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Tian Y, Wu X, Luo S, Xiong D, Liu R, Hu L, Yuan Y, Shi G, Yao J, Huang Z, Fu F, Yang X, Tang Z, Zhang J, Hu K. A multi-omic single-cell landscape of cellular diversification in the developing human cerebral cortex. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:2173-2189. [PMID: 38827229 PMCID: PMC11141146 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The vast neuronal diversity in the human neocortex is vital for high-order brain functions, necessitating elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms underlying such unparalleled diversity. However, recent studies have yet to comprehensively reveal the diversity of neurons and the molecular logic of neocortical origin in humans at single-cell resolution through profiling transcriptomic or epigenomic landscapes, owing to the application of unimodal data alone to depict exceedingly heterogeneous populations of neurons. In this study, we generated a comprehensive compendium of the developing human neocortex by simultaneously profiling gene expression and open chromatin from the same cell. We computationally reconstructed the differentiation trajectories of excitatory projection neurons of cortical origin and inferred the regulatory logic governing lineage bifurcation decisions for neuronal diversification. We demonstrated that neuronal diversity arises from progenitor cell lineage specificity and postmitotic differentiation at distinct stages. Our data paves the way for understanding the primarily coordinated regulatory logic for neuronal diversification in the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Tian
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xia Wu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Songhao Luo
- School of Mathematics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Dan Xiong
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lanqi Hu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuchen Yuan
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Guowei Shi
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Junjie Yao
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- School of Mathematics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fang Fu
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Zhonghui Tang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiajun Zhang
- School of Mathematics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Kunhua Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Public Platform Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
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2
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Katayama R, Kumamoto T, Wada K, Hanashima C, Ohtaka-Maruyama C. Thalamic activity-dependent specification of sensory input neurons in the developing chick entopallium. J Comp Neurol 2024; 532:e25627. [PMID: 38813969 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
During development, cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic factors play important roles in neuronal differentiation; however, the underlying mechanisms in nonmammalian species remain largely unknown. We here investigated the mechanisms responsible for the differentiation of sensory input neurons in the chick entopallium, which receives its primary visual input via the tectofugal pathway from the nucleus rotundus. The results obtained revealed that input neurons in the entopallium expressed Potassium Voltage-Gated Channel Subfamily H Member 5 (KCNH5/EAG2) mRNA from embryonic day (E) 11. On the other hand, the onset of protein expression was E20, which was 1 day before hatching. We confirm that entopallium input neurons in chicks were generated during early neurogenesis in the lateral and ventral ventricular zones. Notably, neurons derived from the lateral (LP) and ventral pallium (VP) exhibited a spatially distinct distribution along the rostro-caudal axis. We further demonstrated that the expression of EAG2 was directly regulated by input activity from thalamic axons. Collectively, the present results reveal that thalamic input activity is essential for specifying input neurons among LP- and VP-derived early-generated neurons in the developing chick entopallium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoka Katayama
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Developmental Neuroscience Project, Department of Brain & Neurosciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuma Kumamoto
- Developmental Neuroscience Project, Department of Brain & Neurosciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Wada
- Developmental Neuroscience Project, Department of Brain & Neurosciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
- School of Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Carina Hanashima
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ohtaka-Maruyama
- Developmental Neuroscience Project, Department of Brain & Neurosciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
- School of Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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3
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Barão S, Xu Y, Llongueras JP, Vistein R, Goff L, Nielsen K, Bae BI, Smith RS, Walsh CA, Stein-O'Brien G, Müller U. BRN1/2 Function in Neocortical Size Determination and Microcephaly. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.02.565322. [PMID: 37961182 PMCID: PMC10635068 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.02.565322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex differs vastly in size and complexity between mammalian species, yet the mechanisms that lead to an increase in brain size during evolution are not known. We show here that two transcription factors coordinate gene expression programs in progenitor cells of the neocortex to regulate their proliferative capacity and neuronal output in order to determine brain size. Comparative studies in mice, ferrets and macaques demonstrate an evolutionary conserved function for these transcription factors to regulate progenitor behaviors across the mammalian clade. Strikingly, the two transcriptional regulators control the expression of large numbers of genes linked to microcephaly suggesting that transcriptional deregulation as an important determinant of the molecular pathogenesis of microcephaly, which is consistent with the finding that genetic manipulation of the two transcription factors leads to severe microcephaly.
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4
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Di Bella DJ, Domínguez-Iturza N, Brown JR, Arlotta P. Making Ramón y Cajal proud: Development of cell identity and diversity in the cerebral cortex. Neuron 2024:S0896-6273(24)00282-4. [PMID: 38754415 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Since the beautiful images of Santiago Ramón y Cajal provided a first glimpse into the immense diversity and complexity of cell types found in the cerebral cortex, neuroscience has been challenged and inspired to understand how these diverse cells are generated and how they interact with each other to orchestrate the development of this remarkable tissue. Some fundamental questions drive the field's quest to understand cortical development: what are the mechanistic principles that govern the emergence of neuronal diversity? How do extrinsic and intrinsic signals integrate with physical forces and activity to shape cell identity? How do the diverse populations of neurons and glia influence each other during development to guarantee proper integration and function? The advent of powerful new technologies to profile and perturb cortical development at unprecedented resolution and across a variety of modalities has offered a new opportunity to integrate past knowledge with brand new data. Here, we review some of this progress using cortical excitatory projection neurons as a system to draw out general principles of cell diversification and the role of cell-cell interactions during cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela J Di Bella
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Nuria Domínguez-Iturza
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Juliana R Brown
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Paola Arlotta
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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5
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Buth JE, Dyevich CE, Rubin A, Wang C, Gao L, Marks T, Harrison MR, Kong JH, Ross ME, Novitch BG, Pearson CA. Foxp1 suppresses cortical angiogenesis and attenuates HIF-1alpha signaling to promote neural progenitor cell maintenance. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:2202-2219. [PMID: 38600346 PMCID: PMC11094073 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells within the cerebral cortex undergo a characteristic switch between symmetric self-renewing cell divisions early in development and asymmetric neurogenic divisions later. Yet, the mechanisms controlling this transition remain unclear. Previous work has shown that early but not late neural progenitor cells (NPCs) endogenously express the autism-linked transcription factor Foxp1, and both loss and gain of Foxp1 function can alter NPC activity and fate choices. Here, we show that premature loss of Foxp1 upregulates transcriptional programs regulating angiogenesis, glycolysis, and cellular responses to hypoxia. These changes coincide with a premature destabilization of HIF-1α, an elevation in HIF-1α target genes, including Vegfa in NPCs, and precocious vascular network development. In vitro experiments demonstrate that stabilization of HIF-1α in Foxp1-deficient NPCs rescues the premature differentiation phenotype and restores NPC maintenance. Our data indicate that the endogenous decline in Foxp1 expression activates the HIF-1α transcriptional program leading to changes in the tissue environment adjacent to NPCs, which, in turn, might alter their self-renewal and neurogenic capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie E Buth
- Department of Neurobiology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Catherine E Dyevich
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute and Center for Neurogenetics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Alexandra Rubin
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute and Center for Neurogenetics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Chengbing Wang
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute and Center for Neurogenetics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Tessa Marks
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Michael Rm Harrison
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Jennifer H Kong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Ross
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute and Center for Neurogenetics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Bennett G Novitch
- Department of Neurobiology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Caroline Alayne Pearson
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute and Center for Neurogenetics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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6
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Deng H, Tong S, Shen D, Zhang S, Fu Y. The characteristics of excitatory lineage differentiation and the developmental conservation in Reeler neocortex. Cell Prolif 2024; 57:e13587. [PMID: 38084819 PMCID: PMC11056708 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The majority of neocortical projection neurons are generated indirectly from radial glial cells (RGCs) mediated by intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs) in mice. IPCs are thought to be a great breakthrough in the evolutionary expansion of the mammalian neocortex. However, the precise ratio of neuron production from IPCs and characteristics of RGC differentiation process are still unclear. Our study revealed that direct neurogenesis was seldom observed and increased slightly at late embryonic stage. Besides, we conducted retrovirus sparse labelling combined carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimide ester (CFSE) and Tbr2-CreER strain to reconstruct individual lineage tree in situ. The lineage trees simulated the output of RGCs at per round of division in sequence with high temporal, spatial and cellular resolution at P7. We then demonstrated that only 1.90% of neurons emanated from RGCs directly in mouse cerebral neocortex and 79.33% of RGCs contributed to the whole clones through IPCs. The contribution of indirect neurogenesis was underestimated previously because approximately a quarter of IPC-derived neurons underwent apoptosis. Here, we also showed that abundant IPCs from first-generation underwent self-renewing division and generated four neurons ultimately. We confirmed that the intermediate proliferative progenitors expressed higher Cux2 characteristically at early embryonic stage. Finally, we validated that the characteristics of neurogenetic process in lineages and developmental fate of neurons were conserved in Reeler mice. This study contributes to further understanding of neurogenesis in neocortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan‐Huan Deng
- Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shi‐Yuan Tong
- Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Dan Shen
- Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shu‐Qing Zhang
- Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yinghui Fu
- Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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7
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Ratié L, Humbert S. A developmental component to Huntington's disease. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2024; 180:357-362. [PMID: 38614929 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a dominantly inherited disorder characterized by the dysfunction and death of cortical and striatal neurons. Striatal degeneration in Huntington's disease is due, at least in part, to defective cortical signalling to the striatum. Although Huntington's disease generally manifests at the adult stage, mouse and neuroimaging studies of presymptomatic mutation carriers suggest that it may affect neurodevelopment. In support of this notion, the development of the cortex is altered in mice with Huntington's disease and the foetuses of human Huntington's disease gene carriers. We will discuss these studies and the contribution of abnormal brain development to the later appearance of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ratié
- U1216, CEA, Grenoble Institute Neurosciences, Inserm, université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - S Humbert
- Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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8
