1
|
Chong CF, Hasnizan NYU, Ahmad Mokhtar AM. Navigating the landscape of Rho GTPase signalling system in autoimmunity: A bibliometric analysis spanning over three decades (1990 to 2023). Cell Signal 2023; 111:110855. [PMID: 37598919 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Ras-homologous (Rho) guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) are considered a central player in regulating various biological processes, extending to immune regulation. Perturbations in Rho GTPase signalling have been implicated in immune-related dysregulation, contributing to the development of autoimmunity. This study presents a scientometric analysis exploring the interlink between the Rho GTPase signalling system and autoimmunity, while also delving into the trends of past studies. A total of 967 relevant publications from 1990 to 2023 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database after throrough manual filtering of irrelevant articles. The findings show an upward trajectory in publications related to this field since 2006. Over the past three decades, the United States of America (41.68%) emerged as the primary contributor in advancing our understanding of the association between the Rho GTPase signalling system and autoimmunity. Research in autoimmunity has mainly centered around therapeutic interventions, with an emphasis on studying leukocyte (macrophage) and endothelial remodelling. Interestingly, within the domains of multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, the current focus has been directed towards comprehending the role of RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42. Notably, certain subfamilies of Rho (such as RhoB and RhoC), Rac (including Rac2 and RhoG), Cdc42 (specifically RhoJ), and other atypical Rho GTPases (like RhoE and RhoH) consistently demonstrating compelling link with autoimmunity, but still warrants emphasis in the future study. Hence, strategic manipulation of the Rho signalling system holds immense promise as a pivotal approach to addressing the global challenge of autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chien Fung Chong
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Nik Yasmin Umaira Hasnizan
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Ana Masara Ahmad Mokhtar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lu J, Veler A, Simonetti B, Raj T, Chou PH, Cross SJ, Phillips AM, Ruan X, Huynh L, Dowsey AW, Ye D, Murphy RF, Verkade P, Cullen PJ, Wülfing C. Five Inhibitory Receptors Display Distinct Vesicular Distributions in Murine T Cells. Cells 2023; 12:2558. [PMID: 37947636 PMCID: PMC10649679 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells can express multiple inhibitory receptors. Upon induction of T cell exhaustion in response to a persistent antigen, prominently in the anti-tumor immune response, many are expressed simultaneously. Key inhibitory receptors are CTLA-4, PD-1, LAG3, TIM3, and TIGIT, as investigated here. These receptors are important as central therapeutic targets in cancer immunotherapy. Inhibitory receptors are not constitutively expressed on the cell surface, but substantial fractions reside in intracellular vesicular structures. It remains unresolved to which extent the subcellular localization of different inhibitory receptors is distinct. Using quantitative imaging of subcellular distributions and plasma membrane insertion as complemented by proximity proteomics and biochemical analysis of the association of the inhibitory receptors with trafficking adaptors, the subcellular distributions of the five inhibitory receptors were discrete. The distribution of CTLA-4 was most distinct, with preferential association with lysosomal-derived vesicles and the sorting nexin 1/2/5/6 transport machinery. With a lack of evidence for the existence of specific vesicle subtypes to explain divergent inhibitory receptor distributions, we suggest that such distributions are driven by divergent trafficking through an overlapping joint set of vesicular structures. This extensive characterization of the subcellular localization of five inhibitory receptors in relation to each other lays the foundation for the molecular investigation of their trafficking and its therapeutic exploitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Lu
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (J.L.); (A.V.); (T.R.); (P.H.C.); (L.H.)
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Alisa Veler
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (J.L.); (A.V.); (T.R.); (P.H.C.); (L.H.)
| | - Boris Simonetti
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (B.S.); (P.V.); (P.J.C.)
| | - Timsse Raj
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (J.L.); (A.V.); (T.R.); (P.H.C.); (L.H.)
| | - Po Han Chou
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (J.L.); (A.V.); (T.R.); (P.H.C.); (L.H.)
| | - Stephen J. Cross
- Wolfson Bioimaging Facility, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK;
| | - Alexander M. Phillips
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Electronics and Computational Biology Facility, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZX, UK;
| | - Xiongtao Ruan
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (X.R.); (R.F.M.)
| | - Lan Huynh
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (J.L.); (A.V.); (T.R.); (P.H.C.); (L.H.)
| | - Andrew W. Dowsey
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK;
| | - Dingwei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
- Shanghai Genitourinary Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Robert F. Murphy
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (X.R.); (R.F.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Engineering and Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (B.S.); (P.V.); (P.J.C.)
| | - Peter J. Cullen
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (B.S.); (P.V.); (P.J.C.)
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (J.L.); (A.V.); (T.R.); (P.H.C.); (L.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Choi Y, Cho BK, Seok SH, Kim C, Ryu JH, Kwon IC. Controlled spatial characteristics of ligands on nanoparticles: Determinant of cellular functions. J Control Release 2023; 360:672-686. [PMID: 37437847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Interactions of various ligands and receptors have been extensively investigated because they regulate a series of signal transduction leading to various functional cellular outcomes. The receptors on cell membrane recognize their specific ligands, resulting in specific binding between ligands and receptors. Accumulating evidence reveals that the receptors recognize the difference on the spatial characteristics of ligands as well as the types of ligands. Thus, control on spatial characteristics of multiple ligands presented on therapeutic nanoparticles is believed to impact the cellular functions. Specifically, the localized and multivalent distribution of ligands on nanoparticles can induce receptor oligomerization and receptor clustering, controlling intensity or direction of signal transduction cascades. Here, we will introduce recent studies on the use of material-based nanotechnology to control spatial characteristics of ligands and their effect on cellular functions. These therapeutic nanoparticles with controlled spatial characteristics of ligands may be a promising strategy for maximized therapeutic outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngjin Choi
- Medicinal Materials Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Kyung Cho
- Medicinal Materials Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Seok
- Medicinal Materials Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Chansoo Kim
- Computational Science Centre & ASSIST, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; AI-Robot Department, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Ryu
- Medicinal Materials Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ick Chan Kwon
- Medicinal Materials Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lu J, Veler A, Simonetti B, Raj T, Chou PH, Cross SJ, Phillips AM, Ruan X, Huynh L, Dowsey AW, Ye D, Murphy RF, Verkade P, Cullen PJ, Wülfing C. Five inhibitory receptors display distinct vesicular distributions in T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.21.550019. [PMID: 37503045 PMCID: PMC10370166 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.21.550019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
T cells can express multiple inhibitory receptors. Upon induction of T cell exhaustion in response to persistent antigen, prominently in the anti-tumor immune response, many are expressed simultaneously. Key inhibitory receptors are CTLA-4, PD-1, LAG3, TIM3 and TIGIT, as investigated here. These receptors are important as central therapeutic targets in cancer immunotherapy. Inhibitory receptors are not constitutively expressed on the cell surface, but substantial fractions reside in intracellular vesicular structures. It remains unresolved to which extent the subcellular localization of different inhibitory receptors is distinct. Using quantitative imaging of subcellular distributions and plasma membrane insertion as complemented by proximity proteomics and a biochemical analysis of the association of the inhibitory receptors with trafficking adaptors, the subcellular distributions of the five inhibitory receptors were discrete. The distribution of CTLA-4 was most distinct with preferential association with lysosomal-derived vesicles and the sorting nexin 1/2/5/6 transport machinery. With a lack of evidence for the existence of specific vesicle subtypes to explain divergent inhibitory receptor distributions, we suggest that such distributions are driven by divergent trafficking through an overlapping joint set of vesicular structures. This extensive characterization of the subcellular localization of five inhibitory receptors in relation to each other lays the foundation for the molecular investigation of their trafficking and its therapeutic exploitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Lu
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
- Shanghai Genitourinary Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Alisa Veler
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Boris Simonetti
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Timsse Raj
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Po Han Chou
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Stephen J. Cross
- Wolfson BioImaging Facility, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Alexander M. Phillips
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Electronics and Computational Biology Facility, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZX, UK
| | - Xiongtao Ruan
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lan Huynh
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Andrew W. Dowsey
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Dingwei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
- Shanghai Genitourinary Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Robert F. Murphy
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Engineering and Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Peter J. Cullen
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li X, Zhang M, Zhou G, Xie Z, Wang Y, Han J, Li L, Wu Q, Zhang S. Role of Rho GTPases in inflammatory bowel disease. Cell Death Dis 2023; 9:24. [PMID: 36690621 PMCID: PMC9871048 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01329-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Rat sarcoma virus homolog (Rho) guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) function as "molecular switch" in cellular signaling regulation processes and are associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This chronic intestinal tract inflammation primarily encompasses two diseases: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The pathogenesis of IBD is complex and considered to include four main factors and their interactions: genetics, intestinal microbiota, immune system, and environment. Recently, several novel pathogenic components have been identified. In addition, potential therapies for IBD targeting Rho GTPases have emerged and proven to be clinically effective. This review mainly focuses on Rho GTPases and their possible mechanisms in IBD pathogenesis. The therapeutic possibility of Rho GTPases is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Li
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Mudan Zhang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Gaoshi Zhou
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhuo Xie
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jing Han
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Li Li
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qirui Wu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shenghong Zhang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDivision of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
LPA suppresses T cell function by altering the cytoskeleton and disrupting immune synapse formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2118816119. [PMID: 35394866 PMCID: PMC9169816 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118816119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer and chronic infections often increase levels of the bioactive lipid, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), that we have demonstrated acts as an inhibitory ligand upon binding LPAR5 on CD8 T cells, suppressing cytotoxic activity and tumor control. This study, using human and mouse primary T lymphocytes, reveals how LPA disrupts antigen-specific CD8 T cell:target cell immune synapse (IS) formation and T cell function via competing for cytoskeletal regulation. Specifically, we find upon antigen-specific T cell:target cell formation, IP3R1 localizes to the IS by a process dependent on mDia1 and actin and microtubule polymerization. LPA not only inhibited IP3R1 from reaching the IS but also altered T cell receptor (TCR)–induced localization of RhoA and mDia1 impairing F-actin accumulation and altering the tubulin code. Consequently, LPA impeded calcium store release and IS-directed cytokine secretion. Thus, targeting LPA signaling in chronic inflammatory conditions may rescue T cell function and promote antiviral and antitumor immunity.
