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Porte R, Belloy M, Audibert A, Bassot E, Aïda A, Alis M, Miranda-Capet R, Jourdes A, van Gisbergen KPJM, Masson F, Blanchard N. Protective function and differentiation cues of brain-resident CD8+ T cells during surveillance of latent Toxoplasma gondii infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2403054121. [PMID: 38838017 PMCID: PMC11181119 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2403054121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection induces brain-resident CD8+ T cells (bTr), but the protective functions and differentiation cues of these cells remain undefined. Here, we used a mouse model of latent infection by T. gondii leading to effective CD8+ T cell-mediated parasite control. Thanks to antibody depletion approaches, we found that peripheral circulating CD8+ T cells are dispensable for brain parasite control during chronic stage, indicating that CD8+ bTr are able to prevent brain parasite reactivation. We observed that the retention markers CD69, CD49a, and CD103 are sequentially acquired by brain parasite-specific CD8+ T cells throughout infection and that a majority of CD69/CD49a/CD103 triple-positive (TP) CD8+ T cells also express Hobit, a transcription factor associated with tissue residency. This TP subset develops in a CD4+ T cell-dependent manner and is associated with effective parasite control during chronic stage. Conditional invalidation of Transporter associated with Antigen Processing (TAP)-mediated major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I presentation showed that presentation of parasite antigens by glutamatergic neurons and microglia regulates the differentiation of CD8+ bTr into TP cells. Single-cell transcriptomic analyses revealed that resistance to encephalitis is associated with the expansion of stem-like subsets of CD8+ bTr. In summary, parasite-specific brain-resident CD8+ T cells are a functionally heterogeneous compartment which autonomously ensure parasite control during T. gondii latent infection and which differentiation is shaped by neuronal and microglial MHC I presentation. A more detailed understanding of local T cell-mediated immune surveillance of this common parasite is needed for harnessing brain-resident CD8+ T cells in order to enhance control of chronic brain infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Porte
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse31300, France
| | - Marcy Belloy
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse31300, France
| | - Alexis Audibert
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse31300, France
| | - Emilie Bassot
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse31300, France
| | - Amel Aïda
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse31300, France
| | - Marine Alis
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse31300, France
| | - Romain Miranda-Capet
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse31300, France
| | - Aurélie Jourdes
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse31300, France
| | | | - Frédérick Masson
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse31300, France
| | - Nicolas Blanchard
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse31300, France
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Musial SC, Kleist SA, Degefu HN, Ford MA, Chen T, Isaacs JF, Boussiotis VA, Skorput AGJ, Rosato PC. Alarm functions of PD-1+ brain resident memory T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.06.597370. [PMID: 38895249 PMCID: PMC11185697 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.06.597370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Resident memory T cells (T RM ) have been described in barrier tissues as having a 'sensing and alarm' function where, upon sensing cognate antigen, they alarm the surrounding tissue and orchestrate local recruitment and activation of immune cells. In the immunologically unique and tightly restricted CNS, it remains unclear if and how brain T RM , which express the inhibitory receptor PD-1, alarm the surrounding tissue during antigen re-encounter. Here, we reveal that T RM are sufficient to drive the rapid remodeling of the brain immune landscape through activation of microglia, DCs, NK cells, and B cells, expansion of Tregs, and recruitment of macrophages and monocytic dendritic cells. Moreover, we report that while PD-1 restrains granzyme B expression by reactivated brain T RM , it has no effect on cytotoxicity or downstream alarm responses. We conclude that T RM are sufficient to trigger rapid immune activation and recruitment in the CNS and may have an unappreciated role in driving neuroinflammation.
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Melzer N, Rosenow F. Autoimmune-associated epilepsy - a challenging concept. Seizure 2024:S1059-1311(24)00156-0. [PMID: 38852019 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2024.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The current International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) definition and classification guidelines for the first time introduced the category of immune-mediated focal epilepsy in addition to structural, genetic, infectious, and metabolic aetiologies. Moreover, the ILAE Autoimmunity and Inflammation Taskforce recently provided a conceptual framework for the distinction between acute "provoked" seizures in the acute phase of autoimmune encephalitis from chronic "unprovoked" seizures due to autoimmune-associated epilepsy. The first category predominately applies to those autoimmune encephalitis patients with autoantibodies against cell surface neural antigens, in whom autoantibodies are assumed to exert a direct ictogenic effect without overt structural damage. These patients do not exhibit enduring predisposition to seizures after the "acute phase" encephalitis, and thus do not fulfil the definition of epilepsy. The second category applies to those autoimmune encephalitis patients with autoantibodies against intracellular neural antigens and Rasmussen's encephalitis, in whom T cells are assumed to cause epileptogenic effects through immune-inflammation and overt structural damage. These patients do exhibit enduring predisposition to seizures after the "acute phase" of encephalitis and thus fulfil the definition of epilepsy. AAE may result from both, ongoing brain autoimmunity and associated structural brain damage according to the current ILAE definition and classification guideline. We here discuss the difficulties of this concept and suggest an unbiased translationally validated and data-driven approach to predict in an individual encephalitis patient the propensity to develop (or not) AAE and the cognitive and behavioural outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Melzer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.
