1
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Odewale EO, Wanasinghe ST, Rury AS. Assessing the Determinants of Cavity Polariton Relaxation Using Angle-Resolved Photoluminescence Excitation Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:5705-5713. [PMID: 38768370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The strong coupling of light and matter within electromagnetic resonators leads to the formation of cavity polaritons whose hybrid nature may help certain ground and excited state chemical processes. To help enable the development of polariton chemistry, we have developed and applied a spectroscopic technique to leverage the relatively larger spatial coherence of polaritons to assess the determinants of relaxation in hybrid light-matter states. By exciting the lower polariton (LP) state in cavity samples filled with different metalloporphyrin chromophores, we measured and modeled angle-resolved photoluminescence excitation spectra. Our results suggest that the shortest lived constituent of the LP state characterized by specific Hopfield coefficients limits the light absorption of the intracavity molecules, which we equate with the effective polariton lifetime. Our results suggest that researchers need to consider the lifetimes of both photons and excitons participating in strong light-matter coupling when designing polaritonic systems and the methods they can use to assess the relaxation of polaritonic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth O Odewale
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Materials Structural Dynamics Laboratory, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Sachithra T Wanasinghe
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Materials Structural Dynamics Laboratory, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Aaron S Rury
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Materials Structural Dynamics Laboratory, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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2
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Gu B. Generalized Optical Sum Rules for Light-Dressed Matter. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:5580-5585. [PMID: 38754080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Light-driven matter can exhibit qualitatively distinct electronic and optical properties from those observed at equilibrium. We introduce generalized sum rules for the optical properties of light-driven molecules. Both classical and quantum light are considered. For classical light, the Floquet sum rules show that the sum of all Fourier components, indexed by n = -∞ to ∞, of the time-dependent dipole matrix elements between Floquet modes weighted by the corresponding quasienergy difference in the first Floquet Brillouin zone plus n driving frequency is a constant. Surprisingly, it is impossible to alter the energy exchange rate between matter and a perturbative external probe laser by a strong driving, even though the spectra can differ significantly from the bare ones. These developments provide guidance for the control of effective optical properties of matter by light fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gu
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Physics, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
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3
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Yu Q, Bowman JM. Fully Quantum Simulation of Polaritonic Vibrational Spectra of Large Cavity-Molecule System. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:4278-4287. [PMID: 38717309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The formation of molecular vibrational polaritons, arising from the interplay between molecular vibrations and infrared cavity modes, is a quantum phenomenon necessitating accurate quantum dynamical simulations. Here, we introduce the cavity vibrational self-consistent field/virtual state configuration interaction method, enabling quantum simulation of the vibrational spectra of many-molecule systems within the optical cavity. Focusing on the representative (H2O)21 system, we showcase this parameter-free quantum approach's ability to capture both linear and nonlinear vibrational spectral features. Our findings highlight the growing prominence of molecular couplings among OH stretches and bending excited bands with increased light-matter interaction, revealing distinctive nonlinear spectral features induced by vibrational strong coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Joel M Bowman
- Department of Chemistry and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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4
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Kumar S, Biswas S, Rashid U, Mony KS, Chandrasekharan G, Mattiotti F, Vergauwe RMA, Hagenmuller D, Kaliginedi V, Thomas A. Extraordinary Electrical Conductance through Amorphous Nonconducting Polymers under Vibrational Strong Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38736166 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Enhancing the electrical conductance through amorphous nondoped polymers is challenging. Here, we show that vibrational strong coupling (VSC) of intrinsically nonconducting and amorphous polymers such as polystyrene, deuterated polystyrene, and poly(benzyl methacrylate) to the vacuum electromagnetic field of the cavity enhances the electrical conductivity by at least 6 orders of magnitude compared to the uncoupled polymers. Remarkably, the observed extraordinary conductance is vibrational mode selective and occurs only under the VSC of the aromatic C-H(D) out-of-plane bending modes of the polymers. The conductance is thermally activated at the onset of strong coupling and becomes temperature-independent as the collective strong coupling strength increases. The electrical characterizations are performed without external light excitation, demonstrating the role of vacuum electromagnetic field-matter strong coupling in enhancing long-range transport even in amorphous nonconducting polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560 012, India
| | - Subha Biswas
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560 012, India
| | - Umar Rashid
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560 012, India
| | - Kavya S Mony
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560 012, India
| | - Gokul Chandrasekharan
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560 012, India
| | - Francesco Mattiotti
- University of Strasbourg and CNRS, CESQ and ISIS (UMR 7006), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Robrecht M A Vergauwe
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä FI-40014, Finland
| | - David Hagenmuller
- University of Strasbourg and CNRS, CESQ and ISIS (UMR 7006), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Anoop Thomas
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560 012, India
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5
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Phuc NT. Semiclassical Truncated-Wigner-Approximation Theory of Molecular Vibration-Polariton Dynamics in Optical Cavities. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:3019-3027. [PMID: 38608260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
It has been experimentally demonstrated that molecular-vibration polaritons formed by strong coupling of a molecular vibration to an infrared cavity mode can significantly modify the physical properties and chemical reactivities of various molecular systems. However, a complete theoretical understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the modifications remains elusive due to the complexity of the hybrid system, especially the collective nature of polaritonic states in systems containing many molecules. We develop here the semiclassical theory of molecular vibration-polariton dynamics based on the truncated Wigner approximation (TWA) that is tractable in large molecular systems and simultaneously captures the quantum character of photons in the optical cavity. The theory is then applied to investigate the nuclear quantum dynamics of a system of identical diatomic molecules having the ground-state Morse potential and being strongly coupled to an infrared cavity mode in the ultrastrong coupling regime. The validity of TWA is examined by comparing it with the full quantum dynamics of a single-molecule system for two different initial states in the dipole and Coulomb gauges. For the initial tensor-product ground state in the dipole gauge, which corresponds to a light-matter entangled state in the Coulomb gauge, the collective and resonance effects of molecular vibration-polariton formation on the nuclear dynamics are observed in a system of many molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thanh Phuc
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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6
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Lee I, Melton SR, Xu D, Delor M. Controlling Molecular Photoisomerization in Photonic Cavities through Polariton Funneling. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9544-9553. [PMID: 38530932 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Strong coupling between photonic modes and molecular electronic excitations, creating hybrid light-matter states called polaritons, is an attractive avenue for controlling chemical reactions. Nevertheless, experimental demonstrations of polariton-modified chemical reactions remain sparse. Here, we demonstrate modified photoisomerization kinetics of merocyanine and diarylethene by coupling the reactant's optical transition with photonic microcavity modes. We leverage broadband Fourier-plane optical microscopy to noninvasively and rapidly monitor photoisomerization within microcavities, enabling systematic investigation of chemical kinetics for different cavity-exciton detunings and photoexcitation conditions. We demonstrate three distinct effects of cavity coupling: first, a renormalization of the photonic density of states, akin to a Purcell effect, leads to enhanced absorption and isomerization rates at certain wavelengths, notably red-shifting the onset of photoisomerization. This effect is present under both strong and weak light-matter couplings. Second, kinetic competition between polariton localization into reactive molecular states and cavity losses leads to a suppression of the photoisomerization yield. Finally, our key result is that in reaction mixtures with multiple reactant isomers, exhibiting partially overlapping optical transitions and distinct isomerization pathways, the cavity resonance can be tuned to funnel photoexcitations into specific reactant isomers. Thus, upon decoherence, polaritons localize into a chosen isomer, selectively triggering the latter's photoisomerization despite initially being delocalized across all isomers. This result suggests that careful tuning of the cavity resonance is a promising avenue to steer chemical reactions and enhance product selectivity in reaction mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inki Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Sarah R Melton
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Milan Delor
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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7
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Chuang YT, Hsu LY. Microscopic theory of exciton-polariton model involving multiple molecules: Macroscopic quantum electrodynamics formulation and essence of direct intermolecular interactions. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:114105. [PMID: 38501476 DOI: 10.1063/5.0192704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED) and its extensions are widely used for the description of exciton-polariton systems. However, the exciton-polariton models based on CQED vary greatly within different contexts. One of the most significant discrepancies among these CQED models is whether one should include direct intermolecular interactions in the CQED Hamiltonian. To answer this question, in this article, we derive an effective dissipative CQED model including free-space dipole-dipole interactions (CQED-DDI) from a microscopic Hamiltonian based on macroscopic quantum electrodynamics. Dissipative CQED-DDI successfully captures the nature of vacuum fluctuations in dielectric media and separates them into free-space effects and dielectric-induced effects. The former include spontaneous emissions, dephasings, and dipole-dipole interactions in free space; the latter include exciton-polariton interactions and photonic losses due to dielectric media. We apply dissipative CQED-DDI to investigate the exciton-polariton dynamics (the population dynamics of molecules above a plasmonic surface) and compare the results with those based on the methods proposed by several previous studies. We find that direct intermolecular interactions are a crucial element when employing CQED-like models to study exciton-polariton systems involving multiple molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Chuang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yan Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Physics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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8