Collapse
|
7
|
Natwick DE, Collins SR. Optimized iLID Membrane Anchors for Local Optogenetic Protein Recruitment. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:1009-1023. [PMID: 33843200 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetic protein dimerization systems are powerful tools to investigate the biochemical networks that cells use to make decisions and coordinate their activities. These tools, including the improved Light-Inducible Dimer (iLID) system, offer the ability to selectively recruit components to subcellular locations, such as micron-scale regions of the plasma membrane. In this way, the role of individual proteins within signaling networks can be examined with high spatiotemporal resolution. Currently, consistent recruitment is limited by heterogeneous optogenetic component expression, and spatial precision is diminished by protein diffusion, especially over long time scales. Here, we address these challenges within the iLID system with alternative membrane anchoring domains and fusion configurations. Using live cell imaging and mathematical modeling, we demonstrate that the anchoring strategy affects both component expression and diffusion, which in turn impact recruitment strength, kinetics, and spatial dynamics. Compared to the commonly used C-terminal iLID fusion, fusion proteins with large N-terminal anchors show stronger local recruitment, slower diffusion of recruited components, efficient recruitment over wider gene expression ranges, and improved spatial control over signaling outputs. We also define guidelines for component expression regimes for optimal recruitment for both cell-wide and subcellular recruitment strategies. Our findings highlight key sources of imprecision within light-inducible dimer systems and provide tools that allow greater control of subcellular protein localization across diverse cell biological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dean E. Natwick
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Sean R. Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li Y, Tunbridge HM, Britton GJ, Hill EV, Sinai P, Cirillo S, Thompson C, Fallah-Arani F, Dovedi SJ, Wraith DC, Wülfing C. A LAT-Based Signaling Complex in the Immunological Synapse as Determined with Live Cell Imaging Is Less Stable in T Cells with Regulatory Capability. Cells 2021; 10:418. [PMID: 33671236 PMCID: PMC7921939 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral immune regulation is critical for the maintenance of self-tolerance. Here we have investigated signaling processes that distinguish T cells with regulatory capability from effector T cells. The murine Tg4 T cell receptor recognizes a peptide derived from the self-antigen myelin basic protein. T cells from Tg4 T cell receptor transgenic mice can be used to generate effector T cells and three types of T cells with regulatory capability, inducible regulatory T cells, T cells tolerized by repeated in vivo antigenic peptide exposure or T cells treated with the tolerogenic drug UCB9608 (a phosphatidylinositol 4 kinase IIIβ inhibitor). We comparatively studied signaling in all of these T cells by activating them with the same antigen presenting cells presenting the same myelin basic protein peptide. Supramolecular signaling structures, as efficiently detected by large-scale live cell imaging, are critical mediators of T cell activation. The formation of a supramolecular signaling complex anchored by the adaptor protein linker for activation of T cells (LAT) was consistently terminated more rapidly in Tg4 T cells with regulatory capability. Such termination could be partially reversed by blocking the inhibitory receptors CTLA-4 and PD-1. Our work suggests that attenuation of proximal signaling may favor regulatory over effector function in T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yikui Li
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Helen M Tunbridge
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Graham J Britton
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Elaine V Hill
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Parisa Sinai
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Silvia Cirillo
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | | | | | - Simon J Dovedi
- R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - David C Wraith
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tan SL, Alibhai D, Cross SJ, Thompson H, Wülfing C. Super-resolution Imaging of the T cell Central Supramolecular Signaling Cluster Using Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3806. [PMID: 33659460 PMCID: PMC7842649 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular signaling assemblies are of interest for their unique signaling properties. A µm scale signaling assembly, the central supramolecular signaling cluster (cSMAC), forms at the center interface of T cells activated by antigen presenting cells (APC). The adaptor protein linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is a key cSMAC component. The cSMAC has widely been studied using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy of CD4+ T cells activated by planar APC substitutes. Here we provide a protocol to image the cSMAC in its cellular context at the interface between a T cell and an APC. Super resolution stimulated emission depletion microscopy (STED) was utilized to determine the localization of LAT, that of its active, phosphorylated form and its entire pool. Agonist peptide-loaded APCs were incubated with TCR transgenic CD4+ T cells for 4.5 min before fixation and antibody staining. Fixed cell couples were imaged using a 100x 1.4 NA objective on a Leica SP8 AOBS confocal laser scanning microscope. LAT clustered in multiple supramolecular complexes and their number and size distributions were determined. Using this protocol, cSMAC properties in its cellular context at the interface between a T cell and an APC could be quantified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sin Lih Tan
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom,*For correspondence: ;
| | - Dominic Alibhai
- Wolfson BioImaging Facility, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Cross
- Wolfson BioImaging Facility, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Thompson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom,*For correspondence: ;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ambler R, Edmunds GL, Tan SL, Cirillo S, Pernes JI, Ruan X, Huete-Carrasco J, Wong CCW, Lu J, Ward J, Toti G, Hedges AJ, Dovedi SJ, Murphy RF, Morgan DJ, Wülfing C. PD-1 suppresses the maintenance of cell couples between cytotoxic T cells and target tumor cells within the tumor. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/649/eaau4518. [PMID: 32934075 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aau4518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The killing of tumor cells by CD8+ T cells is suppressed by the tumor microenvironment, and increased expression of inhibitory receptors, including programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), is associated with tumor-mediated suppression of T cells. To find cellular defects triggered by tumor exposure and associated PD-1 signaling, we established an ex vivo imaging approach to investigate the response of antigen-specific, activated effector CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) after interaction with target tumor cells. Although TIL-tumor cell couples readily formed, couple stability deteriorated within minutes. This was associated with impaired F-actin clearing from the center of the cellular interface, reduced Ca2+ signaling, increased TIL locomotion, and impaired tumor cell killing. The interaction of CD8+ T lymphocytes with tumor cell spheroids in vitro induced a similar phenotype, supporting a critical role of direct T cell-tumor cell contact. Diminished engagement of PD-1 within the tumor, but not acute ex vivo blockade, partially restored cell couple maintenance and killing. PD-1 thus contributes to the suppression of TIL function by inducing a state of impaired subcellular organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ambler
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Grace L Edmunds
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Sin Lih Tan
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Silvia Cirillo
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jane I Pernes
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Xiongtao Ruan
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jorge Huete-Carrasco
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Carissa C W Wong
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jiahe Lu
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Juma Ward
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Giulia Toti
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Alan J Hedges
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Simon J Dovedi
- R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Robert F Murphy
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Departments of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Engineering and Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies and Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - David J Morgan
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Recent insights of T cell receptor-mediated signaling pathways for T cell activation and development. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:750-761. [PMID: 32439954 PMCID: PMC7272404 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation requires extracellular stimulatory signals that are mainly mediated by T cell receptor (TCR) complexes. The TCR recognizes antigens on major histocompatibility complex molecules with the cooperation of CD4 or CD8 coreceptors. After recognition, TCR-induced signaling cascades that propagate signals via various molecules and second messengers are induced. Consequently, many features of T cell-mediated immune responses are determined by these intracellular signaling cascades. Furthermore, differences in the magnitude of TCR signaling direct T cells toward distinct effector linages. Therefore, stringent regulation of T cell activation is crucial for T cell homeostasis and proper immune responses. Dysregulation of TCR signaling can result in anergy or autoimmunity. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the pathways that govern how the TCR complex transmits signals into cells and the roles of effector molecules that are involved in these pathways.
