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Imbabi T, Hassan TMM, Osman A, El Aziz AHA, Tantawi AA, Nasr MAF. Impacts of thyme and/or garlic oils on growth, immunity, antioxidant and net farm income in Damascus goats. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13173. [PMID: 38849384 PMCID: PMC11161640 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of thyme and/or garlic oil administration on growth performance, immunity, antioxidant, biochemical parameters, and net farm income of Damascus goats. Forty weaned Damascus goats were allocated into four groups. The first group was the control without oral administration, while the 2nd (Th), 3rd (Gr), and 4th (ThGr) groups were orally administrated by (2 ml/goat/day) of thyme oil, garlic oil and their mixture (1:1), respectively during the whole experiment period. The final body weight of goats orally administered oil mixture was the heaviest group, it was 10, 4.5 and 3.5% than the control, Th. and Gr. groups, respectively with better feed conversion ratio and high net farm income. Goats of ThGr. group revealed the best immunity, antioxidant and general health condition than the control group with 50% reduction of MDA. Liver (AST, 33% and ALT, 38%) and kidney (creatinine, 88%) functions improved by oils mixtures orally administration compared with the control group. LDL, triglyceride and cholesterol were reduced by 47, 33 and 21% compared with the control group, respectively. Thus, mixture oil administration (thyme and garlic at the ratio of 1:1, 2 ml/goat/day) improved growth (10%), antioxidant status (MDA 50%), liver (AST, 33% and ALT, 38%), kidney function (creatinine, 88%), the FCR (17.4%) and net farm income (21%), of Damascus goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharwat Imbabi
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Benha, 13736, Egypt
| | - Tamer M M Hassan
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Benha, 13736, Egypt
| | - Ali Osman
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Ayman H Abd El Aziz
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt
| | - Abuelkassem A Tantawi
- Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, El-Minya, 61519, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A F Nasr
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia, Egypt.
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Ahmad N, Lesa KN, Ujiantari NSO, Sudarmanto A, Fakhrudin N, Ikawati Z. Development of White Cabbage, Coffee, and Red Onion Extracts as Natural Phosphodiesterase-4B (PDE4B) Inhibitors for Cognitive Dysfunction: In Vitro and In Silico Studies. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2024; 2024:1230239. [PMID: 38808119 PMCID: PMC11132833 DOI: 10.1155/2024/1230239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cognition fundamentally depends on memory. Alzheimer's disease exhibits a strong correlation with a decline in this factor. Phosphodiesterase-4 B (PDE4B) plays a crucial role in neurodegenerative disorders, and its inhibition is one of the promising approaches for memory enhancement. This study aimed to identify secondary metabolites in white cabbage, coffee, and red onion extracts and identify their molecular interaction with PDE4B by in silico and in vitro experiments. Crushed white cabbage and red onion were macerated separately with ethanol to yield respective extracts, and ground coffee was boiled with water to produce aqueous extract. Thin layer chromatography (TLC)-densitometry was used to examine the phytochemicals present in white cabbage, coffee, and red onion extracts. Molecular docking studies were performed to know the interaction of test compounds with PDE4B. TLC-densitometry analysis showed that chlorogenic acid and quercetin were detected as major compounds in coffee and red onion extracts, respectively. In silico studies revealed that alpha-tocopherol (binding free energy (∆Gbind) = -38.00 kcal/mol) has the strongest interaction with PDE4B whereas chlorogenic acid (∆Gbind = -21.50 kcal/mol) and quercetin (∆Gbind = -17.25 kcal/mol) exhibited moderate interaction. In vitro assay showed that the combination extracts (cabbage, coffee, and red onion) had a stronger activity (half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 0.12 ± 0.03 µM) than combination standards (sinigrin, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin) (IC50 = 0.17 ± 0.03 µM) and rolipram (IC50 = 0.15 ± 0.008 µM). Thus, the combination extracts are a promising cognitive enhancer by blocking PDE4B activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazir Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Kaisun Nesa Lesa
- Department of Food and Nutritional Science, Khulna City Corporation Women's College, Affiliated to Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
- Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
- Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jessore University of Science and Technology, Jessore, Bangladesh
| | - Navista Sri Octa Ujiantari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Ari Sudarmanto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Nanang Fakhrudin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
- Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Sleman 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Zullies Ikawati
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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Schier C, Gruhlke MCH, Reucher G, Slusarenko AJ, Rink L. Combating Black Fungus: Using Allicin as a Potent Antifungal Agent against Mucorales. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17519. [PMID: 38139348 PMCID: PMC10743604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal (IF) diseases are a leading global cause of mortality, particularly among immunocompromised individuals. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic further exacerbated this scenario, intensifying comorbid IF infections such as mucormycoses of the nasopharynx. In the work reported here, it is shown that zygomycetes, significant contributors to mycoses, are sensitive to the natural product allicin. Inhibition of Mucorales fungi by allicin in solution and by allicin vapor was demonstrated. Mathematical modeling showed that the efficacy of allicin vapor is comparable to direct contact with the commercially available antifungal agent amphotericin B (ampB). Furthermore, the study revealed a synergistic interaction between allicin and the non-volatile ampB. The toxicity of allicin solution to human cell lines was evaluated and it was found that the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of allicin was 25-72 times higher in the cell lines as compared to the fungal spores. Fungal allicin sensitivity depends on the spore concentration, as demonstrated in a drop test. This study shows the potential of allicin, a sulfur-containing defense compound from garlic, to combat zygomycete fungi. The findings underscore allicin's promise for applications in infections of the nasopharynx via inhalation, suggesting a novel therapeutic avenue against challenging fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schier
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (C.S.); (A.J.S.)
- Institute of Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Martin C. H. Gruhlke
- GENAWIF e.V.—Society for Natural Compound and Active Ingredient Research, Lukasstraße 1, 52070 Aachen, Germany;
- Institute of Applied Microbiology—iAMB, Aachener Biology and Biotechnology—ABBt, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Georg Reucher
- Institute of Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Alan J. Slusarenko
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (C.S.); (A.J.S.)
- GENAWIF e.V.—Society for Natural Compound and Active Ingredient Research, Lukasstraße 1, 52070 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
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Deligianni E, Pizzi E, Kavelaki I, Siden-Kiamos I, Sapienza FU, Fioravanti R, Garzoli S, Pace T, Ponzi M, Ragno R, Currà C. Screening of the activity of sixty essential oils against plasmodium early mosquito stages in vitro and machine learning analysis reveals new putative inhibitors of malaria parasites. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2023; 23:87-93. [PMID: 38000094 PMCID: PMC10709126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Malaria, an infectious disease with a tremendous impact on human health is caused by Plasmodium parasites, and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. New approaches to control the disease involve transmission blocking strategies aiming to target the parasite in the mosquito. Here, we investigated the putative inhibitory activity of essential oils and their components on the early mosquito stages of the parasite. We employed an in vitro assay of gametocyte-to-ookinete development of the rodent model parasite Plasmodium berghei combined with high content screening. 60 essential oils with known composition were tested. The results revealed that fifteen EOs had inhibitory activity. Furthermore, a machine learning approach was used to identify the putative inhibitory components. Five of the most important chemical components indicated by the machine learning-based models were actually confirmed by the experimental approach. This combined approach was used for the first time to identify the potential transmission blocking activity of essential oils and single components at the zygote and ookinete stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Deligianni
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Elisabetta Pizzi
- Servizio Grandi Strumentazioni e Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ioanna Kavelaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Inga Siden-Kiamos
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Filippo Umberto Sapienza
- Rome Center for Molecular Design-RCMD, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, University Sapienza of Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Fioravanti
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Garzoli
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Tomasino Pace
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Ponzi
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rino Ragno
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Currà
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Greece.