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Liu J, Mosti F, Zhao HT, Sotelo-Fonseca JE, Escobar-Tomlienovich CF, Lollis D, Musso CM, Mao Y, Massri AJ, Doll HM, Sousa AM, Wray GA, Schmidt E, Silver DL. A human-specific enhancer fine-tunes radial glia potency and corticogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.10.588953. [PMID: 38645099 PMCID: PMC11030412 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.10.588953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Humans evolved an extraordinarily expanded and complex cerebral cortex, associated with developmental and gene regulatory modifications 1-3 . Human accelerated regions (HARs) are highly conserved genomic sequences with human-specific nucleotide substitutions. Although there are thousands of annotated HARs, their functional contribution to human-specific cortical development is largely unknown 4,5 . HARE5 is a HAR transcriptional enhancer of the WNT signaling receptor Frizzled8 (FZD8) active during brain development 6 . Here, using genome-edited mouse and primate models, we demonstrate that human (Hs) HARE5 fine-tunes cortical development and connectivity by controlling the proliferative and neurogenic capacity of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Hs-HARE5 knock-in mice have significantly enlarged neocortices containing more neurons. By measuring neural dynamics in vivo we show these anatomical features correlate with increased functional independence between cortical regions. To understand the underlying developmental mechanisms, we assess progenitor fate using live imaging, lineage analysis, and single-cell RNA sequencing. This reveals Hs-HARE5 modifies radial glial progenitor behavior, with increased self-renewal at early developmental stages followed by expanded neurogenic potential. We use genome-edited human and chimpanzee (Pt) NPCs and cortical organoids to assess the relative enhancer activity and function of Hs-HARE5 and Pt-HARE5. Using these orthogonal strategies we show four human-specific variants in HARE5 drive increased enhancer activity which promotes progenitor proliferation. These findings illustrate how small changes in regulatory DNA can directly impact critical signaling pathways and brain development. Our study uncovers new functions for HARs as key regulatory elements crucial for the expansion and complexity of the human cerebral cortex.
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9
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Ciceri G, Studer L. Epigenetic control and manipulation of neuronal maturation timing. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2024; 85:102164. [PMID: 38412562 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2024.102164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
During brain development, the sequence of developmental steps and the underlying transcriptional regulatory logic are largely conserved across species. However, the temporal unfolding of developmental programs varies dramatically across species and within a given species varies across brain regions and cell identities. The maturation of neurons in the human cerebral cortex is particularly slow and lasts for many years compared with only a few weeks for the corresponding mouse neurons. The mechanisms setting the 'schedule' of neuronal maturation remain unclear but appear to be linked to a cell-intrinsic 'clock'. Here, we discuss recent findings that highlight a role for epigenetic factors in the timing of neuronal maturation. Manipulations of those factors in stem cell-based models can override the intrinsic pace of neuronal maturation, including its protracted nature in human cortical neurons. We then contextualize the epigenetic regulation of maturation programs with findings from other model systems and propose potential interactions between epigenetic pathways and other drivers of developmental rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Ciceri
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Biology program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Lorenz Studer
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Biology program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Fei Q, Im DS, Xu Y, Huang T, Qu D. Timing dependent neuronal migration is regulated by Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation of JIP1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1371568. [PMID: 38606319 PMCID: PMC11007206 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1371568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The mammalian brain, especially the cerebral cortex, has evolved to increase in size and complexity. The proper development of the cerebral cortex requires the coordination of several events, such as differentiation and migration, that are essential for forming a precise six-layered structure. We have previously reported that Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation of JIP1 at T205 modulates axonal out-growth. However, the spatiotemporal expression patterns and functions of these three genes (Cdk5, Cdk5r1 or p35, and Mapk8ip1 or JIP1) in distinct cell types during cortical development remain unclear. In this study, we analyzed single-cell RNA-sequencing data of mouse embryonic cortex and discovered that Cdk5, p35, and JIP1 are dynamically expressed in intermediate progenitors (IPs). Pseudotime analysis revealed that the expression of these three genes was concomitantly upregulated in IPs during neuronal migration and differentiation. By manipulating the expression of JIP1 and phospho-mimetic JIP1 using in utero electroporation, we showed that phosphorylated JIP1 at T205 affected the temporal migration of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Fei
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Doo Soon Im
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yiwen Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tianwen Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dianbo Qu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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11
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Sagner A. Temporal patterning of the vertebrate developing neural tube. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2024; 86:102179. [PMID: 38490162 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2024.102179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The chronologically ordered generation of distinct cell types is essential for the establishment of neuronal diversity and the formation of neuronal circuits. Recently, single-cell transcriptomic analyses of various areas of the developing vertebrate nervous system have provided evidence for the existence of a shared temporal patterning program that partitions neurons based on the timing of neurogenesis. In this review, I summarize the findings that lead to the proposal of this shared temporal program before focusing on the developing spinal cord to discuss how temporal patterning in general and this program specifically contributes to the ordered formation of neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sagner
- Institut für Biochemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstraße 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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12
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Xu L, Yuan Z, Zhou J, Zhao Y, Liu W, Lu S, He Z, Qiang B, Shu P, Chen Y, Peng X. Temporal transcriptomic dynamics in developing macaque neocortex. eLife 2024; 12:RP90325. [PMID: 38415809 PMCID: PMC10911584 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite intense research on mice, the transcriptional regulation of neocortical neurogenesis remains limited in humans and non-human primates. Cortical development in rhesus macaque is known to recapitulate multiple facets of cortical development in humans, including the complex composition of neural stem cells and the thicker supragranular layer. To characterize temporal shifts in transcriptomic programming responsible for differentiation from stem cells to neurons, we sampled parietal lobes of rhesus macaque at E40, E50, E70, E80, and E90, spanning the full period of prenatal neurogenesis. Single-cell RNA sequencing produced a transcriptomic atlas of developing parietal lobe in rhesus macaque neocortex. Identification of distinct cell types and neural stem cells emerging in different developmental stages revealed a terminally bifurcating trajectory from stem cells to neurons. Notably, deep-layer neurons appear in the early stages of neurogenesis, while upper-layer neurons appear later. While these different lineages show overlap in their differentiation program, cell fates are determined post-mitotically. Trajectories analysis from ventricular radial glia (vRGs) to outer radial glia (oRGs) revealed dynamic gene expression profiles and identified differential activation of BMP, FGF, and WNT signaling pathways between vRGs and oRGs. These results provide a comprehensive overview of the temporal patterns of gene expression leading to different fates of radial glial progenitors during neocortex layer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjiang Xu
- Institute of Medical Biology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunmingChina
| | - Zan Yuan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Agricultural Big Data, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jiafeng Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Institute of Medical Biology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunmingChina
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Shuaiyao Lu
- Institute of Medical Biology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunmingChina
| | - Zhanlong He
- Institute of Medical Biology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunmingChina
| | - Boqin Qiang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Pengcheng Shu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- Chinese Institute for Brain ResearchBeijingChina
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- Institute of Medical Biology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical CollegeKunmingChina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
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13
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Sood C, Nahid MA, Branham KR, Pahl M, Doyle SE, Siegrist SE. Delta-dependent Notch activation closes the early neuroblast temporal program to promote lineage progression and neurogenesis termination in Drosophila. eLife 2024; 12:RP88565. [PMID: 38391176 PMCID: PMC10942576 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroblasts in Drosophila divide asymmetrically, sequentially expressing a series of intrinsic factors to generate a diversity of neuron types. These intrinsic factors known as temporal factors dictate timing of neuroblast transitions in response to steroid hormone signaling and specify early versus late temporal fates in neuroblast neuron progeny. After completing their temporal programs, neuroblasts differentiate or die, finalizing both neuron number and type within each neuroblast lineage. From a screen aimed at identifying genes required to terminate neuroblast divisions, we identified Notch and Notch pathway components. When Notch is knocked down, neuroblasts maintain early temporal factor expression longer, delay late temporal factor expression, and continue dividing into adulthood. We find that Delta, expressed in cortex glia, neuroblasts, and after division, their GMC progeny, regulates neuroblast Notch activity. We also find that Delta in neuroblasts is expressed high early, low late, and is controlled by the intrinsic temporal program: early factor Imp promotes Delta, late factors Syp/E93 reduce Delta. Thus, in addition to systemic steroid hormone cues, forward lineage progression is controlled by local cell-cell signaling between neuroblasts and their cortex glia/GMC neighbors: Delta transactivates Notch in neuroblasts bringing the early temporal program and early temporal factor expression to a close.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhavi Sood
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | | | - Kendall R Branham
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Matt Pahl
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Susan E Doyle
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Sarah E Siegrist
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
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14
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Fisher J, Verhagen M, Long Z, Moissidis M, Yan Y, He C, Wang J, Micoli E, Alastruey CM, Moors R, Marín O, Mi D, Lim L. Cortical somatostatin long-range projection neurons and interneurons exhibit divergent developmental trajectories. Neuron 2024; 112:558-573.e8. [PMID: 38086373 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The mammalian cerebral cortex contains an extraordinary diversity of cell types that emerge by implementing different developmental programs. Delineating when and how cellular diversification occurs is particularly challenging for cortical inhibitory neurons because they represent a small proportion of all cortical cells and have a protracted development. Here, we combine single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics to characterize the emergence of neuronal diversity among somatostatin-expressing (SST+) cells in mice. We found that SST+ inhibitory neurons segregate during embryonic stages into long-range projection (LRP) neurons and two types of interneurons, Martinotti cells and non-Martinotti cells, following distinct developmental trajectories. Two main subtypes of LRP neurons and several subtypes of interneurons are readily distinguishable in the embryo, although interneuron diversity is likely refined during early postnatal life. Our results suggest that the timing for cellular diversification is unique for different subtypes of SST+ neurons and particularly divergent for LRP neurons and interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Fisher
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, SE1 1UL London, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, SE1 1UL, London, UK
| | - Marieke Verhagen
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zhen Long
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Monika Moissidis
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, SE1 1UL London, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, SE1 1UL, London, UK
| | - Yiming Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chenyi He
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Elia Micoli
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Clara Milían Alastruey
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rani Moors
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Oscar Marín
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, SE1 1UL London, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, SE1 1UL, London, UK.