Collapse
|
12
|
The Swing of Lipids at Peroxisomes and Endolysosomes in T Cell Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082859. [PMID: 32325900 PMCID: PMC7215844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune synapse (IS) is a well-known intercellular communication platform, organized at the interphase between the antigen presenting cell (APC) and the T cell. After T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, signaling from plasma membrane proteins and lipids is amplified by molecules and downstream pathways for full synapse formation and maintenance. This secondary signaling event relies on intracellular reorganization at the IS, involving the cytoskeleton and components of the secretory/recycling machinery, such as the Golgi apparatus and the endolysosomal system (ELS). T cell activation triggers a metabolic reprogramming that involves the synthesis of lipids, which act as signaling mediators, and an increase of mitochondrial activity. Then, this mitochondrial activity results in elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production that may lead to cytotoxicity. The regulation of ROS levels requires the concerted action of mitochondria and peroxisomes. In this review, we analyze this reprogramming and the signaling implications of endolysosomal, mitochondrial, peroxisomal, and lipidic systems in T cell activation.
Collapse
|
13
|
Clark DJ, McMillan LE, Tan SL, Bellomo G, Massoue C, Thompson H, Mykhaylechko L, Alibhai D, Ruan X, Singleton KL, Du M, Hedges A, Schwartzberg PL, Verkade P, Murphy RF, Wülfing C. Transient protein accumulation at the center of the T cell antigen-presenting cell interface drives efficient IL-2 secretion. eLife 2019; 8:45789. [PMID: 31663508 PMCID: PMC6821493 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular signaling assemblies are of interest for their unique signaling properties. A µm scale signaling assembly, the central supramolecular signaling cluster (cSMAC), forms at the center of the interface of T cells activated by antigen-presenting cells. We have determined that it is composed of multiple complexes of a supramolecular volume of up to 0.5 µm3 and associated with extensive membrane undulations. To determine cSMAC function, we have systematically manipulated the localization of three adaptor proteins, LAT, SLP-76, and Grb2. cSMAC localization varied between the adaptors and was diminished upon blockade of the costimulatory receptor CD28 and deficiency of the signal amplifying kinase Itk. Reconstitution of cSMAC localization restored IL-2 secretion which is a key T cell effector function as dependent on reconstitution dynamics. Our data suggest that the cSMAC enhances early signaling by facilitating signaling interactions and attenuates signaling thereafter through sequestration of a more limited set of signaling intermediates. Cells receive dozens of signals at different times and in different places. Integrating incoming information and deciding how to respond is no easy task. Signaling molecules on the cell surface pass messages inwards using chemical messengers that interact in complicated networks within the cell. One way to unravel the complexity of these networks is to look at specific groups of signaling molecules in test tubes to see how they interact. But the interior of a living cell is a very different environment. Molecules inside cells are tightly packed and, under certain conditions, they interact with each other by the thousands. They form structures known as ‘supramolecular complexes’, which changes their behavior. One such supramolecular complex is the ‘central supramolecular activation cluster’, or cSMAC for short. It forms under the surface of immune cells called T cells when they are getting ready to fight an infection. Under the microscope, the cSMAC looks like the bullseye of a dartboard, forming a crowd of signaling molecules at the center of the interface between the T cell and another cell. Its exact role is not clear, but evidence suggests it helps to start and stop the signals that switch T cells on. The cSMAC contains two key protein adaptors called LAT and SLP-76 that help to hold the structure together. So, to find out what the cSMAC does, Clark et al. genetically modified these adaptors to gain control over when the cSMAC forms. Clark et al. examined mouse T cells using super-resolution microscopy and electron microscopy, watching as other immune cells delivered the signal to switch on. As the T cells started to activate, the composition of the cSMAC changed. In the first two minutes after the cells started activating, the cSMAC included a large number of different components. This made T cell activation more efficient, possibly because the supramolecular complex was helping the network of signals to interact. Later, the cSMAC started to lose many of these components. Separating components may have helped to stop the activation signals. Understanding how T cells activate could lead to the possibility of turning them on or off in immune-related diseases. But these findings are not just relevant to immune cells. Other cells also use supramolecular complexes to control their signaling. Investigating how these complexes change over time could help us to understand how other cell types make decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J Clark
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Laura E McMillan
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sin Lih Tan
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Gaia Bellomo
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Clementine Massoue
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Thompson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Lidiya Mykhaylechko
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Alibhai
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Xiongtao Ruan
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Kentner L Singleton
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Minna Du
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Alan Hedges
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Robert F Murphy
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States.,Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States.,Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.,Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Connolly A, Gagnon E. Electrostatic interactions: From immune receptor assembly to signaling. Immunol Rev 2019; 291:26-43. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Connolly
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie/Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer Montréal Québec Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine Université de Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Etienne Gagnon
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie/Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer Montréal Québec Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine Université de Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
The Structural and Functional Diversity of Intrinsically Disordered Regions in Transmembrane Proteins. J Membr Biol 2019; 252:273-292. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-019-00069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
16
|
Krishnamoorthy M, Wasim L, Buhari FHM, Zhao T, Mahtani T, Ho J, Kang S, Deason-Towne F, Perraud AL, Schmitz C, Treanor B. The channel-kinase TRPM7 regulates antigen gathering and internalization in B cells. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/533/eaah6692. [PMID: 29871912 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aah6692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of ion channels are cellular sensors involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes. We identified the TRP subfamily M member 7 (TRPM7) channel-kinase as a previously uncharacterized regulator of B cell activation. We showed that TRPM7 played a critical role in the early events of B cell activation through both its ion channel and kinase functions. DT40 B cells deficient in TRPM7 or expressing a kinase-deficient mutant of TRPM7 showed defective gathering of antigen and prolonged B cell receptor (BCR) signaling. We showed that lipid metabolism was altered in TRPM7-deficient cells and in cells expressing a kinase-deficient mutant of TRPM7 and suggest that PLC-γ2 may be a target of the kinase activity of TRPM7. Primary B cells that expressed less TRPM7 or were treated with a pharmacological inhibitor of TRPM7 also displayed defective antigen gathering and increased BCR signaling. Finally, we demonstrated that blocking TRPM7 function compromised antigen internalization and presentation to T cells. These data suggest that TRPM7 controls an essential process required for B cell affinity maturation and the production of high-affinity antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mithunah Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 24 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Laabiah Wasim
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Fathima Hifza Mohamed Buhari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Trisha Mahtani
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 24 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Josephine Ho
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Sohee Kang
- Department of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Francina Deason-Towne
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Anne-Laure Perraud
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Carsten Schmitz
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206, USA.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Bebhinn Treanor
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 24 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada. .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Manresa-Arraut A, Johansen FF, Brakebusch C, Issazadeh-Navikas S, Hasseldam H. RhoA Drives T-Cell Activation and Encephalitogenic Potential in an Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1235. [PMID: 29904389 PMCID: PMC5990621 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cells are known to be intimately involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). T-cell activation is controlled by a range of intracellular signaling pathways regulating cellular responses such as proliferation, cytokine production, integrin expression, and migration. These processes are crucial for the T-cells’ ability to mediate inflammatory processes in autoimmune diseases such as MS. RhoA is a ubiquitously expressed small GTPase well described as a regulator of the actin cytoskeleton. It is essential for embryonic development and together with other Rho GTPases controls various cellular processes such as cell development, shaping, proliferation, and locomotion. However, the specific contribution of RhoA to these processes in T-cells in general, and in autoreactive T-cells in particular, has not been fully characterized. Using mice with a T-cell specific deletion of the RhoA gene (RhoAfl/flLckCre+), we investigated the role of RhoA in T-cell development, functionality, and encephalitogenic potential in EAE. We show that lack of RhoA specifically in T-cells results in reduced numbers of mature T-cells in thymus and spleen but normal counts in peripheral blood. EAE induction in RhoAfl/flLckCre+ mice results in significantly reduced disease incidence and severity, which coincides with a reduced CNS T-cell infiltration. Besides presenting reduced migratory capacity, both naïve and autoreactive effector T-cells from RhoAfl/flLckCre+ mice show decreased viability, proliferative capacity, and an activation profile associated with reduced production of Th1 pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our study demonstrates that RhoA is a central regulator of several archetypical T-cell responses, and furthermore points toward RhoA as a new potential therapeutic target in diseases such as MS, where T-cell activity plays a central role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Manresa-Arraut