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Hashimoto T, Yoshioka S, Iwanaga S, Kanazawa K. Anti-Malarial Activity of Allyl Isothiocyanate and N-acetyl-S-(N-allylthiocarbamoyl)-l-Cysteine. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2300185. [PMID: 37706619 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Malaria remains one of the most important infectious diseases in the world. Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is a main ingredient of traditional spice Wasabia japonica, which is reported to have anti-bacterial and antiparasitic activities. However, there is no information on effects of AITC against malaria. The present study investigates the anti-malarial activity of dietary AITC in vivo and that of AITC metabolites in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS The ad libitum administration of 35, 175, or 350 µM AITC-containing drinking water to ICR mice significantly inhibit the parasitemia induced after infection with Plasmodium berghei. On the other hand, after single oral administration of AITC (20 mg kg-1 body weight), N-acetyl-S-(N-allylthiocarbamoyl)-l-cysteine (NAC-AITC) as one of the AITC metabolites displays a serum Cmax of 11.4 µM at a Tmax of 0.5 h, but AITC is not detected at any time point. Moreover, NAC-AITC shows anti-malarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro, and its 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) against parasitemia is 12.6 µM. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that orally administered AITC is metabolized to NAC-AITC and exerts anti-malarial activity against malaria parasites in blood, suggesting that the consumption of AITC-containing food stuffs such as cruciferous plants may prevent malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hashimoto
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shoji Yoshioka
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shiroh Iwanaga
- Department of Molecular Protozoology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kanazawa
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
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Ernest M, Rosa TFA, Pala ZR, Kudyba HM, Sweeney B, Reiss T, Pradel G, Vega-Rodríguez J. Plasmodium falciparum Gametes and Sporozoites Hijack Plasmin and Factor H To Evade Host Complement Killing. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0449322. [PMID: 37191558 PMCID: PMC10269923 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04493-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites are the etiological agents of malaria, a disease responsible for over half a million deaths annually. Successful completion of the parasite's life cycle in the vertebrate host and transmission to a mosquito vector is contingent upon the ability of the parasite to evade the host's defenses. The extracellular stages of the parasite, including gametes and sporozoites, must evade complement attack in both the mammalian host and in the blood ingested by the mosquito vector. Here, we show that Plasmodium falciparum gametes and sporozoites acquire mammalian plasminogen and activate it into the serine protease plasmin to evade complement attack by degrading C3b. Complement-mediated permeabilization of gametes and sporozoites was higher in plasminogen-depleted plasma, suggesting that plasminogen is important for complement evasion. Plasmin also facilitates gamete exflagellation through complement evasion. Furthermore, supplementing serum with plasmin significantly increased parasite infectivity to mosquitoes and lowered the transmission-blocking activity of antibodies to Pfs230, a potent vaccine candidate currently in clinical trials. Finally, we show that human factor H, previously shown to facilitate complement evasion by gametes, also facilitates complement evasion by sporozoites. Plasmin and factor H simultaneously cooperate to enhance complement evasion by gametes and sporozoites. Taken together, our data show that Plasmodium falciparum gametes and sporozoites hijack the mammalian serine protease plasmin to evade complement attack by degrading C3b. Understanding of the mechanisms of complement evasion by the parasite is key to the development of novel effective therapeutics. IMPORTANCE Current approaches to control malaria are complicated by the development of antimalarial-resistant parasites and insecticide-resistant vectors. Vaccines that block transmission to mosquitoes and humans are a plausible alternative to overcome these setbacks. To inform the development of efficacious vaccines, it is imperative to understand how the parasite interacts with the host immune response. In this report, we show that the parasite can co-opt host plasmin, a mammalian fibrinolytic protein to evade host complement attack. Our results highlight a potential mechanism that may reduce efficacy of potent vaccine candidates. Taken together, our results will inform future studies in developing novel antimalarial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medard Ernest
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Thiago F. A. Rosa
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, Institute of Zoology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Zarna Rajeshkumar Pala
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Heather M. Kudyba
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Brendan Sweeney
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Timo Reiss
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, Institute of Zoology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Pradel
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, Institute of Zoology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joel Vega-Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Burgos-Pino J, Gual-Orozco B, Vera-Ku M, Loría-Cervera EN, Guillermo-Cordero L, Martínez-Vega PP, Torres-Tapia LW, Castro-Valencia K, Peraza-Sánchez SR, Gamboa-León R. Acute oral toxicity in BALB/c mice of Tridax procumbens and Allium sativum extracts and (3S)-16,17-didehydrofalcarinol. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 301:115840. [PMID: 36257342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Approximately 80% of people in developing countries depend on medicinal plants for their health care. Tridax procumbens (T. procumbens) and Allium sativum (A. sativum) have beneficial effects against parasitic and bacterial diseases. On the other side, the biological activity of the oxylipin (3S)-16,17-didehydrofalcarinol isolated from T. procumbens against the parasite Leishmania mexicana has been verified. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the acute oral toxicity of the methanolic extract of T. procumbens, the aqueous extract of A. sativum, their mixture, and pure oxylipin (3S)-16,17-didehydrofalcarinol in BALB/c mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Doses of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg of the methanolic extract of T. procumbens, the aqueous extract of A. sativum, and their mixture (1:1), and doses of 300 and 500 mg/kg of pure oxylipin were administered orally to female mice of the strain BALB/c, which were observed for 72 h in search of signs of toxicity. After 14 days, the animals were euthanized, blood was extracted for the measurement of transaminases, and the livers were recovered and stained with hematoxylin/eosin for histopathological analysis. RESULTS No clinical signs of toxicity were observed in any of the animals dosed with T. procumbens and A. sativum extracts, while the majority of the animals dosed with pure oxylipin showed signs of toxicity and died. There was no difference in the weight index in most of the animals, except for the animals treated with T. procumbens at doses of 2000 mg/kg who presented an increase in the weight index, nor was there a correlation between the dose of A. sativum and the mixture and food consumption; however, a direct proportional correlation was observed between T. procumbens dose and food consumption. In none of the animals dosed with T. procumbens, A. sativum, and the mixture there was a difference in the levels of transaminases. In the histopathology study, slight lesions were observed in the hepatocytes of the mice treated with T. procumbens, A. sativum, and their mixture at doses of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg. On the other side, moderate injuries were observed in animals treated with pure oxylipin and it was considered as toxic due to almost all the animals died. CONCLUSION The extracts of T. procumbens and A. sativum evaluated and applied orally did not cause signs of acute toxicity or severe liver damage, suggesting to evaluate their chronic toxicity including other biochemical parameters in the future. However, pure oxylipin caused signs of acute toxicity and death so it is recommended to work with lower doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelly Burgos-Pino
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km. 15.5 Tizapán, 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Brandon Gual-Orozco
- CONACYT-GERMOLAB/Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Marina Vera-Ku
- CONACYT-GERMOLAB/Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Elsy Nalleli Loría-Cervera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Av. Itzaes por 59, No. 490, Centro, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Leonardo Guillermo-Cordero
- Cuerpo Académico en Salud Animal de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km. 15.5 Tizapán, 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Pedro Pablo Martínez-Vega
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Av. Itzaes por 59, No. 490, Centro, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Luis W Torres-Tapia
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Karla Castro-Valencia
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Sergio R Peraza-Sánchez
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Rubi Gamboa-León
- Laboratorio de Ciencias Biomédicas, Coordinación Académica Región Huasteca Sur, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Km. 5 Carretera Tamazunchale-San Martin, 79960, Tamazunchale, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
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Martins LS, Kruger HG, Naicker T, Alves CN, Lameira J, Araújo Silva JR. Computational insights for predicting the binding and selectivity of peptidomimetic plasmepsin IV inhibitors against cathepsin D. RSC Adv 2022; 13:602-614. [PMID: 36605626 PMCID: PMC9773328 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06246a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmepsins (Plms) are aspartic proteases involved in the degradation of human hemoglobin by P. falciparum and are essential for the survival and growth of the parasite. Therefore, Plm enzymes are reported as an important antimalarial drug target. Herein, we have applied molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and binding free energy with the Linear Interaction Energy (LIE) approach to investigate the binding of peptidomimetic PlmIV inhibitors with a particular focus on understanding their selectivity against the human Asp protease cathepsin D (CatD). The residual decomposition analysis results suggest that amino acid differences in the subsite S3 of PlmIV and CatD are responsible for the higher selectivity of the 5a inhibitor. These findings yield excellent agreement with experimental binding data and provide new details regarding van der Waals and electrostatic interactions of subsite residues as well as structural properties of the PlmIV and CatD systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Sousa Martins
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do ParáBelémPará 66075-110Brazil
| | | | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurban 4000South Africa
| | - Cláudio Nahum Alves
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do ParáBelémPará 66075-110Brazil
| | - Jerônimo Lameira
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do ParáBelémPará 66075-110Brazil
| | - José Rogério Araújo Silva
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do ParáBelémPará 66075-110Brazil
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Ngwa CJ, Stratmann R, Musabyimana JP, Pannen K, Schöbel JH, Frings M, Schiffers I, Quaranta C, Koschmieder S, Chatain N, Pradel G, Bolm C. Evaluation of Chiral Organosulfur Compounds on Their Activity against the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7120416. [PMID: 36548671 PMCID: PMC9785921 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7120416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is one of the deadliest tropical diseases, especially causing havoc in children under the age of five in Africa. Although the disease is treatable, the rapid development of drug resistant parasites against frontline drugs requires the search for novel antimalarials. In this study, we tested a series of organosulfur compounds from our internal library for their antiplasmodial effect against Plasmodium falciparum asexual and sexual blood stages. Some active compounds were also obtained in enantiomerically pure form and tested individually against asexual blood stages of the parasite to compare their activity. Out of the 23 tested compounds, 7 compounds (1, 2, 5, 9, 15, 16, and 17) exhibited high antimalarial activity, with IC50 values in the range from 2.2 ± 0.64 to 5.2 ± 1.95 µM, while the other compounds showed moderate to very low activity. The most active compounds also exhibited high activity against the chloroquine-resistant strain, reduced gametocyte development and were not toxic to non-infected red blood cells and Hela cells, as well as the hematopoietic HEL cell line at concentrations below 50 µM. To determine if the enantiomers of the active compounds display different antimalarial activity, enantiomers of two of the active compounds were separated and their antimalarial activity compared. The results show a higher activity of the (-) enantiomers as compared to their (+) counterparts. Our combined data indicate that organosulfur compounds could be exploited as antimalarial drugs and enantiomers of the active compounds may represent a good starting point for the design of novel drugs to target malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Julius Ngwa
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, Institute of Zoology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Correspondence: (C.J.N.); (C.B.)
| | - Rabea Stratmann
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, Institute of Zoology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jean Pierre Musabyimana
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, Institute of Zoology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kristina Pannen
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology, Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Schöbel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcus Frings
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ingo Schiffers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Calogero Quaranta
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen Koschmieder
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology, Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Chatain
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology, Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Pradel
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, Institute of Zoology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Correspondence: (C.J.N.); (C.B.)