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Stemo G, Nishiuchi J, Bhakta H, Mao H, Wiesehan G, Xiong W, Katsuki H. Ultrafast Spectroscopy under Vibrational Strong Coupling in Diphenylphosphoryl Azide. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:1817-1824. [PMID: 38437187 PMCID: PMC10945483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Strong coupling of cavity photons and molecular vibrations creates vibrational polaritons that have been shown to modify chemical reactivity and alter material properties. While ultrafast spectroscopy of vibrational polaritons has been performed intensively in metal complexes, ultrafast dynamics in vibrationally strongly coupled organic molecules remain unexplored. Here, we report ultrafast pump-probe measurement and two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy in diphenylphosphoryl azide under vibrational strong coupling. Early time oscillatory structures indicate coherent energy exchange between the two polariton modes, which decays in ∼2 ps. We observe a large transient absorptive feature around the lower polariton, which can be explained by the overlapped excited-state absorption and derivative-shaped structures around the lower and upper polaritons. The latter feature is explained by the Rabi splitting contraction, which is ascribed to a reduced population in the ground state. These results reassure the previously reported spectroscopic theory to describe nonlinear spectroscopy of vibrational polaritons. We have also noticed the influence of the complicated layer structure of the cavity mirrors. The penetration of the electric field distribution into the layered structure of the dielectric-mirror cavities can significantly affect the Rabi splitting and the decay time constant of polaritonic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrek Stemo
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Joel Nishiuchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Harsh Bhakta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Haochuan Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Garret Wiesehan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Hiroyuki Katsuki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
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9
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Xiang B, Xiong W. Molecular Polaritons for Chemistry, Photonics and Quantum Technologies. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2512-2552. [PMID: 38416701 PMCID: PMC10941193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Molecular polaritons are quasiparticles resulting from the hybridization between molecular and photonic modes. These composite entities, bearing characteristics inherited from both constituents, exhibit modified energy levels and wave functions, thereby capturing the attention of chemists in the past decade. The potential to modify chemical reactions has spurred many investigations, alongside efforts to enhance and manipulate optical responses for photonic and quantum applications. This Review centers on the experimental advances in this burgeoning field. Commencing with an introduction of the fundamentals, including theoretical foundations and various cavity architectures, we discuss outcomes of polariton-modified chemical reactions. Furthermore, we navigate through the ongoing debates and uncertainties surrounding the underpinning mechanism of this innovative method of controlling chemistry. Emphasis is placed on gaining a comprehensive understanding of the energy dynamics of molecular polaritons, in particular, vibrational molecular polaritons─a pivotal facet in steering chemical reactions. Additionally, we discuss the unique capability of coherent two-dimensional spectroscopy to dissect polariton and dark mode dynamics, offering insights into the critical components within the cavity that alter chemical reactions. We further expand to the potential utility of molecular polaritons in quantum applications as well as precise manipulation of molecular and photonic polarizations, notably in the context of chiral phenomena. This discussion aspires to ignite deeper curiosity and engagement in revealing the physics underpinning polariton-modified molecular properties, and a broad fascination with harnessing photonic environments to control chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiang
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries
of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, California 92126, United States
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, University
of California, San Diego, California 92126, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San
Diego, California 92126, United States
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10
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Ma X, Wang X, Cui S, Pu S. Construction of a Reversible Solid-state Fluorescence Switching Via Photochromic Diarylethene and Si-ZnO Quantum Dots. J Fluoresc 2024; 34:531-539. [PMID: 37300784 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03279-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Developing fluorescence switching as functional system is highly desirable for potential applications in the fields of light-responsive materials or devices. Attempt to construct fluorescence switching system tend to focus on the high fluorescence modulation efficiency, especially in solid state. Herein, a photo-controlled fluorescence switching system was constructed with photochromic diarylethene and trimethoxysilane modified zinc oxide quantum dots (Si-ZnO QDs) successfully. It was verified by the measurement of modulation efficiency, fatigue resistance as well as theoretical calculation. Upon irradiation with UV/Vis lights, the system exhibited excellent photochromic property and photo-controlled fluorescence switching performance. Furthermore, the excellent fluorescence switching characters could also be realized in solid state and the fluorescence modulation efficiency was determined to be 87.4%. The results will provide new strategies to the construction of reversible solid-state photo-controlled fluorescence switching for the application in the fields of optical data storage and security labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhuan Ma
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyao Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqiang Cui
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shouzhi Pu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Ecology and Environment, Yuzhang Normal University, Nanchang, 330103, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Cai MR, Zhang X, Cheng ZQ, Yan TF, Dong H. Extracting double-quantum coherence in two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy under pump-probe geometry. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:033006. [PMID: 38497835 DOI: 10.1063/5.0198255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) can be implemented with different geometries, e.g., BOXCARS, collinear, and pump-probe geometries. The pump-probe geometry has the advantage of overlapping only two beams and reducing phase cycling steps. However, its applications are typically limited to observing the dynamics with single-quantum coherence and population, leaving the challenge to measure the dynamics of the double-quantum (2Q) coherence, which reflects the many-body interactions. We demonstrate an experimental technique in 2DES under pump-probe geometry with a designed pulse sequence and the signal processing method to extract 2Q coherence. In the designed pulse sequence, with the probe pulse arriving earlier than the pump pulses, our measured signal includes the 2Q signal as well as the zero-quantum signal. With phase cycling and data processing using causality enforcement, we extract the 2Q signal. The proposal is demonstrated with rubidium atoms. We observe the collective resonances of two-body dipole-dipole interactions in both the D1 and D2 lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Rui Cai
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zi-Qian Cheng
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Teng-Fei Yan
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing 100193, China
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12
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Koo Y, Moon T, Kang M, Joo H, Lee C, Lee H, Kravtsov V, Park KD. Dynamical control of nanoscale light-matter interactions in low-dimensional quantum materials. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:30. [PMID: 38272869 PMCID: PMC10810844 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01380-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Tip-enhanced nano-spectroscopy and -imaging have significantly advanced our understanding of low-dimensional quantum materials and their interactions with light, providing a rich insight into the underlying physics at their natural length scale. Recently, various functionalities of the plasmonic tip expand the capabilities of the nanoscopy, enabling dynamic manipulation of light-matter interactions at the nanoscale. In this review, we focus on a new paradigm of the nanoscopy, shifting from the conventional role of imaging and spectroscopy to the dynamical control approach of the tip-induced light-matter interactions. We present three different approaches of tip-induced control of light-matter interactions, such as cavity-gap control, pressure control, and near-field polarization control. Specifically, we discuss the nanoscale modifications of radiative emissions for various emitters from weak to strong coupling regime, achieved by the precise engineering of the cavity-gap. Furthermore, we introduce recent works on light-matter interactions controlled by tip-pressure and near-field polarization, especially tunability of the bandgap, crystal structure, photoluminescence quantum yield, exciton density, and energy transfer in a wide range of quantum materials. We envision that this comprehensive review not only contributes to a deeper understanding of the physics of nanoscale light-matter interactions but also offers a valuable resource to nanophotonics, plasmonics, and materials science for future technological advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonjeong Koo
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoung Moon
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingu Kang
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Huitae Joo
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjoo Lee
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongwoo Lee
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Vasily Kravtsov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Kyoung-Duck Park
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Rana B, Hohenstein EG, Martínez TJ. Simulating the Excited-State Dynamics of Polaritons with Ab Initio Multiple Spawning. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:139-151. [PMID: 38110364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a growth of interest in polaritonic chemistry, where the formation of hybrid light-matter states (polaritons) can alter the course of photochemical reactions. These hybrid states are created by strong coupling between molecules and photons in resonant optical cavities and can even occur in the absence of light when the molecule is strongly coupled with the electromagnetic fluctuations of the vacuum field. We present a first-principles model to simulate nonadiabatic dynamics of such polaritonic states inside optical cavities by leveraging graphical processing units (GPUs). Our first implementation of this model is specialized for a single molecule coupled to a single-photon mode confined inside the optical cavity but with any number of excited states computed using complete active space configuration interaction (CASCI) and a Jaynes-Cummings-type Hamiltonian. Using this model, we have simulated the excited-state dynamics of a single salicylideneaniline (SA) molecule strongly coupled to a cavity photon with the ab initio multiple spawning (AIMS) method. We demonstrate how the branching ratios of the photodeactivation pathways for this molecule can be manipulated by coupling to the cavity. We also show how one can stop the photoreaction from happening inside of an optical cavity. Finally, we also investigate cavity-based control of the ordering of two excited states (one optically bright and the other optically dark) inside a cavity for a set of molecules, where the dark and bright states are close in energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Rana