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Fryd Johansen
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cord Brakebusch
- Cytoskeletal Organization Group, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shohreh Issazadeh-Navikas
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Hasseldam
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kabanova A, Zurli V, Baldari CT. Signals Controlling Lytic Granule Polarization at the Cytotoxic Immune Synapse. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29515593 PMCID: PMC5826174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic immunity relies on specialized effector T cells, the cytotoxic T cells, which are endowed with specialized cytolytic machinery that permits them to induce death of their targets. Upon recognition of a target cell, cytotoxic T cells form a lytic immune synapse and by docking the microtubule-organizing center at the synaptic membrane get prepared to deliver a lethal hit of enzymes contained in lytic granules. New insights suggest that the directionality of lytic granule trafficking along the microtubules represents a fine means to tune the functional outcome of the encounter between a T cell and its target. Thus, mechanisms regulating the directionality of granule transport may have a major impact in settings characterized by evasion from the cytotoxic response, such as chronic infection and cancer. Here, we review our current knowledge on the signaling pathways implicated in the polarized trafficking at the immune synapse of cytotoxic T cells, complementing it with information on the regulation of this process in natural killer cells. Furthermore, we highlight some of the parameters which we consider critical in studying the polarized trafficking of lytic granules, including the use of freshly isolated cytotoxic T cells, and discuss some of the major open questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kabanova
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Vanessa Zurli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen YH, Kratchmarov R, Lin WHW, Rothman NJ, Yen B, Adams WC, Nish SA, Rathmell JC, Reiner SL. Asymmetric PI3K Activity in Lymphocytes Organized by a PI3K-Mediated Polarity Pathway. Cell Rep 2018; 22:860-868. [PMID: 29420173 PMCID: PMC5806629 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unequal transmission of nutritive signaling during cell division establishes fate disparity between sibling lymphocytes, but how asymmetric signaling becomes organized is not understood. We show that receptor-associated class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling activity, indexed by phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) staining, is spatially restricted to the microtubule-organizing center and subsequently to one pole of the mitotic spindle in activated T and B lymphocytes. Asymmetric PI3K activity co-localizes with polarization of antigen receptor components implicated in class I PI3K signaling and with facultative glucose transporters whose trafficking is PI3K dependent and whose abundance marks cells destined for differentiation. Perturbation of class I PI3K activity disrupts asymmetry of upstream antigen receptors and downstream glucose transporter traffic. The roles of PI3K signaling in nutrient utilization, proliferation, and gene expression may have converged with the conserved role of PI3K signaling in cellular symmetry breaking to form a logic for regenerative lymphocyte divisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hua Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Radomir Kratchmarov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wen-Hsuan W Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nyanza J Rothman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Bonnie Yen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - William C Adams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Simone A Nish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Steven L Reiner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Thymocyte selection involves the positive and negative selection of the repertoire of T cell receptors (TCRs) such that the organism does not suffer autoimmunity, yet has the benefit of the ability to recognize any invading pathogen. The signal transduced through the TCR is translated into a number of different signaling cascades that result in transcription factor activity in the nucleus and changes to the cytoskeleton and motility. Negative selection involves inducing apoptosis in thymocytes that express strongly self-reactive TCRs, whereas positive selection must induce survival and differentiation programs in cells that are more weakly self-reactive. The TCR recognition event is analog by nature, but the outcome of signaling is not. A large number of molecules regulate the strength of the TCR-derived signal at various points in the cascades. This review discusses the various factors that can regulate the strength of the TCR signal during thymocyte development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Immunology Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore 11759;
| | - Vasily Rybakin
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, REGA Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Oreste Acuto
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Brzostek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Immunology Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore 11759;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kuropka B, Schraven B, Kliche S, Krause E, Freund C. Tyrosine-phosphorylation of the scaffold protein ADAP and its role in T cell signaling. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 13:545-54. [PMID: 27258783 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2016.1187565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Adhesion and Degranulation promoting Adaptor Protein (ADAP) is phosphorylated upon T cell activation and acts as a scaffold for the formation of a signaling complex that integrates molecular interactions between T cell or chemokine receptors, the actin cytoskeleton, and integrin-mediated cellular adhesion and migration. AREAS COVERED This article reviews current knowledge of the functions of the adapter protein ADAP in T cell signaling with a focus on the role of individual phosphotyrosine (pY) motifs for SH2 domain mediated interactions. The data presented was obtained from literature searches (PubMed) as well as the authors own research on the topic. Expert commentary: ADAP can be regarded as a paradigmatic example of how tyrosine phosphorylation sites serve as dynamic interaction hubs. Molecular crowding at unstructured and redundant sites (pY595, pY651) is contrasted by more specific interactions enabled by the three-dimensional environment of a particular phosphotyrosine motif (pY571).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benno Kuropka
- a Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Protein Biochemistry Group , Berlin , Germany.,b Mass Spectrometry Group, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie , Berlin , Germany
| | - Burkhart Schraven
- c Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology , Otto-von-Guericke-University , Magdeburg , Germany.,d Department of Immune Control , Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI) , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Stefanie Kliche
- c Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology , Otto-von-Guericke-University , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Eberhard Krause
- b Mass Spectrometry Group, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie , Berlin , Germany
| | - Christian Freund
- a Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Protein Biochemistry Group , Berlin , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
In healthy individuals, metabolically quiescent T cells survey lymph nodes and peripheral tissues in search of cognate antigens. During infection, T cells that encounter cognate antigens are activated and - in a context-specific manner - proliferate and/or differentiate to become effector T cells. This process is accompanied by important changes in cellular metabolism (known as metabolic reprogramming). The magnitude and spectrum of metabolic reprogramming as it occurs in T cells in the context of acute infection ensure host survival. By contrast, altered T cell metabolism, and hence function, is also observed in various disease states, in which T cells actively contribute to pathology. In this Review, we introduce the idea that the spectrum of immune cell metabolic states can provide a basis for categorizing human diseases. Specifically, we first summarize the metabolic and interlinked signalling requirements of T cells responding to acute infection. We then discuss how metabolic reprogramming of T cells is linked to disease.
Collapse
|
23
|
Dynamic microtubules regulate cellular contractility during T-cell activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4175-E4183. [PMID: 28490501 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614291114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR) triggering and subsequent T-cell activation are essential for the adaptive immune response. Recently, multiple lines of evidence have shown that force transduction across the TCR complex is involved during TCR triggering, and that the T cell might use its force-generation machinery to probe the mechanical properties of the opposing antigen-presenting cell, giving rise to different signaling and physiological responses. Mechanistically, actin polymerization and turnover have been shown to be essential for force generation by T cells, but how these actin dynamics are regulated spatiotemporally remains poorly understood. Here, we report that traction forces generated by T cells are regulated by dynamic microtubules (MTs) at the interface. These MTs suppress Rho activation, nonmuscle myosin II bipolar filament assembly, and actin retrograde flow at the T-cell-substrate interface. Our results suggest a novel role of the MT cytoskeleton in regulating force generation during T-cell activation.