| | - Felix Rosenow
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Frankfurt, Germany
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Zhong Y, Stauss HJ. Targeted Therapy of Multiple Sclerosis: A Case for Antigen-Specific Tregs. Cells 2024; 13:797. [PMID: 38786021 PMCID: PMC11119434 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoinflammatory condition that results in damage to myelinated neurons in affected patients. While disease-modifying treatments have been successful in slowing the progression of relapsing-remitting disease, most patients still progress to secondary progressive disease that is largely unresponsive to disease-modifying treatments. Similarly, there is currently no effective treatment for patients with primary progressive MS. Innate and adaptive immune cells in the CNS play a critical role in initiating an autoimmune attack and in maintaining the chronic inflammation that drives disease progression. In this review, we will focus on recent insights into the role of T cells with regulatory function in suppressing the progression of MS, and, more importantly, in promoting the remyelination and repair of MS lesions in the CNS. We will discuss the exciting potential to genetically reprogram regulatory T cells to achieve immune suppression and enhance repair locally at sites of tissue damage, while retaining a fully competent immune system outside the CNS. In the future, reprogramed regulatory T cells with defined specificity and function may provide life medicines that can persist in patients and achieve lasting disease suppression after one cycle of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans J. Stauss
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PP, UK;
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Nakajima A, Yanagimura F, Saji E, Shimizu H, Toyoshima Y, Yanagawa K, Arakawa M, Hokari M, Yokoseki A, Wakasugi T, Okamoto K, Takebayashi H, Fujii C, Itoh K, Takei YI, Ohara S, Yamada M, Takahashi H, Nishizawa M, Igarashi H, Kakita A, Onodera O, Kawachi I. Stage-dependent immunity orchestrates AQP4 antibody-guided NMOSD pathology: a role for netting neutrophils with resident memory T cells in situ. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:76. [PMID: 38658413 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02725-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune disease of the CNS characterized by the production of disease-specific autoantibodies against aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels. Animal model studies suggest that anti-AQP4 antibodies cause a loss of AQP4-expressing astrocytes, primarily via complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Nonetheless, several aspects of the disease remain unclear, including: how anti-AQP4 antibodies cross the blood-brain barrier from the periphery to the CNS; how NMOSD expands into longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis or optic neuritis; how multiphasic courses occur; and how to prevent attacks without depleting circulating anti-AQP4 antibodies, especially when employing B-cell-depleting therapies. To address these knowledge gaps, we conducted a comprehensive 'stage-dependent' investigation of immune cell elements in situ in human NMOSD lesions, based on neuropathological techniques for autopsied/biopsied CNS materials. The present study provided three major findings. First, activated or netting neutrophils and melanoma cell adhesion molecule-positive (MCAM+) helper T (TH) 17/cytotoxic T (TC) 17 cells are prominent, and the numbers of these correlate with the size of NMOSD lesions in the initial or early-active stages. Second, forkhead box P3-positive (FOXP3+) regulatory T (Treg) cells are recruited to NMOSD lesions during the initial, early-active or late-active stages, suggesting rapid suppression of proinflammatory autoimmune events in the active stages of NMOSD. Third, compartmentalized resident memory immune cells, including CD103+ tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells with long-lasting inflammatory potential, are detected under "standby" conditions in all stages. Furthermore, CD103+ TRM cells express high levels of granzyme B/perforin-1 in the initial or early-active stages of NMOSD in situ. We infer that stage-dependent compartmentalized immune traits orchestrate the pathology of anti-AQP4 antibody-guided NMOSD in situ. Our work further suggests that targeting activated/netting neutrophils, MCAM+ TH17/TC17 cells, and CD103+ TRM cells, as well as promoting the expansion of FOXP3+ Treg cells, may be effective in treating and preventing relapses of NMOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Nakajima
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Yanagimura
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
- Department of Neurology, NHO Niigata National Hospital, 3-52 Akasakamachi, Kashiwazaki, Niigata, 945-8585, Japan
| | - Etsuji Saji
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Yasuko Toyoshima
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Brain Disease Center, Agano Hospital, 6317-15 Yasuda, Agano, Niigata, 959-2221, Japan
| | - Kaori Yanagawa
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Musashi Arakawa
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
- Musashi Clinic, 20-1 Hakusanura 2, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8131, Japan
| | - Mariko Hokari
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Akiko Yokoseki
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Niigata Medical Center, 27-11 Kobari 3, Nishi-Ku, Niigata, 950-2022, Japan
| | - Takahiro Wakasugi
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
- Department of Neurology, NHO Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital, 14-1 Masago 1, Nishi-Ku, Niigata, 950-2085, Japan
| | - Kouichirou Okamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Hirohide Takebayashi
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Chihiro Fujii
- Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University Medical Center, 10-15 Fumizonocho, Moriguchi, Osaka, 570-8507, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kyoko Itoh
- Department of Pathology and Applied Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Takei
- Department of Neurology, NHO Matsumoto Medical Center, 2-20-30 Muraimachi-Minami, Matsumoto, Nagano, 399-8701, Japan
| | - Shinji Ohara
- Department of Neurology, NHO Matsumoto Medical Center, 2-20-30 Muraimachi-Minami, Matsumoto, Nagano, 399-8701, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Iida Hospital, 1-15 Odori, Iida, Nagano, 395-8505, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Yamada
- Department of Brain Disease Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Niigata Neurosurgical Hospital, 3057 Yamada, Nishi-Ku, Niigata, 950-1101, Japan
| | - Masatoyo Nishizawa
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
- Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-Cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Hironaka Igarashi
- Center for Integrated Human Brain Science, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Osamu Onodera
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Izumi Kawachi
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan.
