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Ye Z, Fu L, Li S, Chen Z, Ouyang J, Shang X, Liu Y, Gao L, Wang Y. Synergistic collaboration between AMPs and non-direct antimicrobial cationic peptides. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7319. [PMID: 39183339 PMCID: PMC11345435 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51730-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-direct antimicrobial cationic peptides (NDACPs) are components of the animal innate immune system. But their functions and association with antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are incompletely understood. Here, we reveal a synergistic interaction between the AMP AW1 and the NDACP AW2, which are co-expressed in the frog Amolops wuyiensis. AW2 enhances the antibacterial activity of AW1 both in vitro and in vivo, while mitigating the development of bacterial resistance and eradicating biofilms. AW1 and AW2 synergistically damage bacterial membranes, facilitating cellular uptake and interaction of AW2 with the intracellular target bacterial genomic DNA. Simultaneously, they trigger the generation of ROS in bacteria, contributing to cell death upon reaching a threshold level. Moreover, we demonstrate that this synergistic antibacterial effect between AMPs and NDACPs is prevalent across diverse animal species. These findings unveil a robust and previously unknown correlation between AMPs and NDACPs as a widespread antibacterial immune defense strategy in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifan Ye
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangyu Li
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhong Ouyang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinci Shang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lianghui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yipeng Wang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China.
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2
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Liu M, Xiao Y, Yang Y, Zhou S, Shen X, Zhang Y, Wang W. Carrier proteins boost expression of PR-39-derived peptide in Pichia pastoris. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad297. [PMID: 38052427 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Multidrug resistance presents difficulties in preventing and treating bacterial infections. Proline-rich antimicrobial peptides (PrAMPs) inhibit bacterial growth by affecting the intracellular targets rather than by permeabilizing the membrane. The aim of this study was to develop a yeast-based fusion carrier system using calmodulin (CaM) and xylanase (XynCDBFV) as two carriers to express the model PrAMP PR-39-derived peptide (PR-39-DP) in Pichia pastoris. METHODS AND RESULTS Fusion protein secreted into the culture supernatant was purified in a one-step on-column digestion using human rhinovirus 3C protease, obtaining the target peptide PR-39-DP. The growth curves of Escherichia coli were monitored by recording the OD600 values of the bacteria. The antibacterial activity of PR-39-DP was evaluated in killing assays performed on E. coli. The yield of PR-39-DP was 1.0-1.2 mg l-1 in the CaM fusion carrier system, approximately three times that of the XynCDBFV fusion carrier system. The minimal inhibitory concentration of PR-39-DP was ∼10.5 µg ml-1. CONCLUSIONS CaM and XynCDBFV provide increased stability and promote the expression and secretion of active PR-39-DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minzhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 100032, China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Sihan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Youxi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 100032, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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3
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Choi GH, Holzapfel WH, Todorov SD. Diversity of the bacteriocins, their classification and potential applications in combat of antibiotic resistant and clinically relevant pathogens. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023; 49:578-597. [PMID: 35731254 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2090227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is almost a century since discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming, a century of enthusiasm, abuse, facing development of antibiotic-resistance and clear conclusion that the modern medicine needs a new type of antimicrobials. Bacteriocins produced by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryotes were widely explored as potential antimicrobials with several applications in food industry. In last two decades bacteriocins showed their potential as promising alternative therapeutic for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Bacteriocins can be characterised as highly selective antimicrobials and therapeutics with low cytotoxicity. Most probably in order to solve the problems associated with the increasing number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the application of natural or bioengineered bacteriocins in addition to synergistically acting preparations of bacteriocins and conventional antibiotics, can be the next step in combat versus drug-resistant pathogens. In this overview we focussed on diversity of specific lactic acid bacteria and their bacteriocins. Moreover, some additional examples of bacteriocins from non-lactic acid, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, Archaea and eukaryotic organisms are presented and discussed. Therapeutic properties of bacteriocins, their bioengineering and combined applications, together with conventional antibiotics, were evaluated with the scope of application in human and veterinary medicine for combating (multi-)drug-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gee-Hyeun Choi
- ProBacLab, Department of Advanced Convergence, Handong Global University, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Wilhelm Heinrich Holzapfel
- Human Effective Microbes, Department of Advanced Convergence, Handong Global University, Pohang, Republic of Korea
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4
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Ghaly G, Tallima H, Dabbish E, Badr ElDin N, Abd El-Rahman MK, Ibrahim MAA, Shoeib T. Anti-Cancer Peptides: Status and Future Prospects. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031148. [PMID: 36770815 PMCID: PMC9920184 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The dramatic rise in cancer incidence, alongside treatment deficiencies, has elevated cancer to the second-leading cause of death globally. The increasing morbidity and mortality of this disease can be traced back to a number of causes, including treatment-related side effects, drug resistance, inadequate curative treatment and tumor relapse. Recently, anti-cancer bioactive peptides (ACPs) have emerged as a potential therapeutic choice within the pharmaceutical arsenal due to their high penetration, specificity and fewer side effects. In this contribution, we present a general overview of the literature concerning the conformational structures, modes of action and membrane interaction mechanisms of ACPs, as well as provide recent examples of their successful employment as targeting ligands in cancer treatment. The use of ACPs as a diagnostic tool is summarized, and their advantages in these applications are highlighted. This review expounds on the main approaches for peptide synthesis along with their reconstruction and modification needed to enhance their therapeutic effect. Computational approaches that could predict therapeutic efficacy and suggest ACP candidates for experimental studies are discussed. Future research prospects in this rapidly expanding area are also offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehane Ghaly
- Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Hatem Tallima
- Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Eslam Dabbish
- Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Norhan Badr ElDin
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-El Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Mohamed K. Abd El-Rahman
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-El Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
- School of Health Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Tamer Shoeib
- Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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5
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López-Cano A, Martínez-Miguel M, Guasch J, Ratera I, Arís A, Garcia-Fruitós E. Exploring the impact of the recombinant Escherichia coli strain on defensins antimicrobial activity: BL21 versus Origami strain. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:77. [PMID: 35527241 PMCID: PMC9082834 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01803-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing emergence of microorganisms resistant to antibiotics has prompted the development of alternative antimicrobial therapies. Among them, the antimicrobial peptides produced by innate immunity, which are also known as host defense peptides (HDPs), hold great potential. They have been shown to exert activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including those resistant to antibiotics. These HDPs are classified into three categories: defensins, cathelicidins, and histatins. Traditionally, HDPs have been chemically synthesized, but this strategy often limits their application due to the high associated production costs. Alternatively, some HDPs have been recombinantly produced, but little is known about the impact of the bacterial strain in the recombinant product. This work aimed to assess the influence of the Escherichia coli strain used as cell factory to determine the activity and stability of recombinant defensins, which have 3 disulfide bonds. For that, an α-defensin [human α-defensin 5 (HD5)] and a β-defensin [bovine lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP)] were produced in two recombinant backgrounds. The first one was an E. coli BL21 strain, which has a reducing cytoplasm, whereas the second was an E. coli Origami B, that is a strain with a more oxidizing cytoplasm. The results showed that both HD5 and LAP, fused to Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), were successfully produced in both BL21 and Origami B strains. However, differences were observed in the HDP production yield and bactericidal activity, especially for the HD5-based protein. The HD5 protein fused to GFP was not only produced at higher yields in the E. coli BL21 strain, but it also showed a higher quality and stability than that produced in the Origami B strain. Hence, this data showed that the strain had a clear impact on both HDPs quantity and quality.
