that these genes play an important role in the processes of O. cumana parasitism. High-throughput small RNA (sRNA) sequencing and bioinformatics analyses unveiled the distinct features of target gene-derived siRNAs in O. cumana such as siRNA transitivity, strand polarity, hotspot region, and 21/22-nt siRNA predominance, the latter of which was confirmed by Northern blot experiments. The possible RNAi mechanism is also discussed by analyzing RNAi machinery genes in O. cumana. Taken together, we established an efficient host-induced gene silencing technology for both functional genetics studies and potential control of O. cumana. The ease and effectiveness of this strategy could potentially be useful for other species provided they are amenable to SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, P. R. China
| | - Qiqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, P. R. China
| | - Runyao Bai
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, P. R. China
| | - Ruonan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Diao
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, P. R. China
| | - Ting Yan
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, P. R. China
| | - Huimin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, P. R. China
| | - Xuesong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, P. R. China
| | - Zikai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, P. R. China
| | - Hada Wuriyanghan
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, P. R. China
- Author for communication:
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Kaulfürst-Soboll H, Mertens-Beer M, Brehler R, Albert M, von Schaewen A. Complex N-Glycans Are Important for Normal Fruit Ripening and Seed Development in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:635962. [PMID: 33767719 PMCID: PMC7985349 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.635962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Complex N-glycan modification of secretory glycoproteins in plants is still not well understood. Essential in animals, where a lack of complex N-glycans is embryo-lethal, their presence in plants seemed less relevant for a long time mostly because Arabidopsis thaliana cgl1 mutants lacking N-acetyl-glucosaminyltransferase I (GNTI, the enzyme initiating complex N-glycan maturation in the Golgi apparatus) are viable and showed only minor impairments regarding stress tolerance or development. A different picture emerged when a rice (Oryza sativa) gntI T-DNA mutant was found to be unable to reach the reproductive stage. Here, we report on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) lines that showed severe impairments upon two RNA interference (RNAi) approaches. Originally created to shed light on the role of core α1,3-fucose and β1,2-xylose residues in food allergy, plants with strongly reduced GNTI activity developed necrotic fruit-attached stalks and early fruit drop combined with patchy incomplete ripening. Correspondingly, semiquantitative RT-PCR of the abscission zone (az) revealed an increase of abscission markers. Also, GNTI-RNA interference (RNAi) plants were more susceptible to sporadic infection. To obtain vital tomatoes with comparable low allergenic potential, Golgi α-mannosidase II (MANII) was chosen as the second target. The resulting phenotypes were oppositional: MANII-reduced plants carried normal-looking fruits that remained attached for extended time without signs of necrosis. Fruits contained no or only few, but enlarged, seeds. Furthermore, leaves developed rolled-up rims simultaneously during the reproductive stage. Trials to cross MANII-reduced plants failed, while GNTI-reduced plants could be (back-)crossed, retaining their characteristic phenotype. This phenotype could not be overcome by ethephon or indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) application, but the latter was able to mimic patchy fruit ripening in wild-type. Phytohormones measured in leaves and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) contents in fruits showed no significant differences. Together, the findings hint at altered liberation/perception of protein-bound N-glycans, known to trigger auxin-like effects. Concomitantly, semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed differences in auxin-responsive genes, indicating the importance of complex N-glycan modification for hormone signaling/crosstalk. Another possible role of altered glycoprotein life span seems subordinate, as concluded from transient expression of Arabidopsis KORRIGAN KOR1-GFP fusion proteins in RNAi plants of Nicotiana benthamiana. In summary, our analyses stress the importance of complex N-glycan maturation for normal plant responses, especially in fruit-bearing crops like tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Randolf Brehler
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Albert
- Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Antje von Schaewen
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- *Correspondence: Antje von Schaewen, ;
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40
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de Azevedo Manhães AME, Ortiz-Morea FA, He P, Shan L. Plant plasma membrane-resident receptors: Surveillance for infections and coordination for growth and development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:79-101. [PMID: 33305880 PMCID: PMC7855669 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants are exposed to pathogen invasions and environmental fluctuations. To overcome the challenges of their surroundings, plants acquire the potential to sense endogenous and exogenous cues, resulting in their adaptability. Hence, plants have evolved a large collection of plasma membrane-resident receptors, including RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASEs (RLKs) and RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEINs (RLPs) to perceive those signals and regulate plant growth, development, and immunity. The ability of RLKs and RLPs to recognize distinct ligands relies on diverse categories of extracellular domains evolved. Co-regulatory receptors are often required to associate with RLKs and RLPs to facilitate cellular signal transduction. RECEPTOR-LIKE CYTOPLASMIC KINASEs (RLCKs) also associate with the complex, bifurcating the signal to key signaling hubs, such as MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (MAPK) cascades, to regulate diverse biological processes. Here, we discuss recent knowledge advances in understanding the roles of RLKs and RLPs in plant growth, development, and immunity, and their connection with co-regulatory receptors, leading to activation of diverse intracellular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fausto Andres Ortiz-Morea
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones Amazonicas CIMAZ-MACAGUAL, Universidad de la Amazonia, Florencia 180002622, Colombia
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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41