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10
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Aguinaga-Casañas MA, Mut-Salud N, Falcón-Piñeiro A, Alcaraz-Martínez Á, Guillamón E, Baños A. In Vitro Antiparasitic Activity of Propyl-Propane-Thiosulfinate (PTS) and Propyl-Propane-Thiosulfonate (PTSO) from Allium cepa against Eimeria acervulina Sporozoites. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10102040. [PMID: 36296317 PMCID: PMC9607501 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10102040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the alternatives to control avian coccidiosis, alliaceous extracts stand out due to their functional properties. Despite this, most of the references are focused just on garlic. In this study, we analyze the in vitro effects of propyl-propane thiosulfinate (PTS) and propyl-propane thiosulfonate (PTSO), two organosulfur compounds from onion, on MDBK cells infected with sporozoites of Eimeria acervulina. To this aim, two different experiments were performed. In the first experiment, sporozoites were previously incubated for 1 h at 1, 5 and 10 µg/mL of PTS or PTSO and added to MDBK cells. In the second experiment, MDBK cells were first incubated for 24 h at different concentrations of PTS or PTSO and then infected with E. acervulina sporozoites. Then, 24 h after inoculation, the presence of E. acervulina was quantified by qPCR. MDBK viability was measured at 72 h post-infection. Sporozoites incubated at 10 µg/mL of PTS and PTSO inhibited the capability to penetrate the cells up to 75.2% ± 6.44 and 71.7% ± 6.03, respectively. The incubation of MDBK with each compound resulted in a preventive effect against sporozoite invasion at 1 µg/mL of PTS and 1 and 10 µg/mL of PTSO. Cells incubated with PTSO obtained similar viability percentages to uninfected cells. These results suggest that the use of PTS and PTSO is a promising alternative to coccidiosis treatment, although further in vivo studies need to be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nuria Mut-Salud
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, DMC Research Center, Camino de Jayena s/n, 18620 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Falcón-Piñeiro
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, DMC Research Center, Camino de Jayena s/n, 18620 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Enrique Guillamón
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, DMC Research Center, Camino de Jayena s/n, 18620 Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Baños
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, DMC Research Center, Camino de Jayena s/n, 18620 Granada, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Granada, Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence:
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11
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Abou Hussien N, Faheem M, Sweed E, Ibrahim A. Ultrastructural tegumental changes of Trichinella spiralis adult and larval stages after in vitro exposure to Allium sativum. Exp Parasitol 2022; 239:108314. [PMID: 35752343 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Albendazole (ALB) is the most used therapeutic drug for trichinellosis treatment, but it has many drawbacks. Hence, the search for alternative natural compounds is a goal for researchers. The present work aimed to test the in vitro anthelmintic effect of Tomex (Allium sativum) against adult and muscular larva of Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis). We incubated adult forms and muscular larvae of T. spiralis with Tomex at concentrations 10, 50, and 100 μg/mL to evaluate the changes that happened on the cuticle using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Although ALB was very effective, Tomex also affected motility and the tegumental structure of T. spiralis, which was in proportion to its concentration and incubation time, as Tomex started the mortality of muscular larvae and adult stages after 4 h at 50 μg/mL, and after 6 h at10 μg/mL. A 50% mortality rate of muscular larvae was recorded after 6 h at 100 μg/mL. However, a 50% mortality rate was recorded after 12 h at 10 μg/mL for the adult stage. Adult worms and muscular larvae of T. spiralis incubated with 100 μg/mL of Tomex displayed loss of normal annulations and creases of the cuticle, multiple vesicles, widening of longitudinal furrow space, and multiple minor loss blebs. Our results suggested that Tomex can be a therapeutic agent against adults and larvae stages of T. spiralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Abou Hussien
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin el Kom, 32511, Menoufia, Egypt.
| | - Mona Faheem
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin el Kom, 32511, Menoufia, Egypt; Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Salman International University, South Sinai, Egypt.
| | - Eman Sweed
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin el Kom, 32511, Menoufia, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa Ibrahim
- Clinical and Molecular Parasitology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, Menoufia, Egypt.
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12
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Zhou Y, Li X, Luo W, Zhu J, Zhao J, Wang M, Sang L, Chang B, Wang B. Allicin in Digestive System Cancer: From Biological Effects to Clinical Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:903259. [PMID: 35770084 PMCID: PMC9234177 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.903259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Allicin is the main active ingredient in freshly-crushed garlic and some other allium plants, and its anticancer effect on cancers of digestive system has been confirmed in many studies. The aim of this review is to summarize epidemiological studies and in vitro and in vivo investigations on the anticancer effects of allicin and its secondary metabolites, as well as their biological functions. In epidemiological studies of esophageal cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, and biliary tract cancer, the anticancer effect of garlic has been confirmed consistently. However, the results obtained from epidemiological studies in gastric cancer and colon cancer are inconsistent. In vitro studies demonstrated that allicin and its secondary metabolites play an antitumor role by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, controlling tumor invasion and metastasis, decreasing angiogenesis, suppressing Helicobacter pylori, enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs, and reducing the damage caused by chemotherapeutic drugs. In vivo studies further demonstrate that allicin and its secondary metabolites inhibit cancers of the digestive system. This review describes the mechanisms against cancers of digestive system and therapeutic potential of allicin and its secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- The Second Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xingxuan Li
- The Second Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenyu Luo
- The Second Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junfeng Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Jingwen Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lixuan Sang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Bing Chang,
| | - Bingyuan Wang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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13
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Effect of Allicin and Artesunate Combination Treatment on Experimental Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei. Vet Med Int 2022; 2022:7626618. [PMID: 35479191 PMCID: PMC9038407 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7626618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is still a significant health problem in endemic countries and increases Plasmodium resistance to the available antimalarial drugs. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the antimalarial activity of allicin and its combination with artesunate (ART) against rodent malaria Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbANKA) infected mice. Allicin was prepared in 20% Tween-80. Balb/c mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 1×107 PbANKA-infected erythrocytes and orally given by gavage with the chosen doses of 1, 10, 50, and 100 mg/kg of allicin and 1, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg of ART once a day for 4 consecutive days. Effective dose 50 (ED50) of allicin and ART was subsequently investigated. Moreover, the combination (1 : 1) of allicin and ART at the doses of their respective ED50, ED50 1/2, ED50 1/4, and ED50 1/8 was also carried out. The untreated control was given 20% Tween-80. The results showed that allicin presented a dose-dependent antimalarial activity with significance (p < 0.05). The ED50 values of allicin and ART were about 14 and 5 mg/kg, respectively. For combination, allicin and ART showed a synergistic effect at the combination doses of ED50, ED50 1/2, and ED50 1/4 with significantly (p < 0.01) prevented reduction of packed cell volume, bodyweight loss, rapid dropping of rectal temperature, and markedly prolonged mean survival time, compared with the untreated control and single treatment. It can be concluded that allicin exerted potential antimalarial activity in single and its combination with ART.
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14
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Million E, Mulugeta T, Umeta B. Traditional Medicine Practice and Its Role in the Management of Malaria in Jimma Town, Oromia, Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist 2022. [DOI: 10.2147/idr.s339782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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15
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Xu S, Liao Y, Wang Q, Liu L, Yang W. Current studies and potential future research directions on biological effects and related mechanisms of allicin. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7722-7748. [PMID: 35293826 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2049691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Allicin, a thiosulfonate extract from freshly minced garlic, has been reported to have various biological effects on different organs and systems of animals and human. It can reduce oxidative stress, inhibit inflammatory response, resist pathogen infection and regulate intestinal flora. In addition, dozens of studies also demonstrated allicin could reduce blood glucose level, protect cardiovascular system and nervous system, and fight against cancers. Allicin was widely used in disease prevention and health care. However, more investigations on human cohort study are needed to verify the biological or clinical effects of allicin in the future. In this review, we summarized the biological effects of allicin from previous outstanding and valuable studies and provided useful information for future studies on the health effects of allicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyin Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- China-DRIs Expert Committee on Other Dietary Ingredients, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxiao Liao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- China-DRIs Expert Committee on Other Dietary Ingredients, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liegang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- China-DRIs Expert Committee on Other Dietary Ingredients, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- China-DRIs Expert Committee on Other Dietary Ingredients, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Liu C, Fan H, Guan L, Ma L, Ge RL. Evaluation of Allicin Against Alveolar Echinococcosis In Vitro and in a Mouse Model. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:79-93. [PMID: 34143400 PMCID: PMC8938363 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose At present, the chemotherapy for alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is mainly based on albendazole (ABZ). However, more than 20% of patients fail chemotherapy. Therefore, new and more effective treatments are urgently needed. Allicin has been reported to have antibacterial and antiparasitic effects. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the in vivo and in vitro efficacy of allicin against Echinococcus multilocularis (E. multilocularis). Methods The effects of allicin on protoscolex survival and structural changes were evaluated in vitro. The 4-week-old BALB/c male mice used for in vivo modelling underwent inoculation of E. multilocularis protoscoleces by intraperitoneal injection, followed by intragastric administration of allicin for 6 weeks. Then, the effects of allicin on lymphocyte subsets, metacestode growth and host tissue matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2)/MMP9 expression around metacestodes in mice were evaluated. The toxicity of allicin was further evaluated in vivo and in vitro. Results Att 40 μg/mL, allicin showed a killing effect on protoscoleces in vitro and treatment resulted in the destruction of protoscolex structure. Molecular docking showed that allicin could form hydrogen bonds with E. multilocularis cysteine enzymes. After 6 weeks of in vivo allicin treatment, the spleen index of mice was increased and the weight of metacestodes was reduced. Allicin increased the proportion of CD4+ T cells and decreased the proportion of CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood and spleen. Pathological analysis of the metacestodes showed structural disruption of the germinal and laminated layers after allicin treatment. In addition, allicin inhibited the expression of MMP2 and MMP9 in metacestode-surrounding host tissues. At 160 μg/mL, allicin had no significant toxicity to normal hepatocytes but could inhibit hepatoma cell proliferation. At 30 mg/kg, allicin had no significant hepatorenal toxicity in vivo. Conclusion These results suggest that allicin exerts anti-E. multilocularis effects in vitro and in vivo and can enhance immune function in mice, with the potential to be developed as a lead compound against echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanchuan Liu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China
- Key Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, 810001, China
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Haining Fan
- Key Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, 810001, China
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Lu Guan
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China.
- Key Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, 810001, China.
| | - Ri-Li Ge
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China.
- Key Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining, 810001, China.