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6
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Zarebkohan A, Ghafoori A, Bani F, Rasta SH, Abbasi E, Salehi R, Milani M. Photothermal ablation of pathogenic bacteria by chensinin-1b modified gold nanoparticles. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Fraile-Ágreda V, Cañadas O, Weaver TE, Casals C. Synergistic Action of Antimicrobial Lung Proteins against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011146. [PMID: 34681806 PMCID: PMC8538444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
As key components of innate immunity, lung antimicrobial proteins play a critical role in warding off invading respiratory pathogens. Lung surfactant protein A (SP-A) exerts synergistic antimicrobial activity with the N-terminal segment of the SP-B proprotein (SP-BN) against Klebsiella pneumoniae K2 in vivo. However, the factors that govern SP-A/SP-BN antimicrobial activity are still unclear. The aim of this study was to identify the mechanisms by which SP-A and SP-BN act synergistically against K. pneumoniae, which is resistant to either protein alone. The effect of these proteins on K. pneumoniae was studied by membrane permeabilization and depolarization assays and transmission electron microscopy. Their effects on model membranes of the outer and inner bacterial membranes were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry and membrane leakage assays. Our results indicate that the SP-A/SP-BN complex alters the ultrastructure of K. pneumoniae by binding to lipopolysaccharide molecules present in the outer membrane, forming packing defects in the membrane that may favor the translocation of both proteins to the periplasmic space. The SP-A/SP-BN complex depolarized and permeabilized the inner membrane, perhaps through the induction of toroidal pores. We conclude that the synergistic antimicrobial activity of SP-A/SP-BN is based on the capability of this complex, but not either protein alone, to alter the integrity of bacterial membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Fraile-Ágreda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Olga Cañadas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (O.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Timothy E. Weaver
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children′s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Cristina Casals
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (O.C.); (C.C.)
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8
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Valdez-Miramontes CE, De Haro-Acosta J, Aréchiga-Flores CF, Verdiguel-Fernández L, Rivas-Santiago B. Antimicrobial peptides in domestic animals and their applications in veterinary medicine. Peptides 2021; 142:170576. [PMID: 34033877 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are molecules with a broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. These peptides are widely distributed in insects, amphibians and mammals. Indeed, they are key molecules of the innate immune system with remarkable antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activity. Besides, these peptides have also shown regulatory activity for gut microbiota and have been considered inductors of growth performance. The current review describes the updated findings of antimicrobial peptides in domestic animals, such as bovines, goats, sheep, pigs, horses, canines and felines, analyzing the most relevant aspects of their use as potential therapeutics and their applications in Veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Valdez-Miramontes
- Academic Unit of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico.
| | - Jeny De Haro-Acosta
- Medical Research Unit-Zacatecas, Mexican Institute for Social Security- IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - C F Aréchiga-Flores
- Academic Unit of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - L Verdiguel-Fernández
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Veterinary, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico
| | - B Rivas-Santiago
- Medical Research Unit-Zacatecas, Mexican Institute for Social Security- IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico
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9
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Sarkar T, Chetia M, Chatterjee S. Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins: From Nature's Reservoir to the Laboratory and Beyond. Front Chem 2021; 9:691532. [PMID: 34222199 PMCID: PMC8249576 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.691532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid rise of antimicrobial resistance against conventional antimicrobials, resurgence of multidrug resistant microbes and the slowdown in the development of new classes of antimicrobials, necessitates the urgent development of alternate classes of therapeutic molecules. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small proteins present in different lifeforms in nature that provide defense against microbial infections. They have been effective components of the host defense system for a very long time. The fact that the development of resistance by the microbes against the AMPs is relatively slower or delayed compared to that against the conventional antibiotics, makes them prospective alternative therapeutics of the future. Several thousands of AMPs have been isolated from various natural sources like microorganisms, plants, insects, crustaceans, animals, humans, etc. to date. However, only a few of them have been translated commercially to the market so far. This is because of some inherent drawbacks of the naturally obtained AMPs like 1) short half-life owing to the susceptibility to protease degradation, 2) inactivity at physiological salt concentrations, 3) cytotoxicity to host cells, 4) lack of appropriate strategies for sustained and targeted delivery of the AMPs. This has led to a surge of interest in the development of synthetic AMPs which would retain or improve the antimicrobial potency along with circumventing the disadvantages of the natural analogs. The development of synthetic AMPs is inspired by natural designs and sequences and strengthened by the fusion with various synthetic elements. Generation of the synthetic designs are based on various strategies like sequence truncation, mutation, cyclization and introduction of unnatural amino acids and synthons. In this review, we have described some of the AMPs isolated from the vast repertoire of natural sources, and subsequently described the various synthetic designs that have been developed based on the templates of natural AMPs or from de novo design to make commercially viable therapeutics of the future. This review entails the journey of the AMPs from their natural sources to the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sunanda Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
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10
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Kopeikin PM, Zharkova MS, Kolobov AA, Smirnova MP, Sukhareva MS, Umnyakova ES, Kokryakov VN, Orlov DS, Milman BL, Balandin SV, Panteleev PV, Ovchinnikova TV, Komlev AS, Tossi A, Shamova OV. Caprine Bactenecins as Promising Tools for Developing New Antimicrobial and Antitumor Drugs. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:552905. [PMID: 33194795 PMCID: PMC7604311 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.552905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proline-rich antimicrobial peptides (PR-AMPs) having a potent antimicrobial activity predominantly toward Gram-negative bacteria and negligible toxicity toward host cells, are attracting attention as new templates for developing antibiotic drugs. We have previously isolated and characterized several bactenecins that are promising in this respect, from the leukocytes of the domestic goat Capra hircus: ChBac5, miniChBac7.5N-α, and -β, as well as ChBac3.4. Unlike the others, ChBac3.4 shows a somewhat unusual pattern of activities for a mammalian PR-AMP: it is more active against bacterial membranes as well as tumor and, to the lesser extent, normal cells. Here we describe a SAR study of ChBac3.4 (RFRLPFRRPPIRIHPPPFYPPFRRFL-NH2) which elucidates its peculiarities and evaluates its potential as a lead for antimicrobial or anticancer drugs based on this peptide. A set of designed structural analogues of ChBac3.4 was explored for antibacterial activity toward drug-resistant clinical isolates and antitumor properties. The N-terminal region was found to be important for the antimicrobial action, but not responsible for the toxicity toward mammalian cells. A shortened variant with the best selectivity index toward bacteria demonstrated a pronounced synergy in combination with antibiotics against Gram-negative strains, albeit with a somewhat reduced ability to inhibit biofilm formation compared to native peptide. C-terminal amidation was examined for some analogues, which did not affect antimicrobial activity, but somewhat altered the cytotoxicity toward host cells. Interestingly, non-amidated peptides showed a slight delay in their impact on bacterial membrane integrity. Peptides with enhanced hydrophobicity showed increased toxicity, but in most cases their selectivity toward tumor cells also improved. While most analogues lacked hemolytic properties, a ChBac3.4 variant with two additional tryptophan residues demonstrated an appreciable activity toward human erythrocytes. The variant demonstrating the best tumor/nontumor cell selectivity was found to more actively initiate apoptosis in target cells, though its action was slower than that of the native ChBac3.4. Its antitumor effectiveness was successfully verified in vivo in a murine Ehrlich ascites carcinoma model. The obtained results demonstrate the potential of structural modification to manage caprine bactenecins’ selectivity and activity spectrum and confirm that they are promising prototypes for antimicrobial and anticancer drugs design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel M Kopeikin
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Biologically Active Peptides, Department of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, FSBSI Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria S Zharkova
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Biologically Active Peptides, Department of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, FSBSI Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander A Kolobov
- Laboratory of Peptide Chemistry, State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria P Smirnova
- Laboratory of Peptide Chemistry, State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria S Sukhareva
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Biologically Active Peptides, Department of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, FSBSI Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina S Umnyakova
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Biologically Active Peptides, Department of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, FSBSI Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Kokryakov
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Biologically Active Peptides, Department of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, FSBSI Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitriy S Orlov
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Biologically Active Peptides, Department of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, FSBSI Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Boris L Milman
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Biologically Active Peptides, Department of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, FSBSI Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey V Balandin
- Science-Educational Center, M.M. Shemyakin & Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel V Panteleev
- Science-Educational Center, M.M. Shemyakin & Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Ovchinnikova
- Science-Educational Center, M.M. Shemyakin & Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey S Komlev
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Biologically Active Peptides, Department of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, FSBSI Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alessandro Tossi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Olga V Shamova