- Medical Education Center, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-Ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
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Liu W, Wang X, Zhao S, Yang S, Zheng X, Gong F, Pei L, Xu D, Li R, Yang Z, Mao E, Chen E, Chen Y. Unraveling the immunological landscape in acute pancreatitis progression to sepsis: insights from a Mendelian randomization study on immune cell traits. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1374787. [PMID: 38601150 PMCID: PMC11004341 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1374787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a severe digestive system disorder with a significant risk of progressing to sepsis, a major cause of mortality. Unraveling the immunological pathways in AP is essential for developing effective treatments, particularly understanding the role of specific immune cell traits in this progression. Methods Employing a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) approach, this study first examined the causal relationship between AP and 731 immune cell traits to identify those significantly associated with AP. Subsequently, we explored the causal associations between 731 immune cell traits and sepsis. The analysis utilized extensive genome-wide association studies (GWAS) summary datasets, with a focus on identifying common immune cell traits with statistically significant causal associations between AP and sepsis. Results Our investigation identified 44 immune cell traits unidirectionally associated with AP and 36 traits unidirectionally associated with sepsis. Among these, CD127 on CD28+ CD45RA- CD8+ T cells emerged as a common mediator, accounting for 5.296% of the increased risk of sepsis in AP patients. This finding highlights the significant role of specific memory CD8+ T cells in the pathophysiology of AP and its progression to sepsis. Conclusion This study elucidates the critical role of specific immune cell traits, particularly CD127hi memory CD8+ T cells, in the progression of AP to sepsis. Our findings provide a foundation for future research into targeted immune-modulatory therapies, potentially improving patient outcomes in AP-related sepsis and offering new insights into the complex immunological dynamics of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Liu
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanzhi Zhao
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangtao Zheng
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangchen Gong
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Pei
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ranran Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhitao Yang
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Enqiang Mao
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Erzhen Chen
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Zhang M, Chen L, Zhao H, Qiao T, Jiang L, Wang C, Zhong X, Li X, Xu Y. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing for diagnosis of infectious encephalitis and meningitis: a retrospective study of 90 patients. Neurol Res 2024; 46:187-194. [PMID: 37931016 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2023.2265243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are potentially life-threatening and can cause serious morbidity. We evaluated the clinical value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in the diagnosis of infectious encephalitis and meningitis and explored the factors affecting the results of mNGS. METHODS Patients with suspected cases of encephalitis or meningitis who presented in Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital from 1 March 2018 to 30 September 2022 were collected. Demographic, historical, and clinical information were obtained, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were treated with mNGS. The pathogen was identified using National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) GenBank sequence data. RESULTS Ninety-six patients were screened and finally 90 subjects enrolled. Of the 90 enrolled cases, 67 (74.4%) were diagnosed with central nervous system infections, which included 48 cases (71.6%) of viral infection, 11 (12.2%) of bacterial infection, 5 (7.5%) of mycobacterium tuberculosis, 2 (3.0%) of fungal infection, and 1 (1.5%) of rickettsia infection. From these cases, mNGS identified 40 (44.4%) true-positive cases, 3 (3.3%) false-positive case, 22 (24.4%) true-negative cases, and 25 (27.8%) false-negative cases. The sensitivity and specificity of mNGS were 61.5% and 88%, respectively. mNGS of CSF could show a higher positive rate in patients with marked CSF abnormalities, including elevated protein concentrations and monocyte counts. CONCLUSION mNGS of CSF is an effective method for detecting infectious encephalitis and meningitis, and the results should be analyzed combined with conventional microbiological testing results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lanlan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haina Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Qiao
- Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Gerontology Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Clinical Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chenxin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, The Yangzhou School of Clinical Medicine of Dalian Medical University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xingxing Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of Neurology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Kimura K, Nishigori R, Hamatani M, Sawamura M, Ashida S, Fujii C, Takata M, Lin Y, Sato W, Okamoto T, Kuzuya A, Takahashi R, Yamamura T, Kondo T. Resident Memory-like CD8 + T Cells Are Involved in Chronic Inflammatory and Neurodegenerative Diseases in the CNS. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2024; 11:e200172. [PMID: 37949669 PMCID: PMC10691221 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Resident memory T (Trm) cells are a unique population that can survive and function in a compartmentalized tissue with inflammatory potential. We aim to investigate the alteration of Trm population in acute/chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases in the CNS. METHODS The frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing both CD69 and CD103, the markers for Trm cells, were quantified in the peripheral blood and CSF (n = 80 and 44, respectively) in a cross-sectional manner. The transcriptional profile of Trm-like population in the CSF was further analyzed using a public single-cell dataset. RESULTS The frequency of CD69+CD103+CD8+ T cells was strikingly higher in the CSF than in the peripheral blood (among memory fraction, 13.5% vs 0.11%, difference (mean [SE]): 13.4% [2.9]). This CD69+CD103+CD8+ T-cell population was increased in the CSF from patients with chronic inflammatory diseases including multiple sclerosis and with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease compared with controls (11.5%, 13.0%, 8.1% vs 2.9%, respectively). By contrast, the frequency was not altered in acute inflammatory conditions in the CNS (4.0%). Single-cell RNAseq analysis confirmed Trm signature in CD69+CD103+CD8+ T cells in the CSF, supporting their Trm-like phenotype, which was not clear in controls. DISCUSSION Collectively, an increase in CD69+CD103+CD8+ Trm-like population in the CSF is related with both chronic neuroinflammatory and some neurodegenerative diseases in the CNS, suggesting a partially shared pathology in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimitoshi Kimura
- From the Department of Neurology (K.K., R.N., M.H., M.S., M.T., A.K., R.T.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Department of Immunology (K.K., Y.L., W.S., T.O., T.Y.), National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (M.H.), Kyoto University; Department of Neurology (S.A., C.F.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (C.F., T.K.), Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Moriguchi, Japan.