| | - Da Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Lynette Lim
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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15
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Ciceri G, Baggiolini A, Cho HS, Kshirsagar M, Benito-Kwiecinski S, Walsh RM, Aromolaran KA, Gonzalez-Hernandez AJ, Munguba H, Koo SY, Xu N, Sevilla KJ, Goldstein PA, Levitz J, Leslie CS, Koche RP, Studer L. An epigenetic barrier sets the timing of human neuronal maturation. Nature 2024; 626:881-890. [PMID: 38297124 PMCID: PMC10881400 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06984-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The pace of human brain development is highly protracted compared with most other species1-7. The maturation of cortical neurons is particularly slow, taking months to years to develop adult functions3-5. Remarkably, such protracted timing is retained in cortical neurons derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) during in vitro differentiation or upon transplantation into the mouse brain4,8,9. Those findings suggest the presence of a cell-intrinsic clock setting the pace of neuronal maturation, although the molecular nature of this clock remains unknown. Here we identify an epigenetic developmental programme that sets the timing of human neuronal maturation. First, we developed a hPSC-based approach to synchronize the birth of cortical neurons in vitro which enabled us to define an atlas of morphological, functional and molecular maturation. We observed a slow unfolding of maturation programmes, limited by the retention of specific epigenetic factors. Loss of function of several of those factors in cortical neurons enables precocious maturation. Transient inhibition of EZH2, EHMT1 and EHMT2 or DOT1L, at progenitor stage primes newly born neurons to rapidly acquire mature properties upon differentiation. Thus our findings reveal that the rate at which human neurons mature is set well before neurogenesis through the establishment of an epigenetic barrier in progenitor cells. Mechanistically, this barrier holds transcriptional maturation programmes in a poised state that is gradually released to ensure the prolonged timeline of human cortical neuron maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Ciceri
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Arianna Baggiolini
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona Institutes of Science (BIOS+), Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Hyein S Cho
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Meghana Kshirsagar
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Microsoft AI for Good Research, Redmond, WA, USA
| | - Silvia Benito-Kwiecinski
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan M Walsh
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Hermany Munguba
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - So Yeon Koo
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Neuroscience PhD Program, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nan Xu
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Louis V. Gerstner Jr Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kaylin J Sevilla
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter A Goldstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua Levitz
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christina S Leslie
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard P Koche
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lorenz Studer
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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16
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Zou W, Lv Y, Zhang S, Li L, Sun L, Jiao J. Lysosomal dynamics regulate mammalian cortical neurogenesis. Dev Cell 2024; 59:64-78.e5. [PMID: 38103552 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian neocortex formation follows a stereotypical pattern wherein the self-renew and differentiation of neural stem cells are coordinated with diverse organelle dynamics. However, the role of lysosomes in brain development has long been overlooked. Here, we demonstrate the highly dynamic lysosomal quantities, types, and localizations in developing brain. We observed asymmetric endolysosome inheritance during radial glial cell (RGC) division and the increased autolysosomes within intermediate progenitor cells (IPs) and newborn neurons. Disruption of lysosomal function shortens the S phase of the cell cycle and promotes RGC differentiation. Mechanistically, we revealed a post-transcriptional regulation governing ribosome homeostasis and cell-cycle progression through differential lysosomal activity modulation. In the human forebrain organoid, lysosomal dynamics are conserved; specifically, during the mitosis of outer subventricular zone RGCs (oRGs), lysosomes are inherited by the progeny without basal process. Together, our results identify the critical role of lysosomal dynamics in regulating mouse and human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 523710, China
| | - Yuqing Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shukui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ling Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianwei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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17
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Andrews MG, Pearson CA. Toward an understanding of glucose metabolism in radial glial biology and brain development. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302193. [PMID: 37798120 PMCID: PMC10556723 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Decades of research have sought to determine the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms underpinning the regulation of neural progenitor maintenance and differentiation. A series of precise temporal transitions within progenitor cell populations generates all the appropriate neural cell types while maintaining a pool of self-renewing progenitors throughout embryogenesis. Recent technological advances have enabled us to gain new insights at the single-cell level, revealing an interplay between metabolic state and developmental progression that impacts the timing of proliferation and neurogenesis. This can have long-term consequences for the developing brain's neuronal specification, maturation state, and organization. Furthermore, these studies have highlighted the need to reassess the instructive role of glucose metabolism in determining progenitor cell division, differentiation, and fate. This review focuses on glucose metabolism (glycolysis) in cortical progenitor cells and the emerging focus on glycolysis during neurogenic transitions. Furthermore, we discuss how the field can learn from other biological systems to improve our understanding of the spatial and temporal changes in glycolysis in progenitors and evaluate functional neurological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline G Andrews
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Caroline A Pearson
- https://ror.org/02r109517 Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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18
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Wallace JL, Pollen AA. Human neuronal maturation comes of age: cellular mechanisms and species differences. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:7-29. [PMID: 37996703 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00760-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The delayed and prolonged postmitotic maturation of human neurons, compared with neurons from other species, may contribute to human-specific cognitive abilities and neurological disorders. Here we review the mechanisms of neuronal maturation, applying lessons from model systems to understand the specific features of protracted human cortical maturation and species differences. We cover cell-intrinsic features of neuronal maturation, including transcriptional, epigenetic and metabolic mechanisms, as well as cell-extrinsic features, including the roles of activity and synapses, the actions of glial cells and the contribution of the extracellular matrix. We discuss evidence for species differences in biochemical reaction rates, the proposed existence of an epigenetic maturation clock and the contributions of both general and modular mechanisms to species-specific maturation timing. Finally, we suggest approaches to measure, improve and accelerate the maturation of human neurons in culture, examine crosstalk and interactions among these different aspects of maturation and propose conceptual models to guide future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenelle L Wallace
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Alex A Pollen
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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19
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Bilgic M, Wu Q, Suetsugu T, Shitamukai A, Tsunekawa Y, Shimogori T, Kadota M, Nishimura O, Kuraku S, Kiyonari H, Matsuzaki F. Truncated radial glia as a common precursor in the late corticogenesis of gyrencephalic mammals. eLife 2023; 12:RP91406. [PMID: 37988289 PMCID: PMC10662950 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The diversity of neural stem cells is a hallmark of the cerebral cortex development in gyrencephalic mammals, such as Primates and Carnivora. Among them, ferrets are a good model for mechanistic studies. However, information on their neural progenitor cells (NPC), termed radial glia (RG), is limited. Here, we surveyed the temporal series of single-cell transcriptomes of progenitors regarding ferret corticogenesis and found a conserved diversity and temporal trajectory between human and ferret NPC, despite the large timescale difference. We found truncated RG (tRG) in ferret cortical development, a progenitor subtype previously described in humans. The combination of in silico and in vivo analyses identified that tRG differentiate into both ependymal and astrogenic cells. Via transcriptomic comparison, we predict that this is also the case in humans. Our findings suggest that tRG plays a role in the formation of adult ventricles, thereby providing the architectural bases for brain expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Bilgic
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School for Biostudies, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Quan Wu
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
| | - Taeko Suetsugu
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
| | - Atsunori Shitamukai
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
| | - Yuji Tsunekawa
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
| | - Tomomi Shimogori
- Molecular Mechanisms of Brain Development, RIKEN Center for Brain ScienceWakoJapan
| | - Mitsutaka Kadota
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
| | - Osamu Nishimura
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
| | - Shigehiro Kuraku
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
| | - Fumio Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School for Biostudies, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
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20
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Saha S, Jungas TT, Ohayon D, Audouard C, Ye T, Fawal MA, Davy A. Dihydrofolate reductase activity controls neurogenic transitions in the developing neocortex. Development 2023; 150:dev201696. [PMID: 37665322 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
One-carbon/folate (1C) metabolism supplies methyl groups required for DNA and histone methylation, and is involved in the maintenance of self-renewal in stem cells. Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), a key enzyme in 1C metabolism, is highly expressed in human and mouse neural progenitors at the early stages of neocortical development. Here, we have investigated the role of DHFR in the developing neocortex and report that reducing its activity in human neural organoids and mouse embryonic neocortex accelerates indirect neurogenesis, thereby affecting neuronal composition of the neocortex. Furthermore, we show that decreasing DHFR activity in neural progenitors leads to a reduction in one-carbon/folate metabolites and correlates with modifications of H3K4me3 levels. Our findings reveal an unanticipated role for DHFR in controlling specific steps of neocortex development and indicate that variations in 1C metabolic cues impact cell fate transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulov Saha