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Edward G Hohenstein
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Todd J Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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14
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Tichauer RH, Sokolovskii I, Groenhof G. Tuning the Coherent Propagation of Organic Exciton-Polaritons through the Cavity Q-factor. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302650. [PMID: 37818758 PMCID: PMC10667804 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Transport of excitons in organic materials can be enhanced through polariton formation when the interaction strength between these excitons and the confined light modes of an optical resonator exceeds their decay rates. While the polariton lifetime is determined by the Q(uality)-factor of the optical resonator, the polariton group velocity is not. Instead, the latter is solely determined by the polariton dispersion. Yet, experiments suggest that the Q-factor also controls the polariton propagation velocity. To understand this observation, the authors perform molecular dynamics simulations of Rhodamine chromophores strongly coupled to Fabry-Pérot cavities with various Q-factors. The results suggest that propagation in the aforementioned experiments is initially dominated by ballistic motion of upper polariton states at their group velocities, which leads to a rapid expansion of the wavepacket. Cavity decay in combination with non-adiabatic population transfer into dark states, rapidly depletes these bright states, causing the wavepacket to contract. However, because population transfer is reversible, propagation continues, but as a diffusion process, at lower velocity. By controlling the lifetime of bright states, the Q-factor determines the duration of the ballistic phase and the diffusion coefficient in the diffusive regime. Thus, polariton propagation in organic microcavities can be effectively tuned through the Q-factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth H. Tichauer
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC)Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadridE‐28049Spain
| | - Ilia Sokolovskii
- Nanoscience Center and Department of ChemistryUniversity of JyväskyläP.O. Box 35, 40014JyväskyläFinland
| | - Gerrit Groenhof
- Nanoscience Center and Department of ChemistryUniversity of JyväskyläP.O. Box 35, 40014JyväskyläFinland
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15
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Fidler AP, Chen L, McKillop AM, Weichman ML. Ultrafast dynamics of CN radical reactions with chloroform solvent under vibrational strong coupling. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:164302. [PMID: 37870135 DOI: 10.1063/5.0167410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Polariton chemistry may provide a new means to control molecular reactivity, permitting remote, reversible modification of reaction energetics, kinetics, and product yields. A considerable body of experimental and theoretical work has already demonstrated that strong coupling between a molecular vibrational mode and the confined electromagnetic field of an optical cavity can alter chemical reactivity without external illumination. However, the mechanisms underlying cavity-altered chemistry remain unclear in large part because the experimental systems examined previously are too complex for detailed analysis of their reaction dynamics. Here, we experimentally investigate photolysis-induced reactions of cyanide radicals with strongly-coupled chloroform (CHCl3) solvent molecules and examine the intracavity rates of photofragment recombination, solvent complexation, and hydrogen abstraction. We use a microfluidic optical cavity fitted with dichroic mirrors to facilitate vibrational strong coupling (VSC) of the C-H stretching mode of CHCl3 while simultaneously permitting optical access at visible wavelengths. Ultrafast transient absorption experiments performed with cavities tuned on- and off-resonance reveal that VSC of the CHCl3 C-H stretching transition does not significantly modify any measured rate constants, including those associated with the hydrogen abstraction reaction. This work represents, to the best of our knowledge, the first experimental study of an elementary bimolecular reaction under VSC. We discuss how the conspicuous absence of cavity-altered effects in this system may provide insights into the mechanisms of modified ground state reactivity under VSC and help bridge the divide between experimental results and theoretical predictions in vibrational polariton chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P Fidler
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Liying Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | | | - Marissa L Weichman
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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16
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Sokolovskii I, Tichauer RH, Morozov D, Feist J, Groenhof G. Multi-scale molecular dynamics simulations of enhanced energy transfer in organic molecules under strong coupling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6613. [PMID: 37857599 PMCID: PMC10587084 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42067-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Exciton transport can be enhanced in the strong coupling regime where excitons hybridize with confined light modes to form polaritons. Because polaritons have group velocity, their propagation should be ballistic and long-ranged. However, experiments indicate that organic polaritons propagate in a diffusive manner and more slowly than their group velocity. Here, we resolve this controversy by means of molecular dynamics simulations of Rhodamine molecules in a Fabry-Pérot cavity. Our results suggest that polariton propagation is limited by the cavity lifetime and appears diffusive due to reversible population transfers between polaritonic states that propagate ballistically at their group velocity, and dark states that are stationary. Furthermore, because long-lived dark states transiently trap the excitation, propagation is observed on timescales beyond the intrinsic polariton lifetime. These insights not only help to better understand and interpret experimental observations, but also pave the way towards rational design of molecule-cavity systems for coherent exciton transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Sokolovskii
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
| | - Ruth H Tichauer
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dmitry Morozov
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
| | - Johannes Feist
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerrit Groenhof
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland.
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17
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Gu B, Gu Y, Chernyak VY, Mukamel S. Cavity Control of Molecular Spectroscopy and Photophysics. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2753-2762. [PMID: 37782841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusOptical cavities have been established as a powerful platform for manipulating the spectroscopy and photophysics of molecules. Molecules placed inside an optical cavity will interact with the cavity field, even if the cavity is in the vacuum state with no photons. When the coupling strength between matter excitations, either electronic or vibrational, and a cavity photon mode surpasses all decay rates in the system, hybrid light-matter excitations known as cavity polaritons emerge. Originally studied in atomic systems, there has been growing interest in studying polaritons in molecules. Numerous studies, both experimental and theoretical, have demonstrated that the formation of molecular polaritons can significantly alter the optical, electronic, and chemical properties of molecules in a noninvasive manner.This Account focuses on novel studies that reveal how optical cavities can be employed to control electronic excitations, both valence and core, in molecules and the spectroscopic signatures of molecular polaritons. We first discuss the capacity of optical cavities to manipulate and control the intrinsic conical intersection dynamics in polyatomic molecules. Since conical intersections are responsible for a wide range of photochemical and photophysical processes such as internal conversion, photoisomerization, and singlet fission, this provides a practical strategy to control molecular photodynamics. Two examples are given for the internal conversion in pyrazine and singlet fission in a pentacene dimer. We further show how X-ray cavities can be exploited to control the core-level excitations of molecules. Core polaritons can be created from inequivalent core orbitals by exchanging X-ray cavity photons. The core polaritons can also alter the selection rules in nonlinear spectroscopy.Polaritonic states and dynamics can be monitored by nonlinear spectroscopy. Quantum light spectroscopy is a frontier in nonlinear spectroscopy that exploits the quantum-mechanical properties of light, such as entanglement and squeezing, to extract matter information inaccessible by classical light. We discuss how quantum spectroscopic techniques can be employed for probing polaritonic systems. In multimolecule polaritonic systems, there exist two-polariton states that are dark in the two-photon absorption spectrum due to destructive interference between transition pathways. We show that a time-frequency entangled photon pair can manipulate the interference between transition pathways in the two-photon absorption signal and thus capture classically dark two-polariton states. Finally, we discuss cooperative effects among molecules in spectroscopy and possibly in chemistry. When many molecules are involved in forming the polaritons, while the cooperative effects clearly manifest in the dependence of the Rabi splitting on the number of molecules, whether they can show up in chemical reactivity, which is intrinsically local, is an open question. We explore the cooperative nature of the charge migration process in a cavity and show that, unlike spectroscopy, polaritonic charge dynamics is intrinsically local and does not show collective many-molecule effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Yonghao Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Vladimir Y Chernyak
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Mathematics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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18
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Philbin JP, Haugland TS, Ghosh TK, Ronca E, Chen M, Narang P, Koch H. Molecular van der Waals Fluids in Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8988-8993. [PMID: 37774379 PMCID: PMC10578074 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Intermolecular van der Waals interactions are central to chemical and physical phenomena ranging from biomolecule binding to soft-matter phase transitions. In this work, we demonstrate that strong light-matter coupling can be used to control the thermodynamic properties of many-molecule systems. Our analyses reveal orientation dependent single molecule energies and interaction energies for van der Waals molecules. For example, we find intermolecular interactions that depend on the distance between the molecules R as R-3 and R0. Moreover, we employ ab initio cavity quantum electrodynamics calculations to develop machine-learning-based interaction potentials for molecules inside optical cavities. By simulating systems ranging from 12 H2 to 144 H2 molecules, we observe varying degrees of orientational order because of cavity-modified interactions, and we explain how quantum nuclear effects, light-matter coupling strengths, number of cavity modes, molecular anisotropies, and system size all impact the extent of orientational order.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Philbin
- Harvard
John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- College
of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tor S. Haugland
- Department
of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science
and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tushar K. Ghosh
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Enrico Ronca
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università
degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Max Planck
Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center Free-Electron
Laser Science, Luruper
Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ming Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Prineha Narang
- Harvard
John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- College
of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Henrik Koch
- Department
of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science
and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Scuola
Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 7, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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19
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Cohn B, Filippov T, Ber E, Chuntonov L. Spontaneous Raman scattering from vibrational polaritons is obscured by reservoir states. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:104705. [PMID: 37694751 DOI: 10.1063/5.0159666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrational strong coupling results from the interaction between optically allowed molecular vibrational excitations and the resonant mode of an infrared cavity. Strong coupling leads to the formation of hybrid states, known as vibrational polaritons, which are readily observed in transmission measurements and a manifold of the reservoir states. In contrast, Raman spectroscopy of vibrational polaritons is elusive and has recently been the focus of both theoretical and experimental investigations. Because Raman measurements are frequently performed with high-numerical aperture excitation/collection optics, the angular dispersion of the strongly coupled system must be carefully considered. Herein, we experimentally investigated vibrational polaritons involving dispersive collective lattice resonances of infrared antenna arrays. Despite clear indications of the strong coupling to vibrational excitations in the transmission spectrum; we found that Raman spectra do not bear signatures of the polaritonic transitions. Detailed measurements indicate that the disappearance of the Raman signal is not due to the polariton dispersion in our samples. On the other hand, the Tavis-Cummings-Holstein model that we employed to interpret our results suggests that the ratio of the Raman transition strengths between the reservoir and the polariton states scales according to the number of strongly coupled molecules. Because the vibrational transitions are relatively weak, the number of molecules required to achieve strong coupling conditions is about 109 per unit cell of the array of infrared antennas. Therefore, the scaling predicted by the Tavis-Cummings-Holstein model can explain the absence of the polariton signatures in spontaneous Raman scattering experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bar Cohn
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Tikhon Filippov
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Emanuel Ber
- Viterbi Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and The Helen Diller Quantum Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Lev Chuntonov
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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20
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Wang Y, Dou W. Nonadiabatic dynamics near metal surfaces under Floquet engineering: Floquet electronic friction vs Floquet surface hopping. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:094103. [PMID: 37655774 DOI: 10.1063/5.0161292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the previous study Wang and Dou [J. Chem. Phys. 158, 224109 (2023)], we have derived a Floquet classical master equation (FCME) to treat nonadiabatic dynamics near metal surfaces under Floquet engineering. We have also proposed a trajectory surface hopping algorithm to solve the FCME. In this study, we map the FCME into a Floquet Fokker-Planck equation in the limit of fast Floquet driving and fast electron motion as compared to nuclear motion. The Fokker-Planck equation is then being solved using Langevin dynamics with explicit friction and random force from the nonadiabatic effects of hybridized electrons and Floquet states. We benchmark the Floquet electronic friction dynamics against Floquet quantum master equation and Floquet surface hopping. We find that Floquet driving results in a violation of the second fluctuation-dissipation theorem, which further gives rise to heating effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjie Dou
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
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21
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Lyu PT, Yin LX, Shen YT, Gao Z, Chen HY, Xu JJ, Kang B. Plasmonic Cavity-Catalysis by Standing Hot Carrier Waves. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18912-18919. [PMID: 37584625 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating active sites of catalysts is crucial but challenging in catalysis science and engineering. Beyond the design of the composition and structure of catalysts, the confined electromagnetic field in optical cavities has recently become a promising method for catalyzing chemical reactions via strong light-matter interactions. Another form of confined electromagnetic field, the charge density wave in plasmonic cavities, however, still needs to be explored for catalysis. Here, we present an unprecedented catalytic mode based on plasmonic cavities, called plasmonic cavity-catalysis. We achieve direct control of catalytic sites in plasmonic cavities through standing hot carrier waves. Periodic catalytic hotspots are formed because of localized energy and carrier distribution and can be well tuned by cavity geometry, charge density, and excitation angle. We also found that the catalytic activity of the cavity mode increases several orders of magnitude compared with conventional plasmonic catalysis. We ultimately demonstrate that the locally concentrated long-lived hot carriers in the standing wave mode underlie the formation of the catalytic hotspots. Plasmonic cavity-catalysis provides a new approach to manipulate the catalytic sites and rates and may expand the frontier of heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Tian Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li-Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi-Ting Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhaoshuai Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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22
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Koner A, Du M, Pannir-Sivajothi S, Goldsmith RH, Yuen-Zhou J. A path towards single molecule vibrational strong coupling in a Fabry-Pérot microcavity. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7753-7761. [PMID: 37476723 PMCID: PMC10355109 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01411h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Interaction between light and molecular vibrations leads to hybrid light-matter states called vibrational polaritons. Even though many intriguing phenomena have been predicted for single-molecule vibrational strong coupling (VSC), several studies suggest that these effects tend to be diminished in the many-molecule regime due to the presence of dark states. Achieving single or few-molecule vibrational polaritons has been constrained by the need for fabricating extremely small mode volume infrared cavities. In this theoretical work, we propose an alternative strategy to achieve single-molecule VSC in a cavity-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (CERS) setup, based on the physics of cavity optomechanics. We then present a scheme harnessing few-molecule VSC to thermodynamically couple two reactions, such that a spontaneous electron transfer can now fuel a thermodynamically uphill reaction that was non-spontaneous outside the cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghadip Koner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Matthew Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago 5735 S Ellis Ave Chicago Illinois 60637 USA
| | - Sindhana Pannir-Sivajothi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Randall H Goldsmith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin 53706-1322 USA
| | - Joel Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
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23
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Hirai K, Hutchison JA, Uji-I H. Molecular Chemistry in Cavity Strong Coupling. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37390295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The coherent exchange of energy between materials and optical fields leads to strong light-matter interactions and so-called polaritonic states with intriguing properties, halfway between light and matter. Two decades ago, research on these strong light-matter interactions, using optical cavity (vacuum) fields, remained for the most part the province of the physicist, with a focus on inorganic materials requiring cryogenic temperatures and carefully fabricated, high-quality optical cavities for their study. This review explores the history and recent acceleration of interest in the application of polaritonic states to molecular properties and processes. The enormous collective oscillator strength of dense films of organic molecules, aggregates, and materials allows cavity vacuum field strong coupling to be achieved at room temperature, even in rapidly fabricated, highly lossy metallic optical cavities. This has put polaritonic states and their associated coherent phenomena at the fingertips of laboratory chemists, materials scientists, and even biochemists as a potentially new tool to control molecular chemistry. The exciting phenomena that have emerged suggest that polaritonic states are of genuine relevance within the molecular and material energy landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hirai
- Division of Photonics and Optical Science, Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, North 20 West 10, Kita ward, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - James A Hutchison
- School of Chemistry and ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, The University of Melbourne, Masson Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Hiroshi Uji-I
- Division of Photonics and Optical Science, Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, North 20 West 10, Kita ward, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee Leuven Belgium
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24
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Gu Y, Gu B, Sun S, Yong H, Chernyak VY, Mukamel S. Manipulating Attosecond Charge Migration in Molecules by Optical Cavities. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37390450 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The ultrafast electronic charge dynamics in molecules upon photoionization while the nuclear motions are frozen is known as charge migration. In a theoretical study of the quantum dynamics of photoionized 5-bromo-1-pentene, we show that the charge migration process can be induced and enhanced by placing the molecule in an optical cavity, and can be monitored by time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. The collective nature of the polaritonic charge migration process is investigated. We find that, unlike spectroscopy, molecular charge dynamics in a cavity is local and does not show many-molecule collective effects. The same conclusion applies to cavity polaritonic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bing Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
| | | | | | - Vladimir Y Chernyak
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Department of Mathematics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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25
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Aroeira GJR, Kairys KT, Ribeiro RF. Theoretical Analysis of Exciton Wave Packet Dynamics in Polaritonic Wires. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:5681-5691. [PMID: 37314883 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive study of the exciton wave packet evolution in disordered lossless polaritonic wires. Our simulations reveal signatures of ballistic, diffusive, and subdiffusive exciton dynamics under strong light-matter coupling and identify the typical time scales associated with the transitions between these qualitatively distinct transport phenomena. We determine optimal truncations of the matter and radiation subsystems required for generating reliable time-dependent data from computational simulations at an affordable cost. The time evolution of the photonic part of the wave function reveals that many cavity modes contribute to the dynamics in a nontrivial fashion. Hence, a sizable number of photon modes is needed to describe exciton propagation with a reasonable accuracy. We find and discuss an intriguingly common lack of dominance of the photon mode on resonance with matter in both the presence and absence of disorder. We discuss the implications of our investigations for the development of theoretical models and analysis of experiments where coherent intermolecular energy transport and static disorder play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo J R Aroeira