| | - Ryusei Nishigori
- From the Department of Neurology (K.K., R.N., M.H., M.S., M.T., A.K., R.T.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Department of Immunology (K.K., Y.L., W.S., T.O., T.Y.), National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (M.H.), Kyoto University; Department of Neurology (S.A., C.F.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (C.F., T.K.), Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Moriguchi, Japan
| | - Mio Hamatani
- From the Department of Neurology (K.K., R.N., M.H., M.S., M.T., A.K., R.T.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Department of Immunology (K.K., Y.L., W.S., T.O., T.Y.), National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (M.H.), Kyoto University; Department of Neurology (S.A., C.F.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (C.F., T.K.), Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Moriguchi, Japan
| | - Masanori Sawamura
- From the Department of Neurology (K.K., R.N., M.H., M.S., M.T., A.K., R.T.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Department of Immunology (K.K., Y.L., W.S., T.O., T.Y.), National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (M.H.), Kyoto University; Department of Neurology (S.A., C.F.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (C.F., T.K.), Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Moriguchi, Japan
| | - Shinji Ashida
- From the Department of Neurology (K.K., R.N., M.H., M.S., M.T., A.K., R.T.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Department of Immunology (K.K., Y.L., W.S., T.O., T.Y.), National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (M.H.), Kyoto University; Department of Neurology (S.A., C.F.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (C.F., T.K.), Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Moriguchi, Japan
| | - Chihiro Fujii
- From the Department of Neurology (K.K., R.N., M.H., M.S., M.T., A.K., R.T.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Department of Immunology (K.K., Y.L., W.S., T.O., T.Y.), National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (M.H.), Kyoto University; Department of Neurology (S.A., C.F.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (C.F., T.K.), Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Moriguchi, Japan
| | - Masaki Takata
- From the Department of Neurology (K.K., R.N., M.H., M.S., M.T., A.K., R.T.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Department of Immunology (K.K., Y.L., W.S., T.O., T.Y.), National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (M.H.), Kyoto University; Department of Neurology (S.A., C.F.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (C.F., T.K.), Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Moriguchi, Japan
| | - Youwei Lin
- From the Department of Neurology (K.K., R.N., M.H., M.S., M.T., A.K., R.T.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Department of Immunology (K.K., Y.L., W.S., T.O., T.Y.), National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (M.H.), Kyoto University; Department of Neurology (S.A., C.F.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (C.F., T.K.), Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Moriguchi, Japan
| | - Wakiro Sato
- From the Department of Neurology (K.K., R.N., M.H., M.S., M.T., A.K., R.T.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Department of Immunology (K.K., Y.L., W.S., T.O., T.Y.), National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (M.H.), Kyoto University; Department of Neurology (S.A., C.F.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (C.F., T.K.), Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Moriguchi, Japan
| | - Tomoko Okamoto
- From the Department of Neurology (K.K., R.N., M.H., M.S., M.T., A.K., R.T.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Department of Immunology (K.K., Y.L., W.S., T.O., T.Y.), National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (M.H.), Kyoto University; Department of Neurology (S.A., C.F.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (C.F., T.K.), Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Moriguchi, Japan
| | - Akira Kuzuya
- From the Department of Neurology (K.K., R.N., M.H., M.S., M.T., A.K., R.T.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Department of Immunology (K.K., Y.L., W.S., T.O., T.Y.), National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (M.H.), Kyoto University; Department of Neurology (S.A., C.F.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (C.F., T.K.), Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Moriguchi, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- From the Department of Neurology (K.K., R.N., M.H., M.S., M.T., A.K., R.T.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Department of Immunology (K.K., Y.L., W.S., T.O., T.Y.), National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (M.H.), Kyoto University; Department of Neurology (S.A., C.F.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (C.F., T.K.), Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Moriguchi, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamura
- From the Department of Neurology (K.K., R.N., M.H., M.S., M.T., A.K., R.T.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Department of Immunology (K.K., Y.L., W.S., T.O., T.Y.), National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (M.H.), Kyoto University; Department of Neurology (S.A., C.F.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (C.F., T.K.), Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Moriguchi, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kondo
- From the Department of Neurology (K.K., R.N., M.H., M.S., M.T., A.K., R.T.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine; Department of Immunology (K.K., Y.L., W.S., T.O., T.Y.), National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (M.H.), Kyoto University; Department of Neurology (S.A., C.F.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; and Department of Neurology (C.F., T.K.), Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Moriguchi, Japan
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9
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Guo Y, Chen J, Ji W, Xu L, Xie Y, He S, Lai C, Hou K, Li Z, Chen G, Wu Z. High-titer AAV disrupts cerebrovascular integrity and induces lymphocyte infiltration in adult mouse brain. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 31:101102. [PMID: 37753218 PMCID: PMC10518493 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The brain is often described as an "immune-privileged" organ due to the presence of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB), which limits the entry of immune cells. In general, intracranial injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV) is considered a relatively safe procedure. In this study, we discovered that AAV, a popular engineered viral vector for gene therapy, can disrupt the BBB and induce immune cell infiltration in a titer-dependent manner. First, our bulk RNA sequencing data revealed that injection of high-titer AAV significantly upregulated many genes involved in disrupting BBB integrity and antiviral adaptive immune responses. By using histologic analysis, we further demonstrated that the biological structure of the BBB was severely disrupted in the adult mouse brain. Meanwhile, we noticed abnormal leakage of blood components, including immune cells, within the brain parenchyma of high-titer AAV injected areas. Moreover, we identified that the majority of infiltrated immune cells were cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which resulted in a massive loss of neurons at the site of AAV injection. In addition, antagonizing CTL function by administering antibodies significantly reduced neuronal toxicity induced by high-titer AAV. Collectively, our findings underscore potential severe side effects of intracranial injection of high-titer AAV, which might compromise proper data interpretation if unaware of.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowei Guo