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Unit (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas T Jungas
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Unit (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - David Ohayon
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Unit (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Audouard
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Unit (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Tao Ye
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258, CNRS UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Mohamad-Ali Fawal
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Unit (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Alice Davy
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Unit (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
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21
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Braun E, Danan-Gotthold M, Borm LE, Lee KW, Vinsland E, Lönnerberg P, Hu L, Li X, He X, Andrusivová Ž, Lundeberg J, Barker RA, Arenas E, Sundström E, Linnarsson S. Comprehensive cell atlas of the first-trimester developing human brain. Science 2023; 382:eadf1226. [PMID: 37824650 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The adult human brain comprises more than a thousand distinct neuronal and glial cell types, a diversity that emerges during early brain development. To reveal the precise sequence of events during early brain development, we used single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics and uncovered cell states and trajectories in human brains at 5 to 14 postconceptional weeks (pcw). We identified 12 major classes that are organized as ~600 distinct cell states, which map to precise spatial anatomical domains at 5 pcw. We described detailed differentiation trajectories of the human forebrain and midbrain and found a large number of region-specific glioblasts that mature into distinct pre-astrocytes and pre-oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Our findings reveal the establishment of cell types during the first trimester of human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Braun
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miri Danan-Gotthold
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars E Borm
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ka Wai Lee
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elin Vinsland
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Lönnerberg
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lijuan Hu
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaoling He
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Žaneta Andrusivová
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Joakim Lundeberg
- Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Ernest Arenas
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Sundström
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sten Linnarsson
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Micali N, Ma S, Li M, Kim SK, Mato-Blanco X, Sindhu SK, Arellano JI, Gao T, Shibata M, Gobeske KT, Duque A, Santpere G, Sestan N, Rakic P. Molecular programs of regional specification and neural stem cell fate progression in macaque telencephalon. Science 2023; 382:eadf3786. [PMID: 37824652 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf3786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
During early telencephalic development, intricate processes of regional patterning and neural stem cell (NSC) fate specification take place. However, our understanding of these processes in primates, including both conserved and species-specific features, remains limited. Here, we profiled 761,529 single-cell transcriptomes from multiple regions of the prenatal macaque telencephalon. We deciphered the molecular programs of the early organizing centers and their cross-talk with NSCs, revealing primate-biased galanin-like peptide (GALP) signaling in the anteroventral telencephalon. Regional transcriptomic variations were observed along the frontotemporal axis during early stages of neocortical NSC progression and in neurons and astrocytes. Additionally, we found that genes associated with neuropsychiatric disorders and brain cancer risk might play critical roles in the early telencephalic organizers and during NSC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Micali
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Shaojie Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mingfeng Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Suel-Kee Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xoel Mato-Blanco
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (PRBB), 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Jon I Arellano
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tianliuyun Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mikihito Shibata
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kevin T Gobeske
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Alvaro Duque
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gabriel Santpere
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (PRBB), 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry, Genetics and Comparative Medicine, Wu Tsai Institute, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, and Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Pasko Rakic
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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23
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Wani AR, Chowdhury B, Luong J, Chaya GM, Patel K, Isaacman-Beck J, Shafer O, Kayser MS, Syed MH. Stem cell-specific ecdysone signaling regulates the development and function of a Drosophila sleep homeostat. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.29.560022. [PMID: 37873323 PMCID: PMC10592846 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.29.560022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Complex behaviors arise from neural circuits that are assembled from diverse cell types. Sleep is a conserved and essential behavior, yet little is known regarding how the nervous system generates neuron types of the sleep-wake circuit. Here, we focus on the specification of Drosophila sleep-promoting neurons-long-field tangential input neurons that project to the dorsal layers of the fan-shaped body neuropil in the central complex (CX). We use lineage analysis and genetic birth dating to identify two bilateral Type II neural stem cells that generate these dorsal fan-shaped body (dFB) neurons. We show that adult dFB neurons express Ecdysone-induced protein E93, and loss of Ecdysone signaling or E93 in Type II NSCs results in the misspecification of the adult dFB neurons. Finally, we show that E93 knockdown in Type II NSCs affects adult sleep behavior. Our results provide insight into how extrinsic hormonal signaling acts on NSCs to generate neuronal diversity required for adult sleep behavior. These findings suggest that some adult sleep disorders might derive from defects in stem cell-specific temporal neurodevelopmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil R Wani
- Neural Diversity Lab, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, 219 Yale Blvd Ne, 87131 Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Budhaditya Chowdhury
- The Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Jenny Luong
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gonzalo Morales Chaya
- Neural Diversity Lab, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, 219 Yale Blvd Ne, 87131 Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Krishna Patel
- Neural Diversity Lab, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, 219 Yale Blvd Ne, 87131 Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Orie Shafer
- The Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Matthew S. Kayser
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Chronobiology Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mubarak Hussain Syed
- Neural Diversity Lab, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, 219 Yale Blvd Ne, 87131 Albuquerque, NM, USA
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24
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Froberg JE, Durak O, Macklis JD. Development of nanoRibo-seq enables study of regulated translation by cortical neuron subtypes, showing uORF translation in synaptic-axonal genes. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112995. [PMID: 37624698 PMCID: PMC10591829 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigation of translation in rare cell types or subcellular contexts is challenging due to large input requirements for standard approaches. Here, we present "nanoRibo-seq" an optimized approach using 102- to 103-fold less input material than bulk approaches. nanoRibo-seq exhibits rigorous quality control features consistent with quantification of ribosome protected fragments with as few as 1,000 cells. We compare translatomes of two closely related cortical neuron subtypes, callosal projection neurons (CPN) and subcerebral projection neurons (SCPN), during their early postnatal development. We find that, while translational efficiency is highly correlated between CPN and SCPN, several dozen mRNAs are differentially translated. We further examine upstream open reading frame (uORF) translation and identify that mRNAs involved in synapse organization and axon development are highly enriched for uORF translation in both subtypes. nanoRibo-seq enables investigation of translational regulation of rare cell types in vivo and offers a flexible approach for globally quantifying translation from limited input material.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Froberg
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Omer Durak
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Macklis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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25
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Sood C, Nahid MA, Branham KR, Pahl MC, Doyle SE, Siegrist SE. Delta-dependent Notch activation closes the early neuroblast temporal program to promote lineage progression and neurogenesis termination in Drosophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.28.534626. [PMID: 37034719 PMCID: PMC10081207 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.28.534626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblasts in Drosophila divide asymmetrically, sequentially expressing a series of intrinsic factors to generate a diversity of neuron types. These intrinsic factors known as temporal factors dictate timing of neuroblast transitions in response to steroid hormone signaling and specify early versus late temporal fates in neuroblast neuron progeny. After completing their temporal programs, neuroblasts differentiate or die, finalizing both neuron number and type within each neuroblast lineage. From a screen aimed at identifying genes required to terminate neuroblast divisions, we identified Notch and Notch pathway components. When Notch is knocked down, neuroblasts maintain early temporal factor expression longer, delay late temporal factor expression, and continue dividing into adulthood. We find that Delta, expressed in cortex glia, neuroblasts, and after division, their GMC progeny, regulates neuroblast Notch activity. We also find that Delta in neuroblasts is expressed high early, low late, and is controlled by the intrinsic temporal program: early factor Imp promotes Delta, late factors Syp/E93 reduce Delta. Thus, in addition to systemic steroid hormone cues, forward lineage progression is controlled by local cell-cell signaling between neuroblasts and their cortex glia/GMC neighbors: Delta transactivates Notch in neuroblasts bringing the early temporal program and early temporal factor expression to a close.