Collapse
|
24
|
Kunkl M, Porciello N, Mastrogiovanni M, Capuano C, Lucantoni F, Moretti C, Persson JL, Galandrini R, Buzzetti R, Tuosto L. ISA-2011B, a Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate 5-Kinase α Inhibitor, Impairs CD28-Dependent Costimulatory and Pro-inflammatory Signals in Human T Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2017; 8:502. [PMID: 28491063 PMCID: PMC5405084 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate (PIP2) is a membrane phospholipid that controls the activity of several proteins regulating cytoskeleton reorganization, cytokine gene expression, T cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinases (PIP5Ks) are the main enzymes involved in PIP2 biosynthesis by phosphorylating phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate (PI4P) at the D5 position of the inositol ring. In human T lymphocytes, we recently found that CD28 costimulatory molecule is pivotal for PIP2 turnover by recruiting and activating PIP5Kα. We also found that PIP5Kα is the main regulator of both CD28 costimulatory signals integrating those delivered by TCR as well as CD28 autonomous signals regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Given emerging studies linking alterations of PIP2 metabolism to immune-based diseases, PIP5Kα may represent a promising target to modulate immunity and inflammation. Herewith, we characterized a recently discovered inhibitor of PIP5Kα, ISA-2011B, for its inhibitory effects on T lymphocyte functions. We found that the inhibition of PIP5Kα lipid-kinase activity by ISA-2011B significantly impaired CD28 costimulatory signals necessary for TCR-mediated Ca2+ influx, NF-AT transcriptional activity, and IL-2 gene expression as well as CD28 autonomous signals regulating the activation of NF-κB and the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes. Moreover, our data on the inhibitory effects of ISA-2011B on CD28-mediated upregulation of inflammatory cytokines related to Th17 cell phenotype in type 1 diabetes patients suggest ISA-2011B as a promising anti-inflammatory drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kunkl
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicla Porciello
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Mastrogiovanni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Capuano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Moretti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Jenny L Persson
- Division of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - Loretta Tuosto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Britton GJ, Ambler R, Clark DJ, Hill EV, Tunbridge HM, McNally KE, Burton BR, Butterweck P, Sabatos-Peyton C, Hampton-O'Neil LA, Verkade P, Wülfing C, Wraith DC. PKCθ links proximal T cell and Notch signaling through localized regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28112644 PMCID: PMC5310840 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch is a critical regulator of T cell differentiation and is activated through proteolytic cleavage in response to ligand engagement. Using murine myelin-reactive CD4 T cells, we demonstrate that proximal T cell signaling modulates Notch activation by a spatiotemporally constrained mechanism. The protein kinase PKCθ is a critical mediator of signaling by the T cell antigen receptor and the principal costimulatory receptor CD28. PKCθ selectively inactivates the negative regulator of F-actin generation, Coronin 1A, at the center of the T cell interface with the antigen presenting cell (APC). This allows for effective generation of the large actin-based lamellum required for recruitment of the Notch-processing membrane metalloproteinase ADAM10. Such enhancement of Notch activation is critical for efficient T cell proliferation and Th17 differentiation. We reveal a novel mechanism that, through modulation of the cytoskeleton, controls Notch activation at the T cell:APC interface thereby linking T cell receptor and Notch signaling pathways. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20003.001 The body’s immune system recognizes and responds to foreign agents such as bacteria and viruses. Immune cells known as T cells recognize foreign substances through a protein on their surface called the T cell receptor. Specifically, the T cell receptor binds to fragments of foreign proteins displayed on the surface of other cells, which sets in motion a chain of events that leads to the T cell becoming activated. An activated T cell divides to form new cells that develop into “effector” T cells, which can mount an effective immune response. The T cell engages with the cell displaying the foreign proteins via an interface referred to as the immunological synapse. This zone of contact brings together the signaling machinery of the T cell. Like many other cells, T cells contain an internal skeleton-like structure made up of actin filaments. These filaments are crucial for the formation of the immunological synapse, in part because they help to transport the T cell receptor and other signaling proteins to the immunological synapse. Recent research suggests that a signaling protein called Notch plays an important role in instructing activated T cells to develop into effector cells. Notch is found on the surface of many cells, including T cells, and it becomes activated when it is cut by a specific enzyme. However, it was not entirely clear how T cell signaling drives the activation of the Notch protein. Britton et al. have now investigated the mechanism that leads to Notch activation in T cells from mice. The results show that a protein found inside the T cell, called PKCθ, is a major contributor to Notch activation when T cells become activated. So how does the PKCθ protein control the activation of Notch? Britton et al. observed that PKCθ inactivates a protein that normally inhibits actin filaments from forming, and does so specifically at the center of the immunological synapse. This inhibition promotes the generation of a large actin-rich structure known as the lamellal actin network. This structure is required to recruit the Notch-cutting enzyme to the immunological synapse. Further analysis revealed that Notch gets cut and activated during the first few minutes of T cell activation leading to cell division and the development of effector T cells. Following on from this work, the next challenge will be to explore if altering signaling from the T cell receptor – for example, using drugs or small molecules – can modify the activation of Notch. If so, it will be important to explore if the chemicals could potentially be used to treat diseases that develop when T cells go awry, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and Crohn’s disease. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20003.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham J Britton
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Ambler
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle J Clark
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine V Hill
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M Tunbridge
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kerrie E McNally
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Bronwen R Burton
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Philomena Butterweck
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lea A Hampton-O'Neil
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - David Cameron Wraith
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Three-dimensional live cell imaging of the interaction of T cells with antigen-presenting cells (APCs) visualizes the subcellular distributions of signaling intermediates during T cell activation at thousands of resolved positions within a cell. These information-rich maps of local protein concentrations are a valuable resource in understanding T cell signaling. Here, we describe a protocol for the efficient acquisition of such imaging data and their computational processing to create four-dimensional maps of local concentrations. This protocol allows quantitative analysis of T cell signaling as it occurs inside live cells with resolution in time and space across thousands of cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ambler
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Xiangtao Ruan
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 7723 Gates-Hillman Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Robert F Murphy
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 7723 Gates-Hillman Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kerketta R, Halász ÁM, Steinkamp MP, Wilson BS, Edwards JS. Effect of Spatial Inhomogeneities on the Membrane Surface on Receptor Dimerization and Signal Initiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:81. [PMID: 27570763 PMCID: PMC4981600 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Important signal transduction pathways originate on the plasma membrane, where microdomains may transiently entrap diffusing receptors. This results in a non-random distribution of receptors even in the resting state, which can be visualized as “clusters” by high resolution imaging methods. Here, we explore how spatial in-homogeneities in the plasma membrane might influence the dimerization and phosphorylation status of ErbB2 and ErbB3, two receptor tyrosine kinases that preferentially heterodimerize and are often co-expressed in cancer. This theoretical study is based upon spatial stochastic simulations of the two-dimensional membrane landscape, where variables include differential distributions and overlap of transient confinement zones (“domains”) for the two receptor species. The in silico model is parameterized and validated using data from single particle tracking experiments. We report key differences in signaling output based on the degree of overlap between domains and the relative retention of receptors in such domains, expressed as escape probability. Results predict that a high overlap of domains, which favors transient co-confinement of both receptor species, will enhance the rate of hetero-interactions. Where domains do not overlap, simulations confirm expectations that homo-interactions are favored. Since ErbB3 is uniquely dependent on ErbB2 interactions for activation of its catalytic activity, variations in domain overlap or escape probability markedly alter the predicted patterns and time course of ErbB3 and ErbB2 phosphorylation. Taken together, these results implicate membrane domain organization as an important modulator of signal initiation, motivating the design of novel experimental approaches to measure these important parameters across a wider range of receptor systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romica Kerketta
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ádám M Halász
- Department of Mathematics and Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Mara P Steinkamp
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerque, NM, USA; Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Bridget S Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerque, NM, USA; Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jeremy S Edwards
- Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New MexicoAlbuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New MexicoAlbuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New MexicoAlbuquerque, NM, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dura B, Servos MM, Barry RM, Ploegh HL, Dougan SK, Voldman J. Longitudinal multiparameter assay of lymphocyte interactions from onset by microfluidic cell pairing and culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E3599-608. [PMID: 27303033 PMCID: PMC4932925 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1515364113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resolving how the early signaling events initiated by cell-cell interactions are transduced into diverse functional outcomes necessitates correlated measurements at various stages. Typical approaches that rely on bulk cocultures and population-wide correlations, however, only reveal these relationships broadly at the population level, not within each individual cell. Here, we present a microfluidics-based cell-cell interaction assay that enables longitudinal investigation of lymphocyte interactions at the single-cell level through microfluidic cell pairing, on-chip culture, and multiparameter assays, and allows recovery of desired cell pairs by micromanipulation for off-chip culture and analyses. Well-defined initiation of interactions enables probing cellular responses from the very onset, permitting single-cell correlation analyses between early signaling dynamics and later-stage functional outcomes within same cells. We demonstrate the utility of this microfluidic assay with natural killer cells interacting with tumor cells, and our findings suggest a possible role for the strength of early calcium signaling in selective coordination of subsequent cytotoxicity and IFN-gamma production. Collectively, our experiments demonstrate that this new approach is well-suited for resolving the relationships between complex immune responses within each individual cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Burak Dura