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Junliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wenyu Ji
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yu Xie
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shu He
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chuying Lai
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Kaiyu Hou
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zeru Li
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Gong Chen
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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10
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Yang J, Zhao Y, Fu Y, Lv Y, Zhu Y, Zhu M, Zhao J, Wang Y, Wu C, Zhao W. Recombinant antigen P29 of Echinococcus granulosus induces Th1, Tc1, and Th17 cell immune responses in sheep. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1243204. [PMID: 38187382 PMCID: PMC10768560 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1243204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis is a common human and animal parasitic disease that seriously endangers human health and animal husbandry. Although studies have been conducted on vaccines for echinococcosis, to date, there is no human vaccine available for use. One of the main reasons for this is the lack of in-depth research on basic immunization with vaccines. Our previous results confirmed that recombinant antigen P29 (rEg.P29) induced more than 90% immune protection in both mice and sheep, but data on its induction of sheep-associated cellular immune responses are lacking. In this study, we investigated the changes in CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and antigen-specific cytokines IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17A after rEg.P29 immunization using enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and flow cytometry to investigate the cellular immune response induced by rEg.P29 in sheep. It was found that rEg.P29 immunization did not affect the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and was able to stimulate the proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells after immunization in vitro. Importantly, the results of both ELISPOT and ELISA showed that rEg.P29 can induce the production of the specific cytokines IFN-γ and IL-17A, and flow cytometry verified that rEg.P29 can induce the expression of IFN-γ in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and IL-17A in CD4+ T cells; however, no IL-4 expression was observed. These results indicate that rEg.P29 can induce Th1, Th17, and Tc1 cellular immune responses in sheep against echinococcosis infection, providing theoretical support for the translation of rEg.P29 vaccine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Yang
- Center of Scientific Technology of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yinqi Zhao
- Center of Scientific Technology of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yong Fu
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yongxue Lv
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yazhou Zhu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Mingxing Zhu
- Center of Scientific Technology of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jiaqing Zhao
- Center of Scientific Technology of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yana Wang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Changyou Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Center of Scientific Technology of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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11
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Schwab N, Wiendl H. Learning CNS immunopathology from therapeutic interventions. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadg7863. [PMID: 37939164 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adg7863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of immune cell trafficking across the blood-brain barrier has not only introduced a therapeutic avenue for multiple sclerosis (MS) but also represents an example of reverse translational medicine. Data from clinical trials of drugs such as natalizumab and fingolimod have revealed the involvement of different compartments in relapsing versus non-relapsing MS immune biology, contributed to our understanding of central nervous system (CNS) immune surveillance, and stimulated new fields of research. Here, we discuss the results of these trials, as well as patient biomaterial-based scientific projects, and how both have informed our understanding of CNS immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Schwab
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2050, Australia
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12
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Rotrosen E, Kupper TS. Assessing the generation of tissue resident memory T cells by vaccines. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:655-665. [PMID: 37002288 PMCID: PMC10064963 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00853-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines have been a hugely successful public health intervention, virtually eliminating many once common diseases of childhood. However, they have had less success in controlling endemic pathogens including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, herpesviruses and HIV. A focus on vaccine-mediated generation of neutralizing antibodies, which has been a successful approach for some pathogens, has been complicated by the emergence of escape variants, which has been seen for pathogens such as influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2, as well as for HIV-1. We discuss how vaccination strategies aimed at generating a broad and robust T cell response may offer superior protection against pathogens, particularly those that have been observed to mutate rapidly. In particular, we consider here how a focus on generating resident memory T cells may be uniquely effective for providing immunity to pathogens that typically infect (or become reactivated in) the skin, respiratory mucosa or other barrier tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Rotrosen
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas S Kupper
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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13