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17
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Govindan VP, Murthy K. Promising New Antimalarial Combination Drugs: Garlic And Arteether in Pregnant Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2022; 22:e100122200124. [PMID: 35016599 DOI: 10.2174/1871526522666220110163945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimalarial prescription remains a challenge in pregnant women because of maternal and fetal complications. Recently, garlic and α-β-arteether combination treatment in malaria-infected mice conferred protection. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of these drugs during pregnancy malaria and its safety measures. OBJECTIVE The study is to evaluate the efficacy of arteether and garlic combination drugs in protection against malaria infected pregnant mice. METHODS Plasmodium berghei-infected pregnant mouse model was used to assess the combination drug efficacy and the outcome of abnormalities of the disease after drug treatment. After optimizing the dose and gestation period, maternal protection was confirmed by parasite clearance in smear and mortality observation. In addition, maternal hematological parameters, different organ histopathology and IgG levels were documented along with the fetal and infant outcomes. RESULTS Arteether monotherapy led to spontaneous fetal abortion or resorption but after the dose optimization and with garlic combination has resulted in completion of the pregnancy and protection against malaria. The derangements observed in the histoarchitecture of organs and hematological parameters caused by malaria infection revealed improvement after drug treatment and the smear observation confirms the clearance of malaria parasite in the peripheral blood, but IgG level was maintained at the same higher level as in malaria-infected mice. CONCLUSIONS The first report of arteether and garlic combination promising high efficacy in protection against malaria-infected pregnant mice ascertain their safety and an effective alternative for pregnancy-associated malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishna Murthy
- Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, TN, India
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18
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Cardona-G W, Robledo SM, Prieto LJ, Yépes AF. S-allylCysteine Ester/Caffeic Acid Amide Hybrids as Promising Antiprotozoal Candidates: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Modeling Studies. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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19
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Elmi T, Hajialiani F, Asadi MR, Sadeghi S, Namazi MJ, Tabatabaie F, Zamani Z. Antimalarial effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Allium paradoxum in vitro and in vivo. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:1055-1064. [PMID: 34789989 PMCID: PMC8556467 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01359-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria still is the most fatal parasitic disease affecting 50% of the world's population. Although annual deaths attributed to malaria has reduced, crucial importance of its prevention and treatment remains a priority for health care systems and researchers. The worldwide increase in resistance to most common antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine, their unpleasant side effects and low efficiencies persuade researchers to prioritize finding alternative drugs including herbal medication from plant roots. The present study aimed to examine in vitro and in vivo effects of hydroalcoholic extract of herbal medicinal plant, Allium paradoxum, on growth rate in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium berghei. The cytotoxicity assay was performed for hydroalcoholic extract of A. paradoxum. The 3D7 strain of P. falciparum was cultured. The IC50 assay and enzymatic activity of lactate dehydrogenase were performed. BALB/c mice were infected with P. berghei in vivo. Toxicity and histopathological changes in the tissues of liver and kidney were also examined. The highest efficacy of A. paradoxum extract was observed at 80 μg/mL in P. falciparum culture resulting in 60.43% growth inhibition compared to control groups. The significantly highest parasite growth inhibition with 88.71% was seen in the mice infected with P. berghei when administered with 400 mg/kg extract compared to control groups. No significant changes in the liver and kidney cells were observed between experimental and control groups. The study showed that A. paradoxum extract exhibited significant antimalarial properties in vitro on P. falciparum and in vivo in mice infected with P. berghei. There was no significant toxicity in the liver and kidney of the treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher Elmi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Laboratory Science, Islamic Azad University, Babol Branch, Babol, Iran
| | - Fateme Hajialiani
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine-International Campus, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Reza Asadi
- Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Sadeghi
- Biochemistry Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Namazi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, The Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Fatemeh Tabatabaie
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Zamani
- Biochemistry Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Pasteur Avenue, Tehran, Iran
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Alves E Silva TL, Radtke A, Balaban A, Pascini TV, Pala ZR, Roth A, Alvarenga PH, Jeong YJ, Olivas J, Ghosh AK, Bui H, Pybus BS, Sinnis P, Jacobs-Lorena M, Vega-Rodríguez J. The fibrinolytic system enables the onset of Plasmodium infection in the mosquito vector and the mammalian host. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/6/eabe3362. [PMID: 33547079 PMCID: PMC7864569 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe3362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites must migrate across proteinaceous matrices to infect the mosquito and vertebrate hosts. Plasmin, a mammalian serine protease, degrades extracellular matrix proteins allowing cell migration through tissues. We report that Plasmodium gametes recruit human plasminogen to their surface where it is processed into plasmin by corecruited plasminogen activators. Inhibition of plasminogen activation arrests parasite development early during sexual reproduction, before ookinete formation. We show that increased fibrinogen and fibrin in the blood bolus, which are natural substrates of plasmin, inversely correlate with parasite infectivity of the mosquito. Furthermore, we show that sporozoites, the parasite form transmitted by the mosquito to humans, also bind plasminogen and plasminogen activators on their surface, where plasminogen is activated into plasmin. Surface-bound plasmin promotes sporozoite transmission by facilitating parasite migration across the extracellular matrices of the dermis and of the liver. The fibrinolytic system is a potential target to hamper Plasmodium transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Luiz Alves E Silva
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Andrea Radtke
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Amanda Balaban
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tales Vicari Pascini
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Zarna Rajeshkumar Pala
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Alison Roth
- Department of Drug Discovery, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Patricia H Alvarenga
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Yeong Je Jeong
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Janet Olivas
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Anil K Ghosh
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hanhvy Bui
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Brandon S Pybus
- Department of Drug Discovery, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Photini Sinnis
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Joel Vega-Rodríguez
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Oladele JO, Ajayi EI, Oyeleke OM, Oladele OT, Olowookere BD, Adeniyi BM, Oyewole OI, Oladiji AT. A systematic review on COVID-19 pandemic with special emphasis on curative potentials of Nigeria based medicinal plants. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04897. [PMID: 32929412 PMCID: PMC7480258 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the frightening mortality rate associated with COVID-19, there is no known approved drug to effectively combat the pandemic. COVID-19 clinical manifestations include fever, fatigue, cough, shortness of breath, and other complications. At present, there is no known effective treatment or vaccine that can mitigate/inhibit SARS-CoV-2. Available clinical intervention for COVID-19 is only palliative and limited to support. Thus, there is an exigent need for effective and non-invasive treatment. This article evaluates the possible mechanism of actions of SARS-CoV-2 and present Nigeria based medicinal plants which have pharmacological and biological activities that can mitigate the hallmarks of the pathogenesis of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 mode of actions includes hyper-inflammation characterized by a severe and fatal hyper-cytokinaemia with multi-organ failure; immunosuppression; reduction of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to enhance pulmonary vascular permeability causing damage to the alveoli; and further activated by open reading frame (ORF)3a, ORF3b, and ORF7a via c-Jun N- terminal kinase (JNK) pathway which induces lung damage. These mechanisms of action of SARS-CoV-2 can be mitigated by a combination therapy of medicinal herbs based on their pharmacological activities. Since the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 are multifactorial with co-morbidities, we strongly recommend the use of combined therapy such that two or more herbs with specific therapeutic actions are administered to combat the mediators of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson O. Oladele
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Kings University, Ode-Omu, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Ebenezer I. Ajayi
- Membrane Biophysics and Nanotechnology Laboratories, Mercedes and Martin Ferreyra Institute of Medicine, IMMF-INIMEC-CONICET-UNC, Cordoba, Argentina
- Diabesity Complications & Other Neglected Infectious Diseases Group, Department of Biochemistry, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Oyedotun M. Oyeleke
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Kings University, Ode-Omu, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwaseun T. Oladele
- Phytomedicine and Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Boyede D. Olowookere
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Kings University, Ode-Omu, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Boluwaji M. Adeniyi
- Centre of Excellence for Food Technology and Research -Benue State University, Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olu I. Oyewole
- Phytomedicine and Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
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22
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Miękus N, Marszałek K, Podlacha M, Iqbal A, Puchalski C, Świergiel AH. Health Benefits of Plant-Derived Sulfur Compounds, Glucosinolates, and Organosulfur Compounds. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173804. [PMID: 32825600 PMCID: PMC7503525 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The broad spectrum of the mechanism of action of immune-boosting natural compounds as well as the complex nature of the food matrices make researching the health benefits of various food products a complicated task. Moreover, many routes are involved in the action of most natural compounds that lead to the inhibition of chronic inflammation, which results in a decrease in the ability to remove a pathogen asymptomatically and is connected to various pathological events, such as cancer. A number of cancers have been associated with inflammatory processes. The current review strives to answer the question of whether plant-derived sulfur compounds could be beneficial in cancer prevention and therapy. This review focuses on the two main sources of natural sulfur compounds: alliaceous and cruciferous vegetables. Through the presentation of scientific data which deal with the study of the chosen compounds in cancer (cell lines, animal models, and human studies), the discussion of food processing’s influence on immune-boosting food content is presented. Additionally, it is demonstrated that there is still a need to precisely demonstrate the bioavailability of sulfur-containing compounds from various types of functional food, since the inappropriate preparation of vegetables can significantly reduce the content of beneficial sulfur compounds. Additionally, there is an urgent need to carry out more epidemiological studies to reveal the benefits of several natural compounds in cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Miękus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Krystian Marszałek
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, 36 Rakowiecka, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Food Technology and Human Nutrition, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Science, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 2D, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22606-36-03
| | - Magdalena Podlacha
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Aamir Iqbal
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Czesław Puchalski
- Department of Bioenergetics and Food Analysis, Faculty of Bogy and Agriculture, University of Rzeszow, Ćwiklińskiej 2D, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Artur H. Świergiel
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, 36 Rakowiecka, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
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23
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Zhang Y, Bai C, Shi W, Alvarez-Manzo H, Zhang Y. Identification of Essential Oils Including Garlic Oil and Black Pepper Oil with High Activity against Babesia duncani. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060466. [PMID: 32545549 PMCID: PMC7350376 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Some evidence indicated that human babesiosis caused by Babesia duncani has spread widely in North America. However, current therapeutic regimens (atovaquone + azithromycin) for human babesiosis are suboptimal with frequent recrudescence and side effects, and furthermore, there is no specific treatment for human babesiosis caused by B. duncani. Here, we screened 97 essential oils and identified 10 essential oils (garlic, black pepper, tarragon, palo santo, coconut, pine, meditation, cajeput, moringa, and stress relief) at a low concentration (0.001%; v/v) that showed good inhibitory activity against B. duncani in the hamster red blood cell culture model. Among them, garlic oil and black pepper oil performed best, as well as their potential active ingredients diallyl disulfide (DADS) and β-caryophyllene (BCP), respectively. Interestingly, further subculture study indicated that B. duncani could relapse after treatment with current therapeutic drugs atovaquone or azithromycin even at high concentrations. In contrast, the combination of garlic oil or DADS and azithromycin showed eradication of B. duncani at low concentrations without regrowth. These results are encouraging and suggest that the garlic-derived sulfur compound DADS and β-caryophyllene (BCP) may be promising drug candidates for evaluation of their ability to cure persistent B. duncani infections in the future.