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Steinbrenner AD, Muñoz-Amatriaín M, Chaparro AF, Aguilar-Venegas JM, Lo S, Okuda S, Glauser G, Dongiovanni J, Shi D, Hall M, Crubaugh D, Holton N, Zipfel C, Abagyan R, Turlings TCJ, Close TJ, Huffaker A, Schmelz EA. A receptor-like protein mediates plant immune responses to herbivore-associated molecular patterns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:31510-31518. [PMID: 33229576 PMCID: PMC7733821 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018415117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivory is fundamental to the regulation of both global food webs and the extent of agricultural crop losses. Induced plant responses to herbivores promote resistance and often involve the perception of specific herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs); however, precisely defined receptors and elicitors associated with herbivore recognition remain elusive. Here, we show that a receptor confers signaling and defense outputs in response to a defined HAMP common in caterpillar oral secretions (OS). Staple food crops, including cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), specifically respond to OS via recognition of proteolytic fragments of chloroplastic ATP synthase, termed inceptins. Using forward-genetic mapping of inceptin-induced plant responses, we identified a corresponding leucine-rich repeat receptor, termed INR, specific to select legume species and sufficient to confer inceptin-induced responses and enhanced defense against armyworms (Spodoptera exigua) in tobacco. Our results support the role of plant immune receptors in the perception of chewing herbivores and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Steinbrenner
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Maria Muñoz-Amatriaín
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | | | - Jessica Montserrat Aguilar-Venegas
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Laboratory of AgriGenomic Sciences, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Leon, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 37684 Leon, Mexico
| | - Sassoum Lo
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Satohiro Okuda
- Department for Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gaetan Glauser
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julien Dongiovanni
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Da Shi
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Marlo Hall
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Daniel Crubaugh
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Nicholas Holton
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, NR4 7UH Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, NR4 7UH Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ruben Abagyan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ted C J Turlings
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Timothy J Close
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Eric A Schmelz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
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Poretsky E, Dressano K, Weckwerth P, Ruiz M, Char SN, Shi D, Abagyan R, Yang B, Huffaker A. Differential activities of maize plant elicitor peptides as mediators of immune signaling and herbivore resistance. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1582-1602. [PMID: 33058410 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant elicitor peptides (Peps) are conserved regulators of defense responses and models for the study of damage-associated molecular pattern-induced immunity. Although present as multigene families in most species, the functional relevance of these multigene families remains largely undefined. While Arabidopsis Peps appear largely redundant in function, previous work examining Pep-induced responses in maize (Zm) implied specificity of function. To better define the function of individual ZmPeps and their cognate receptors (ZmPEPRs), activities were examined by assessing changes in defense-associated phytohormones, specialized metabolites and global gene expression patterns, in combination with heterologous expression assays and analyses of CRISPR/Cas9-generated knockout plants. Beyond simply delineating individual ZmPep and ZmPEPR activities, these experiments led to a number of new insights into Pep signaling mechanisms. ZmPROPEP and other poaceous precursors were found to contain multiple active Peps, a phenomenon not previously observed for this family. In all, seven new ZmPeps were identified and the peptides were found to have specific activities defined by the relative magnitude of their response output rather than by uniqueness. A striking correlation was observed between individual ZmPep-elicited changes in levels of jasmonic acid and ethylene and the magnitude of induced defense responses, indicating that ZmPeps may collectively regulate immune output through rheostat-like tuning of phytohormone levels. Peptide structure-function studies and ligand-receptor modeling revealed structural features critical to the function of ZmPeps and led to the identification of ZmPep5a as a potential antagonist peptide able to competitively inhibit the activity of other ZmPeps, a regulatory mechanism not previously observed for this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly Poretsky
- Division of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Keini Dressano
- Division of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Philipp Weckwerth
- Division of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Miguel Ruiz
- Division of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Si Nian Char
- Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Da Shi
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ruben Abagyan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Division of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Hu L, Wang J, Yang C, Islam F, Bouwmeester HJ, Muños S, Zhou W. The Effect of Virulence and Resistance Mechanisms on the Interactions between Parasitic Plants and Their Hosts. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9013. [PMID: 33260931 PMCID: PMC7730841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic plants have a unique heterotrophic lifestyle based on the extraction of water and nutrients from host plants. Some parasitic plant species, particularly those of the family Orobanchaceae, attack crops and cause substantial yield losses. The breeding of resistant crop varieties is an inexpensive way to control parasitic weeds, but often does not provide a long-lasting solution because the parasites rapidly evolve to overcome resistance. Understanding mechanisms underlying naturally occurring parasitic plant resistance is of great interest and could help to develop methods to control parasitic plants. In this review, we describe the virulence mechanisms of parasitic plants and resistance mechanisms in their hosts, focusing on obligate root parasites of the genera Orobanche and Striga. We noticed that the resistance (R) genes in the host genome often encode proteins with nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat domains (NLR proteins), hence we proposed a mechanism by which host plants use NLR proteins to activate downstream resistance gene expression. We speculated how parasitic plants and their hosts co-evolved and discussed what drives the evolution of virulence effectors in parasitic plants by considering concepts from similar studies of plant-microbe interaction. Most previous studies have focused on the host rather than the parasite, so we also provided an updated summary of genomic resources for parasitic plants and parasitic genes for further research to test our hypotheses. Finally, we discussed new approaches such as CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing and RNAi silencing that can provide deeper insight into the intriguing life cycle of parasitic plants and could potentially contribute to the development of novel strategies for controlling parasitic weeds, thereby enhancing crop productivity and food security globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Hu
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.H.); (J.W.); (F.I.)