- Department of Chemistry and Cherry Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Kyle T Kairys
- Department of Chemistry and Cherry Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raphael F Ribeiro
- Department of Chemistry and Cherry Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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26
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Yu Q, Bowman JM. Manipulating hydrogen bond dissociation rates and mechanisms in water dimer through vibrational strong coupling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3527. [PMID: 37316497 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39212-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The vibrational strong coupling (VSC) between molecular vibrations and cavity photon modes has recently emerged as a promising tool for influencing chemical reactivities. Despite numerous experimental and theoretical efforts, the underlying mechanism of VSC effects remains elusive. In this study, we combine state-of-art quantum cavity vibrational self-consistent field/configuration interaction theory (cav-VSCF/VCI), quasi-classical trajectory method, along with the quantum-chemical CCSD(T)-level machine learning potential, to simulate the hydrogen bond dissociation dynamics of water dimer under VSC. We observe that manipulating the light-matter coupling strength and cavity frequencies can either inhibit or accelerate the dissociation rate. Furthermore, we discover that the cavity surprisingly modifies the vibrational dissociation channels, with a pathway involving both water fragments in their ground vibrational states becoming the major channel, which is a minor one when the water dimer is outside the cavity. We elucidate the mechanisms behind these effects by investigating the critical role of the optical cavity in modifying the intramolecular and intermolecular coupling patterns. While our work focuses on single water dimer system, it provides direct and statistically significant evidence of VSC effects on molecular reaction dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Joel M Bowman
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University and Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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27
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Wilcken R, Nishida J, Triana JF, John-Herpin A, Altug H, Sharma S, Herrera F, Raschke MB. Antenna-coupled infrared nanospectroscopy of intramolecular vibrational interaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220852120. [PMID: 37155895 PMCID: PMC10193936 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220852120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Many photonic and electronic molecular properties, as well as chemical and biochemical reactivities are controlled by fast intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR). This fundamental ultrafast process limits coherence time in applications from photochemistry to single quantum level control. While time-resolved multidimensional IR-spectroscopy can resolve the underlying vibrational interaction dynamics, as a nonlinear optical technique it has been challenging to extend its sensitivity to probe small molecular ensembles, achieve nanoscale spatial resolution, and control intramolecular dynamics. Here, we demonstrate a concept how mode-selective coupling of vibrational resonances to IR nanoantennas can reveal intramolecular vibrational energy transfer. In time-resolved infrared vibrational nanospectroscopy, we measure the Purcell-enhanced decrease of vibrational lifetimes of molecular vibrations while tuning the IR nanoantenna across coupled vibrations. At the example of a Re-carbonyl complex monolayer, we derive an IVR rate of (25±8) cm-1 corresponding to (450±150) fs, as is typical for the fast initial equilibration between symmetric and antisymmetric carbonyl vibrations. We model the enhancement of the cross-vibrational relaxation based on intrinsic intramolecular coupling and extrinsic antenna-enhanced vibrational energy relaxation. The model further suggests an anti-Purcell effect based on antenna and laser-field-driven vibrational mode interference which can counteract IVR-induced relaxation. Nanooptical spectroscopy of antenna-coupled vibrational dynamics thus provides for an approach to probe intramolecular vibrational dynamics with a perspective for vibrational coherent control of small molecular ensembles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Wilcken
- Department of Physics, and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO80309
| | - Jun Nishida
- Department of Physics, and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO80309
| | - Johan F. Triana
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Estación Central917022, Chile
| | - Aurelian John-Herpin
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédéral de Lausanne, Lausanne1015, Switzerland
| | - Hatice Altug
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédéral de Lausanne, Lausanne1015, Switzerland
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO80309
| | - Felipe Herrera
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Estación Central917022, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Research in Optics, Concepción4030000, Chile
| | - Markus B. Raschke
- Department of Physics, and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO80309
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28
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Bylinkin A, Calavalle F, Barra-Burillo M, Kirtaev RV, Nikulina E, Modin E, Janzen E, Edgar JH, Casanova F, Hueso LE, Volkov VS, Vavassori P, Aharonovich I, Alonso-Gonzalez P, Hillenbrand R, Nikitin AY. Dual-Band Coupling of Phonon and Surface Plasmon Polaritons with Vibrational and Electronic Excitations in Molecules. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:3985-3993. [PMID: 37116103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling (SC) between light and matter excitations bears intriguing potential for manipulating material properties. Typically, SC has been achieved between mid-infrared (mid-IR) light and molecular vibrations or between visible light and excitons. However, simultaneously achieving SC in both frequency bands remains unexplored. Here, we introduce polaritonic nanoresonators (formed by h-BN layers on Al ribbons) hosting surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) at visible frequencies and phonon polaritons (PhPs) at mid-IR frequencies, which simultaneously couple to excitons and molecular vibrations in an adjacent layer of CoPc molecules, respectively. Employing near-field optical nanoscopy, we demonstrate the colocalization of near fields at both visible and mid-IR frequencies. Far-field transmission spectroscopy of the nanoresonator structure covered with a layer of CoPc molecules shows clear mode splittings in both frequency ranges, revealing simultaneous SPP-exciton and PhP-vibron coupling. Dual-band SC may offer potential for manipulating coupling between exciton and molecular vibration in future optoelectronics, nanophotonics, and quantum information applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Bylinkin
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia - San Sebastian 20018, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia - San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | | | | | - Roman V Kirtaev
- Emerging Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Dubai, DIP 00000, UAE
| | | | - Evgeny Modin
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia - San Sebastian 20018, Spain
| | - Eli Janzen
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Fèlix Casanova
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia - San Sebastian 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Luis E Hueso
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia - San Sebastian 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Valentyn S Volkov
- Emerging Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Dubai, DIP 00000, UAE
| | - Paolo Vavassori
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia - San Sebastian 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Pablo Alonso-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Fisica, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN), El Entego 33940, Spain
| | - Rainer Hillenbrand
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA and EHU/UPV, Donostia - San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Alexey Y Nikitin
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia - San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
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29
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Xiong W. Molecular Vibrational Polariton Dynamics: What Can Polaritons Do? Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:776-786. [PMID: 36930582 PMCID: PMC10077590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusWhen molecular vibrational modes strongly couple to virtual states of photonic modes, new molecular vibrational polariton states are formed, along with a large population of dark reservoir modes. The polaritons are much like the bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals when atomic orbitals form molecular bonds, while the dark modes are like nonbonding orbitals. Because the polariton states are half-matter and half-light, whose energy is shifted from the parental states, polaritons are predicted to modify chemistry under thermally activated conditions, leading to an exciting and emerging field known as polariton chemistry that could potentially shift paradigms in chemistry. Despite several published results supporting this concept, the chemical physics and mechanism of polariton chemistry remain elusive. One reason for this challenge is that previous works cannot differentiate polaritons from dark modes. This limitation makes delineating the contributions to chemistry from polaritons and dark states difficult. However, this level of insight is critical for developing a solid mechanism for polariton chemistry to design and predict the outcome of strong coupling with any given reaction. My group addressed the challenge of differentiating the dynamics of polaritons and dark modes by ultrafast two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy. Specifically, (1) we found that polaritons can facilitate intra- and intermolecular vibrational energy transfer, opening a pathway to control vibrational energy flow in liquid-phase molecular systems, and (2) by studying a single-step isomerization event, we verified that indeed polaritons can modify chemical dynamics under strong coupling conditions, but in contrast, the dark modes behave like uncoupled molecules and do not change the dynamics. This finding confirmed the central concept of polariton chemistry: polaritons modify the potential energy landscape of reactions. The result also clarified the role of dark modes, which lays a critical foundation for designing cavities for future polariton chemistry. Aside from using 2D IR spectroscopy to study polariton chemistry, we also used the same technique to develop molecular polaritons into a potential quantum simulation platform. We demonstrated that polaritons have Rabi oscillations, and using a checkerboard cavity design, we showed that polaritons could have large nonlinearity across space. We further used the checkerboard polaritons to simulate coherence transfer and visualize it. A unidirectional coherence transfer was observed, indicating non-Hermitian dynamics. The highlighted efforts in this Account provide a solid understanding of the capability of polaritons for chemistry and quantum information science. I conclude this Account by discussing a few challenges for moving polariton chemistry toward being predictable and making the polariton quantum platform a complement to existing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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30