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; Microsystems Technology Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;
| | - Mariah M Servos
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Rachel M Barry
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Stephanie K Dougan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142; Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Joel Voldman
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; Microsystems Technology Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Guedj C, Abraham N, Jullié D, Randriamampita C. T cell adhesion triggers an early signaling pole distal to the immune synapse. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2526-37. [PMID: 27185862 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.182311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunological synapse forms at the interface between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell after foreign antigen recognition. The immunological synapse is considered to be the site where the signaling cascade leading to T lymphocyte activation is triggered. Here, we show that another signaling region can be detected before formation of the synapse at the opposite pole of the T cell. This structure appears during the first minute after the contact forms, is transient and contains all the classic components that have been previously described at the immunological synapse. Its formation is independent of antigen recognition but is driven by adhesion itself. It constitutes a reservoir of signaling molecules that are potentially ready to be sent to the immunological synapse through a microtubule-dependent pathway. The antisynapse can thus be considered as a pre-synapse that is triggered independently of antigen recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Guedj
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, 22 rue Méćhain, Paris 75014, France CNRS, UMR8104, Paris 75014, France Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Nicolas Abraham
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, 22 rue Méćhain, Paris 75014, France CNRS, UMR8104, Paris 75014, France Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Damien Jullié
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, 22 rue Méćhain, Paris 75014, France CNRS, UMR8104, Paris 75014, France Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Clotilde Randriamampita
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, 22 rue Méćhain, Paris 75014, France CNRS, UMR8104, Paris 75014, France Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Porciello N, Kunkl M, Viola A, Tuosto L. Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate 5-Kinases in the Regulation of T Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:186. [PMID: 27242793 PMCID: PMC4865508 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate kinases (PIP5Ks) are critical regulators of T cell activation being the main enzymes involved in the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate (PIP2). PIP2 is indeed a pivotal regulator of the actin cytoskeleton, thus controlling T cell polarization and migration, stable adhesion to antigen-presenting cells, spatial organization of the immunological synapse, and co-stimulation. Moreover, PIP2 also serves as a precursor for the second messengers inositol triphosphate, diacylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate, which are essential for the activation of signaling pathways regulating cytokine production, cell cycle progression, survival, metabolism, and differentiation. Here, we discuss the impact of PIP5Ks on several T lymphocyte functions with a specific focus on the role of CD28 co-stimulation in PIP5K compartimentalization and activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicla Porciello
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
| | - Martina Kunkl
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonella Viola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Loretta Tuosto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Roybal KT, Buck TE, Ruan X, Cho BH, Clark DJ, Ambler R, Tunbridge HM, Zhang J, Verkade P, Wülfing C, Murphy RF. Computational spatiotemporal analysis identifies WAVE2 and cofilin as joint regulators of costimulation-mediated T cell actin dynamics. Sci Signal 2016; 9:rs3. [PMID: 27095595 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad4149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy is one of the most important tools in cell biology research because it provides spatial and temporal information to investigate regulatory systems inside cells. This technique can generate data in the form of signal intensities at thousands of positions resolved inside individual live cells. However, given extensive cell-to-cell variation, these data cannot be readily assembled into three- or four-dimensional maps of protein concentration that can be compared across different cells and conditions. We have developed a method to enable comparison of imaging data from many cells and applied it to investigate actin dynamics in T cell activation. Antigen recognition in T cells by the T cell receptor (TCR) is amplified by engagement of the costimulatory receptor CD28. We imaged actin and eight core actin regulators to generate over a thousand movies of T cells under conditions in which CD28 was either engaged or blocked in the context of a strong TCR signal. Our computational analysis showed that the primary effect of costimulation blockade was to decrease recruitment of the activator of actin nucleation WAVE2 (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family verprolin-homologous protein 2) and the actin-severing protein cofilin to F-actin. Reconstitution of WAVE2 and cofilin activity restored the defect in actin signaling dynamics caused by costimulation blockade. Thus, we have developed and validated an approach to quantify protein distributions in time and space for the analysis of complex regulatory systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kole T Roybal
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK. Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Taráz E Buck
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xiongtao Ruan
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Baek Hwan Cho
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Danielle J Clark
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Rachel Ambler
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Helen M Tunbridge
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK. Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Robert F Murphy
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Departments of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, and Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies and Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau 79104, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Su X, Ditlev JA, Hui E, Xing W, Banjade S, Okrut J, King DS, Taunton J, Rosen MK, Vale RD. Phase separation of signaling molecules promotes T cell receptor signal transduction. Science 2016; 352:595-9. [PMID: 27056844 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad9964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 742] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Activation of various cell surface receptors triggers the reorganization of downstream signaling molecules into micrometer- or submicrometer-sized clusters. However, the functional consequences of such clustering have been unclear. We biochemically reconstituted a 12-component signaling pathway on model membranes, beginning with T cell receptor (TCR) activation and ending with actin assembly. When TCR phosphorylation was triggered, downstream signaling proteins spontaneously separated into liquid-like clusters that promoted signaling outputs both in vitro and in human Jurkat T cells. Reconstituted clusters were enriched in kinases but excluded phosphatases and enhanced actin filament assembly by recruiting and organizing actin regulators. These results demonstrate that protein phase separation can create a distinct physical and biochemical compartment that facilitates signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Su
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jonathon A Ditlev
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Enfu Hui
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Wenmin Xing
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sudeep Banjade
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Julia Okrut
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David S King
- HHMI Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jack Taunton
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michael K Rosen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Brzostek J, Gascoigne NRJ, Rybakin V. Cell Type-Specific Regulation of Immunological Synapse Dynamics by B7 Ligand Recognition. Front Immunol 2016; 7:24. [PMID: 26870040 PMCID: PMC4740375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
B7 proteins CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2) are expressed on most antigen-presenting cells and provide critical co-stimulatory or inhibitory input to T cells via their T-cell-expressed receptors: CD28 and CTLA-4. CD28 is expressed on effector T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs), and CD28-dependent signals are required for optimum activation of effector T cell functions. CD28 ligation on effector T cells leads to formation of distinct molecular patterns and induction of cytoskeletal rearrangements at the immunological synapse (IS). CD28 plays a critical role in recruitment of protein kinase C (PKC)-θ to the effector T cell IS. CTLA-4 is constitutively expressed on the surface of Tregs, but it is expressed on effector T cells only after activation. As CTLA-4 binds to B7 proteins with significantly higher affinity than CD28, B7 ligand recognition by cells expressing both receptors leads to displacement of CD28 and PKC-θ from the IS. In Tregs, B7 ligand recognition leads to recruitment of CTLA-4 and PKC-η to the IS. CTLA-4 plays a role in regulation of T effector and Treg IS stability and cell motility. Due to their important roles in regulating T-cell-mediated responses, B7 receptors are emerging as important drug targets in oncology. In this review, we present an integrated summary of current knowledge about the role of B7 family receptor–ligand interactions in the regulation of spatial and temporal IS dynamics in effector and Tregs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Brzostek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Vasily Rybakin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kallikourdis M, Trovato AE, Roselli G, Muscolini M, Porciello N, Tuosto L, Viola A. Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate 5-Kinase β Controls Recruitment of Lipid Rafts into the Immunological Synapse. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1955-63. [PMID: 26773155 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate (PIP2) is critical for T lymphocyte activation serving as a substrate for the generation of second messengers and the remodeling of actin cytoskeleton necessary for the clustering of lipid rafts, TCR, and costimulatory receptors toward the T:APC interface. Spatiotemporal analysis of PIP2 synthesis in T lymphocytes suggested that distinct isoforms of the main PIP2-generating enzyme, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K), play a differential role on the basis of their distinct localization. In this study, we analyze the contribution of PIP5Kβ to T cell activation and show that CD28 induces the recruitment of PIP5Kβ to the immunological synapse, where it regulates filamin A and lipid raft accumulation, as well as T cell activation, in a nonredundant manner. Finally, we found that Vav1 and the C-terminal 83 aa of PIP5Kβ are pivotal for the PIP5Kβ regulatory functions in response to CD28 stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marinos Kallikourdis
- Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy; Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy
| | - Anna Elisa Trovato
- Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy
| | - Giuliana Roselli
- Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy
| | - Michela Muscolini
- Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; and
| | - Nicla Porciello
- Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; and
| | - Loretta Tuosto
- Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; and