| | - Jiansu Wang
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.H.); (J.W.); (F.I.)
| | - Chong Yang
- Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioengineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China;
| | - Faisal Islam
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.H.); (J.W.); (F.I.)
| | - Harro J. Bouwmeester
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1000 BE Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Stéphane Muños
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France;
| | - Weijun Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.H.); (J.W.); (F.I.)
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44
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The tomato receptor CuRe1 senses a cell wall protein to identify Cuscuta as a pathogen. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5299. [PMID: 33082345 PMCID: PMC7576778 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19147-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic plants of the genus Cuscuta penetrate shoots of host plants with haustoria and build a connection to the host vasculature to exhaust water, solutes and carbohydrates. Such infections usually stay unrecognized by the host and lead to harmful host plant damage. Here, we show a molecular mechanism of how plants can sense parasitic Cuscuta. We isolated an 11 kDa protein of the parasite cell wall and identified it as a glycine-rich protein (GRP). This GRP, as well as its minimal peptide epitope Crip21, serve as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern and specifically bind and activate a membrane-bound immune receptor of tomato, the Cuscuta Receptor 1 (CuRe1), leading to defense responses in resistant hosts. These findings provide the initial steps to understand the resistance mechanisms against parasitic plants and further offer great potential for protecting crops by engineering resistance against parasitic plants. Parasitic plants such as Cuscuta penetrate the shoots of susceptible hosts to obtain sugars, solutes and water. Here the authors show that resistant varieties of tomato can trigger an immune response against Cuscuta by perceiving a small glycine rich protein produced by the parasite.
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45
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Fernández-Aparicio M, Delavault P, Timko MP. Management of Infection by Parasitic Weeds: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1184. [PMID: 32932904 PMCID: PMC7570238 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic plants rely on neighboring host plants to complete their life cycle, forming vascular connections through which they withdraw needed nutritive resources. In natural ecosystems, parasitic plants form one component of the plant community and parasitism contributes to overall community balance. In contrast, when parasitic plants become established in low biodiversified agroecosystems, their persistence causes tremendous yield losses rendering agricultural lands uncultivable. The control of parasitic weeds is challenging because there are few sources of crop resistance and it is difficult to apply controlling methods selective enough to kill the weeds without damaging the crop to which they are physically and biochemically attached. The management of parasitic weeds is also hindered by their high fecundity, dispersal efficiency, persistent seedbank, and rapid responses to changes in agricultural practices, which allow them to adapt to new hosts and manifest increased aggressiveness against new resistant cultivars. New understanding of the physiological and molecular mechanisms behind the processes of germination and haustorium development, and behind the crop resistant response, in addition to the discovery of new targets for herbicides and bioherbicides will guide researchers on the design of modern agricultural strategies for more effective, durable, and health compatible parasitic weed control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Fernández-Aparicio
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Philippe Delavault
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Pathology, University of Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France;
| | - Michael P. Timko
- Department of Biology University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4328, USA;
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46
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Steinbrenner AD. The evolving landscape of cell surface pattern recognition across plant immune networks. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 56:135-146. [PMID: 32615401 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To recognize diverse threats, plants monitor extracellular molecular patterns and transduce intracellular immune signaling through receptor complexes at the plasma membrane. Pattern recognition occurs through a prototypical network of interacting proteins, comprising A) receptors that recognize inputs associated with a growing number of pest and pathogen classes (bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, caterpillars), B) co-receptor kinases that participate in binding and signaling, and C) cytoplasmic kinases that mediate first stages of immune output. While this framework has been elucidated in reference accessions of model organisms, network components are part of gene families with widespread variation, potentially tuning immunocompetence for specific contexts. Most dramatically, variation in receptor repertoires determines the range of ligands acting as immunogenic inputs for a given plant. Diversification of receptor kinase (RK) and related receptor-like protein (RLP) repertoires may tune responses even within a species. Comparative genomics at pangenome scale will reveal patterns and features of immune network variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Steinbrenner
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA; Washington Research Foundation, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
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47