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Ayasoufi K, Wolf DM, Namen SL, Jin F, Tritz ZP, Pfaller CK, Zheng J, Goddery EN, Fain CE, Gulbicki LR, Borchers AL, Reesman RA, Yokanovich LT, Maynes MA, Bamkole MA, Khadka RH, Hansen MJ, Wu LJ, Johnson AJ. Brain resident memory T cells rapidly expand and initiate neuroinflammatory responses following CNS viral infection. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 112:51-76. [PMID: 37236326 PMCID: PMC10527492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of circulating verses tissue resident memory T cells (TRMs) to clinical neuropathology is an enduring question due to a lack of mechanistic insights. The prevailing view is TRMs are protective against pathogens in the brain. However, the extent to which antigen-specific TRMs induce neuropathology upon reactivation is understudied. Using the described phenotype of TRMs, we found that brains of naïve mice harbor populations of CD69+ CD103- T cells. Notably, numbers of CD69+ CD103- TRMs rapidly increase following neurological insults of various origins. This TRM expansion precedes infiltration of virus antigen-specific CD8 T cells and is due to proliferation of T cells within the brain. We next evaluated the capacity of antigen-specific TRMs in the brain to induce significant neuroinflammation post virus clearance, including infiltration of inflammatory myeloid cells, activation of T cells in the brain, microglial activation, and significant blood brain barrier disruption. These neuroinflammatory events were induced by TRMs, as depletion of peripheral T cells or blocking T cell trafficking using FTY720 did not change the neuroinflammatory course. Depletion of all CD8 T cells, however, completely abrogated the neuroinflammatory response. Reactivation of antigen-specific TRMs in the brain also induced profound lymphopenia within the blood compartment. We have therefore determined that antigen-specific TRMs can induce significant neuroinflammation, neuropathology, and peripheral immunosuppression. The use of cognate antigen to reactivate CD8 TRMs enables us to isolate the neuropathologic effects induced by this cell type independently of other branches of immunological memory, differentiating this work from studies employing whole pathogen re-challenge. This study also demonstrates the capacity for CD8 TRMs to contribute to pathology associated with neurodegenerative disorders and long-term complications associated with viral infections. Understanding functions of brain TRMs is crucial in investigating their role in neurodegenerative disorders including MS, CNS cancers, and long-term complications associated with viral infections including COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Delaney M Wolf
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Shelby L Namen
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Fang Jin
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Zachariah P Tritz
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN, United States; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Christian K Pfaller
- Mayo Clinic Department of Molecular Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN, United States; Mayo Clinic Department of Neurology, Rochester, MN, United States; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Emma N Goddery
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN, United States; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Cori E Fain
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN, United States; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Anna L Borchers
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN, United States; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Lila T Yokanovich
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN, United States; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Mark A Maynes
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN, United States; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Michael A Bamkole
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Roman H Khadka
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN, United States; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Michael J Hansen
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN, United States; Mayo Clinic Department of Neurology, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Aaron J Johnson
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN, United States; Mayo Clinic Department of Molecular Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States; Mayo Clinic Department of Neurology, Rochester, MN, United States.
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14
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Gonzalez-Fierro C, Fonte C, Dufourd E, Cazaentre V, Aydin S, Engelhardt B, Caspi RR, Xu B, Martin-Blondel G, Spicer JA, Trapani JA, Bauer J, Liblau RS, Bost C. Effects of a Small-Molecule Perforin Inhibitor in a Mouse Model of CD8 T Cell-Mediated Neuroinflammation. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2023; 10:e200117. [PMID: 37080596 PMCID: PMC10119812 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Alteration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) at the interface between blood and CNS parenchyma is prominent in most neuroinflammatory diseases. In several neurologic diseases, including cerebral malaria and Susac syndrome, a CD8 T cell-mediated targeting of endothelial cells of the BBB (BBB-ECs) has been implicated in pathogenesis. METHODS In this study, we used an experimental mouse model to evaluate the ability of a small-molecule perforin inhibitor to prevent neuroinflammation resulting from cytotoxic CD8 T cell-mediated damage of BBB-ECs. RESULTS Using an in vitro coculture system, we first identified perforin as an essential molecule for killing of BBB-ECs by CD8 T cells. We then found that short-term pharmacologic inhibition of perforin commencing after disease onset restored motor function and inhibited the neuropathology. Perforin inhibition resulted in preserved BBB-EC viability, maintenance of the BBB, and reduced CD8 T-cell accumulation in the brain and retina. DISCUSSION Therefore, perforin-dependent cytotoxicity plays a key role in the death of BBB-ECs inflicted by autoreactive CD8 T cells in a preclinical model and potentially represents a therapeutic target for CD8 T cell-mediated neuroinflammatory diseases, such as cerebral malaria and Susac syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Gonzalez-Fierro
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Coralie Fonte
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Eloïse Dufourd
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Vincent Cazaentre
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Sidar Aydin
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Britta Engelhardt
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Biying Xu
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Guillaume Martin-Blondel
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Julie A Spicer
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Jan Bauer
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
| | - Roland S Liblau
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France.