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25
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Choo S, Chin VK, Wong EH, Madhavan P, Tay ST, Yong PVC, Chong PP. Review: antimicrobial properties of allicin used alone or in combination with other medications. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 65:451-465. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-020-00786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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Ogugua VN, Okagu IU, Onuh OM, Uzoegwu PN. Commercial herbal preparations ameliorate Plasmodium berghei NK65-induced aberrations in mice. J Vector Borne Dis 2019; 56:146-153. [PMID: 31397390 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.263722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives The alarming failure in malaria treatment using conventional drugs calls for urgent search of alternatives; one of which is to exploit natural products such as plants. This study evaluated the effects of three selected commercial herbal preparations on albino mice infected with Plasmodium berghei NK65, a lethal strain of rodent malaria. Methods This study was conducted in the University of Nigeria, Nsukka between February and September 2017. A total of 30 adult albino mice were randomized into six groups of five mice each. Group 1 served as normal control. Mice in Groups 2-6 were parasitized with P. berghei. Group 2 mice were untreated while mice in Groups 3, 4, 5 and 6 were treated with 20 mg/kg body weight of artesunate; and 5 ml/kg body weight of the seleceted commercial herbal preparations designated as HA, HB and HC, respectively. The percent malaria parasitaemia, haematological parameters, lipid profile, liver function markers, antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation index were evaluated using standard protocol. Results It was observed that mice in Group 2 had significantly higher percentage of malaria parasitaemia when compared to mice in parasitized and treated groups. Also, haematological dysfunctions, dyslipidaemia, oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity seen in parasitized and untreated mice were restored in parasitized and artesunate- and herbal preparations-treated mice. Interpretation & conclusion Findings from the present study revealed that oxidative stress, characterized by low antioxidant status and high lipid peroxidation, contributes to complications in malaria. The results also indicate that the studied commercial herbal preparations possess good antimalarial and ameliorative effects on malaria-induced haematological, lipid, antioxidant and liver aberrations in mice. The acute toxicity profiles of the commercial herbal preparations suggested that they are tolerable and safe at the doses administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor N Ogugua
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Innocent U Okagu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Onyekachi M Onuh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Peter N Uzoegwu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
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Zhong R, Xiang H, Cheng L, Zhao C, Wang F, Zhao X, Fang Y. Effects of Feeding Garlic Powder on Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation, and the Health Status of Lambs Infected by Gastrointestinal Nematodes. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9030102. [PMID: 30897693 PMCID: PMC6466378 DOI: 10.3390/ani9030102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Non-chemical strategies to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) infection are urgently needed to support the sustainable development of the livestock industry. The potential anti-parasitic properties in garlic powder to control sheep GINs was investigated in this study. The key finding of this study was that feeding garlic powder increased growth performance of lambs infected with GINs by decreasing fecal egg counts and improving feed digestion, rumen fermentation, and the health status of lambs. Abstract For the study, forty lambs were weighed and assigned into two treatments to determine the effects of feeding garlic powder on growth performance, rumen fermentation, and the health status of lambs infected with gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs). The lambs were fed with a basal diet without or with 50 g/kg garlic powder for 84 d. Data were analyzed by a general linear or mixed model of SAS software and differences were considered statistically significant if p ≤ 0.05. Results showed that garlic powder supplementation increased the lambs’ average daily gain (p = 0.025), digestibility of dry matter (p = 0.019), and crude protein (p = 0.007). No significant changes were observed on the dry matter intake, feed conversion ratio, as well as the apparent digestibility of lipid and fiber. An interactive effect between treatment and feeding day was observed on ruminal pH (p < 0.001) and ammonia nitrogen concentration (p < 0.001). Ruminal pH (p < 0.001) and ammonia nitrogen concentration (p < 0.001) decreased with garlic powder supplementation, while ammonia nitrogen concentration increased (p = 0.001) with the extension of the feeding period. Garlic powder supplementation increased the total volatile fatty acid concentration (p < 0.001) in the rumen fluid, the molar proportion of acetic acid (p = 0.002), propionic acid (p < 0.001), and isovaleric acid (p = 0.049), but it decreased the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid (p = 0.015). The lambs’ fecal egg count decreased (p < 0.001), but the packed cell volume and body condition scores of lambs increased (p < 0.001) with garlic powder supplementation. In conclusion, feeding garlic powder increased growth performance, feed digestion, rumen fermentation, and the health status of lambs infected with GINs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhen Zhong
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Hai Xiang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Long Cheng
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Dookie Campus, the University of Melbourne, Victoria 3647, Australia.
| | - Chengzhen Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Fei Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Xueli Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Yi Fang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
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Gurmu AE, Kisi T, Shibru H, Graz B, Willcox M. Treatments used for malaria in young Ethiopian children: a retrospective study. Malar J 2018; 17:451. [PMID: 30518377 PMCID: PMC6280453 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2605-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Ethiopia, medicinal plants have been used to treat different diseases, including malaria, for many centuries. People living in rural areas are especially noted for their use of medicinal plants as a major component of their health care. This study aimed to study treatment-seeking and prioritize plants/plant recipes as anti-malarials, in Dembia district, one of the malarious districts in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods Parents of children aged under 5 years who had had a recent episode of fever were interviewed retrospectively about their child’s treatment and self-reported outcome. Treatments and subsequent clinical outcomes were analysed using Fisher’s exact test to elicit whether there were statistically significant correlations between them. Results and discussion Of 447 children with malaria-like symptoms, only 30% took the recommended first-line treatment (ACT) (all of whom were cured), and 47% took chloroquine (85% cured). Ninety-nine (22.2%) had used medicinal plants as their first-choice treatment. Allium sativum (Liliaceae), Justicia schimperiana (Acanthaceae), Buddleja polystachya (Scrophulariaceae) and Phytolacca dodecandra (Phytolaccaceae) were the most frequently used. Justicia schimperiana was the one associated with the best clinical outcomes (69% self-reported cure rate). However, the difference in clinical outcomes between the plants was not statistically significant. Conclusion In this study, only 30% of children took the recommended first-line treatment. 22% of children with presumed malaria were first treated with herbal medicines. The most commonly used herbal medicine was garlic, but J. schimperiana was associated with the highest reported cure rate of the plants. Further research is warranted to investigate its anti-malarial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abyot Endale Gurmu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Teresa Kisi
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia
| | - Habteweld Shibru
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Merlin Willcox
- Department of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Aldermoor Health Centre, University of Southampton, Aldermoor Close, Southampton, SO16 5ST, UK
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29
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Buono F, Pacifico L, Piantedosi D, Sgroi G, Neola B, Roncoroni C, Genovese A, Rufrano D, Veneziano V. Preliminary Observations of the Effect of Garlic on Egg Shedding in Horses Naturally Infected by Intestinal Strongyles. J Equine Vet Sci 2018; 72:79-83. [PMID: 30929787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal strongyles are the most common endoparasites of horses, and anthelmintic treatments are the main strategy to control these nematodes. However, the development of anthelmintic resistance has led to a decreased efficacy of synthetic drugs, and for this reason, there is a growing interest in alternative control strategies as the use of medicinal plants. The aim of the present study was to determine the in vivo efficacy of garlic (Allium sativum) in horses naturally infected by intestinal strongyles. The field trial was conducted in a horse trotter farm in Southern Italy. Fifteen mares were selected based on fecal egg count >200 eggs per gram and allocated into three groups of five animals: fresh garlic group (FG group), animals received 40 g of fresh crushed garlic once daily for 15 days; dry garlic group (DG group), animals received 40 g of commercial dry garlic flakes food supplement once daily for 15 days; and control group (C group), not treated. Two weeks after the first administration of garlic, fecal egg count reduction test showed failure of garlic to reduce intestinal strongyles egg shedding (-11.7% and -19.4% for FG and DG groups, respectively). Red blood cell count values were in the normal ranges over the entire period of garlic administration. In our study model, the oral administration of garlic formulations has no effect on reducing the egg shedding of intestinal strongyles, and the garlic supplementation over a short period of time is not responsible for hematological changes in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Buono
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Laura Pacifico
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Diego Piantedosi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sgroi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Benedetto Neola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Genovese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Rufrano
- CREA, Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Bella Muro, Potenza, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Veneziano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Argüello-García R, de la Vega-Arnaud M, Loredo-Rodríguez IJ, Mejía-Corona AM, Melgarejo-Trejo E, Espinoza-Contreras EA, Fonseca-Liñán R, González-Robles A, Pérez-Hernández N, Ortega-Pierres MG. Activity of Thioallyl Compounds From Garlic Against Giardia duodenalis Trophozoites and in Experimental Giardiasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:353. [PMID: 30374433 PMCID: PMC6196658 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fresh aqueous extracts (AGEs) and several thioallyl compounds (TACs) from garlic have an important antimicrobial activity that likely involves their interaction with exposed thiol groups at single aminoacids or target proteins. Since these groups are present in Giardia duodenalis trophozoites, in this work we evaluated the anti-giardial activity of AGE and several garlic's TACs. In vitro susceptibility assays showed that AGE affected trophozoite viability initially by a mechanism impairing cell integrity and oxidoreductase activities while diesterase activities were abrogated at higher AGE concentrations. The giardicidal activities of seven TACs were related to the molecular descriptor HOMO (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital) energy and with their capacity to modify the -SH groups exposed in giardial proteins. Interestingly, the activity of several cysteine proteases in trophozoite lysates was inhibited by representative TACs as well as the cytopathic effect of the virulence factor giardipain-1. Of these, allicin showed the highest anti-giardial activity, the lower HOMO value, the highest thiol-modifying activity and the greatest inhibition of cysteine proteases. Allicin had a cytolytic mechanism in trophozoites with subsequent impairment of diesterase and oxidoreductase activities in a similar way to AGE. In addition, by electron microscopy a marked destruction of plasma membrane and endomembranes was observed in allicin-treated trophozoites while cytoskeletal elements were not affected. In further flow cytometry analyses pro-apoptotic effects of allicin concomitant to partial cell cycle arrest at G2 phase with the absence of oxidative stress were observed. In experimental infections of gerbils, the intragastric administration of AGE or allicin decreased parasite numbers and eliminated trophozoites in experimentally infected animals, respectively. These data suggest a potential use of TACs from garlic against G. duodenalis and in the treatment of giardiasis along with their additional benefits in the host's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Argüello-García