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Biologically Active Peptides, Department of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, FSBSI Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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11
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Azari M, Asad S, Mehrnia MR. Heterologous production of porcine derived antimicrobial peptide PR-39 in Escherichia coli using SUMO and intein fusion systems. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 169:105568. [PMID: 31935447 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
About half a century after antibiotics discovery, multi-antibiotic-resistant bacteria posed a new challenge to medicine. Attempts to discover new antibiotics have drawn the attention to Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs). The rapid growth, besides its known genetic and manipulation systems, makes E. coli the preferred host system for production of recombinant proteins on an industrial scale. To produce AMPs in E. coli, the application of fusion-tags with the aim of stability, solubility, and prevention of antimicrobial activity is one of the best practices in this regard. In this study, we presented two different expression systems for the production of PR-39 in E. coli; one in fusion with intein-Chitin binding domain (CBD) and another in fusion with SUMO accompanied by polyhistidine affinity tag. Both were cloned in the NdeI-XhoI sites of pET-17b and transformed to E. coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS. Recombinant bacteria were cultured and induced with 0.4 mM IPTG at 30 °C. Expression and purification of target proteins were confirmed by Tricine- SDS-PAGE and dot blot analysis. Recovery of 250 μg PR-39/L from SUMO fusion system and 280 μg PR-39/L from the intein fusion system was achieved. Both purified peptides showed antibacterial activity using MIC/MBC demonstrating their functionality after SUMO and intein mediated purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Azari
- School of Chemical Engineering-Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Asad
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Mehrnia
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Bassous NJ, Webster TJ. The Binary Effect on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus of Polymeric Nanovesicles Appended by Proline-Rich Amino Acid Sequences and Inorganic Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1804247. [PMID: 30957977 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201804247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Prevalent research underscores efforts to engineer highly sophisticated nanovesicles that are functionalized to combat antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections, especially those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and that aid with wound healing or immunomodulation. This is especially relevant for patients who are susceptible to Staphylococcus aureus infections postoperatively. Here, antibacterial formulations are incorporated into polymeric, biocompatible vesicles called polymersomes (PsNPs) that self-assemble via hydrophobic interactions of admixed aqueous and organic substances. Nano-PsNPs are synthesized using a high molecular weight amphiphilic block copolymer, and are conjugated to include antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) along the peripheral hydrophilic region and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) inside their hydrophobic corona. In vitro testing on bacterial and human cell lines indicates that finely tuned treatment concentrations of AMP and AgNPs in PsNPs synergistically inhibits the growth of MRSA without posing significant side effects, as compared with other potent treatment strategies. A ratio of silver-to-AMP of about 1:5.8 corresponding to ≈11.6 µg mL-1 of silver nanoparticles and 14.3 × 10-6 m of the peptide, yields complete MRSA inhibition over a 23 h time frame. This bacteriostatic activity, coupled with nominal cytotoxicity toward native human dermal fibroblast cells, extends the potential for AMP/AgNP polymersome therapies to replace antibiotics in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Bassous
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, Wenzhou, 325000, China
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13
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Jeon H, Le MT, Ahn B, Cho HS, Le VCQ, Yum J, Hong K, Kim JH, Song H, Park C. Copy number variation of PR-39 cathelicidin, and identification of PR-35, a natural variant of PR-39 with reduced mammalian cytotoxicity. Gene 2019; 692:88-93. [PMID: 30641213 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Proline-arginine-rich (PR)-39 is neutrophil antimicrobial peptide that has potent antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and some enveloped viruses as a part of the innate immune system. We analyzed the nucleotide sequence variations of PR-39 exon 4, which is the mature peptide region responsible for antimicrobial activity, from 48 pigs of six breeds using sequence-based typing. The analysis identified four alleles including allele PR-35 with a 12-bp deletion near the N-terminus. Interestingly, 16.7% of individuals showed the presence of three alleles per individual, but only in the Berkshire and Duroc breeds. We further analyzed the genetic diversity of PR-39 for the entire genomic region of the gene from PR-39 exon 1 to the 3' untranslated region for different alleles by PCR amplification and cloning. The antimicrobial activity of chemically synthesized PR-35 was similar to that of PR-39, but the level of mammalian cell cytotoxicity was lower than the wild type. Better knowledge of the genetic diversity of PR-39 among different individuals and breeds may contribute to improved immune defense of pigs. PR-35, as a natural antimicrobial peptide variant, could be an interesting candidate for the development of peptide antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoim Jeon
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Minh Thong Le
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongyong Ahn
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Sun Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Chanh Quy Le
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Joori Yum
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Dipeptidylpeptidase IV of Streptococcus suis degrades the porcine antimicrobial peptide PR-39 and neutralizes its biological properties. Microb Pathog 2018; 122:200-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Tryptophan-Rich and Proline-Rich Antimicrobial Peptides. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040815. [PMID: 29614844 PMCID: PMC6017362 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the increasing emergence of drug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms, there is a world-wide quest to develop new-generation antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small peptides with a broad spectrum of antibiotic activities against bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses and sometimes exhibit cytotoxic activity toward cancer cells. As a part of the native host defense system, most AMPs target the membrane integrity of the microorganism, leading to cell death by lysis. These membrane lytic effects are often toxic to mammalian cells and restrict their systemic application. However, AMPs containing predominantly either tryptophan or proline can kill microorganisms by targeting intracellular pathways and are therefore a promising source of next-generation antibiotics. A minimum length of six amino acids is required for high antimicrobial activity in tryptophan-rich AMPs and the position of these residues also affects their antimicrobial activity. The aromatic side chain of tryptophan is able to rapidly form hydrogen bonds with membrane bilayer components. Proline-rich AMPs interact with the 70S ribosome and disrupt protein synthesis. In addition, they can also target the heat shock protein in target pathogens, and consequently lead to protein misfolding. In this review, we will focus on describing the structures, sources, and mechanisms of action of the aforementioned AMPs.
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16
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Chai LQ, Li WW, Wang XW. Identification and characterization of two arasin-like peptides in red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 70:673-681. [PMID: 28951220 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small effectors in host defense by directly targeting microorganisms or by indirectly modulating immune responses. In the present study, two arasin like AMPs, named as Pc-arasin1 and Pc-arasin2, were identified in red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii with sequence similarity to the arasins found in Hyas araneus. Both Pc-arasins consisted of signal peptide, N-terminal proline-rich region and C-terminal region containing four conserved cysteine residues. The similarity of two Pc-arasins was 44.44%, and Pc-arasin2 contained several additional residues in the N-terminus. Multiple alignment of arasin family suggested the conservation of the C-terminus and the variation of the N-terminus of Pc-arasins. Both AMPs were found hemocytes-specific, and the expression could be induced the challenge of bacteria, espeacially by the pathogenic bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila. Knockdown of each Pc-arasin expression by double strand RNA would suppress the host immunity against A. hydrophila, and the commercially synthetic Pc-arasins could rescue the knockdown consequence. Both synthetic peptide showed broad antimicrobial activity towards 3 Gram-positive bacterium and 3 Gram-negative bacterium, and the minimal inhibitory concentrations varied from 6.25 μM to 50 μM. These results presented new data about the sequence, expression and function of arasin family, and emphasized the role of this family in host immune response against bacterial pathogens. The characterization of Pc-arasins also provided potential of therapeutic agent development for disease control in aquaculture based on these two newly identified AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Qin Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Wan-Wan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Xian-Wei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
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17
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Hu F, Gao X, She R, Chen J, Mao J, Xiao P, Shi R. Effects of antimicrobial peptides on growth performance and small intestinal function in broilers under chronic heat stress. Poult Sci 2017; 96:798-806. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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18
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Revealing the sequence of interactions of PuroA peptide with Candida albicans cells by live-cell imaging. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43542. [PMID: 28252014 PMCID: PMC5333355 DOI: 10.1038/srep43542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the mechanism(s) of action of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) it is desirable to provide details of their interaction kinetics with cellular, sub-cellular and molecular targets. The synthetic peptide, PuroA, displays potent antimicrobial activities which have been attributed to peptide-induced membrane destabilization, or intracellular mechanisms of action (DNA-binding) or both. We used time-lapse fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) to directly monitor the localization and interaction kinetics of a FITC- PuroA peptide on single Candida albicans cells in real time. Our results reveal the sequence of events leading to cell death. Within 1 minute, FITC-PuroA was observed to interact with SYTO-labelled nucleic acids, resulting in a noticeable quenching in the fluorescence lifetime of the peptide label at the nucleus of yeast cells, and cell-cycle arrest. A propidium iodide (PI) influx assay confirmed that peptide translocation itself did not disrupt the cell membrane integrity; however, PI entry occurred 25–45 minutes later, which correlated with an increase in fractional fluorescence of pores and an overall loss of cell size. Our results clarify that membrane disruption appears to be the mechanism by which the C. albicans cells are killed and this occurs after FITC-PuroA translocation and binding to intracellular targets.