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Finkelstein-Shapiro D, Mante PA, Balci S, Zigmantas D, Pullerits T. Non-Hermitian Hamiltonians for linear and nonlinear optical response: A model for plexcitons. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:104104. [PMID: 36922135 DOI: 10.1063/5.0130287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In polaritons, the properties of matter are modified by mixing the molecular transitions with light modes inside a cavity. Resultant hybrid light-matter states exhibit energy level shifts, are delocalized over many molecular units, and have a different excited-state potential energy landscape, which leads to modified exciton dynamics. Previously, non-Hermitian Hamiltonians have been derived to describe the excited states of molecules coupled to surface plasmons (i.e., plexcitons), and these operators have been successfully used in the description of linear and third order optical response. In this article, we rigorously derive non-Hermitian Hamiltonians in the response function formalism of nonlinear spectroscopy by means of Feshbach operators and apply them to explore spectroscopic signatures of plexcitons. In particular, we analyze the optical response below and above the exceptional point that arises for matching transition energies for plasmon and molecular components and study their decomposition using double-sided Feynman diagrams. We find a clear distinction between interference and Rabi splitting in linear spectroscopy and a qualitative change in the symmetry of the line shape of the nonlinear signal when crossing the exceptional point. This change corresponds to one in the symmetry of the eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian. Our work presents an approach for simulating the optical response of sublevels within an electronic system and opens new applications of nonlinear spectroscopy to examine the different regimes of the spectrum of non-Hermitian Hamiltonians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre-Adrien Mante
- Division of Chemical Physics and Nanolund, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sinan Balci
- Department of Photonics, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430 Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Donatas Zigmantas
- Division of Chemical Physics and Nanolund, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tõnu Pullerits
- Division of Chemical Physics and Nanolund, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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31
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Mukherjee A, Feist J, Börjesson K. Quantitative Investigation of the Rate of Intersystem Crossing in the Strong Exciton-Photon Coupling Regime. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5155-5162. [PMID: 36813757 PMCID: PMC9999416 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Strong interactions between excitons and photons lead to the formation of exciton-polaritons, which possess completely different properties compared to their constituents. The polaritons are created by incorporating a material in an optical cavity where the electromagnetic field is tightly confined. Over the last few years, the relaxation of polaritonic states has been shown to enable a new kind of energy transfer event, which is efficient at length scales substantially larger than the typical Förster radius. However, the importance of such energy transfer depends on the ability of the short-lived polaritonic states to efficiently decay to molecular localized states that can perform a photochemical process, such as charge transfer or triplet states. Here, we investigate quantitatively the interaction between polaritons and triplet states of erythrosine B in the strong coupling regime. We analyze the experimental data, collected mainly employing angle-resolved reflectivity and excitation measurements, using a rate equation model. We show that the rate of intersystem crossing from the polariton to the triplet states depends on the energy alignment of the excited polaritonic states. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the rate of intersystem crossing can be substantially enhanced in the strong coupling regime to the point where it approaches the rate of the radiative decay of the polariton. In light of the opportunities that transitions from polaritonic to molecular localized states offer within molecular photophysics/chemistry and organic electronics, we hope that the quantitative understanding of such interactions gained from this study will aid in the development of polariton-empowered devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johannes Feist
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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32
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Gómez JA, Vendrell O. Vibrational Energy Redistribution and Polaritonic Fermi Resonances in the Strong Coupling Regime. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:1598-1608. [PMID: 36758162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR) plays a significant role in cavity-modified chemical reaction rates. As such, understanding the fundamental mechanisms by which the cavity modifies the IVR pathways is a fundamental step toward engineering the effect of the confined electromagnetic modes on the outcome of chemical processes. Here we consider an ensemble of M two-mode molecules with intramolecular anharmonic couplings interacting with an infrared cavity mode and consider their quantum dynamics and infrared spectra. Polaritonic Fermi resonances involving fundamental and overtone states of the polaritonic subsystem mediate efficient energy transfer pathways between otherwise off-resonant molecular states. These pathways are of collective nature, yet enabled by the intramolecular anharmonic couplings. Hence, through polaritonic Fermi resonances, cavity excitation can efficiently spread toward low-frequency modes while becoming delocalized over several molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana A Gómez
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, INF 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oriol Vendrell
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, INF 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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33
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Singh J, Lather J, George J. Solvent Dependence on Cooperative Vibrational Strong Coupling and Cavity Catalysis. Chemphyschem 2023:e202300016. [PMID: 36745043 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Strong light-matter coupling offers a unique way to control chemical reactions at the molecular level. Here, we compare the solvent effect on an ester solvolysis process under cooperative vibrational strong coupling (VSC). Three reactants, para-nitrophenylacetate, 3-methyl-para-nitrophenylbenzoate, and bis-(2, 4-dinitrophenyl) oxalate are chosen to study the effect of VSC on the solvolysis reaction rates. Two solvents, ethyl acetate and cyclopentanone, are also considered to compare the cavity catalysis by coupling the C=O stretching band of the reactant and the solvent molecules to a Fabry-Perot cavity mode. Interestingly, both solvents enhance the chemical reaction rate of para-nitrophenylacetate and 3-methyl-para-nitrophenylbenzoate under cooperative VSC conditions. However, the resonance effect is observed at different temperatures for different solvents, which is further confirmed by thermodynamic studies. Bis-(2, 4-dinitrophenyl) oxalate doesn't respond to VSC in either of the solvent systems due to poor overlap of reactant and solvent C=O vibrational bands. Cavity detuning and other control experiments suggest that cooperative VSC of the solvent plays a crucial role in modifying the activation free-energy of the reaction. These findings, along with other observations, cement the concept of polaritonic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaibir Singh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Jyoti Lather
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Jino George
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
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34
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Simpkins BS, Yang Z, Dunkelberger AD, Vurgaftman I, Owrutsky JC, Xiong W. Comment on "Isolating Polaritonic 2D-IR Transmission Spectra". J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:983-988. [PMID: 36727272 PMCID: PMC9900631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This Viewpoint responds to the analysis of 2D IR spectra of vibration cavity polaritons in the study reported in The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters (Duan et al. 2021, 12, 11406). That report analyzed 2D IR spectra of strongly coupled molecules, such as W(CO)6 and nitroprusside anion, based on subtracting a background signal generated by polariton filtered free space signals. They assigned the resulting response as being due to excited polaritons. We point out in this Viewpoint that virtually all of the response can be properly reproduced using the physics of transmission through an etalon containing a material modeled with a complex dielectric function describing the ground- and excited-state absorber populations. Furthermore, such a coupled system cannot be described as a scaled sum of the bare molecular and cavity responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zimo Yang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States
| | | | - Igor Vurgaftman
- US
Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC20375, United States
| | | | - Wei Xiong
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California92093, United States
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35
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Fiedler J, Berland K, Borchert JW, Corkery RW, Eisfeld A, Gelbwaser-Klimovsky D, Greve MM, Holst B, Jacobs K, Krüger M, Parsons DF, Persson C, Presselt M, Reisinger T, Scheel S, Stienkemeier F, Tømterud M, Walter M, Weitz RT, Zalieckas J. Perspectives on weak interactions in complex materials at different length scales. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:2671-2705. [PMID: 36637007 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03349f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanocomposite materials consist of nanometer-sized quantum objects such as atoms, molecules, voids or nanoparticles embedded in a host material. These quantum objects can be exploited as a super-structure, which can be designed to create material properties targeted for specific applications. For electromagnetism, such targeted properties include field enhancements around the bandgap of a semiconductor used for solar cells, directional decay in topological insulators, high kinetic inductance in superconducting circuits, and many more. Despite very different application areas, all of these properties are united by the common aim of exploiting collective interaction effects between quantum objects. The literature on the topic spreads over very many different disciplines and scientific communities. In this review, we present a cross-disciplinary overview of different approaches for the creation, analysis and theoretical description of nanocomposites with applications related to electromagnetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fiedler
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Allégaten 55, 5007 Bergen, Norway.
| | - K Berland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Campus Ås Universitetstunet 3, 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - J W Borchert
- 1st Institute of Physics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - R W Corkery
- Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Eisfeld
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - D Gelbwaser-Klimovsky
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Helen Diller Quantum Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - M M Greve
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Allégaten 55, 5007 Bergen, Norway.
| | - B Holst
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Allégaten 55, 5007 Bergen, Norway.
| | - K Jacobs
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Center for Biophysics, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Max Planck School Matter to Life, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Krüger
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - D F Parsons
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - C Persson
- Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1048 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Presselt
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - T Reisinger
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - S Scheel
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - F Stienkemeier
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Tømterud
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Allégaten 55, 5007 Bergen, Norway.
| | - M Walter
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - R T Weitz
- 1st Institute of Physics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - J Zalieckas
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Allégaten 55, 5007 Bergen, Norway.