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mariana de la Vega-Arnaud
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Iraís J. Loredo-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana M. Mejía-Corona
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Melgarejo-Trejo
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eulogia A. Espinoza-Contreras
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rocío Fonseca-Liñán
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Arturo González-Robles
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Experimental, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nury Pérez-Hernández
- Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M. Guadalupe Ortega-Pierres
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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31
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Anti-Inflammatory, Immunomodulatory, and Antioxidant Activities of Allicin, Norfloxacin, or Their Combination against Pasteurella multocida Infection in Male New Zealand Rabbits. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:1780956. [PMID: 30050645 PMCID: PMC6040273 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1780956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the efficacy of allicin as an antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunostimulant agent in reducing the severity of Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) type B infection in rabbits. Fifty New Zealand rabbits, 5 weeks old, were divided equally into five groups. Except for group 1, all groups were intranasally infected with P. multocida type B (2 × 105 colony forming units/ml/rabbit). Then, group 3 rabbits were orally treated with allicin (50 mg/kg BW) for 5 days, group 4 rabbits received a single oral dose of norfloxacin 30% (100 mg/kg BW), while group 5 rabbits were treated with a combination of norfloxacin and allicin. Hematological, serum biochemical, inflammatory cytokine, immunological, and histopathological analyses were performed. Results revealed that rabbits, infected with P. multocida type B, exhibited macrocytic hypochromic anemia and leukocytosis with a significant elevation in the phagocytic percentage and index. Moreover, significant reductions in serum total protein, albumin, globulin, and immunoglobulin (IgG and IgM) levels were observed in infected rabbits. Infected rabbits showed significant increases in serum inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α and IL-6), alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and serum bilirubin (total, direct, and indirect) levels. Further, P. multocida infection induced oxidative stress as demonstrated by the significant reduction in serum levels of reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase enzyme and marked elevation in serum malondialdehyde. Treatment with allicin, norfloxacin, or their combination significantly ameliorated the alterations in all studied parameters. In conclusion, allicin could ameliorate the inflammation and oxidative stress, induced by P. multocida type B infection in rabbits.
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Odoh UE, Uzor PF, Eze CL, Akunne TC, Onyegbulam CM, Osadebe PO. Medicinal plants used by the people of Nsukka Local Government Area, south-eastern Nigeria for the treatment of malaria: An ethnobotanical survey. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 218:1-15. [PMID: 29477369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOBOTANICAL RELEVANCE Malaria is a serious public health problem especially in sub-Saharan African countries such as Nigeria. The causative parasite is increasingly developing resistance to the existing drugs. There is urgent need for alternative and affordable therapy from medicinal plants which have been used by the indigenous people for many years. AIM OF STUDY This study was conducted to document the medicinal plant species traditionally used by the people of Nsukka Local Government Area in south-eastern Nigeria for the treatment of malaria. METHODS A total of 213 respondents, represented by women (59.2%) and men (40.8%), were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The results were analysed and discussed in the context of previously published information on anti-malarial and phytochemical studies of the identified plants. RESULTS The survey revealed that 50 plant species belonging to 30 botanical families were used in this region for the treatment of malaria. The most cited families were Apocynaceae (13.3%), Annonaceae (10.0%), Asteraceae (10.0%), Lamiaceae (10.0%), Poaceae (10.0%), Rubiaceae (10.0%) and Rutaceae (10.0%). The most cited plant species were Azadirachta indica (11.3%), Mangifera indica (9.1%), Carica papaya (8.5%), Cymbopogon citratus (8.5%) and Psidium guajava (8.5%). CONCLUSION The present findings showed that the people of Nsukka use a large variety of plants for the treatment of malaria. The identified plants are currently undergoing screening for anti-malarial, toxicity and chemical studies in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uchenna E Odoh
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Environmental Medicines, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Philip F Uzor
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria.
| | - Chidimma L Eze
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Environmental Medicines, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Theophine C Akunne
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Chukwuma M Onyegbulam
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Environmental Medicines, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Patience O Osadebe
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria.
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Suleman S, Beyene Tufa T, Kebebe D, Belew S, Mekonnen Y, Gashe F, Mussa S, Wynendaele E, Duchateau L, De Spiegeleer B. Treatment of malaria and related symptoms using traditional herbal medicine in Ethiopia. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 213:262-279. [PMID: 29102764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Medicinal plants have always been an integral part of different cultures in Ethiopia in the treatment of different illnesses including malaria and related symptoms. However, due to lack of proper documentation, urbanization, drought, acculturation and deforestation, there is an increased risk of losing this traditional knowledge. Hence, the use of the indigenous knowledge should be well documented and validated for potential future use. AIM OF THE STUDY To gather and document information on medicinal plants which are used in the traditional treatment of malaria and related symptoms in Ethiopia. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, an ethnomedicinal survey of plants was conducted in 17 districts of Jimma zone, the Oromia national regional state of Ethiopia. Jimma zone is malarious and rich in natural flora. A total of 115 traditional healers were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire containing personal data of the respondents, and information on medicinal plants used to treat malaria and related symptoms. In addition, a literature search using Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and HINARI was conducted on the indigenous use, in-vitro/in-vivo anti-malarial activity reports, and the chemical characterization of medicinal plants of Ethiopia used against malaria. RESULTS From ethnomedicinal survey, a total of 28 species of plants used in the traditional treatment of malaria and related symptoms in Jimma Zone were collected, identified and documented. In addition, the literature search revealed that 124 medicinal plant species were reported to be traditionally used in the treatment of malaria in Ethiopia. From both ethnomedicinal survey and the literature search, Asteraceae and Fabaceae were the most represented families and Allium sativum L., Carica papaya L., Vernonia amygdalina Del., Lepidium sativum L. and Croton macrostachyus Del. were the most frequently reported plant species for their anti-malarial use. The dominant plant parts used in the preparation of remedies were leaves. About 54% of the medicinal plants documented in the survey have been reported as an anti-malarial plant in the literature search. Furthermore, the in-vitro and in-vivo anti-plasmodial activity reports of extracts from some of plant species were found to support the traditional claim of the documented plants. Moreover, literatures indicate that several secondary metabolites isolated from certain plant species that are traditionally used for the treatment of malaria and related symptoms in Ethiopia demonstrate strong anti-plasmodial activity. CONCLUSIONS The result of the current study showed that traditional knowledge is still playing an important role in the management of malaria and related symptoms in Ethiopia. Allium sativum L., Carica papaya L., Vernonia amygdalina Del., and Lepidium sativum L. are the most commonly reported species as anti-malarial plants and the traditional claim of some species was supported by known anti-plasmodial activity and bioactivity reports. The finding of this study is important in the rational prioritization of plant species which are potentially used for investigating new compounds, which could be efficacious for malaria treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Suleman
- Jimma University Laboratory of Drug Quality (JuLaDQ), Jimma University, PO Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Takele Beyene Tufa
- Jimma University Laboratory of Drug Quality (JuLaDQ), Jimma University, PO Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Dereje Kebebe
- Jimma University Laboratory of Drug Quality (JuLaDQ), Jimma University, PO Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Sileshi Belew
- Jimma University Laboratory of Drug Quality (JuLaDQ), Jimma University, PO Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Yimer Mekonnen
- Jimma University Laboratory of Drug Quality (JuLaDQ), Jimma University, PO Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Fanta Gashe
- School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Seid Mussa
- School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Evelien Wynendaele
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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In vitro activity of allicin combined with two antibiotics on intestinal Shigella. INFECTION INTERNATIONAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/ii-2017-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
We aimed to evaluate the combined antibacterial effects of allicin in combination with levofloxacin and ceftriaxone on Shigella isolated from the intestinal tract in vitro.
Materials and Methods
Using a checkerboard design, broth microdilution assay was used to test the effects of the compounds on the organism. We also determined the MIC of the two groups of antibacterial drugs against 30 strains of Shigella and calculated the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index, to judge the combination effect.
Result
After the combined application of allicin and ceftriaxone the MIC decreased significantly. Distribution of the FIC index was as follows: FIC ≤0.5, accounting for 10%; 0.5< FIC ≤1.0, accounting for 60%; 1 < FIC ≤2, accounting for 30%; FIC >2, percentage is zero. After combined application of allicin and levofloxacin, distribution of FIC index was as follows: FIC≤0.5, ratio is zero; 0.5< FIC ≤1, accounting for 56.7%; 1 < FIC ≤2, accounting for 43.3%; FIC >2, ratio is zero.
Conclusion
After the combined use of ceftriaxone, levofloxacin, and allicin, most of the tests showed synergistic effects and additive effects on Shigella, while some of them showed no correlation and no antagonistic effect.