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19
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Hu F, Wu Q, Song S, She R, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Zhang M, Du F, Soomro MH, Shi R. Antimicrobial activity and safety evaluation of peptides isolated from the hemoglobin of chickens. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:287. [PMID: 27919228 PMCID: PMC5139128 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0904-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemoglobin is a rich source of biological peptides. As a byproduct and even wastewater of poultry-slaughtering facilities, chicken blood is one of the most abundant source of hemoglobin. RESULTS In this study, the chicken hemoglobin antimicrobial peptides (CHAP) were isolated and the antimicrobial and bactericidal activities were tested by the agarose diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) analysis, minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) analysis, and time-dependent inhibitory and bactericidal assays. The results demonstrated that CHAP had potent and rapid antimicrobial activity against 19 bacterial strains, including 9 multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. Bacterial biofilm and NaCl permeability assays, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were further performed to detect the mechanism of its antimicrobial effect. Additionally, CHAP showed low hemolytic activity, embryo toxicity, and high stability in different temperatures and animal plasma. CONCLUSION CHAP may have great potential for expanding production and development value in animal medication, the breeding industry and environment protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjiao Hu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiaoxing Wu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuang Song
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ruiping She
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yifei Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Meikun Zhang
- Beijing Huadu Broiler Corporations, Beijing, 102211, China
| | - Fang Du
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Majid Hussain Soomro
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ruihan Shi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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20
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Holani R, Shah C, Haji Q, Inglis GD, Uwiera RRE, Cobo ER. Proline-arginine rich (PR-39) cathelicidin: Structure, expression and functional implication in intestinal health. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 49:95-101. [PMID: 27865272 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Proline-Arginine-39 (PR-39) is a small cationic, proline and arginine rich, cathelicidin that plays an important role in the porcine innate immune system. Although PR-39 was first discovered in intestinal cell lysates of pigs, subsequent research has indicated that it is primarily expressed in bone marrow and other lymphoid tissues including the thymus and spleen, as well as in leukocytes. Mature PR-39 cathelicidin has anti-microbial activity against many gram-negative and some gram-positive bacteria. PR-39 is also a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune system with recognized immunomodulatory, wound healing, anti-apoptotic, and pro-angiogenic functions. The purpose of this review is to summarize our current knowledge about the structure, expression, and functions of PR-39 and its potential to promote intestinal homeostasis. This understanding is relevant in the search of alternative therapeutics against diarrheic enterocolitis, a major problem faced by pork producers both in terms of costs and risk of zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Holani
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Chaitanya Shah
- Bachelor of Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Qahir Haji
- Bachelor of Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - G Douglas Inglis
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Canada
| | - Richard R E Uwiera
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Eduardo R Cobo
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada.
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21
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AmyI-1–18, a cationic α-helical antimicrobial octadecapeptide derived from α-amylase in rice, inhibits the translation and folding processes in a protein synthesis system. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 122:385-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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22
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de Buhr N, Reuner F, Neumann A, Stump-Guthier C, Tenenbaum T, Schroten H, Ishikawa H, Müller K, Beineke A, Hennig-Pauka I, Gutsmann T, Valentin-Weigand P, Baums CG, von Köckritz-Blickwede M. Neutrophil extracellular trap formation in the Streptococcus suis-infected cerebrospinal fluid compartment. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [PMID: 27450700 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important meningitis-causing pathogen in pigs and humans. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been identified as host defense mechanism against different pathogens. Here, NETs were detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of S. suis-infected piglets despite the presence of active nucleases. To study NET-formation and NET-degradation after transmigration of S. suis and neutrophils through the choroid plexus epithelial cell barrier, a previously described model of the human blood-CSF barrier was used. NETs and respective entrapment of streptococci were recorded in the "CSF compartment" despite the presence of active nucleases. Comparative analysis of S. suis wildtype and different S. suis nuclease mutants did not reveal significant differences in NET-formation or bacterial survival. Interestingly, transcript expression of the human cathelicidin LL-37, a NET-stabilizing factor, increased after transmigration of neutrophils through the choroid plexus epithelial cell barrier. In good accordance, the porcine cathelicidin PR-39 was significantly increased in CSF of piglets with meningitis. Furthermore, we confirmed that PR-39 is associated with NETs in infected CSF and inhibits neutrophil DNA degradation by bacterial nucleases. In conclusion, neutrophils form NETs after breaching the infected choroid plexus epithelium, and those NETs may be protected by antimicrobial peptides against bacterial nucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole de Buhr
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Friederike Reuner
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ariane Neumann
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carolin Stump-Guthier
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Tenenbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Department of NDU Life Sciences, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kristin Müller
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Gutsmann
- Research group Biophysics, Research Centre Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph G Baums
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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23
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Lee NK, Paik HD. Status, Antimicrobial Mechanism, and Regulation of Natural Preservatives in Livestock Food Systems. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2016; 36:547-57. [PMID: 27621697 PMCID: PMC5018516 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2016.36.4.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the status, antimicrobial mechanisms, application, and regulation of natural preservatives in livestock food systems. Conventional preservatives are synthetic chemical substances including nitrates/nitrites, sulfites, sodium benzoate, propyl gallate, and potassium sorbate. The use of artificial preservatives is being reconsidered because of concerns relating to headache, allergies, and cancer. As the demand for biopreservation in food systems has increased, new natural antimicrobial compounds of various origins are being developed, including plant-derived products (polyphenolics, essential oils, plant antimicrobial peptides (pAMPs)), animal-derived products (lysozymes, lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin, ovotransferrin, antimicrobial peptide (AMP), chitosan and others), and microbial metabolites (nisin, natamycin, pullulan, ε-polylysine, organic acid, and others). These natural preservatives act by inhibiting microbial cell walls/membranes, DNA/RNA replication and transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolism. Natural preservatives have been recognized for their safety; however, these substances can influence color, smell, and toxicity in large amounts while being effective as a food preservative. Therefore, to evaluate the safety and toxicity of natural preservatives, various trials including combinations of other substances or different food preservation systems, and capsulation have been performed. Natamycin and nisin are currently the only natural preservatives being regulated, and other natural preservatives will have to be legally regulated before their widespread use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Kyoung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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24
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Zhang L, Guo D, Liu Y, Shao Y, Wang Y, Xu Y, Jiang Y, Cui W, Li Y, Tang L. Probiotic Lactobacillus casei expressing porcine antimicrobial peptide PR39 elevates antibacterial activity in the gastrointestinal tract. Can J Microbiol 2016; 62:961-969. [PMID: 27718591 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2016-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PR39, a 4.7 kDa proline-rich antimicrobial peptide, acts as a cationic host defense peptide. In addition to killing bacteria, PR39 mediates inflammatory reactions, including cell proliferation, migration, wound healing, and angiogenesis. Here, we examined the antibacterial effects of this peptide. The synthetic gene fragment PR39 was inserted into the secretory expression vector plasmid pPG:612 of Lactobacillus casei, yielding the recombinant strain pPG:612-PR39/L. casei 393. In vitro antibacterial tests showed that expression of the PR39 peptide in recombinant L. casei resulted in antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella but had only minor antibacterial effects in Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, BALB/c mice fed the recombinant pPG:612-PR39/L. casei 393 grew better and had increased peripheral blood lymphocyte percentages, white blood cell numbers, and spleen indices than mice in the control group. Scanning electron microscopy showed that jejunum and duodenum villus height, crypt depth, and the ratio of villus height/crypt depth in the intestinal villi also increased. Moreover, mice fed the recombinant strain showed significantly lower mortality rates than the control group mice when challenged with the enterotoxigenic E. coli K88+. Thus, this recombinant expression system had the beneficial characteristics of both L. casei and PR39, supporting its potential as an animal feed additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Dian Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yangxin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yilan Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yigang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wen Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yijing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lijie Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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25