| | - Antonella Viola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua and Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35131 Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tuosto L, Capuano C, Muscolini M, Santoni A, Galandrini R. The multifaceted role of PIP2 in leukocyte biology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4461-74. [PMID: 26265181 PMCID: PMC11113228 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) represents about 1 % of plasma membrane phospholipids and behaves as a pleiotropic regulator of a striking number of fundamental cellular processes. In recent years, an increasing body of literature has highlighted an essential role of PIP2 in multiple aspects of leukocyte biology. In this emerging picture, PIP2 is envisaged as a signalling intermediate itself and as a membrane-bound regulator and a scaffold of proteins with specific PIP2 binding domains. Indeed PIP2 plays a key role in several functions. These include directional migration in neutrophils, integrin-dependent adhesion in T lymphocytes, phagocytosis in macrophages, lysosomes secretion and trafficking at immune synapse in cytolytic effectors and secretory cells, calcium signals and gene transcription in B lymphocytes, natural killer cells and mast cells. The coordination of these different aspects relies on the spatio-temporal organisation of distinct PIP2 pools, generated by the main PIP2 generating enzyme, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K). Three different isoforms of PIP5K, named α, β and γ, and different splice variants have been described in leukocyte populations. The isoform-specific coupling of specific isoforms of PIP5K to different families of activating receptors, including integrins, Fc receptors, toll-like receptors and chemokine receptors, is starting to be reported. Furthermore, PIP2 is turned over by multiple metabolising enzymes including phospholipase C (PLC) γ and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) which, along with Rho family small G proteins, is widely involved in strategic functions within the immune system. The interplay between PIP2, lipid-modifying enzymes and small G protein-regulated signals is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loretta Tuosto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Cristina Capuano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Muscolini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Ricciarda Galandrini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Brezar V, Tu WJ, Seddiki N. PKC-Theta in Regulatory and Effector T-cell Functions. Front Immunol 2015; 6:530. [PMID: 26528291 PMCID: PMC4602307 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major goals in immunology research is to understand the regulatory mechanisms that underpin the rapid switch on/off of robust and efficient effector (Teffs) or regulatory (Tregs) T-cell responses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of such responses is critical for the development of effective therapies. T-cell activation involves the engagement of T-cell receptor and co-stimulatory signals, but the subsequent recruitment of serine/threonine-specific protein Kinase C-theta (PKC-θ) to the immunological synapse (IS) is instrumental for the formation of signaling complexes, which ultimately lead to a transcriptional network in T cells. Recent studies demonstrated that major differences between Teffs and Tregs occurred at the IS where its formation induces altered signaling pathways in Tregs. These pathways are characterized by reduced recruitment of PKC-θ, suggesting that PKC-θ inhibits Tregs suppressive function in a negative feedback loop. As the balance of Teffs and Tregs has been shown to be central in several diseases, it was not surprising that some studies revealed that PKC-θ plays a major role in the regulation of this balance. This review will examine recent knowledge on the role of PKC-θ in T-cell transcriptional responses and how this protein can impact on the function of both Tregs and Teffs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vedran Brezar
- INSERM U955, Équipe 16 and Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est , Créteil , France ; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI) , Créteil , France
| | - Wen Juan Tu
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Maths, University of Canberra , Canberra, ACT , Australia
| | - Nabila Seddiki
- INSERM U955, Équipe 16 and Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est , Créteil , France ; Vaccine Research Institute (VRI) , Créteil , France
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Roybal KT, Mace EM, Clark DJ, Leard AD, Herman A, Verkade P, Orange JS, Wülfing C. Modest Interference with Actin Dynamics in Primary T Cell Activation by Antigen Presenting Cells Preferentially Affects Lamellal Signaling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133231. [PMID: 26237588 PMCID: PMC4523178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic subcellular distributions of signaling system components are critical regulators of cellular signal transduction through their control of molecular interactions. Understanding how signaling activity depends on such distributions and the cellular structures driving them is required for comprehensive insight into signal transduction. In the activation of primary murine T cells by antigen presenting cells (APC) signaling intermediates associate with various subcellular structures, prominently a transient, wide, and actin-associated lamellum extending from an interdigitated T cell:APC interface several micrometers into the T cell. While actin dynamics are well established as general regulators of cellular organization, their role in controlling signaling organization in primary T cell:APC couples and the specific cellular structures driving it is unresolved. Using modest interference with actin dynamics with a low concentration of Jasplakinolide as corroborated by costimulation blockade we show that T cell actin preferentially controls lamellal signaling localization and activity leading downstream to calcium signaling. Lamellal localization repeatedly related to efficient T cell function. This suggests that the transient lamellal actin matrix regulates T cell signaling associations that facilitate T cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kole T. Roybal
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Emily M. Mace
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Abramson Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Danielle J. Clark
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alan D. Leard
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Herman
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan S. Orange
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Abramson Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Roybal KT, Mace EM, Mantell JM, Verkade P, Orange JS, Wülfing C. Early Signaling in Primary T Cells Activated by Antigen Presenting Cells Is Associated with a Deep and Transient Lamellal Actin Network. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133299. [PMID: 26237050 PMCID: PMC4523204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular signaling transduction critically depends on molecular interactions that are in turn governed by dynamic subcellular distributions of the signaling system components. Comprehensive insight into signal transduction requires an understanding of such distributions and cellular structures driving them. To investigate the activation of primary murine T cells by antigen presenting cells (APC) we have imaged more than 60 signaling intermediates during T cell stimulation with microscopy across resolution limits. A substantial number of signaling intermediates associated with a transient, wide, and actin-associated lamellum extending from an interdigitated T cell:APC interface several micrometers into the T cell, as characterized in detail here. By mapping the more than 60 signaling intermediates onto the spatiotemporal features of cell biological structures, the lamellum and other ones previously described, we also define distinct spatial and temporal characteristics of T cell signal initiation, amplification, and core signaling in the activation of primary T cells by APCs. These characteristics differ substantially from ones seen when T cells are activated using common reductionist approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kole T. Roybal
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Emily M. Mace
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Abramson Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Judith M. Mantell
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan S. Orange
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Abramson Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Muscolini M, Camperio C, Porciello N, Caristi S, Capuano C, Viola A, Galandrini R, Tuosto L. Phosphatidylinositol 4–Phosphate 5–Kinase α and Vav1 Mutual Cooperation in CD28-Mediated Actin Remodeling and Signaling Functions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1323-1333. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5–biphosphate (PIP2) is a cell membrane phosphoinositide crucial for cell signaling and activation. Indeed, PIP2 is a pivotal source for second messenger generation and controlling the activity of several proteins regulating cytoskeleton reorganization. Despite its critical role in T cell activation, the molecular mechanisms regulating PIP2 turnover remain largely unknown. In human primary CD4+ T lymphocytes, we have recently demonstrated that CD28 costimulatory receptor is crucial for regulating PIP2 turnover by allowing the recruitment and activation of the lipid kinase phosphatidylinositol 4–phosphate 5–kinase (PIP5Kα). We also identified PIP5Kα as a key modulator of CD28 costimulatory signals leading to the efficient T cell activation. In this study, we extend these data by demonstrating that PIP5Kα recruitment and activation is essential for CD28-mediated cytoskeleton rearrangement necessary for organizing a complete signaling compartment leading to downstream signaling functions. We also identified Vav1 as the linker molecule that couples the C-terminal proline-rich motif of CD28 to the recruitment and activation of PIP5Kα, which in turn cooperates with Vav1 in regulating actin polymerization and CD28 signaling functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Muscolini
- *Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin,” Pasteur Institute–Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Camperio
- *Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin,” Pasteur Institute–Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicla Porciello
- *Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin,” Pasteur Institute–Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvana Caristi
- *Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin,” Pasteur Institute–Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Capuano
- †Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Viola
- ‡The Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova 35129, Italy; and
- §Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | | | - Loretta Tuosto
- *Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin,” Pasteur Institute–Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Schieffer D, Naware S, Bakun W, Bamezai AK. Lipid raft-based membrane order is important for antigen-specific clonal expansion of CD4(+) T lymphocytes. BMC Immunol 2014; 15:58. [PMID: 25494999 PMCID: PMC4270042 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-014-0058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipid rafts are cholesterol and saturated lipid-rich, nanometer sized membrane domains that are hypothesized to play an important role in compartmentalization and spatiotemporal regulation of cellular signaling. Lipid rafts contribute to the plasma membrane order and to its spatial asymmetry, as well. The raft nanodomains on the surface of CD4+ T lymphocytes coalesce during their interaction with antigen presenting cells (APCs). Sensing of foreign antigen by the antigen receptor on CD4+ T cells occurs during these cell-cell interactions. In response to foreign antigen the CD4+ T cells proliferate, allowing the expansion of few antigen-specific primary CD4+ T cell clones. Proliferating CD4+ T cells specialize in their function by undergoing differentiation into appropriate effectors tailored to mount an effective adaptive immune response against the invading pathogen. Results To investigate the role of lipid raft-based membrane order in the clonal expansion phase of primary CD4+ T cells, we have disrupted membrane order by incorporating an oxysterol, 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC), into the plasma membrane of primary CD4+ T cells expressing a T cell receptor specific to chicken ovalbumin323–339 peptide sequence and tested their antigen-specific response. We report that 7-KC, at concentrations that disrupt lipid rafts, significantly diminish the c-Ovalbumin323–339 peptide-specific clonal expansion of primary CD4+ T cells. Conclusions Our findings suggest that lipid raft-based membrane order is important for clonal expansion of CD4+ T cells in response to a model peptide. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12865-014-0058-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schieffer
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA. .,Current Address: DeNovix Inc, Wilmington, DE, 19808, USA.
| | - Sanya Naware
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA. .,Current Address: M.D. Program, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Walter Bakun
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA.