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Allicin functionalized locust bean gum nanoparticles for improved therapeutic efficacy: An in silico, in vitro and in vivo approach. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 109:740-747. [PMID: 29155156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The field of nanotechnology has overgrown over the past few years and has even ventured into the field of medicine. The aim of the present study is to develop a novel allicin functionalized locust bean gum nanoparticle using the nanoprecipitation technique. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The characterization study revealed the nanoscale structure (∼100nm) of the prepared particles. In silico toxicology analysis were carried out to assess the drug-like properties and virtual toxicity of allicin. Toxicity of the prepared nanoparticles were carried out in RAW 264.7 cell lines in vitro and in vivo studies were carried out in Sprague-Dawley rats. In in vitro study, LBGAN showed a maximum toxicity of 10.51% in MTT assay, no reactive oxygen species generation on DCFDA staining and LBGAN was effective to protect the cells from apoptosis. In in vivo toxicity studies LBGAN showed no significant change in the activities of the marker enzymes like LDH, CK-MB, ALP, ACP, AST and ALT. Thus, the functionalization of nanoparticles with allicin has the benefit of providing protection and stability to the allicin, in addition to increasing its pharmacological activity.
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Hopp CS, Bennett BL, Mishra S, Lehmann C, Hanson KK, Lin JW, Rousseau K, Carvalho FA, van der Linden WA, Santos NC, Bogyo M, Khan SM, Heussler V, Sinnis P. Deletion of the rodent malaria ortholog for falcipain-1 highlights differences between hepatic and blood stage merozoites. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006586. [PMID: 28922424 PMCID: PMC5602738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases have been implicated in a variety of developmental processes during the malaria parasite lifecycle. In particular, invasion and egress of the parasite from the infected hepatocyte and erythrocyte, critically depend on protease activity. Although falcipain-1 was the first cysteine protease to be characterized in P. falciparum, its role in the lifecycle of the parasite has been the subject of some controversy. While an inhibitor of falcipain-1 blocked erythrocyte invasion by merozoites, two independent studies showed that falcipain-1 disruption did not affect growth of blood stage parasites. To shed light on the role of this protease over the entire Plasmodium lifecycle, we disrupted berghepain-1, its ortholog in the rodent parasite P. berghei. We found that this mutant parasite displays a pronounced delay in blood stage infection after inoculation of sporozoites. Experiments designed to pinpoint the defect of berghepain-1 knockout parasites found that it was not due to alterations in gliding motility, hepatocyte invasion or liver stage development and that injection of berghepain-1 knockout merosomes replicated the phenotype of delayed blood stage growth after sporozoite inoculation. We identified an additional role for berghepain-1 in preparing blood stage merozoites for infection of erythrocytes and observed that berghepain-1 knockout parasites exhibit a reticulocyte restriction, suggesting that berghepain-1 activity broadens the erythrocyte repertoire of the parasite. The lack of berghepain-1 expression resulted in a greater reduction in erythrocyte infectivity in hepatocyte-derived merozoites than it did in erythrocyte-derived merozoites. These observations indicate a role for berghepain-1 in processing ligands important for merozoite infectivity and provide evidence supporting the notion that hepatic and erythrocytic merozoites, though structurally similar, are not identical. Malaria affects hundreds of millions of people and is the cause of hundreds of thousands of deaths each year. Infection begins with the inoculation of sporozoites into the skin during the bite of an infected mosquito. Sporozoites subsequently travel to the liver, where they invade and replicate in hepatocytes, eventually releasing the stage of the parasite that is infectious for red blood cells, termed merozoites. Hepatic merozoites initiate blood stage infection, the stage that is responsible for the clinical symptoms of malaria. The blood stage of the parasite grows through repeated rounds of invasion, development and egress of blood stage merozoites, which then continue the cycle. Proteases are among the enzymes that are essential for parasite survival and their functions range from invasion of red blood cells, to the breakdown of red cell hemoglobin, to the release of parasites from red cells. As the function of the cysteine protease falcipain-1 in the lifecycle of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum remains poorly understood, we decided to study berghepain-1, the orthologue of the rodent malaria parasite P. berghei by generating a berghepain-1 deletion parasite. Using this mutant, we demonstrate that berghepain-1 has a critical role in both hepatic and erythrocytic merozoite infectivity. Little is known about differences between these two types of merozoites and our data leads us to conclude that these merozoites are not identical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine S. Hopp
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CSH); (BLB); (PS)
| | - Brandy L. Bennett
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CSH); (BLB); (PS)
| | - Satish Mishra
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Kirsten K. Hanson
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jing-wen Lin
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden Malaria Research Group, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Kimberly Rousseau
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Filomena A. Carvalho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Wouter A. van der Linden
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Nuno C. Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Shahid M. Khan
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden Malaria Research Group, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Volker Heussler
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Photini Sinnis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CSH); (BLB); (PS)
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Ríos-Orrego A, Blair-Trujillo S, Pabón-Vidal A. Avances en la búsqueda y desarrollo de quimioprofilácticos causales para malaria. IATREIA 2017. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.iatreia.v30n2a06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Hayat S, Cheng Z, Ahmad H, Ali M, Chen X, Wang M. Garlic, from Remedy to Stimulant: Evaluation of Antifungal Potential Reveals Diversity in Phytoalexin Allicin Content among Garlic Cultivars; Allicin Containing Aqueous Garlic Extracts Trigger Antioxidants in Cucumber. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1235. [PMID: 27610111 PMCID: PMC4996993 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Garlic has the charisma of a potent remedy and holds its repute of a therapeutic panacea since the dawn of civilization. An integrated approach was adopted to evaluate the genetic diversity among Chinese garlic cultivars for their antifungal potency as well as allicin content distribution and, furthermore; a bioassay was performed to study the bio-stimulation mechanism of aqueous garlic extracts (AGE) in the growth and physiology of cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Initially, 28 garlic cultivars were evaluated against four kinds of phytopathogenic fungi; Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea, Verticillium dahliae and Phytophthora capsici, respectively. A capricious antifungal potential among the selected garlic cultivars was observed. HPLC fingerprinting and quantification confirmed diversity in allicin abundance among the selected cultivars. Cultivar G025, G064, and G074 had the highest allicin content of 3.98, 3.7, and 3.66 mg g(-1), respectively, whereas G110 was found to have lowest allicin content of 0.66 mg g(-1). Cluster analysis revealed three groups on the basis of antifungal activity and allicin content among the garlic cultivars. Cultivar G025, G2011-4, and G110 were further evaluated to authenticate the findings through different solvents and shelf life duration and G025 had the strongest antifungal activity in all conditions. minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration of Allicin aqueous standard (AAS) and AGE showed significant role of allicin as primary antifungal substance of AGE. Leaf disk bioassay against P. capsici and V. dahliae to comparatively study direct action of AGE and AAS during infection process employing eggplant and pepper leaves showed a significant reduction in infection percentage. To study the bioactivity of AGE, a bioassay was performed using cucumber seedlings and results revealed that AGE is biologically active inside cucumber seedlings and alters the defense mechanism of the plant probably activating reactive oxygen species at mild concentrations. However, at higher concentrations, it might cause lipid peroxidation and membrane damage which temper the growth of cucumber seedlings. At the outcome of the study, an argument is advanced that current research findings provide bases for cultivar selection in antifungal effectivity as well as genetic variability of the cultivars. Allicin containing AGE can be used in specialized horticultural situations such as plastic tunnel and organic farming as a bio-stimulant to enhance cucumber growth and attenuate fungal degradation of agricultural produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikandar Hayat
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, YanglingChina
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, YanglingChina
| | - Husain Ahmad
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, YanglingChina
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, YanglingChina
| | - Xuejin Chen
- School of Horticulture Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, XinxiangChina
| | - Mengyi Wang
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, YanglingChina
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Cruz-Villalón G, Pérez-Giraldo C. Inhibition of Biofilm By Allicin in Staphylococcus epidermidis: The Distance Effect. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/ajcmi-36223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ciro Pérez-Giraldo
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Badajoz, Spain
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Bibi T, Ahmad M, Edwards SE, Tareen NM, Jabeen R, Abdullah I. Ethnomedicinal uses of plants in the treatment of paediatric geohelminth infections in Kalat district of Northern Balochistan, Pakistan. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 183:176-186. [PMID: 26927703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Infection by intestinal parasitic worms (soil-transmitted helminths or geohelminths) is prevalent in many parts of the world, and poses a particular health risk to children. This paper presents findings from a preliminary study with the primary aim to document indigenous knowledge about the use of herbal medicines in the treatment of intestinal worm infections in children among the local communities of Kalat district of northern Balochistan, Pakistan. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethnomedicinal data were collected through a triangulation approach, that included participant-observation and rapid appraisal methods. Prior-informed consent (PIC) was obtained from participants before conducting structured and semi-structured interviews and delivering an open ended questionnaire. A total of 94 participants, including 28 men (of whom 7 were traditional healers), and 66 women of four different age groups were interviewed. Results were analyzed using quantitative indices of Use Value citations (UVC) and Disease-Consensus Index (DCI). RESULTS Fewer men than women agreed to be interviewed, thus overall women in the area appeared to have more ethnomedicinal knowledge. The majority of study participants belonged to the older age group (>55 years). A total of 49 plant species, belonging to 47 genera, distributed in 30 families were reported. The families Asteraceae and Lamiaceae were most frequently represented, with four species each. Trees were the most common life form, with seeds the most frequently cited plant part used (29%). Nearly a third (31%) of plant-based remedies reported in the treatment of intestinal worms were administered as a decoction. The highest UVC and DCI was reported for the species Ferula assa-foetida sL. (UVC 0.51, DCI 0.46). CONCLUSIONS This study provides previously unreported data on the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of geohelminth infections in children of Kalat. Eight species, Acacia modesta Wall., Asparagus capitatus Baker, Microcephala lamellata (Bunge) Pobed., Nepeta praetervisa Rech.f., Plantago ciliata Desf., Pistacia atlantica Desf., Seriphidium quettense (Podlech) Y.R.Ling and Thymus linearis Benth. are reported here as anthelmintics for the first time. Detailed studies on the anthelmintic activity of chemical constituents of these species are lacking from existing literature. Further phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicity studies are required in order to evaluate the efficacy and safety of these newly reported anthelmintic species. These plants may provide a source of novel anthelmintic drug leads, which are urgently required due to the problem of global anthelmintic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahira Bibi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Plant Sciences, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women's University, Quetta, Pakistan.