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Paulsen VS, Mardirossian M, Blencke HM, Benincasa M, Runti G, Nepa M, Haug T, Stensvåg K, Scocchi M. Inner membrane proteins YgdD and SbmA are required for the complete susceptibility of Escherichia coli to the proline-rich antimicrobial peptide arasin 1(1–25). Microbiology (Reading) 2016; 162:601-609. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S. Paulsen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mario Mardirossian
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Hans-Matti Blencke
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Monica Benincasa
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulia Runti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Matteo Nepa
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Tor Haug
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Klara Stensvåg
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marco Scocchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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26
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Taniguchi M, Ochiai A, Kondo H, Fukuda S, Ishiyama Y, Saitoh E, Kato T, Tanaka T. Pyrrhocoricin, a proline-rich antimicrobial peptide derived from insect, inhibits the translation process in the cell-free Escherichia coli protein synthesis system. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 121:591-8. [PMID: 26472128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that pyrrhocoricin, a proline-rich antimicrobial peptide (PrAMP), killed sensitive species in a dose-dependent manner by specifically binding to DnaK. Here, on the basis of the finding that DnaK-deficient Escherichia coli strains are susceptible to PrAMPs, we used pyrrhocoricin to investigate internal targets other than DnaK. Using conventional antibiotics (bleomycin, streptomycin, and fosfomycin) that have known modes of action, first, we validated the availability of an assay using a cell-free rapid translation system (RTS), which is an in vitro protein synthesis system based on E. coli lysate, for evaluating inhibition of protein synthesis. We found that, similarly to bleomycin and streptomycin, pyrrhocoricin inhibited GFP synthesis in RTS in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, blockage of transcription and translation steps in RTS was individually estimated using RT-PCR after gene expression to determine mRNA products and using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to determine the amounts of GFP expressed from purified mRNA, respectively. The results demonstrated that this inhibition of GFP synthesis by pyrrhocoricin did not occur at the transcription step but rather at the translation step, in a manner similar to that of GFP synthesis by streptomycin, an inhibitor of the translation step by causing misreading of tRNA. These results suggest that RTS is a powerful assay system for determining if antimicrobial peptides inhibit protein synthesis and its transcription and/or translation steps. This is the first study to have shown that pyrrhocoricin inhibited protein synthesis by specifically repressing the translation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Taniguchi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan.
| | - Akihito Ochiai
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kondo
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Shun Fukuda
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Yohei Ishiyama
- Center for Fostering Innovative Leadership, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Eiichi Saitoh
- Graduate School of Technology, Niigata Institute of Technology, Niigata 945-1195, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takaaki Tanaka
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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Taute H, Bester MJ, Neitz AWH, Gaspar ARM. Investigation into the mechanism of action of the antimicrobial peptides Os and Os-C derived from a tick defensin. Peptides 2015. [PMID: 26215047 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Os and Os-C are two novel antimicrobial peptides, derived from a tick defensin, which have been shown to have a larger range of antimicrobial activity than the parent peptide, OsDef2. The aim of this study was to determine whether the peptides Os and Os-C are mainly membrane acting, or if these peptides have possible additional intracellular targets in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that both peptides adversely affected intracellular structure of both bacteria causing different degrees of granulation of the intracellular contents. At the minimum bactericidal concentrations, permeabilization as determined with the SYTOX green assay seemed not to be the principle mode of killing when compared to melittin. However, fluorescent triple staining indicated that the peptides caused permeabilization of stationary phase bacteria and TEM indicated membrane effects. Studies using fluorescently labeled peptides revealed that the membrane penetrating activity of Os and Os-C was similar to buforin II. Os-C was found to associate with the septa of B. subtilis. Plasmid binding studies showed that Os and Os-C binds E. coli plasmid DNA at a similar charge ratio as melittin. These studies suggest membrane activity for Os and Os-C with possible intracellular targets such as DNA. The differences in permeabilization at lower concentrations and binding to DNA between Os and Os-C, suggest that the two peptides have dissimilar modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Taute
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.
| | - Megan J Bester
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Albert W H Neitz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Anabella R M Gaspar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
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28
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Li W, Tailhades J, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Separovic F, Otvos L, Hossain MA, Wade JD. Proline-rich antimicrobial peptides: potential therapeutics against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Amino Acids 2014; 46:2287-94. [PMID: 25141976 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The increasing resistance of pathogens to antibiotics causes a huge clinical burden that places great demands on academic researchers and the pharmaceutical industry for resolution. Antimicrobial peptides, part of native host defense, have emerged as novel potential antibiotic alternatives. Among the different classes of antimicrobial peptides, proline-rich antimicrobial peptides, predominantly sourced from insects, have been extensively investigated to study their specific modes of action. In this review, we focus on recent developments in these peptides. They show a variety of modes of actions, including mechanism shift at high concentration, non-lytic mechanisms, as well as possessing different intracellular targets and lipopolysaccharide binding activity. Furthermore, proline-rich antimicrobial peptides display the ability to not only modulate the immune system via cytokine activity or angiogenesis but also possess properties of penetrating cell membranes and crossing the blood brain barrier suggesting a role as potential novel carriers. Ongoing studies of these peptides will likely lead to the development of more potent antimicrobial peptides that may serve as important additions to the armoury of agents against bacterial infection and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Li
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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29
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Gao Y, Rong Y, Wang Y, Xiong H, Huang X, Han F, Feng J, Wang Y. Expression pattern of porcine antimicrobial peptide PR-39 and its induction by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F4ac. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 160:260-5. [PMID: 24929581 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PR-39 is a gene-encoded, proline-arginine-rich porcine antimicrobial peptide with multiple biological functions. In the current study, the tissue-specific mRNA expression of PR-39 was investigated in Chinese Jinhua pigs, and the effect of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) expressing F4ac (K88ac) fimbriae challenge on the mRNA expression of PR-39 in various tissues was compared between Jinhua and Landrace pigs. The three most stable expressed housekeeping genes were validated before evaluating PR-39 expression. PR-39 mRNA was predominantly expressed in the bone marrow compared with the spleen, thymus, MLN, liver and ileum. The ETEC F4ac challenge could up-regulate PR-39 mRNA expression in both Jinhua and Landrace pigs, but the changes were different between the two breeds. Jinhua pigs responded more strongly to ETEC F4ac challenge than did Landrace pigs, because the interaction between the breed and challenge significantly impact PR-39 mRNA in the thymus, liver and ileum. The PR-39 mRNA expression levels of challenged Jinhua pigs were significantly higher in the spleen, thymus, liver, ileum and MLN compared with challenged Landrace pigs. These differences in the mRNA expression of PR-39 could be a result of genetic differences in the resistance to ETEC F4ac infection between the two breeds, but this speculation requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Gao
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yili Rong
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Youming Wang
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Haitao Xiong
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xia Huang
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Feifei Han
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Jie Feng
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Ministry of Agriculture, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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30
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Mandal SM, Roy A, Ghosh AK, Hazra TK, Basak A, Franco OL. Challenges and future prospects of antibiotic therapy: from peptides to phages utilization. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:105. [PMID: 24860506 PMCID: PMC4027024 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections are raising serious concern across the globe. The effectiveness of conventional antibiotics is decreasing due to global emergence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens. This process seems to be primarily caused by an indiscriminate and inappropriate use of antibiotics in non-infected patients and in the food industry. New classes of antibiotics with different actions against MDR pathogens need to be developed urgently. In this context, this review focuses on several ways and future directions to search for the next generation of safe and effective antibiotics compounds including antimicrobial peptides, phage therapy, phytochemicals, metalloantibiotics, lipopolysaccharide, and efflux pump inhibitors to control the infections caused by MDR pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santi M Mandal