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36
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Fan LB, Shu CC, Dong D, He J, Henriksen NE, Nori F. Quantum Coherent Control of a Single Molecular-Polariton Rotation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:043604. [PMID: 36763416 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.043604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We present a combined analytical and numerical study for coherent terahertz control of a single molecular polariton, formed by strongly coupling two rotational states of a molecule with a single-mode cavity. Compared to the bare molecules driven by a single terahertz pulse, the presence of a cavity strongly modifies the postpulse orientation of the polariton, making it difficult to obtain its maximal degree of orientation. To solve this challenging problem toward achieving complete quantum coherent control, we derive an analytical solution of a pulse-driven quantum Jaynes-Cummings model by expanding the wave function into entangled states and constructing an effective Hamiltonian. We utilize it to design a composite terahertz pulse and obtain the maximum degree of orientation of the polariton by exploiting photon blockade effects. This Letter offers a new strategy to study rotational dynamics in the strong-coupling regime and provides a method for complete quantum coherent control of a single molecular polariton. It, therefore, has direct applications in polariton chemistry and molecular polaritonics for exploring novel quantum optical phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Bao Fan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, Hunan Key Laboratory of Super-Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Chuan-Cun Shu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, Hunan Key Laboratory of Super-Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Daoyi Dong
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
| | - Jun He
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, Hunan Key Laboratory of Super-Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Niels E Henriksen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Building 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Franco Nori
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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37
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Li TE, Hammes-Schiffer S. QM/MM Modeling of Vibrational Polariton Induced Energy Transfer and Chemical Dynamics. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:377-384. [PMID: 36574620 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Vibrational strong coupling (VSC) provides a novel means to modify chemical reactions and energy transfer pathways. To efficiently model chemical dynamics under VSC in the collective regime, herein a hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) cavity molecular dynamics (CavMD) scheme is developed and applied to an experimentally studied chemical system. This approach can achieve linear scaling with respect to the number of molecules for a dilute solution under VSC by assuming that each QM solute molecule is surrounded by an independent MM solvent bath. Application of this approach to a dilute solution of Fe(CO)5 in n-dodecane under VSC demonstrates polariton dephasing to the dark modes and polariton-enhanced molecular nonlinear absorption. These simulations predict that strongly exciting the lower polariton may provide an energy transfer pathway that selectively excites the equatorial CO vibrations rather than the axial CO vibrations. Moreover, these simulations also directly probe the cavity effect on the dynamics of the Fe(CO)5 Berry pseudorotation reaction for comparison to recent two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy experiments. This theoretical approach is applicable to a wide range of other polaritonic systems and provides a tool for exploring the use of VSC for selective infrared photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao E Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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38
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Yu Q, Hammes-Schiffer S. Multidimensional Quantum Dynamical Simulation of Infrared Spectra under Polaritonic Vibrational Strong Coupling. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:11253-11261. [PMID: 36448842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent experimental and theoretical studies demonstrate that the chemical reactivity of molecules can be modified inside an optical cavity. Here, we provide a theoretical framework for conducting multidimensional quantum simulations of the infrared (IR) spectra for molecules interacting with cavity modes. A single water molecule under polaritonic vibrational strong coupling serves as an illustrative example. Combined with accurate potential energy and dipole moment surfaces, our cavity vibrational self-consistent field/virtual state configuration interaction (cav-VSCF/VCI) approach can predict the IR spectra when the molecule is inside or outside the cavity. The spectral signatures of Rabi splittings and shifts of certain bands are found to be strongly dependent on the frequency and polarization direction of the cavity modes. Analyses of the simulated spectra show that polaritonic vibrational strong coupling can induce unconventional couplings among the molecule's vibrational modes, suggesting that intramolecular vibrational energy transfer can be significantly accelerated by the cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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39
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Cao J. Generalized Resonance Energy Transfer Theory: Applications to Vibrational Energy Flow in Optical Cavities. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10943-10951. [PMID: 36408925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A general rate theory for resonance energy transfer (gRET) is formulated to incorporate any degrees of freedom (e.g., rotation, vibration, exciton, and polariton) as well as coherently coupled composite donor or acceptor states. The compact rate expression allows us to establish useful relationships: (i) detailed balance condition when the donor and acceptor are at the same temperature; (ii) proportionality to the product of dipole correlation tensors, which is not necessarily equivalent to spectral overlap; (iii) scaling with the effective coherent size, i.e., the number of coherently coupled molecules or modes; (iv) decomposition of collective rate in homogeneous systems into the monomer and coherence contributions such that the ratio of the two defines the quantum enhancement factor F; (v) spatial and orientational dependences as derived from the interaction potential. For the special case of exciton transfer, the general rate formalism reduces to FRET or its multichromophoric extension. When applied to cavity-assisted vibrational energy transfer between molecules or within a molecule, the general rate expression provides an intuitive explanation of intriguing phenomena such as cooperativity, resonance, and nonlinearity in the collective vibrational strong coupling (VSC) regime, as demonstrated in recent simulations. The relevance of gRET to cavity-catalyzed reactions and intramolecular vibrational redistribution is discussed and will lead to further theoretical developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshu Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
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40
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Chen TT, Du M, Yang Z, Yuen-Zhou J, Xiong W. Cavity-enabled enhancement of ultrafast intramolecular vibrational redistribution over pseudorotation. Science 2022; 378:790-794. [DOI: 10.1126/science.add0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vibrational strong coupling (VSC) between molecular vibrations and microcavity photons yields a few polaritons (light-matter modes) and many dark modes (with negligible photonic character). Although VSC is reported to alter thermally activated chemical reactions, its mechanisms remain opaque. To elucidate this problem, we followed ultrafast dynamics of a simple unimolecular vibrational energy exchange in iron pentacarbonyl [Fe(CO)
5
] under VSC, which showed two competing channels: pseudorotation and intramolecular vibrational-energy redistribution (IVR). We found that under polariton excitation, energy exchange was overall accelerated, with IVR becoming faster and pseudorotation being slowed down. However, dark-mode excitation revealed unchanged dynamics compared with those outside of the cavity, with pseudorotation dominating. Thus, despite controversies around thermally activated VSC modified chemistry, our work shows that VSC can indeed alter chemistry through a nonequilibrium preparation of polaritons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Teng Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Du
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zimo Yang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joel Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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41
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Mondal M, Semenov A, Ochoa MA, Nitzan A. Strong Coupling in Infrared Plasmonic Cavities. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:9673-9678. [PMID: 36215723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Controlling molecular spectroscopy and even chemical behavior in a cavity environment is a subject of intense experimental and theoretical interest. In Fabry-Pérot cavities, strong (radiation-matter) coupling phenomena without an intense radiation field often rely on the number of chromophore molecules collectively interacting with a cavity mode. For plasmonic cavities, the cavity field-matter coupling can be strong enough to manifest strong coupling involving even a single molecule. To this end, infrared plasmonic cavities can be particularly useful in understanding vibrational strong coupling. Here we present a procedure for estimating the radiation-matter coupling and, equivalently, the mode volume as well as the mode lifetime and quality factor for plasmonic cavities of arbitrary shapes and use it to estimate these quantities for infrared cavities of two particularly relevant geometries comprising several n-doped semiconductors. Our calculations demonstrate very high field confinement and low mode volumes of these cavities despite having relatively low quality factors, which is often the case for plasmonic cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monosij Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaPennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Alexander Semenov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaPennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Maicol A Ochoa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaPennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Abraham Nitzan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaPennsylvania19104, United States
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv69978, Israel
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42
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Wei YC, Hsu LY. Cavity-Free Quantum-Electrodynamic Electron Transfer Reactions. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:9695-9702. [PMID: 36219782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Richard Feynman stated that "The theory behind chemistry is quantum electrodynamics". However, harnessing quantum-electrodynamic (QED) effects to modify chemical reactions is a grand challenge and currently has only been reported in experiments using cavities due to the limitation of strong light-matter coupling. In this article, we demonstrate that QED effects can significantly enhance the rate of electron transfer (ET) by several orders of magnitude in the absence of cavities, which is implicitly supported by experimental reports. To understand how cavity-free QED effects are involved in ET reactions, we incorporate the effect of infinite one-photon states into Marcus theory, derive an explicit expression for the rate of radiative ET, and develop the concept of "electron transfer overlap". Moreover, QED effects may lead to a barrier-free ET reaction whose rate is dependent on the energy-gap power law. This study thus provides new insights into fundamental chemical principles, with promising prospects for QED-based chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Wei
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei10617, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yan Hsu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei10617, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan
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43
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Flick J. Simple Exchange-Correlation Energy Functionals for Strongly Coupled Light-Matter Systems Based on the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:143201. [PMID: 36240406 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.143201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent experimental advances in strongly coupled light-matter systems have sparked the development of general ab initio methods capable of describing interacting light-matter systems from first principles. One of these methods, quantum-electrodynamical density-functional theory (QEDFT), promises computationally efficient calculations for large correlated light-matter systems with the quality of the calculation depending on the underlying approximation for the exchange-correlation functional. So far no true density-functional approximation has been introduced limiting the efficient application of the theory. In this Letter, we introduce the first gradient-based density functional for the QEDFT exchange-correlation energy derived from the adiabatic-connection fluctuation-dissipation theorem. We benchmark this simple-to-implement approximation on small systems in optical cavities and demonstrate its relatively low computational costs for fullerene molecules up to C_{180} coupled to 400 000 photon modes in a dissipative optical cavity. This Letter now makes first principle calculations of much larger systems possible within the QEDFT framework effectively combining quantum optics with large-scale electronic structure theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Flick
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, USA
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
- Department of Physics, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, USA
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44
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Li TE, Nitzan A, Subotnik JE. Energy-efficient pathway for selectively exciting solute molecules to high vibrational states via solvent vibration-polariton pumping. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4203. [PMID: 35858927 PMCID: PMC9300737 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31703-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Selectively exciting target molecules to high vibrational states is inefficient in the liquid phase, which restricts the use of IR pumping to catalyze ground-state chemical reactions. Here, we demonstrate that this inefficiency can sometimes be solved by confining the liquid to an optical cavity under vibrational strong coupling conditions. For a liquid solution of 13CO2 solute in a 12CO2 solvent, cavity molecular dynamics simulations show that exciting a polariton (hybrid light-matter state) of the solvent with an intense laser pulse, under suitable resonant conditions, may lead to a very strong (>3 quanta) and ultrafast (<1 ps) excitation of the solute, even though the solvent ends up being barely excited. By contrast, outside a cavity the same input pulse fluence can excite the solute by only half a vibrational quantum and the selectivity of excitation is low. Our finding is robust under different cavity volumes, which may lead to observable cavity enhancement on IR photochemical reactions in Fabry–Pérot cavities. Hybrid light-matter states formed in the strong light-matter coupling regime can alter the molecular ground-state reactivity. Here, Li et al. computationally demonstrate that pumping a collection of solvent molecules forming hybrid vibrational light-matter states in an optical cavity can excite solute molecules to very high excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao E Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Abraham Nitzan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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45
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Esteban R, Baumberg JJ, Aizpurua J. Molecular Optomechanics Approach to Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1889-1899. [PMID: 35776555 PMCID: PMC9301926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Molecular vibrations constitute one of the smallest mechanical
oscillators available for micro-/nanoengineering. The energy and strength
of molecular oscillations depend delicately on the attached specific
functional groups as well as on the chemical and physical environments.
By exploiting the inelastic interaction of molecules with optical
photons, Raman scattering can access the information contained in
molecular vibrations. However, the low efficiency of the Raman process
typically allows only for characterizing large numbers of molecules.