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26
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Moffat A, Schuurmans C. The Control of Cortical Folding: Multiple Mechanisms, Multiple Models. Neuroscientist 2023:10738584231190839. [PMID: 37621149 DOI: 10.1177/10738584231190839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex develops through a carefully conscripted series of cellular and molecular events that culminate in the production of highly specialized neuronal and glial cells. During development, cortical neurons and glia acquire a precise cellular arrangement and architecture to support higher-order cognitive functioning. Decades of study using rodent models, naturally gyrencephalic animal models, human pathology specimens, and, recently, human cerebral organoids, reveal that rodents recapitulate some but not all the cellular and molecular features of human cortices. Whereas rodent cortices are smooth-surfaced or lissencephalic, larger mammals, including humans and nonhuman primates, have highly folded/gyrencephalic cortices that accommodate an expansion in neuronal mass and increase in surface area. Several genes have evolved to drive cortical gyrification, arising from gene duplications or de novo origins, or by alterations to the structure/function of ancestral genes or their gene regulatory regions. Primary cortical folds arise in stereotypical locations, prefigured by a molecular "blueprint" that is set up by several signaling pathways (e.g., Notch, Fgf, Wnt, PI3K, Shh) and influenced by the extracellular matrix. Mutations that affect neural progenitor cell proliferation and/or neurogenesis, predominantly of upper-layer neurons, perturb cortical gyrification. Below we review the molecular drivers of cortical folding and their roles in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Moffat
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Biological Sciences Platform, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carol Schuurmans
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Biological Sciences Platform, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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27
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Huilgol D, Russ JB, Srivas S, Huang ZJ. The progenitor basis of cortical projection neuron diversity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 81:102726. [PMID: 37148649 PMCID: PMC10557529 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Diverse glutamatergic projection neurons (PNs) mediate myriad processing streams and output channels of the cerebral cortex. Yet, how different types of neural progenitors, such as radial glia (RGs) and intermediate progenitors (IPs), produce PN diversity, and hierarchical organization remains unclear. A fundamental issue is whether RGs constitute a homogeneous, multipotent lineage capable of generating all major PN types through a temporally regulated developmental program, or whether RGs comprise multiple transcriptionally heterogenous pools, each fated to generate a subset of PNs. Beyond RGs, the role of IPs in PN diversification remains underexplored. Addressing these questions requires tracking PN developmental trajectories with cell-type resolution - from transcription factor-defined RGs and IPs to their PN progeny, which are defined not only by laminar location but also by projection patterns and gene expression. Advances in cell-type resolution genetic fate mapping, axon tracing, and spatial transcriptomics may provide the technical capability for answering these fundamental questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Huilgol
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Russ
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sweta Srivas
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Z Josh Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Pratt School of Engineering, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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28
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Zhang S, Zhao J, Zhao C, Su L, Jiao J. BCAT1 controls embryonic neural stem cells proliferation and differentiation in the upper layer neurons. Mol Brain 2023; 16:53. [PMID: 37344908 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation and differentiation during brain development is a precisely controlled process, with the production of different neuronal subtypes governed by strict timelines. Glutamate is predominantly used as a neurotransmitter by the subtypes of neurons in the various layers of the cerebral cortex. The expression pattern of BCAT1, a gene involved in glutamate metabolism, in the different layers of neurons has yet to be fully understood. Using single-cell data, we have identified seven different states of NSCs and found that state 4 is closely associated with the development of projection neurons. By inferring the developmental trajectory of different neuronal subtypes from NSC subsets of this state, we discovered that BCAT1 is involved in the regulation of NSC proliferation and differentiation and is specifically highly expressed in layer II/III and IV neurons. Suppression of BCAT1 through shRNA resulted in a reduction in NSC proliferation and an abnormal development of layer II/III and IV neurons. These findings provide new insights into the role of BCAT1 in the regulation of NSC behavior and neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukui Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, Shandong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jinyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Libo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Jianwei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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29
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Shabani K, Pigeon J, Benaissa Touil Zariouh M, Liu T, Saffarian A, Komatsu J, Liu E, Danda N, Becmeur-Lefebvre M, Limame R, Bohl D, Parras C, Hassan BA. The temporal balance between self-renewal and differentiation of human neural stem cells requires the amyloid precursor protein. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd5002. [PMID: 37327344 PMCID: PMC10275593 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add5002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the developing human cerebral cortex occurs at a particularly slow rate owing in part to cortical neural progenitors preserving their progenitor state for a relatively long time, while generating neurons. How this balance between the progenitor and neurogenic state is regulated, and whether it contributes to species-specific brain temporal patterning, is poorly understood. Here, we show that the characteristic potential of human neural progenitor cells (NPCs) to remain in a progenitor state as they generate neurons for a prolonged amount of time requires the amyloid precursor protein (APP). In contrast, APP is dispensable in mouse NPCs, which undergo neurogenesis at a much faster rate. Mechanistically, APP cell-autonomously contributes to protracted neurogenesis through suppression of the proneurogenic activator protein-1 transcription factor and facilitation of canonical WNT signaling. We propose that the fine balance between self-renewal and differentiation is homeostatically regulated by APP, which may contribute to human-specific temporal patterns of neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Shabani
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Julien Pigeon
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Marwan Benaissa Touil Zariouh
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Tengyuan Liu
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Azadeh Saffarian
- Scipio bioscience, iPEPS-ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jun Komatsu
- Scipio bioscience, iPEPS-ICM, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Elise Liu
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Natasha Danda
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Becmeur-Lefebvre
- Genetics and Foetopathology, Centre Hospitalier Regional d’Orleans–Hôpital de la Source, Orleans, France
| | - Ridha Limame
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Bohl
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Carlos Parras
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Bassem A. Hassan
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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30
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Zaghi M, Banfi F, Massimino L, Volpin M, Bellini E, Brusco S, Merelli I, Barone C, Bruni M, Bossini L, Lamparelli LA, Pintado L, D'Aliberti D, Spinelli S, Mologni L, Colasante G, Ungaro F, Cioni JM, Azzoni E, Piazza R, Montini E, Broccoli V, Sessa A. Balanced SET levels favor the correct enhancer repertoire during cell fate acquisition. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3212. [PMID: 37270547 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the chromatin, distal elements interact with promoters to regulate specific transcriptional programs. Histone acetylation, interfering with the net charges of the nucleosomes, is a key player in this regulation. Here, we report that the oncoprotein SET is a critical determinant for the levels of histone acetylation within enhancers. We disclose that a condition in which SET is accumulated, the severe Schinzel-Giedion Syndrome (SGS), is characterized by a failure in the usage of the distal regulatory regions typically employed during fate commitment. This is accompanied by the usage of alternative enhancers leading to a massive rewiring of the distal control of the gene transcription. This represents a (mal)adaptive mechanism that, on one side, allows to achieve a certain degree of differentiation, while on the other affects the fine and corrected maturation of the cells. Thus, we propose the differential in cis-regulation as a contributing factor to the pathological basis of SGS and possibly other the SET-related disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Zaghi
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Banfi
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Massimino
- Esperimental Gastroenterology Unit, Division of Immunology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Volpin
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget); IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Bellini
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Brusco
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Merelli
- CNR Institute of Biomedical Technologies, 20090, Segrate, Italy
| | - Cristiana Barone
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Michela Bruni
- RNA biology of the Neuron Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Bossini
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Antonio Lamparelli
- Esperimental Gastroenterology Unit, Division of Immunology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Pintado
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Deborah D'Aliberti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Silvia Spinelli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Luca Mologni
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Gaia Colasante
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Ungaro
- Esperimental Gastroenterology Unit, Division of Immunology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Jean-Michel Cioni
- RNA biology of the Neuron Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Azzoni
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Rocco Piazza
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Eugenio Montini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget); IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Vania Broccoli
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sessa
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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31