- Central Research Facility, Department of Chemistry and Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur, India
| | - Anupam Roy
- Central Research Facility, Department of Chemistry and Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur, India
| | - Ananta K Ghosh
- Central Research Facility, Department of Chemistry and Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur, India
| | - Tapas K Hazra
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Amit Basak
- Central Research Facility, Department of Chemistry and Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur, India
| | - Octavio L Franco
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília Brasilia, Brazil
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31
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Veldhuizen EJA, Schneider VAF, Agustiandari H, van Dijk A, Tjeerdsma-van Bokhoven JLM, Bikker FJ, Haagsman HP. Antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities of PR-39 derived peptides. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95939. [PMID: 24755622 PMCID: PMC3995882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine cathelicidin PR-39 is a host defence peptide that plays a pivotal role in the innate immune defence of the pig against infections. Besides direct antimicrobial activity, it is involved in immunomodulation, wound healing and several other biological processes. In this study, the antimicrobial- and immunomodulatory activity of PR-39, and N- and C-terminal derivatives of PR-39 were tested. PR-39 exhibited an unexpected broad antimicrobial spectrum including several Gram positive strains such as Bacillus globigii and Enterococcus faecalis. Of organisms tested, only Staphylococcus aureus was insensitive to PR-39. Truncation of PR-39 down to 15 (N-terminal) amino acids did not lead to major loss of activity, while peptides corresponding to the C-terminal part of PR-39 were hampered in their antimicrobial activity. However, shorter peptides were all much more sensitive to inhibition by salt. Active peptides induced ATP leakage and loss of membrane potential in Bacillus globigii and Escherichia coli, indicating a lytic mechanism of action for these peptides. Finally, only the mature peptide was able to induce IL-8 production in porcine macrophages, but some shorter peptides also had an effect on TNF-α production showing differential regulation of cytokine induction by PR-39 derived peptides. None of the active peptides showed high cytotoxicity highlighting the potential of these peptides for use as an alternative to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin J. A. Veldhuizen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Viktoria A. F. Schneider
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Herfita Agustiandari
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Albert van Dijk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna L. M. Tjeerdsma-van Bokhoven
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Floris J. Bikker
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk P. Haagsman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Molecular Host Defence, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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32
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Pink DA, Hasan FM, Quinn BE, Winterhalter M, Mohan M, Gill TA. Interaction of protamine with gram‐negative bacteria membranes: possible alternative mechanisms of internalization in
Escherichia coli
,
Salmonella typhimurium
and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:240-50. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David. A. Pink
- Department of Physics St. Francis Xavier University Antigonish NS B2G 2W5 Canada
| | - Fida M. Hasan
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science Dalhousie University Halifax NS B3J 2X4 Canada
| | - Bonnie E. Quinn
- Department of Physics St. Francis Xavier University Antigonish NS B2G 2W5 Canada
| | | | - Mukund Mohan
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science Dalhousie University Halifax NS B3J 2X4 Canada
| | - Tom A. Gill
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science Dalhousie University Halifax NS B3J 2X4 Canada
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33
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Wessely-Szponder J, Szponder T, Bobowiec R, Smolira A. The influence of porcine cathelicidins on neutrophils isolated from rabbits in the course of bone graft implantation. WORLD RABBIT SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.4995/wrs.2013.1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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34
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Chicken cathelicidins display antimicrobial activity against multiresistant bacteria without inducing strong resistance. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61964. [PMID: 23613986 PMCID: PMC3632573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in combination with the relatively limited development of new antibiotics presents a serious threat to public health. In chicken, especially Extended-Spectrum ß-Lactamase (ESBL) carrying Enterobacteriaceae are often asymptomatically present but can infect humans. Due to their broad range antimicrobial activity cathelicidins and other host defence peptides, are considered to be an attractive alternative to conventional antibiotics. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of three chicken cathelicidins against a broad array of multidrug resistant bacteria was determined. All three peptides showed high antibacterial activity independent of the presence of MDR characteristics. Induction experiments using S. aureus and K. pneumoniae showed that although an increase in resistance was initially observed, susceptibility towards chicken cathelicidins remained high and no major resistance was developed. The combined results underline the potential of chicken cathelicidins as a new alternative to antibiotics.
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35
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Peng KS, Ruan LS, Tu J, Qi KZ, Jiang LH. Tissue distribution, expression, and antimicrobial activity of Anas platyrhynchos avian β-defensin 6. Poult Sci 2013; 92:97-104. [PMID: 23243235 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel avian β-defensin (AvBD) was isolated from the Chaohu duck. The complete nucleotide sequence of the gene contained a 204-bp open reading frame that encoded 67 amino acids (aa), including a signal peptide of 20 aa, a propiece of 5 aa, and a mature peptide of 42 aa. The homology, characterization, and comparison of this gene with AvBD from other avian species confirmed that it was duck AvBD6. Also, the preproprotein of AvBD6 from chicken, goose, and duck was highly conserved with 100% aa homology. The AvBD6 mRNA was widely expressed in the investigated tissues of healthy 5-mo-old ducks, with the exception of the skin, kidney, and bursa. The AvBD6 mRNA was highly expressed in the spleen, lung, stomach, tongue, and egg yolk, successively; moderately expressed in the bone marrow and liver; and expressed to lower degrees in the trachea, heart, intestine, muscle, esophagus, and testis. We produced recombinant AvBD6 by expressing the gene in Escherichia coli. The yield of soluble glutathione S-transferees (GST)-AvBD6 in the inclusion bodies increased significantly as the incubation temperature was decreased from 37 to 30°C. As expected, the GST-AvBD6 exhibited strong bactericidal properties [minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 0.5 to 2 μM] against the Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria strain BJCP-5, E. coli, and Enterococcus faecalis [ATCC 29212); it possessed medium bactericidal properties (MIC = 4 to 8 μM) against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Bacillus subtilis (CMCC 63501;; and it possessed low bactericidal properties (MIC = 16 μM) against Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of GST-AvBD6 proved to be the same as that of synthetic AvBD6. The A. veronii biovar sobria strain BJCP-5 cells that were treated with GST-AvBD6 showed lysis and shrinkage under scanning electron microscopy. The mechanisms of AvBD6-mediated killing of A. veronii biovar sobria involved both cell lysis and nonlysis. Our results indicate that AvBD6 plays an important role in the innate immunity of the Chaohu duck.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
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36
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Paulsen VS, Blencke HM, Benincasa M, Haug T, Eksteen JJ, Styrvold OB, Scocchi M, Stensvåg K. Structure-activity relationships of the antimicrobial peptide arasin 1 - and mode of action studies of the N-terminal, proline-rich region. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53326. [PMID: 23326415 PMCID: PMC3543460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arasin 1 is a 37 amino acid long proline-rich antimicrobial peptide isolated from the spider crab, Hyas araneus. In this work the active region of arasin 1 was identified through structure-activity studies using different peptide fragments derived from the arasin 1 sequence. The pharmacophore was found to be located in the proline/arginine-rich NH(2) terminus of the peptide and the fragment arasin 1(1-23) was almost equally active to the full length peptide. Arasin 1 and its active fragment arasin 1(1-23) were shown to be non-toxic to human red blood cells and arasin 1(1-23) was able to bind chitin, a component of fungal cell walls and the crustacean shell. The mode of action of the fully active N-terminal arasin 1(1-23) was explored through killing kinetic and membrane permeabilization studies. At the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), arasin 1(1-23) was not bactericidal and had no membrane disruptive effect. In contrast, at concentrations of 5×MIC and above it was bactericidal and interfered with membrane integrity. We conclude that arasin 1(1-23) has a different mode of action than lytic peptides, like cecropin P1. Thus, we suggest a dual mode of action for arasin 1(1-23) involving membrane disruption at peptide concentrations above MIC, and an alternative mechanism of action, possibly involving intracellular targets, at MIC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans-Matti Blencke
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Monica Benincasa
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Tor Haug
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Olaf B. Styrvold
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marco Scocchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Klara Stensvåg
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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37