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Clarke CR, Park SY, Tuosto R, Jia X, Yoder A, Van Mullekom J, Westwood J. Multiple immunity-related genes control susceptibility of Arabidopsis thaliana to the parasitic weed Phelipanche aegyptiaca. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9268. [PMID: 32551199 PMCID: PMC7289146 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic weeds represent a major threat to agricultural production across the world. Little is known about which host genetic pathways determine compatibility for any host–parasitic plant interaction. We developed a quantitative assay to characterize the growth of the parasitic weed Phelipanche aegyptiaca on 46 mutant lines of the host plant Arabidopsis thaliana to identify host genes that are essential for susceptibility to the parasite. A. thaliana host plants with mutations in genes involved in jasmonic acid biosynthesis/signaling or the negative regulation of plant immunity were less susceptible to P. aegyptiaca parasitization. In contrast, A. thaliana plants with a mutant allele of the putative immunity hub gene Pfd6 were more susceptible to parasitization. Additionally, quantitative PCR revealed that P. aegyptiaca parasitization leads to transcriptional reprograming of several hormone signaling pathways. While most tested A. thaliana lines were fully susceptible to P. aegyptiaca parasitization, this work revealed several host genes essential for full susceptibility or resistance to parasitism. Altering these pathways may be a viable approach for limiting host plant susceptibility to parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Clarke
- Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - So-Yon Park
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Robert Tuosto
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Jia
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Amanda Yoder
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - James Westwood
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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48
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Delavault P. Are root parasitic plants like any other plant pathogens? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:641-643. [PMID: 32232908 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Delavault
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, EA 1157, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Université de Nantes, Nantes Cedex, France
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49
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Kim JH, Castroverde CDM. Diversity, Function and Regulation of Cell Surface and Intracellular Immune Receptors in Solanaceae. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040434. [PMID: 32244634 PMCID: PMC7238418 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The first layer of the plant immune system comprises plasma membrane-localized receptor proteins and intracellular receptors of the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein superfamily. Together, these immune receptors act as a network of surveillance machines in recognizing extracellular and intracellular pathogen invasion-derived molecules, ranging from conserved structural epitopes to virulence-promoting effectors. Successful pathogen recognition leads to physiological and molecular changes in the host plants, which are critical for counteracting and defending against biotic attack. A breadth of significant insights and conceptual advances have been derived from decades of research in various model plant species regarding the structural complexity, functional diversity, and regulatory mechanisms of these plant immune receptors. In this article, we review the current state-of-the-art of how these host surveillance proteins function and how they are regulated. We will focus on the latest progress made in plant species belonging to the Solanaceae family, because of their tremendous importance as model organisms and agriculturally valuable crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hum Kim
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Correspondence: (J.H.K.); (C.D.M.C.)
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50
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Fitzpatrick CR, Schneider AC. Unique bacterial assembly, composition, and interactions in a parasitic plant and its host. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2198-2209. [PMID: 31912143 PMCID: PMC7094075 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
How plant-associated microbiota are shaped by, and potentially contribute to, the unique ecology and heterotrophic life history of parasitic plants is relatively unknown. Here, we investigate the leaf and root bacterial communities of the root holoparasite Orobanche hederae and its host Hedera spp. from natural populations. Root bacteria inhabiting Orobanche were less diverse, had fewer co-associations, and displayed increased compositional similarity to leaf bacteria relative to Hedera. Overall, Orobanche bacteria exhibited significant congruency with Hedera root bacteria across sites, but not the surrounding soil. Infection had localized and systemic effects on Hedera bacteria, which included effects on the abundance of individual taxa and root network properties. Collectively, our results indicate that the parasitic plant microbiome is derived but distinct from the host plant microbiota, exhibits increased homogenization between shoot and root tissues, and displays far fewer co-associations among individual bacterial members. Host plant infection is accompanied by modest changes of associated microbiota at both local and systemic scales compared with uninfected individuals. Our results are a first step towards extending the growing insight into the assembly and function of the plant microbiome to include the ecologically unique but often overlooked guild of heterotrophic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor R Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Corresponding author: . Present address: Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Adam C Schneider
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Present address: Department of Biology, Hendrix College, Conway, AR 72032, USA
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