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Koo B, Lee KH, Ming GL, Yoon KJ, Song H. Setting the clock of neural progenitor cells during mammalian corticogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 142:43-53. [PMID: 35644876 PMCID: PMC9699901 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Radial glial cells (RGCs) as primary neural stem cells in the developing mammalian cortex give rise to diverse types of neurons and glial cells according to sophisticated developmental programs with remarkable spatiotemporal precision. Recent studies suggest that regulation of the temporal competence of RGCs is a key mechanism for the highly conserved and predictable development of the cerebral cortex. Various types of epigenetic regulations, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and 3D chromatin architecture, play a key role in shaping the gene expression pattern of RGCs. In addition, epitranscriptomic modifications regulate temporal pre-patterning of RGCs by affecting the turnover rate and function of cell-type-specific transcripts. In this review, we summarize epigenetic and epitranscriptomic regulatory mechanisms that control the temporal competence of RGCs during mammalian corticogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss various developmental elements that also dynamically regulate the temporal competence of RGCs, including biochemical reaction speed, local environmental changes, and subcellular organelle remodeling. Finally, we discuss the underlying mechanisms that regulate the interspecies developmental tempo contributing to human-specific features of brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonsang Koo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Heon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ki-Jun Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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32
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Li X, Syed MH. Time, space, and diversity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 142:1-3. [PMID: 36100475 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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33
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Ji L, Wang A, Sonthalia S, Naiman DQ, Younes L, Colantuoni C, Geman D. CellCover Defines Conserved Cell Types and Temporal Progression in scRNA-seq Data across Mammalian Neocortical Development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.06.535943. [PMID: 37383947 PMCID: PMC10299349 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.06.535943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Accurate identification of cell classes across the tissues of living organisms is central in the analysis of growing atlases of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data across biomedicine. Such analyses are often based on the existence of highly discriminating "marker genes" for specific cell classes which enables a deeper functional understanding of these classes as well as their identification in new, related datasets. Currently, marker genes are defined by methods that serially assess the level of differential expression (DE) of individual genes across landscapes of diverse cells. This serial approach has been extremely useful, but is limited because it ignores possible redundancy or complementarity across genes, that can only be captured by analyzing several genes at the same time. We wish to identify discriminating panels of genes. To efficiently explore the vast space of possible marker panels, leverage the large number of cells often sequenced, and overcome zero-inflation in scRNA-seq data, we propose viewing panel selection as a variation of the "minimal set-covering problem" in combinatorial optimization which can be solved with integer programming. In this formulation, the covering elements are genes, and the objects to be covered are cells of a particular class, where a cell is covered by a gene if that gene is expressed in that cell. Our method, CellCover, identifies a panel of marker genes in scRNA-seq data that covers one class of cells within a population. We apply this method to generate covering marker gene panels which characterize cells of the developing mouse neocortex as postmitotic neurons are generated from neural progenitor cells (NPCs). We show that CellCover captures cell class-specific signals distinct from those defined by DE methods and that CellCover's compact gene panels can be expanded to explore cell type specific function.Transfer learning experiments exploring these covering panels across in vivo mouse, primate, and human scRNA-seq datasets demonstrate that CellCover identifies markers of conserved cell classes in neurogenesis, as well as markers of temporal progression in the molecular identity of these cell types across development of the mammalian neocortex. The gene covering panels we identify across cell types and developmental time can be freely explored in visualizations across all the public data we use in this report at with NeMo Analytics [1] through https://nemoanalytics.org/p?l=CellCover . The code for CellCover is written in R and the Gurobi R interface and is available at [2].
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34
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Klingler E. Temporal controls over cortical projection neuron fate diversity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 79:102677. [PMID: 36736108 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During neocortex development, cortical projection neurons (PN) are sequentially produced and assemble into circuits underlying our interactions with the environment. Cortical PN are heterogeneous in terms of birthdate, layer position, molecular identity, connectivity, and function. This diversity increases in evolutionarily most recent species, but when and how it emerges during corticogenesis is still debated. While time-locked expression of determinant genes and early stochasticity allow the production of different types of PN, temporal differences in unfolding similar transcriptional programs, rather than fundamental differences in these programs, further account for anatomical variability between PN subtypes and across species. Altogether, these mechanisms, which will be discussed here, participate in increasing cortical PN diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Klingler
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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35
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Hippenmeyer S. Principles of neural stem cell lineage progression: Insights from developing cerebral cortex. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 79:102695. [PMID: 36842274 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
How to generate a brain of correct size and with appropriate cell-type diversity during development is a major question in Neuroscience. In the developing neocortex, radial glial progenitor (RGP) cells are the main neural stem cells that produce cortical excitatory projection neurons, glial cells, and establish the prospective postnatal stem cell niche in the lateral ventricles. RGPs follow a tightly orchestrated developmental program that when disrupted can result in severe cortical malformations such as microcephaly and megalencephaly. The precise cellular and molecular mechanisms instructing faithful RGP lineage progression are however not well understood. This review will summarize recent conceptual advances that contribute to our understanding of the general principles of RGP lineage progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hippenmeyer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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36
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Pilaz LJ, Liu J, Joshi K, Tsunekawa Y, Musso CM, D'Arcy BR, Suzuki IK, Alsina FC, Kc P, Sethi S, Vanderhaeghen P, Polleux F, Silver DL. Subcellular mRNA localization and local translation of Arhgap11a in radial glial progenitors regulates cortical development. Neuron 2023; 111:839-856.e5. [PMID: 36924763 PMCID: PMC10132781 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
mRNA localization and local translation enable exquisite spatial and temporal control of gene expression, particularly in polarized, elongated cells. These features are especially prominent in radial glial cells (RGCs), which are neural and glial precursors of the developing cerebral cortex and scaffolds for migrating neurons. Yet the mechanisms by which subcellular RGC compartments accomplish their diverse functions are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that mRNA localization and local translation of the RhoGAP ARHGAP11A in the basal endfeet of RGCs control their morphology and mediate neuronal positioning. Arhgap11a transcript and protein exhibit conserved localization to RGC basal structures in mice and humans, conferred by the 5' UTR. Proper RGC morphology relies upon active Arhgap11a mRNA transport and localization to the basal endfeet, where ARHGAP11A is locally synthesized. This translation is essential for positioning interneurons at the basement membrane. Thus, local translation spatially and acutely activates Rho signaling in RGCs to compartmentalize neural progenitor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Jan Pilaz
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kaumudi Joshi
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yuji Tsunekawa
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Camila M Musso
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Brooke R D'Arcy
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ikuo K Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fernando C Alsina
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Pratiksha Kc
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
| | - Sahil Sethi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Pierre Vanderhaeghen
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences & Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut de Recherches en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), and ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Franck Polleux
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York, NY 10027, USA; Kavli Institute for Brain Sciences, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Debra L Silver
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Departments of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Institute for Brain Sciences and Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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37
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Rayon T. Cell time: How cells control developmental timetables. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh1849. [PMID: 36888707 PMCID: PMC9995029 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh1849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An overview on the molecular and metabolic mechanisms behind individual cell differences in developmental timing in the segmentation clock and the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rayon
- Epigenetics and Signalling Programmes, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
- Wellcome–Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
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38
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Patterning the cerebral cortex into distinct functional domains during development. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 80:102698. [PMID: 36893490 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is compartmentalized into multiple regions, including the newly evolved neocortex and evolutionarily older paleocortex and archicortex. These broad cortical regions can be further subdivided into different functional domains, each with its own unique cytoarchitecture and distinct set of input and output projections to perform specific functions. While many excitatory projection neurons show region-specific gene expression profiles, the cells are derived from the seemingly uniform progenitors in the dorsal telencephalon. Much progress has been made in defining the genetic mechanisms involved in generating the morphological and functional diversity of the central nervous system. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of mouse corticogenesis and discuss key events involved in cortical patterning during early developmental stages.