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Hennig-Pauka I, Koch R, Hoeltig D, Gerlach GF, Waldmann KH, Blecha F, Brauer C, Gasse H. PR-39, a porcine host defence peptide, is prominent in mucosa and lymphatic tissue of the respiratory tract in healthy pigs and pigs infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:539. [PMID: 23016650 PMCID: PMC3602119 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host defence peptides are important components of mammalian innate immunity. We have previously shown that PR-39, a cathelicidin host defence peptide, is an important factor in porcine innate immune mechanisms as a first line of defence after infection with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. PR-39 interacts with bacterial and mammalian cells and is involved in a variety of processes such as killing of bacteria and promotion of wound repair. In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of infected pigs PR-39 concentrations are elevated during the chronic but not during the acute stage of infection when polymorphonuclear neutrophils (known as the major source of PR-39) are highly increased. Thus it was assumed, that the real impact of PR-39 during infection might not be reflected by its concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. RESULTS Using immunohistochemistry this study demonstrates the actual distribution of PR-39 in tissue of the upper and lower respiratory tract of healthy pigs, and of pigs during the acute and chronic stage of experimental infection with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.During the acute stage of infection PR-39 accumulated adjacent to blood vessels and within bronchi. Immune reactions were mainly localized in the cytoplasm of cells with morphological characteristics of polymorphonuclear neutrophils as well as in extracellular fluids. During the chronic stage of infection pigs lacked clinical signs and lung alterations were characterized by reparation and remodelling processes such as tissue sequestration and fibroblastic pleuritis with a high-grade accumulation of small PR-39-positive cells resembling polymorphonuclear neutrophils. In healthy pigs, PR-39 was homogenously expressed in large single cells within the alveoli resembling alveolar macrophages or type 2 pneumocytes. PR-39 was found in all tissue samples of the upper respiratory tract in healthy and diseased pigs. Within the tracheobronchial lymph nodes, PR-39 dominated in the cytoplasm and nuclei of large cells resembling antigen-presenting cells located in the periphery of secondary follicles. CONCLUSIONS These immunohistochemical findings indicate that, in addition to polymorphonuclear neutrophils, other cells are involved in the expression, storage, or uptake of PR-39. The presence of PR-39 in healthy lung tissue showed that this antibacterial peptide might be important for the maintenance of health.
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38
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Teixeira V, Feio MJ, Bastos M. Role of lipids in the interaction of antimicrobial peptides with membranes. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 51:149-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Scocchi M, Tossi A, Gennaro R. Proline-rich antimicrobial peptides: converging to a non-lytic mechanism of action. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2317-30. [PMID: 21594684 PMCID: PMC11114787 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0721-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Proline-rich antimicrobial peptides are a group of cationic host defense peptides of vertebrates and invertebrates characterized by a high content of proline residues, often associated with arginine residues in repeated motifs. Those isolated from some mammalian and insect species, although not evolutionarily related, use a similar mechanism to selectively kill Gram-negative bacteria, with a low toxicity to animals. Unlike other types of antimicrobial peptides, their mode of action does not involve the lysis of bacterial membranes but entails penetration into susceptible cells, where they then act intracellularly. Some aspects of the transport system and cytoplasmic targets have been elucidated. These features make them attractive both as anti-infective lead compounds and as a new class of potential cell-penetrating peptides capable of internalising membrane-impermeant drugs into both bacterial and eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Scocchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Renato Gennaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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40
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Bactericidal activity of porcine neutrophil secretions. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 139:113-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wessely-Szponder J, Majer-Dziedzic B, Smolira A. Analysis of antimicrobial peptides from porcine neutrophils. J Microbiol Methods 2010; 83:8-12. [PMID: 20643166 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cationic host defence peptides are important components of innate immunity in pigs and other mammalians. Most of these peptides have a direct antimicrobial activity and they also have a broad spectrum of effects on the host immune system, which may be taken into account in the introduction of novel therapeutics. Our method permits simultaneous isolation of six antibacterial peptides, i.e. prophenin-1, prophenin-2, PR-39, and protegrins 1-3 from a porcine neutrophil crude extract and characterisation of them. Among the obtained peptides the greatest bactericidal activity expressed as MBC was seen in protegrins (10 μg/ml), whereas in the other studied peptides MBC was on the level of 20 μg/ml. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) reached 10 μg/ml for protegrins 1-3 and 20 μg/ml for prophenins, and PR-39. Within the bactericidal range all isolated peptides didn't show cytotoxicity on cell lines used in our experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wessely-Szponder
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chair of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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42
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Fan F, Wu Y, Liu J. Expression and purification of two different antimicrobial peptides, PR-39 and Protegrin-1 in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 73:147-51. [PMID: 20573563 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To implement coexpression of antimicrobial peptides PR-39 and Protegrin-1 (PG-1) in prokaryotic expression system, a tandem gene fragment encoding PR-39 and PG-1 has been synthesized chemically. The cleavage site (Asn-Gly) of hydroxylamine hydrochloride was introduced between PR-39 and PG-1. The fragment was inserted into vector pGEX-4T-1 and expressed in Escherichia coli. The fusions of single peptides to GST were created at the same time. The fusion protein GST-PR-39-PG-1, purified by affinity chromatography, was cleaved first by hydroxylamine hydrochloride to release recombinant PG-1 and then by enterokinase to release PR-39. Purification of recombinant PR-39 and PG-1 was achieved. About 1.9 mg/l recombinant PR-39 and 1.1 mg/l PG-1 were obtained. The recombinant antimicrobial peptides showed antibacterial activities that were similar to those released from fusions of single peptides to GST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Fan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
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43
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Li C, Blencke HM, Smith LC, Karp MT, Stensvåg K. Two recombinant peptides, SpStrongylocins 1 and 2, from Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, show antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:286-292. [PMID: 19852980 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The cysteine-rich strongylocins were the first antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) discovered from the sea urchin species, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. Homologous putative proteins (called SpStrongylocin) were found in the sister species, S. purpuratus. To demonstrate that they exhibit the same antibacterial activity as strongylocins, cDNAs encoding the 'mature' peptides (SpStrongylocins 1 and 2) were cloned into a direct expression system fusing a protease cleavage site and two purification tags to the recombinant peptide. Both recombinant fusion peptides were expressed in a soluble form in an Escherichia coli strain tolerant to toxic proteins. Enterokinase was used to remove the fusion tags and purified recombinant SpStrongylocins 1 and 2 showed antimicrobial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The results of membrane integrity assays against cytoplasmic membranes of E. coli suggest that both recombinant SpStrongylocins 1 and 2 conduct their antibacterial activity by intracellular killing mechanisms because no increase in membrane permeability was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Li
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Catrina SB, Refai E, Andersson M. The cytotoxic effects of the anti-bacterial peptides on leukocytes. J Pept Sci 2010; 15:842-8. [PMID: 19827085 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are small molecular weight proteins with a large antibacterial spectrum. They can reach high local concentrations in tissues with active inflammation, being largely produced by immunocompetent cells. However, their effect on eukaryotic cells is still unclear. We have, therefore, studied three structurally different antimicrobial peptides (cecropin P1, PR-39 and NK-lysin) for their cytotoxic effects on blood mononuclear cells. None of the antimicrobial peptides tested exhibited significant cytotoxic effect on resting lymphocytes isolated either from peripheral blood or from the spleen with the exception of high concentrations (ten times higher than IC100 for Escherichia coli) of NK-lysin. Activated lymphocytes were, however, more sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of the antimicrobial peptides. Both activated T-cells and B-cells were dose dependent sensitive to NK-lysin while only activated B-cells but not activated T-cells were sensitive to PR-39. Cecropin did not exhibit any cytotoxic effect on activated lymphocytes either. By using several cell lines (3B6, K562, U932 and EL-4) we were able to show that NK-lysin has a broad necrotic effect while PR-39 has a cell specific apoptotic effect dependent on the specifically cellular uptake. In conclusion we show here that antimicrobial peptides are not cytotoxic for the resting eukaryotic cells but can be cytotoxic on activated immune cells through distinct mechanisms of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiu-Bogdan Catrina
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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45
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Yu PL, van der Linden DS, Sugiarto H, Anderson RC. Antimicrobial peptides isolated from the blood of farm animals. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/ea07185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of antimicrobial resistance by pathogenic bacteria has fuelled the search for alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Endogenous antimicrobial peptides have the potential to be used as new antimicrobial substances because they have low minimum inhibitory concentration in vitro, have broad-spectrum activity, neutralise lipopolysaccharides, promote wound healing and have synergistic effects with conventional antibiotics. Farm animals, in particular the blood that is a by-product of the meat and poultry industries, are an abundant, and currently underutilised, source of such antimicrobial peptides. These antimicrobial peptides could be isolated and developed into high-value products such as biopreservatives, topical neutraceutical products and pharmaceuticals. There have been some clinical trials of antimicrobial peptides as pharmaceutical products, but up to now, the trials have shown disappointing results. Further research and development is still needed before such peptides can be commercialised and full advantage taken of this waste product of the meat and poultry industries.