| | - Chloé Bost
- From the Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity) (C.G.-F., C.F., E.D., V.C., G.M.-B., R.S.L., C.B.), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, France; Theodor Kocher Institute (S.A., B.E.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Immunology (R.R.C., B.X.), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (G.M.-B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (J.A.S.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Immunology Program (J.A.T.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (J.A.T.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Neuroimmunology (J.B.), Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Department of Immunology (R.S.L., C.B.), Toulouse University Hospital, France
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15
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Abdelwahab T, Stadler D, Knöpper K, Arampatzi P, Saliba AE, Kastenmüller W, Martini R, Groh J. Cytotoxic CNS-associated T cells drive axon degeneration by targeting perturbed oligodendrocytes in PLP1 mutant mice. iScience 2023; 26:106698. [PMID: 37182098 PMCID: PMC10172788 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelin defects lead to neurological dysfunction in various diseases and in normal aging. Chronic neuroinflammation often contributes to axon-myelin damage in these conditions and can be initiated and/or sustained by perturbed myelinating glia. We have previously shown that distinct PLP1 mutations result in neurodegeneration that is largely driven by adaptive immune cells. Here we characterize CD8+ CNS-associated T cells in myelin mutants using single-cell transcriptomics and identify population heterogeneity and disease-associated changes. We demonstrate that early sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulation attenuates T cell recruitment and neural damage, while later targeting of CNS-associated T cell populations is inefficient. Applying bone marrow chimerism and utilizing random X chromosome inactivation, we provide evidence that axonal damage is driven by cytotoxic, antigen specific CD8+ T cells that target mutant myelinating oligodendrocytes. These findings offer insights into neural-immune interactions and are of translational relevance for neurological conditions associated with myelin defects and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tassnim Abdelwahab
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Stadler
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Knöpper
- Institute for Systems Immunology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Antoine-Emmanuel Saliba
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research, Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Rudolf Martini
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Janos Groh
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Corresponding author
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16
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Keep RF, Jones HC, Hamilton MG, Drewes LR. A year in review: brain barriers and brain fluids research in 2022. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:30. [PMID: 37085841 PMCID: PMC10120509 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This aim of this editorial is to highlight progress made in brain barrier and brain fluid research in 2022. It covers studies on the blood-brain, blood-retina and blood-CSF barriers (choroid plexus and meninges), signaling within the neurovascular unit and elements of the brain fluid systems. It further discusses how brain barriers and brain fluid systems are impacted in CNS diseases, their role in disease progression and progress being made in treating such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 BSRB 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
| | | | - Mark G Hamilton
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lester R Drewes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
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17
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Serafini B, Rosicarelli B, Veroni C, Aloisi F. Tissue-resident memory T cells in the multiple sclerosis brain and their relationship to Epstein-Barr virus infected B cells. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 376:578036. [PMID: 36753806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Presence of EBV infected B cells and EBV-specific CD8 T cells in the multiple sclerosis (MS) brain suggests a role for virus-driven immunopathology in brain inflammation. Tissue-resident memory (Trm) T cells differentiating in MS lesions could provide local protection against EBV reactivation. Using immunohistochemical techniques to analyse canonical tissue residency markers in postmortem brains from control and MS cases, we report that CD103 and/or CD69 are mainly expressed in a subset of CD8+ T cells that intermingle with and contact EBV infected B cells in the infiltrated MS white matter and meninges, including B-cell follicles. Some Trm-like cells were found to express granzyme B and PD-1, mainly in white matter lesions. In the MS brain, Trm cells could fail to constrain EBV infection while contributing to sustain inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Serafini
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Barbara Rosicarelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Caterina Veroni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Aloisi
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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18
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Tian J, Jiang L, Chen Z, Yuan Q, Liu C, He L, Jiang F, Rui K. Tissue-resident immune cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:363-372. [PMID: 36547688 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01677-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in which genetic and environmental factors contribute to disease progression. Both innate and adaptive immune cells, including T cells, B cells, activated macrophages and microglia, have been identified to be involved in the pathogenesis of MS, leading to the CNS inflammation, neurodegeneration and demyelination. In recent years, there has been considerable progress in understanding the contribution of tissue-resident immune cells in the pathogenesis of MS. METHODS We performed a keyword-based search in PubMed database. We combined "multiple sclerosis" with keywords, such as tissue-resident memory T cells, microglia to search for relevant literatures in PubMed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION In this review, we comprehensively describe the characteristics of tissue-resident memory T cells and microglia, summarize their role in the pathogenesis of MS, and discuss their interaction with other immune cells in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tian
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lingli Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zixiang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qingfang Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Longfeng He
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ke Rui
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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19
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Charabati M, Wheeler MA, Weiner HL, Quintana FJ. Multiple sclerosis: Neuroimmune crosstalk and therapeutic targeting. Cell 2023; 186:1309-1327. [PMID: 37001498 PMCID: PMC10119687 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and degenerative disease of the central nervous system afflicting nearly three million individuals worldwide. Neuroimmune interactions between glial, neural, and immune cells play important roles in MS pathology and offer potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Here, we review underlying risk factors, mechanisms of MS pathogenesis, available disease modifying therapies, and examine the value of emerging technologies, which may address unmet clinical needs and identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Charabati
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael A Wheeler
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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20
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Persistent virus-specific and clonally expanded antibody-secreting cells respond to induced self-antigen in the CNS. Acta Neuropathol 2023; 145:335-355. [PMID: 36695896 PMCID: PMC9925600 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02537-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
B cells contribute to the pathogenesis of both cellular- and humoral-mediated central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory diseases through a variety of mechanisms. In such conditions, B cells may enter the CNS parenchyma and contribute to local tissue destruction. It remains unexplored, however, how infection and autoimmunity drive transcriptional phenotypes, repertoire features, and antibody functionality. Here, we profiled B cells from the CNS of murine models of intracranial (i.c.) viral infections and autoimmunity. We identified a population of clonally expanded, antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) that had undergone class-switch recombination and extensive somatic hypermutation following i.c. infection with attenuated lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (rLCMV). Recombinant expression and characterisation of these antibodies revealed specificity to viral antigens (LCMV glycoprotein GP), correlating with ASC persistence in the brain weeks after resolved infection. Furthermore, these virus-specific ASCs upregulated proliferation and expansion programs in response to the conditional and transient induction of the LCMV GP as a neo-self antigen by astrocytes. This class-switched, clonally expanded, and mutated population persisted and was even more pronounced when peripheral B cells were depleted prior to autoantigen induction in the CNS. In contrast, the most expanded B cell clones in mice with persistent expression of LCMV GP in the CNS did not exhibit neo-self antigen specificity, potentially a consequence of local tolerance induction. Finally, a comparable population of clonally expanded, class-switched, and proliferating ASCs was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) patients. Taken together, our findings support the existence of B cells that populate the CNS and are capable of responding to locally encountered autoantigens.