| | - Anil K Bamezai
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sinai P, Dozmorov IM, Song R, Schwartzberg PL, Wakeland EK, Wülfing C. T/B-cell interactions are more transient in response to weak stimuli in SLE-prone mice. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3522-31. [PMID: 25209945 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Changes in immune function during the course of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are well characterized. Class-switched antinuclear antibodies are the hallmark of SLE, and T/B-cell interactions are thus critical. However, changes in immune function contributing to disease susceptibility are unknown. Here, we have analyzed primary T and B cells from a mouse model of SLE prior to the onset of disease. To allow cognate T-cell activation with low affinity, we have developed a lower potency peptide ligand for the OTII TCR. T- and B-cell couples formed less frequently and retained their polarity less efficiently preferentially in response to low-affinity stimulation in SLE-prone mice. This matched decreased recruitment of actin and Vav1 and an enhanced PKCΘ recruitment to the cellular interface in T cells. The induction of the GC B-cell marker GL7 was increased in T/B cell couples from SLE-prone mice when the T-cell numbers were limited. However, the overall gene expression changes were marginal. Taken together, the enhanced cell-couple transience may allow a more efficient sampling of a large number of T/B cell couples, preferentially in response to limiting stimuli, therefore enhancing the immune reactivity in the development of SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Sinai
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Roybal KT, Sinai P, Verkade P, Murphy RF, Wülfing C. The actin-driven spatiotemporal organization of T-cell signaling at the system scale. Immunol Rev 2014; 256:133-47. [PMID: 24117818 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
T cells are activated through interaction with antigen-presenting cells (APCs). During activation, receptors and signaling intermediates accumulate in diverse spatiotemporal distributions. These distributions control the probability of signaling interactions and thus govern information flow through the signaling system. Spatiotemporally resolved system-scale investigation of signaling can extract the regulatory information thus encoded, allowing unique insight into the control of T-cell function. Substantial technical challenges exist, and these are briefly discussed herein. While much of the work assessing T-cell spatiotemporal organization uses planar APC substitutes, we focus here on B-cell APCs with often stark differences. Spatiotemporal signaling distributions are driven by cell biologically distinct structures, a large protein assembly at the interface center, a large invagination, the actin-supported interface periphery as extended by smaller individual lamella, and a newly discovered whole-interface actin-driven lamellum. The more than 60 elements of T-cell activation studied to date are dynamically distributed between these structures, generating a complex organization of the signaling system. Signal initiation and core signaling prefer the interface center, while signal amplification is localized in the transient lamellum. Actin dynamics control signaling distributions through regulation of the underlying structures and drive a highly undulating T-cell/APC interface that imposes substantial constraints on T-cell organization. We suggest that the regulation of actin dynamics, by controlling signaling distributions and membrane topology, is an important rheostat of T-cell signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kole T Roybal
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Saoudi A, Kassem S, Dejean A, Gaud G. Rho-GTPases as key regulators of T lymphocyte biology. Small GTPases 2014; 5:28208. [PMID: 24825161 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.28208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho-GTPases belong to the Ras superfamily and are crucial signal transducing proteins downstream of many receptors. In general, the Rho-GTPases function as molecular switches, cycling between inactive (GDP-bound) and active (GTP-bound) states. The activated GTP bound Rho-GTPases interact with a broad spectrum of effectors to regulate a plethora of biological pathways including cytoskeletal dynamics, motility, cytokinesis, cell growth, apoptosis, transcriptional activity and nuclear signaling. Recently, gene targeting in mice allowed the selective inactivation of different Rho-GTPases and has advanced our understanding of the physiological role of these proteins, particularly in the immune system. Particularly, these proteins are key signaling molecules in T lymphocytes, which are generated in the thymus and are major players in the immune system. The scope of this review is to discuss recent data obtained in Rho-GTPases deficient mice by focusing on the role-played by Rho-GTPases in T-lymphocyte development, migration, activation and differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhadi Saoudi
- Inserm; U1043; Toulouse, France; CNRS; U5282; Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan; Toulouse, France
| | - Sahar Kassem
- Inserm; U1043; Toulouse, France; CNRS; U5282; Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan; Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Dejean
- Inserm; U1043; Toulouse, France; CNRS; U5282; Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan; Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Gaud
- Inserm; U1043; Toulouse, France; CNRS; U5282; Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan; Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Bashour KT, Tsai J, Shen K, Lee JH, Sun E, Milone MC, Dustin ML, Kam LC. Cross talk between CD3 and CD28 is spatially modulated by protein lateral mobility. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:955-64. [PMID: 24379441 PMCID: PMC3958039 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00842-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional convergence of CD28 costimulation and TCR signaling is critical to T-cell activation and adaptive immunity. These receptors form complex microscale patterns within the immune synapse, although the impact of this spatial organization on cell signaling remains unclear. We investigate this cross talk using micropatterned surfaces that present ligands to these membrane proteins in order to control the organization of signaling molecules within the cell-substrate interface. While primary human CD4(+) T cells were activated by features containing ligands to both CD3 and CD28, this functional convergence was curtailed on surfaces in which engagement of these two systems was separated by micrometer-scale distances. Moreover, phosphorylated Lck was concentrated to regions of CD3 engagement and exhibited a low diffusion rate, suggesting that costimulation is controlled by a balance between the transport of active Lck to CD28 and its deactivation. In support of this model, disruption of the actin cytoskeleton increased Lck mobility and allowed functional T-cell costimulation by spatially separated CD3 and CD28. In primary mouse CD4(+) T cells, a complementary system, reducing the membrane mobility increased the sensitivity to CD3-CD28 separation. These results demonstrate a subcellular reaction-diffusion system that allows cells to sense the microscale organization of the extracellular environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keenan T. Bashour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jones Tsai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Keyue Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eileen Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael C. Milone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Nuffield Department of Orthopedics and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Oxford, and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lance C. Kam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Liang Y, Cucchetti M, Roncagalli R, Yokosuka T, Malzac A, Bertosio E, Imbert J, Nijman IJ, Suchanek M, Saito T, Wülfing C, Malissen B, Malissen M. The lymphoid lineage-specific actin-uncapping protein Rltpr is essential for costimulation via CD28 and the development of regulatory T cells. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:858-66. [PMID: 23793062 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although T cell activation can result from signaling via T cell antigen receptor (TCR) alone, physiological T cell responses require costimulation via the coreceptor CD28. Through the use of an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-mutagenesis screen, we identified a mutation in Rltpr. We found that Rltpr was a lymphoid cell-specific, actin-uncapping protein essential for costimulation via CD28 and the development of regulatory T cells. Engagement of TCR-CD28 at the immunological synapse resulted in the colocalization of CD28 with both wild-type and mutant Rltpr proteins. However, the connection between CD28 and protein kinase C-θ and Carma1, two key effectors of CD28 costimulation, was abrogated in T cells expressing mutant Rltpr, and CD28 costimulation did not occur in those cells. Our findings provide a more complete model of CD28 costimulation in which Rltpr has a key role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinming Liang
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Brownlie RJ, Zamoyska R. T cell receptor signalling networks: branched, diversified and bounded. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:257-69. [PMID: 23524462 DOI: 10.1038/nri3403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Engagement of antigen-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) is a prerequisite for T cell activation. Acquisition of appropriate effector T cell function requires the participation of multiple signals from the T cell microenvironment. Trying to understand how these signals integrate to achieve specific functional outcomes while maintaining tolerance to self is a major challenge in lymphocyte biology. Several recent publications have provided important insights into how dysregulation of T cell signalling and the development of autoreactivity can result if the branching and integration of signalling pathways are perturbed. We discuss how these findings highlight the importance of spatial segregation of individual signalling components as a way of regulating T cell responsiveness and immune tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Brownlie
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Muscolini M, Camperio C, Capuano C, Caristi S, Piccolella E, Galandrini R, Tuosto L. Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate 5-Kinase α Activation Critically Contributes to CD28-Dependent Signaling Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:5279-86. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
49
|
Paster W, Brockmeyer C, Fu G, Simister PC, de Wet B, Martinez-Riaño A, Hoerter JAH, Feller SM, Wülfing C, Gascoigne NRJ, Acuto O. GRB2-mediated recruitment of THEMIS to LAT is essential for thymocyte development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:3749-56. [PMID: 23460737 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thymocyte-expressed molecule involved in selection (THEMIS) is a recently identified regulator of thymocyte positive selection. THEMIS's mechanism of action is unknown, and whether it has a role in TCR-proximal signaling is controversial. In this article, we show that THEMIS and the adapter molecule growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2) associate constitutively through binding of a conserved PxRPxK motif within the proline-rich region 1 of THEMIS to the C-terminal SH3-domain of GRB2. This association is indispensable for THEMIS recruitment to the immunological synapse via the transmembrane adapter linker for activation of T cells (LAT) and for THEMIS phosphorylation by Lck and ZAP-70. Two major sites of tyrosine phosphorylation were mapped to a YY-motif close to proline-rich region 1. The YY-motif was crucial for GRB2 binding, suggesting that this region of THEMIS might control local phosphorylation-dependent conformational changes important for THEMIS function. Finally, THEMIS binding to GRB2 was required for thymocyte development. Our data firmly assign THEMIS to the TCR-proximal signaling cascade as a participant in the LAT signalosome and suggest that the THEMIS-GRB2 complex might be involved in shaping the nature of Ras signaling, thereby governing thymic selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Paster
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yang G. Bioimage informatics for understanding spatiotemporal dynamics of cellular processes. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 5:367-80. [PMID: 23408597 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The inner environment of the cell is highly dynamic and heterogeneous yet exquisitely organized. Successful completion of cellular processes within this environment depends on the right molecules or molecular complexes to function at the right place at the right time. Understanding spatiotemporal behaviors of cellular processes is therefore essential to understanding their molecular mechanisms at the systems level. These behaviors are usually visualized and recorded using imaging techniques. However, to infer from them systems-level molecular mechanisms, computational analysis and understanding of recorded image data is crucial, not only for acquiring quantitative behavior measurements but also for comprehending complex interactions among the molecules or molecular complexes involved. The technology of computational analysis and understanding of biological images is often referred to simply as bioimage informatics. This article introduces fundamentals of bioimage informatics for understanding spatiotemporal dynamics of cellular processes and reviews recent advances on this topic. Basic bioimage informatics concepts and techniques for characterizing spatiotemporal cell dynamics are introduced first. Studies on specific cellular processes such as cell migration and signal transduction are then used as examples to analyze and summarize recent advances, with the focus on transforming quantitative measurements of spatiotemporal cellular behaviors into knowledge of underlying molecular mechanisms. Despite the advances made, substantial technological challenges remain, especially in representation of spatiotemporal cellular behaviors and inference of systems-level molecular mechanisms. These challenges are briefly discussed. Overall, understanding spatiotemporal cell dynamics will provide critical insights into how specific cellular processes as well as the entire inner cellular environment are dynamically organized and regulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|