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Roussat M, Jungas T, Audouard C, Omerani S, Medevielle F, Agius E, Davy A, Pituello F, Bel-Vialar S. Control of G 2 Phase Duration by CDC25B Modulates the Switch from Direct to Indirect Neurogenesis in the Neocortex. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1154-1165. [PMID: 36596698 PMCID: PMC9962783 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0825-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, cortical neurons are produced in a temporally regulated sequence from apical progenitors, directly or indirectly, through the production of intermediate basal progenitors. The balance between these major progenitor types is critical for the production of the proper number and types of neurons, and it is thus important to decipher the cellular and molecular cues controlling this equilibrium. Here we address the role of a cell cycle regulator, the CDC25B phosphatase, in this process. We show that, in the developing mouse neocortex of both sex, deleting CDC25B in apical progenitors leads to a transient increase in the production of TBR1+ neurons at the expense of TBR2+ basal progenitors. This phenotype is associated with lengthening of the G2 phase of the cell cycle, the total cell cycle length being unaffected. Using in utero electroporation and cortical slice cultures, we demonstrate that the defect in TBR2+ basal progenitor production requires interaction with CDK1 and is because of the G2 phase lengthening in CDC25B mutants. Together, this study identifies a new role for CDC25B and G2 phase length in direct versus indirect neurogenesis at early stages of cortical development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study is the first analysis of the function of CDC25B, a G2/M regulator, in the developing neocortex. We show that removing CDC25B function leads to a transient increase in neuronal differentiation at early stages, occurring simultaneously with a decrease in basal intermediate progenitors (bIPs). Conversely, a CDC25B gain of function promotes production of bIPs, and this is directly related to CDC25B's ability to regulate CDK1 activity. This imbalance of neuron/progenitor production is linked to a G2 phase lengthening in apical progenitors; and using pharmacological treatments on cortical slice cultures, we show that shortening the G2 phase is sufficient to enhance bIP production. Our results reveal the importance of G2 phase length regulation for neural progenitor fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Roussat
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology unit (UMR 5077), Center for Integrative Biology, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, cedex 09, France
| | - Thomas Jungas
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology unit (UMR 5077), Center for Integrative Biology, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, cedex 09, France
| | - Christophe Audouard
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology unit (UMR 5077), Center for Integrative Biology, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, cedex 09, France
| | - Sofiane Omerani
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology unit (UMR 5077), Center for Integrative Biology, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, cedex 09, France
| | - Francois Medevielle
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology unit (UMR 5077), Center for Integrative Biology, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, cedex 09, France
| | - Eric Agius
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology unit (UMR 5077), Center for Integrative Biology, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, cedex 09, France
| | - Alice Davy
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology unit (UMR 5077), Center for Integrative Biology, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, cedex 09, France
| | - Fabienne Pituello
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology unit (UMR 5077), Center for Integrative Biology, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, cedex 09, France
| | - Sophie Bel-Vialar
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology unit (UMR 5077), Center for Integrative Biology, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, cedex 09, France
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40
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Chinnaiya K, Burbridge S, Jones A, Kim DW, Place E, Manning E, Groves I, Sun C, Towers M, Blackshaw S, Placzek M. A neuroepithelial wave of BMP signalling drives anteroposterior specification of the tuberal hypothalamus. eLife 2023; 12:e83133. [PMID: 36718990 PMCID: PMC9917434 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The tuberal hypothalamus controls life-supporting homeostatic processes, but despite its fundamental role, the cells and signalling pathways that specify this unique region of the central nervous system in embryogenesis are poorly characterised. Here, we combine experimental and bioinformatic approaches in the embryonic chick to show that the tuberal hypothalamus is progressively generated from hypothalamic floor plate-like cells. Fate-mapping studies show that a stream of tuberal progenitors develops in the anterior-ventral neural tube as a wave of neuroepithelial-derived BMP signalling sweeps from anterior to posterior through the hypothalamic floor plate. As later-specified posterior tuberal progenitors are generated, early specified anterior tuberal progenitors become progressively more distant from these BMP signals and differentiate into tuberal neurogenic cells. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments in vivo and ex vivo show that BMP signalling initiates tuberal progenitor specification, but must be eliminated for these to progress to anterior neurogenic progenitors. scRNA-Seq profiling shows that tuberal progenitors that are specified after the major period of anterior tuberal specification begin to upregulate genes that characterise radial glial cells. This study provides an integrated account of the development of the tuberal hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Chinnaiya
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Sheffield, SheffieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Sarah Burbridge
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Sheffield, SheffieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Aragorn Jones
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Sheffield, SheffieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Dong Won Kim
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Elsie Place
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Sheffield, SheffieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Manning
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Sheffield, SheffieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Ian Groves
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Sheffield, SheffieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Changyu Sun
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Matthew Towers
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Sheffield, SheffieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Marysia Placzek
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Sheffield, SheffieldUnited Kingdom
- Bateson Centre, University of SheffieldSheffieldUnited Kingdom
- Neuroscience Institute, University of SheffieldSheffieldUnited Kingdom
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41
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Espinosa-Medina I, Feliciano D, Belmonte-Mateos C, Linda Miyares R, Garcia-Marques J, Foster B, Lindo S, Pujades C, Koyama M, Lee T. TEMPO enables sequential genetic labeling and manipulation of vertebrate cell lineages. Neuron 2023; 111:345-361.e10. [PMID: 36417906 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
During development, regulatory factors appear in a precise order to determine cell fates over time. Consequently, to investigate complex tissue development, it is necessary to visualize and manipulate cell lineages with temporal control. Current strategies for tracing vertebrate cell lineages lack genetic access to sequentially produced cells. Here, we present TEMPO (Temporal Encoding and Manipulation in a Predefined Order), an imaging-readable genetic tool allowing differential labeling and manipulation of consecutive cell generations in vertebrates. TEMPO is based on CRISPR and powered by a cascade of gRNAs that drive orderly activation and inactivation of reporters and/or effectors. Using TEMPO to visualize zebrafish and mouse neurogenesis, we recapitulated birth-order-dependent neuronal fates. Temporally manipulating cell-cycle regulators in mouse cortex progenitors altered the proportion and distribution of neurons and glia, revealing the effects of temporal gene perturbation on serial cell fates. Thus, TEMPO enables sequential manipulation of molecular factors, crucial to study cell-type specification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Feliciano
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Carla Belmonte-Mateos
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Rosa Linda Miyares
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Jorge Garcia-Marques
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Benjamin Foster
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Sarah Lindo
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Cristina Pujades
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Minoru Koyama
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Tzumin Lee
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
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42
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Cremisi F, Vignali R. Translational control in cortical development. Front Neuroanat 2023; 16:1087949. [PMID: 36699134 PMCID: PMC9868627 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.1087949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of specific neuronal types in the nervous system is worked out through a complex series of gene regulation events. Within the mammalian neocortex, the appropriate expression of key transcription factors allocates neurons to different cortical layers according to an inside-out model and endows them with specific properties. Precise timing is required to ensure the proper sequential appearance of key transcription factors that dictate the identity of neurons within the different cortical layers. Recent evidence suggests that aspects of this time-controlled regulation of gene products rely on post-transcriptional control, and point at micro-RNAs (miRs) and RNA-binding proteins as important players in cortical development. Being able to simultaneously target many different mRNAs, these players may be involved in controlling the global expression of gene products in progenitors and post-mitotic cells, in a gene expression framework where parallel to transcriptional gene regulation, a further level of control is provided to refine and coordinate the appearance of the final protein products. miRs and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), by delaying protein appearance, may play heterochronic effects that have recently been shown to be relevant for the full differentiation of cortical neurons and for their projection abilities. Such heterochronies may be the base for evolutionary novelties that have enriched the spectrum of cortical cell types within the mammalian clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Cremisi
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Sciences, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy,*Correspondence: Robert Vignali Federico Cremisi
| | - Robert Vignali
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy,*Correspondence: Robert Vignali Federico Cremisi
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43
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Rayon T, van den Ameele J. In preprints: releasing the brakes on neuronal maturation. Development 2022; 149:285949. [PMID: 36515644 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rayon
- Epigenetics & Signalling Programmes, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Jelle van den Ameele
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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44
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Mukhtar T, Breda J, Adam MA, Boareto M, Grobecker P, Karimaddini Z, Grison A, Eschbach K, Chandrasekhar R, Vermeul S, Okoniewski M, Pachkov M, Harwell CC, Atanasoski S, Beisel C, Iber D, van Nimwegen E, Taylor V. Temporal and sequential transcriptional dynamics define lineage shifts in corticogenesis. EMBO J 2022; 41:e111132. [PMID: 36345783 PMCID: PMC9753470 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex contains billions of neurons, and their disorganization or misspecification leads to neurodevelopmental disorders. Understanding how the plethora of projection neuron subtypes are generated by cortical neural stem cells (NSCs) is a major challenge. Here, we focused on elucidating the transcriptional landscape of murine embryonic NSCs, basal progenitors (BPs), and newborn neurons (NBNs) throughout cortical development. We uncover dynamic shifts in transcriptional space over time and heterogeneity within each progenitor population. We identified signature hallmarks of NSC, BP, and NBN clusters and predict active transcriptional nodes and networks that contribute to neural fate specification. We find that the expression of receptors, ligands, and downstream pathway components is highly dynamic over time and throughout the lineage implying differential responsiveness to signals. Thus, we provide an expansive compendium of gene expression during cortical development that will be an invaluable resource for studying neural developmental processes and neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzila Mukhtar