To circumvent this limitation, plasmonic resonances supported by metallic
nanostructures and nanocavities can be used because they localize
and enhance light at optical frequencies, enabling surface-enhanced
Raman scattering (SERS), where the Raman signal is increased by many
orders of magnitude. This enhancement enables few- or even single-molecule
characterization. The coupling between a single molecular vibration
and a plasmonic mode constitutes an example of an optomechanical interaction,
analogous to that existing between cavity photons and mechanical vibrations.
Optomechanical systems have been intensely studied because of their
fundamental interest as well as their application in practical implementations
of quantum technology and sensing. In this context, SERS brings cavity
optomechanics down to the molecular scale and gives access to larger
vibrational frequencies associated with molecular motion, offering
new possibilities for novel optomechanical nanodevices. The
molecular optomechanics description of SERS is recent, and
its implications have only started to be explored. In this Account,
we describe the current understanding and progress of this new description
of SERS, focusing on our own contributions to the field. We first
show that the quantum description of molecular optomechanics is fully
consistent with standard classical and semiclassical models often
used to describe SERS. Furthermore, we note that the molecular optomechanics
framework naturally accounts for a rich variety of nonlinear effects
in the SERS signal with increasing laser intensity. Furthermore,
the molecular optomechanics framework provides a tool
particularly suited to addressing novel effects of fundamental and
practical interest in SERS, such as the emergence of collective phenomena
involving many molecules or the modification of the effective losses
and energy of the molecular vibrations due to the plasmon–vibration
interaction. As compared to standard optomechanics, the plasmonic
resonance often differs from a single Lorentzian mode and thus requires
a more detailed description of its optical response. This quantum
description of SERS also allows us to address the statistics of the
Raman photons emitted, enabling the interpretation of two-color correlations
of the emerging photons, with potential use in the generation of nonclassical
states of light. Current SERS experimental implementations in organic
molecules and two-dimensional layers suggest the interest in further
exploring intense pulsed illumination, situations of strong coupling,
resonant-SERS, and atomic-scale field confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Esteban
- Materials Physics Center CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.,Donostia International Physics Center DIPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Javier Aizpurua
- Materials Physics Center CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.,Donostia International Physics Center DIPC, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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46
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Fukushima T, Yoshimitsu S, Murakoshi K. Inherent Promotion of Ionic Conductivity via Collective Vibrational Strong Coupling of Water with the Vacuum Electromagnetic Field. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12177-12183. [PMID: 35737737 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen bonding interactions among water molecules play a critical role in chemical reactivity, dynamic proton mobility, static dielectric behavior, and the thermodynamic properties of water. In this study, we demonstrate the modification of ionic conductivity of water through hybridization with a vacuum electromagnetic field by strongly coupling the O─H stretching mode of H2O to a Fabry-Perot cavity mode. The hybridization generates collective vibro-polaritonic states, thereby enhancing the proton conductivity by an order of magnitude at resonance. In addition, the dielectric constants increase at resonance in the coupled state. The findings presented herein reveal how a vacuum electromagnetic environment can be engineered to control the ground-state properties of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Fukushima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Soushi Yoshimitsu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kei Murakoshi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
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47
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Pandya R, Ashoka A, Georgiou K, Sung J, Jayaprakash R, Renken S, Gai L, Shen Z, Rao A, Musser AJ. Tuning the Coherent Propagation of Organic Exciton-Polaritons through Dark State Delocalization. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105569. [PMID: 35474309 PMCID: PMC9218652 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While there have been numerous reports of long-range polariton transport at room-temperature in organic cavities, the spatiotemporal evolution of the propagation is scarcely reported, particularly in the initial coherent sub-ps regime, where photon and exciton wavefunctions are inextricably mixed. Hence the detailed process of coherent organic exciton-polariton transport and, in particular, the role of dark states has remained poorly understood. Here, femtosecond transient absorption microscopy is used to directly image coherent polariton motion in microcavities of varying quality factor. The transport is found to be well-described by a model of band-like propagation of an initially Gaussian distribution of exciton-polaritons in real space. The velocity of the polaritons reaches values of ≈ 0.65 × 106 m s-1 , substantially lower than expected from the polariton dispersion. Further, it is found that the velocity is proportional to the quality factor of the microcavity. This unexpected link between the quality-factor and polariton velocity is suggested to be a result of varying admixing between delocalized dark and polariton states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Pandya
- Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJ.J. Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
- Laboratoire Kastler BrosselÉcole Normale Superiéure‐Université PSLCNRSSorbonne UniversitéCollege de FranceParis75005France
| | - Arjun Ashoka
- Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJ.J. Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Kyriacos Georgiou
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS3 7RHUK
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of CyprusP. O. Box 20537Nicosia1678Cyprus
| | - Jooyoung Sung
- Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJ.J. Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Rahul Jayaprakash
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS3 7RHUK
| | - Scott Renken
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
| | - Lizhi Gai
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material TechnologyMinistry of EducationHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination and ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjing210046China
| | - Zhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination and ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjing210046China
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJ.J. Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Andrew J. Musser
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
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48
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Bonini J, Flick J. Ab Initio Linear-Response Approach to Vibro-Polaritons in the Cavity Born-Oppenheimer Approximation. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:2764-2773. [PMID: 35404591 PMCID: PMC9097282 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen significant developments in the study of strong light-matter coupling including the control of chemical reactions by altering the vibrational normal modes of molecules. In the vibrational strong coupling regime, the normal modes of the system become hybrid modes which mix nuclear, electronic, and photonic degrees of freedom. First-principles methods capable of treating light and matter degrees of freedom on the same level of theory are an important tool in understanding such systems. In this work, we develop and apply a generalized force constant matrix approach to the study of mixed vibration-photon (vibro-polariton) states of molecules based on the cavity Born-Oppenheimer approximation and quantum-electrodynamical density-functional theory. With this method, vibro-polariton modes and infrared spectra can be computed via linear-response techniques analogous to those widely used for conventional vibrations and phonons. We also develop an accurate model that highlights the consistent treatment of cavity-coupled electrons in the vibrational strong coupling regime. These electronic effects appear as new terms previously disregarded by simpler models. This effective model also allows for an accurate extrapolation of single and two molecule calculations to the collective strong coupling limit of hundreds of molecules. We benchmark these approaches for single and many CO2 molecules coupled to a single photon mode and the iron pentacarbonyl Fe(CO)5 molecule coupled to a few photon modes. Our results are the first ab initio results for collective vibrational strong coupling effects. This framework for efficient computations of vibro-polaritons paves the way to a systematic description and improved understanding of the behavior of chemical systems in vibrational strong coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bonini
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Ave., New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Johannes Flick
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Ave., New York, New York 10010, United States
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49
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Verdelli F, Schulpen JJPM, Baldi A, Rivas JG. Chasing Vibro-Polariton Fingerprints in Infrared and Raman Spectra Using Surface Lattice Resonances on Extended Metasurfaces. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:7143-7151. [PMID: 35521632 PMCID: PMC9059191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present an experimental investigation of vibrational strong coupling of C=O bonds in poly(methyl methacrylate) to surface lattice resonances (SLRs) on arrays of gold particles in infrared and Raman spectra. SLRs are generated from the enhanced radiative coupling of localized resonances in single particles by diffraction in the array. Compared to previous studies in Fabry-Perot cavities, particle arrays provide a fully open system that easily couples with external radiation while having large field confinement close to the array. We control the coupling by tuning the period of the array, as evidenced by the splitting of the C=O vibration resonance in the lower and upper vibro-polaritons of the IR extinction spectra. Despite clear evidence of vibrational strong coupling in IR transmission spectra, both Raman spectroscopy and micro-Raman mapping do not show any polariton signatures. Our results suggest that the search for vibrational strong coupling in Raman spectra may need alternative cavity designs or a different experimental approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Verdelli
- Dutch
Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Eindhoven 5600HH, The Netherlands
| | - Jeff J. P. M. Schulpen
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, Eindhoven 5600MB, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Baldi
- Vrije
Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - Jaime Gómez Rivas
- Institute
for Photonic Integration, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600MB, The Netherlands
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50
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Li TE, Tao Z, Hammes-Schiffer S. Semiclassical Real-Time Nuclear-Electronic Orbital Dynamics for Molecular Polaritons: Unified Theory of Electronic and Vibrational Strong Couplings. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:2774-2784. [PMID: 35420037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular polaritons have become an emerging platform for remotely controlling molecular properties through strong light-matter interactions. Herein, a semiclassical approach is developed for describing molecular polaritons by self-consistently propagating the real-time dynamics of classical cavity modes and a quantum molecular subsystem described by the nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) method, where electrons and specified nuclei are treated quantum mechanically on the same level. This semiclassical real-time NEO approach provides a unified description of electronic and vibrational strong couplings and describes the impact of the cavity on coupled nuclear-electronic dynamics while including nuclear quantum effects. For a single o-hydroxybenzaldehyde molecule under electronic strong coupling, this approach shows that the cavity suppression of excited state intramolecular proton transfer is influenced not only by the polaritonic potential energy surface but also by the time scale of the chemical reaction. This work provides the foundation for exploring collective strong coupling in nuclear-electronic quantum dynamical systems within optical cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao E Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Zhen Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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