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Tiwari BK, Valdramidis VP, O'Donnell CP, Muthukumarappan K, Bourke P, Cullen PJ. Application of natural antimicrobials for food preservation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:5987-6000. [PMID: 19548681 DOI: 10.1021/jf900668n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this review, antimicrobials from a range of plant, animal, and microbial sources are reviewed along with their potential applications in food systems. Chemical and biochemical antimicrobial compounds derived from these natural sources and their activity against a range of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms pertinent to food, together with their effects on food organoleptic properties, are outlined. Factors influencing the antimicrobial activity of such agents are discussed including extraction methods, molecular weight, and agent origin. These issues are considered in conjunction with the latest developments in the quantification of the minimum inhibitory (and noninhibitory) concentration of antimicrobials and/or their components. Natural antimicrobials can be used alone or in combination with other novel preservation technologies to facilitate the replacement of traditional approaches. Research priorities and future trends focusing on the impact of product formulation, intrinsic product parameters, and extrinsic storage parameters on the design of efficient food preservation systems are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh K Tiwari
- Biosystems Engineering, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfied, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Wen YA, Yu XL, Xia QF, Cen D, Liu JB, Tu ZG. Macrophage-specific overexpression of antimicrobial peptide PR-39 inhibits intracellular growth of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in macrophage cells. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 34:315-21. [PMID: 19505806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Although purified and synthesised PR-39 shows potent antibacterial effects in vitro, its ability to kill intracellular bacteria in macrophages, which are a major cause of refractory intracellular infection, has not yet been demonstrated. Both to enhance its antimicrobial potential and to reduce systemic side effects, it would be desirable to deliver PR-39 into macrophage cells and to limit its activation to the site of infection. To address this issue, PR-39 DNA was inserted into the eukaryotic expression plasmid pIRES2-EGFP and the adenoviral vector Ad-MSP, from which PR-39 can be specifically expressed in macrophage cells from the macrophage-specific promoter. pIRES2-EGFP/PR39 and Ad-MSP/PR-39 were either transduced or infected into macrophage RAW264.7 cells for stable or transient expression of PR-39. PR-39 expression in macrophage cells was subsequently confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunocytochemistry. Furthermore, its antimicrobial activity in macrophage cells was evaluated by colony enumeration assay. Results showed that the macrophage-specific promoter could initiate targeted expression of PR-39 only in macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, either stable or transient expression of PR-39 in macrophage cells conferred enhanced antimicrobial activity against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Our results have demonstrated that macrophage-specific expression of antimicrobial peptide PR-39 in macrophages could inhibit the growth of intracellular S. Typhimurium and indicated it to be a novel and promising approach for the control of refractory intracellular infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-An Wen
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
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Sang Y, Blecha F. Porcine host defense peptides: expanding repertoire and functions. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:334-343. [PMID: 18579204 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) are a large group of innate immune effectors that are also termed antimicrobial peptides. Because of the rapid progress that has been made in completing several animal genomes, many HDPs have been systemically defined using bioinformatic analysis and partially characterized using reverse genomic approaches. In pigs, about 30 HDPs have been identified and partially characterized relative to structure and function. Antimicrobial activity of porcine HDPs has been extensively evaluated against a broad spectrum of microorganisms in vitro and evaluated for their protective role in vivo. Increasing evidence indicates that HDPs are functionally differentiated during posttranslational and postsecretory processing, and that the structural units for antimicrobial and immunoregulatory functions are separate. These findings suggest promising new avenues for therapeutic drug design based on HDPs, including porcine HDPs. This review summarizes and discusses advances in porcine HDPs research during the last decade with an emphasis on the rapidly expanding profiles and biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Sang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Meurens F, Berri M, Auray G, Melo S, Levast B, Virlogeux-Payant I, Chevaleyre C, Gerdts V, Salmon H. Early immune response following Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium infection in porcine jejunal gut loops. Vet Res 2008; 40:5. [PMID: 18922229 PMCID: PMC2695014 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2008043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium, commonly called S. Typhimurium, can cause intestinal infections in humans and various animal species such as swine. To analyze the host response to Salmonella infection in the pig we used an in vivo gut loop model, which allows the analysis of multiple immune responses within the same animal. Four jejunal gut-loops were each inoculated with 3×108 cfu of S. Typhimurium in 3 one-month-old piglets and mRNA expressions of various cytokines, chemokines, transcription factors, antimicrobial peptides, toll like and chemokine receptors were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR in the Peyer’s patch and the gut wall after 24 h. Several genes such as the newly cloned CCRL1/CCX-CKR were assessed for the first time in the pig at the mRNA level. Pro-inflammatory and T-helper type-1 (Th1) cytokine mRNA were expressed at higher levels in infected compared to non-infected control loops. Similarly, some B cell activation genes, NOD2 and toll like receptor 2 and 4 transcripts were more expressed in both tissues while TLR5 mRNA was down-regulated. Interestingly, CCL25 mRNA expression as well as the mRNA expressions of its receptors CCR9 and CCRL1 were decreased both in the Peyer’s patch and gut wall suggesting a potential Salmonella strategy to reduce lymphocyte homing to the intestine. In conclusion, these results provide insight into the porcine innate mucosal immune response to infection with entero-invasive microorganisms such as S. Typhimurium. In the future, this knowledge should help in the development of improved prophylactic and therapeutic approaches against porcine intestinal S. Typhimurium infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Meurens
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1282, Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, F-37380 Nouzilly (Tours), France.
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50
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Pränting M, Negrea A, Rhen M, Andersson DI. Mechanism and fitness costs of PR-39 resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:2734-41. [PMID: 18519732 PMCID: PMC2493140 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00205-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PR-39 is a porcine antimicrobial peptide that kills bacteria with a mechanism that does not involve cell lysis. Here, we demonstrate that Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium can rapidly acquire mutations that reduce susceptibility to PR-39. Resistant mutants appeared at a rate of 0.4 x 10(-6) per cell per generation. These mutants were about four times more resistant than the wild type and showed a greatly reduced rate of killing. Genetic analysis revealed mutations in the putative transport protein SbmA as being responsible for the observed resistance. These sbmA mutants were as fit as the wild-type parental strain as measured by growth rates in culture medium and mice and by long-term survival in stationary phase. These results suggest that resistance to certain antimicrobial peptides can rapidly develop without an obvious fitness cost for the bacteria and that resistance development could become a threat to the efficacy of antimicrobial peptides if used in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pränting
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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