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Jeremie Breda
- BiozentrumUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB)BaselSwitzerland
| | - Manal A Adam
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem cell ResearchUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Weill Institute for NeuroscienceSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Marcelo Boareto
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB)BaselSwitzerland
- Computational Biology Group, D‐BSSEETH ZürichBaselSwitzerland
| | - Pascal Grobecker
- BiozentrumUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB)BaselSwitzerland
| | - Zahra Karimaddini
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB)BaselSwitzerland
- Computational Biology Group, D‐BSSEETH ZürichBaselSwitzerland
| | - Alice Grison
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Katja Eschbach
- Department of Biosystems Science and EngineeringETH ZürichBaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Swen Vermeul
- Scientific IT ServicesETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | | | - Mikhail Pachkov
- BiozentrumUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB)BaselSwitzerland
| | - Corey C Harwell
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem cell ResearchUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Weill Institute for NeuroscienceSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Suzana Atanasoski
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Christian Beisel
- Department of Biosystems Science and EngineeringETH ZürichBaselSwitzerland
| | - Dagmar Iber
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB)BaselSwitzerland
- Weill Institute for NeuroscienceSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Erik van Nimwegen
- BiozentrumUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB)BaselSwitzerland
| | - Verdon Taylor
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
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45
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Faure L, Techameena P, Hadjab S. Emergence of neuron types. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 79:102133. [PMID: 36347131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.102133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Neuron types are the building blocks of the nervous system, and therefore, of functional circuits. Understanding the origin of neuronal diversity has always been an essential question in neuroscience and developmental biology. While knowledge on the molecular control of their diversification has largely increased during the last decades, it is now possible to reveal the dynamic mechanisms and the actual stepwise molecular changes occurring at single-cell level with the advent of single-cell omics technologies and analysis with high temporal resolution. Here, we focus on recent advances in the field and in technical and analytical tools that enable detailed insights into the emergence of neuron types in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Faure
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Prach Techameena
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Saida Hadjab
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Koizumi M, Eto H, Saeki M, Seki M, Fukushima T, Mukai S, Ide H, Sera Y, Iwasaki M, Suzuki Y, Tohei A, Kishi Y, Honda H. UTX deficiency in neural stem/progenitor cells results in impaired neural development, fetal ventriculomegaly, and postnatal death. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22662. [PMID: 36412518 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201002rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that epigenetic modifications are deeply involved in neurogenesis; however, the precise mechanisms remain largely unknown. To determine the role of UTX (also known as KDM6A), a demethylase of histone H3K27, in neural development, we generated Utx-deficient mice in neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs). Since Utx is an X chromosome-specific gene, the genotypes are sex-dependent; female mice lose both Utx alleles (UtxΔ/Δ ), and male mice lose one Utx allele yet retain one Uty allele, the counterpart of Utx on the Y chromosome (UtxΔ/Uty ). We found that UtxΔ/Δ mice exhibited fetal ventriculomegaly and died soon after birth. Immunofluorescence staining and EdU labeling revealed a significant increase in NSPCs and a significant decrease in intermediate-progenitor and differentiated neural cells. Molecular analyses revealed the downregulation of pathways related to DNA replication and increased H3K27me3 levels around the transcription start sites in UtxΔ/Δ NSPCs. These results indicate that UTX globally regulates the expression of genes required for proper neural development in NSPCs, and UTX deficiency leads to impaired cell cycle exit, reduced differentiation, and neonatal death. Interestingly, although UtxΔ/Uty mice survived the postnatal period, most died of hydrocephalus, a clinical feature of Kabuki syndrome, a congenital anomaly involving UTX mutations. Our findings provide novel insights into the role of histone modifiers in neural development and suggest that UtxΔ/Uty mice are a potential disease model for Kabuki syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Koizumi
- Field of Human Disease Models, Major in Advanced Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animals, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikaru Eto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mai Saeki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahide Seki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Fukushima
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Mukai
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hisamitsu Ide
- Department of Urology, Dokkyo Medical University, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sera
- Field of Human Disease Models, Major in Advanced Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animals, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Iwasaki
- Field of Human Disease Models, Major in Advanced Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animals, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tohei
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Honda
- Field of Human Disease Models, Major in Advanced Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animals, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Amberg N, Pauler FM, Streicher C, Hippenmeyer S. Tissue-wide genetic and cellular landscape shapes the execution of sequential PRC2 functions in neural stem cell lineage progression. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq1263. [PMID: 36322669 PMCID: PMC9629739 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The generation of a correctly sized cerebral cortex with all-embracing neuronal and glial cell-type diversity critically depends on faithful radial glial progenitor (RGP) cell proliferation/differentiation programs. Temporal RGP lineage progression is regulated by Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), and loss of PRC2 activity results in severe neurogenesis defects and microcephaly. How PRC2-dependent gene expression instructs RGP lineage progression is unknown. Here, we use mosaic analysis with double markers (MADM)-based single-cell technology and demonstrate that PRC2 is not cell-autonomously required in neurogenic RGPs but rather acts at the global tissue-wide level. Conversely, cortical astrocyte production and maturation is cell-autonomously controlled by PRC2-dependent transcriptional regulation. We thus reveal highly distinct and sequential PRC2 functions in RGP lineage progression that are dependent on complex interplays between intrinsic and tissue-wide properties. In a broader context, our results imply a critical role for the genetic and cellular niche environment in neural stem cell behavior.
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Tozzi A, Mariniello L. Unusual Mathematical Approaches Untangle Nervous Dynamics. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102581. [PMID: 36289843 PMCID: PMC9599563 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The massive amount of available neurodata suggests the existence of a mathematical backbone underlying neuronal oscillatory activities. For example, geometric constraints are powerful enough to define cellular distribution and drive the embryonal development of the central nervous system. We aim to elucidate whether underrated notions from geometry, topology, group theory and category theory can assess neuronal issues and provide experimentally testable hypotheses. The Monge’s theorem might contribute to our visual ability of depth perception and the brain connectome can be tackled in terms of tunnelling nanotubes. The multisynaptic ascending fibers connecting the peripheral receptors to the neocortical areas can be assessed in terms of knot theory/braid groups. Presheaves from category theory permit the tackling of nervous phase spaces in terms of the theory of infinity categories, highlighting an approach based on equivalence rather than equality. Further, the physical concepts of soft-matter polymers and nematic colloids might shed new light on neurulation in mammalian embryos. Hidden, unexpected multidisciplinary relationships can be found when mathematics copes with neural phenomena, leading to novel answers for everlasting neuroscientific questions. For instance, our framework leads to the conjecture that the development of the nervous system might be correlated with the occurrence of local thermal changes in embryo–fetal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Tozzi
- Center for Nonlinear Science, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Lucio Mariniello
- Department of Pediatrics, University Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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A Spacetime Odyssey of Neural Progenitors to Generate Neuronal Diversity. Neurosci Bull 2022; 39:645-658. [PMID: 36214963 PMCID: PMC10073374 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00956-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how the nervous system develops from a small pool of progenitors during early embryonic development, it is fundamentally important to identify the diversity of neuronal subtypes, decode the origin of neuronal diversity, and uncover the principles governing neuronal specification across different regions. Recent single-cell analyses have systematically identified neuronal diversity at unprecedented scale and speed, leaving the deconstruction of spatiotemporal mechanisms for generating neuronal diversity an imperative and paramount challenge. In this review, we highlight three distinct strategies deployed by neural progenitors to produce diverse neuronal subtypes, including predetermined, stochastic, and cascade diversifying models, and elaborate how these strategies are implemented in distinct regions such as the neocortex, spinal cord, retina, and hypothalamus. Importantly, the identity of neural progenitors is defined by their spatial position and temporal patterning factors, and each type of progenitor cell gives rise to distinguishable cohorts of neuronal subtypes. Microenvironmental cues, spontaneous activity, and connectional pattern further reshape and diversify the fate of unspecialized neurons in particular regions. The illumination of how neuronal diversity is generated will pave the way for producing specific brain organoids to model human disease and desired neuronal subtypes for cell therapy, as well as understanding the organization of functional neural circuits and the evolution of the nervous system.
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Massimo M, Long KR. Orchestrating human neocortex development across the scales; from micro to macro. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 130:24-36. [PMID: 34583893 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
How our brains have developed to perform the many complex functions that make us human has long remained a question of great interest. Over the last few decades, many scientists from a wide range of fields have tried to answer this question by aiming to uncover the mechanisms that regulate the development of the human neocortex. They have approached this on different scales, focusing microscopically on individual cells all the way up to macroscopically imaging entire brains within living patients. In this review we will summarise these key findings and how they fit together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Massimo
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine R Long
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
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