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21
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Osteopontin associates with brain T RM-cell transcriptome and compartmentalization in donors with and without multiple sclerosis. iScience 2022; 26:105785. [PMID: 36594029 PMCID: PMC9804143 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain is populated by perivascular T cells with a tissue-resident memory T (TRM)-cell phenotype, which in multiple sclerosis (MS) associate with lesions. We investigated the transcriptional and functional profile of freshly isolated T cells from white and gray matter. RNA sequencing of CD8+ and CD4+ CD69+ T cells revealed TRM-cell signatures. Notably, gene expression hardly differed between lesional and normal-appearing white matter T cells in MS brains. Genes up-regulated in brain TRM cells were MS4A1 (CD20) and SPP1 (osteopontin, OPN). OPN is also abundantly expressed by microglia and has been shown to inhibit T cell activity. In line with their parenchymal localization and the increased presence of OPN in active MS lesions, we noticed a reduced production of inflammatory cytokines IL-2, TNF, and IFNγ by lesion-derived CD8+ and CD4+ T cells ex vivo. Our study reports traits of brain TRM cells and reveals their tight control in MS lesions.
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22
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Mix MR, Harty JT. Keeping T cell memories in mind. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:1018-1031. [PMID: 36369103 PMCID: PMC9691610 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) contains a vibrant community of resident adaptive immune cells at homeostasis. Among these are memory CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, which reside in the CNS in the settings of health, aging, and neurological disease. These T cells commonly exhibit a tissue-resident memory (TRM) phenotype, suggesting that they are antigen-experienced and remain separate from the circulation. Despite these characterizations, T cell surveillance of the CNS has only recently been studied through the lens of TRM immunology. In this Review, we outline emerging concepts of CNS TRM generation, localization, maintenance, function, and specificity. In this way, we hope to highlight roles of CNS TRM in health and disease to inform future studies of adaptive neuroimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison R Mix
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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23
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Merkler D, Vincenti I, Masson F, Liblau RS. Tissue-resident CD8 T cells in central nervous system inflammatory diseases: present at the crime scene and …guilty. Curr Opin Immunol 2022; 77:102211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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24
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Frieser D, Pignata A, Khajavi L, Shlesinger D, Gonzalez-Fierro C, Nguyen XH, Yermanos A, Merkler D, Höftberger R, Desestret V, Mair KM, Bauer J, Masson F, Liblau RS. Tissue-resident CD8 + T cells drive compartmentalized and chronic autoimmune damage against CNS neurons. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabl6157. [PMID: 35417189 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abl6157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the chronicity of autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) are largely unknown. In particular, it is unclear whether tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) contribute to lesion pathogenesis during chronic CNS autoimmunity. Here, we observed that a high frequency of brain-infiltrating CD8+ T cells exhibit a TRM-like phenotype in human autoimmune encephalitis. Using mouse models of neuronal autoimmunity and a combination of T single-cell transcriptomics, high-dimensional flow cytometry, and histopathology, we found that pathogenic CD8+ T cells behind the blood-brain barrier adopt a characteristic TRM differentiation program, and we revealed their phenotypic and functional heterogeneity. In the diseased CNS, autoreactive tissue-resident CD8+ T cells sustained focal neuroinflammation and progressive loss of neurons, independently of recirculating CD8+ T cells. Consistently, a large fraction of autoreactive tissue-resident CD8+ T cells exhibited proliferative potential as well as proinflammatory and cytotoxic properties. Persistence of tissue-resident CD8+ T cells in the CNS and their functional output, but not their initial differentiation, were crucially dependent on CD4+ T cells. Collectively, our results point to tissue-resident CD8+ T cells as essential drivers of chronic CNS autoimmunity and suggest that therapies targeting this compartmentalized autoreactive T cell subset might be effective for treating CNS autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Frieser
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Aurora Pignata
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Leila Khajavi
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Carmen Gonzalez-Fierro
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Xuan-Hung Nguyen
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Alexander Yermanos
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Virginie Desestret
- National Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes, MeLiS-UCBL-CNRS, INSERM, Hôpital Neurologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69500 Lyon, France
| | - Katharina M Mair
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Bauer
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Frederick Masson
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Roland S Liblau
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France.,Department of Immunology, Toulouse University Hospital, 31300 Toulouse, France
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