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sarah E Edwards
- Biodiversity Informatics & Spatial Analysis Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK; Centre for Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AN, UK
| | - Niaz Mohammad Tareen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women's University, Quetta, Pakistan; Department of Botany, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan; Bureau of Curriculum and Extension Centre, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Rukhsana Jabeen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women's University, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Irum Abdullah
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Corral MJ, Benito-Peña E, Jiménez-Antón MD, Cuevas L, Moreno-Bondi MC, Alunda JM. Allicin Induces Calcium and Mitochondrial Dysregulation Causing Necrotic Death in Leishmania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004525. [PMID: 27023069 PMCID: PMC4811430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Allicin has shown antileishmanial activity in vitro and in vivo. However the mechanism of action underlying its antiproliferative effect against Leishmania has been virtually unexplored. In this paper, we present the results obtained in L.infantum and a mechanistic basis is proposed. Methodology/Principal Finding Exposure of the parasites to allicin led to high Ca2+ levels and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential, reduced production of ATP and elevation of cytosolic ROS. The incubation of the promastigotes with SYTOX Green revealed that decrease of ATP was not associated with plasma membrane permeabilization. Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) staining indicated that allicin did not induce phospholipids exposure on the plasma membrane. Moreover, DNA agarose gel electrophoresis and TUNEL analysis demonstrated that allicin did not provoke DNA fragmentation. Analysis of the cell cycle with PI staining showed that allicin induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that allicin induces dysregulation of calcium homeostasis and oxidative stress, uncontrolled by the antioxidant defense of the cell, which leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and a bioenergetic catastrophe leading to cell necrosis and cell cycle arrest in the premitotic phase. Leishmaniasis is a vectorial parasitic disease caused by flagellate organisms from the genus Leishmania. Infection is present in over 80 countries and visceral forms are the second most fatal human parasitic disease. Control relies on chemotherapy but available drugs have important shortcomings such as toxicity, side effects, unaffordable price of the safest presentations and increasing reports of parasite resistance and clinical failures. Thus, new drugs are needed. Allicin, a molecule obtained from garlic, has shown antiproliferative effect against different cancer cells, bacteria, fungi and Protista including Leishmania. Insofar its mechanism of action is poorly known. Our results with L.infantum point towards allicin inducing high levels of intracellular calcium, redox inbalance, and mitochondrial dysfunction with reduction of ATP. These events lead to cell necrosis without evidence of apoptotic-like markers. The proposed model suggests the potential use of allicin against leishmaniasis, alone or in combination with other drugs with different mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J. Corral
- Department of Animal Health, Group ICPVet, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Complutense Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Benito-Peña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Optical Chemosensors and Applied Photochemistry Group (GSOLFA), University Complutense Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Dolores Jiménez-Antón
- Department of Animal Health, Group ICPVet, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Complutense Madrid, Spain
| | - Laureano Cuevas
- National Microbiology Centre, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - María C. Moreno-Bondi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Optical Chemosensors and Applied Photochemistry Group (GSOLFA), University Complutense Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Alunda
- Department of Animal Health, Group ICPVet, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Complutense Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Palakkod Govindan V, Panduranga AN, Krishna Murthy P. Assessment of in vivo antimalarial activity of arteether and garlic oil combination therapy. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 5:359-364. [PMID: 28955843 PMCID: PMC5600459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study evaluates in vivo antimalarial activity of arteether and garlic pearl oil combination in Plasmodium berghei-infected mouse model of malaria. 72 h (Day 3) post infection, at 2–4% parasitemia, mice were treated with single dose intramuscular injection of α-β arteether, at 750 μg, in combination with three 100 μL oral doses of garlic pearl oil on Day 3, Day 4 and Day 5. Following the treatment, 100% protection and survival of mice were observed. Inhibition of parasitemia in combination treated animals and protection during recrudescence interval of α-β arteether monotherapy was observed in Giemsa-stained blood smears. In addition, a striking increase in anti-parasite antibody IgG contributing protective immunity during the recrudescence phase was observed. These results correlate with western blot analysis, where sera from the recrudescence stage and later period of arteether and garlic oil combination treated animals found to interact with several parasite specific proteins as compared to controls. The present approach shows that arteether and garlic pearl oil combination provides complete protection in P. berghei-infected mice. Thus, for the first time, garlic pearl oil appears to be an ideal antimalarial candidate in artemisinin combination therapy. Garlic pearl oil enhanced antimalarial activity of α-β arteether. Garlic pearl oil and α-β arteether combination effectively evaded recrudescence. Garlic pearl oil and α-β arteether combination may elicit immunomodulatory effect. This combination therapy resulted in a striking increase in anti-parasite antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vathsala Palakkod Govindan
- Undergraduate Programme, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Correspondence to: Undergraduate Programme, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - 560 012, India.
| | - Aditya Nayak Panduranga
- Marie Sklodowska-Curie Fellow, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - P. Krishna Murthy
- Undergraduate Programme, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Foroutan-Rad M, Tappeh KH, Khademvatan S. Antileishmanial and Immunomodulatory Activity of Allium sativum (Garlic): A Review. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2015; 22:141-155. [PMID: 26721553 DOI: 10.1177/2156587215623126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is caused by an obligate intracellular protozoa belonging to Leishmania genus. The current drugs for treatment of leishmaniasis possess many disadvantages; therefore, researchers are continuously looking for the more effective and safer drugs. The aim of this study is to review the effectiveness, toxicities, and possible mechanisms of pharmaceutical actions of different garlic extracts and organosulfur compounds isolated from garlic against Leishmania spp. in a variety of in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials reports. All relevant databases were searched using the terms "Allium sativum," "Garlic," "Allicin," "Ajoene," "Leishmania," "in vitro," "in vivo," and "clinical trial," alone or in combination from 5 English databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar) and 3 Persian databases (Scientific Information Database, Iran Medex, and Magiran) from 1990 to 2014. In summary, garlic with immunomodulatory effects and apoptosis induction contributes to the treatment of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Foroutan-Rad
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Khosrow Hazrati Tappeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center and Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shahram Khademvatan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center and Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Mohsenipour Z, Hassanshahian M. The Effects of Allium sativum Extracts on Biofilm Formation and Activities of Six Pathogenic Bacteria. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e18971. [PMID: 26464762 PMCID: PMC4600595 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.18971v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Garlic is considered a rich source of many compounds, which shows antimicrobial effects. The ability of microorganisms to adhere to both biotic and abiotic surfaces and to form biofilm is responsible for a number of diseases of chronic nature, demonstrating extremely high resistance to antibiotics. Bacterial biofilms are complex communities of sessile microorganisms, embedded in an extracellular matrix and irreversibly attached to various surfaces. Objectives: The present study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Allium sativum extract against the biofilms of six pathogenic bacteria and their free-living forms. The clinical isolates in this study had not been studied in any other studies, especially in regard to biofilm disruption and inhibition of biofilm cell metabolic activity. Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial activities of A. sativum L. extracts (methanol and ethanol extracts) against planktonic forms of bacteria were determined using the disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were evaluated by a macrobroth dilution technique. The anti-biofilm effects were assessed by microtiter plate method. Results: The results showed that the A. sativum L. extract discs did not have any zone of inhibition for the tested bacteria. However, The MIC values of A. sativum L. extracts (0.078 - 2.5 mg/mL) confirmed the high ability of these extracts for inhibition of planktonic bacteria. A. sativum L. extracts were efficient to inhibit biofilm structures and the concentration of each extract had a direct relation with the inhibitory effect. Conclusions: Finally, it can be suggested that the extracts of this plant be applied as antimicrobial agents against these pathogens, particularly in biofilm forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Mohsenipour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, IR Iran
| | - Mehdi Hassanshahian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Mehdi Hassanshahian, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9132906971, Fax: +98-3413202032, E-mail:
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Nemetski SM, Cardozo TJ, Bosch G, Weltzer R, O'Malley K, Ejigiri I, Kumar KA, Buscaglia CA, Nussenzweig V, Sinnis P, Levitskaya J, Bosch J. Inhibition by stabilization: targeting the Plasmodium falciparum aldolase-TRAP complex. Malar J 2015; 14:324. [PMID: 26289816 PMCID: PMC4545932 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0834-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging resistance of the malaria parasite Plasmodium to current therapies underscores the critical importance of exploring novel strategies for disease eradication. Plasmodium species are obligate intracellular protozoan parasites. They rely on an unusual form of substrate-dependent motility for their migration on and across host-cell membranes and for host cell invasion. This peculiar motility mechanism is driven by the 'glideosome', an actin-myosin associated, macromolecular complex anchored to the inner membrane complex of the parasite. Myosin A, actin, aldolase, and thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) constitute the molecular core of the glideosome in the sporozoite, the mosquito stage that brings the infection into mammals. METHODS Virtual library screening of a large compound library against the PfAldolase-TRAP complex was used to identify candidate compounds that stabilize and prevent the disassembly of the glideosome. The mechanism of these compounds was confirmed by biochemical, biophysical and parasitological methods. RESULTS A novel inhibitory effect on the parasite was achieved by stabilizing a protein-protein interaction within the glideosome components. Compound 24 disrupts the gliding and invasive capabilities of Plasmodium parasites in in vitro parasite assays. A high-resolution, ternary X-ray crystal structure of PfAldolase-TRAP in complex with compound 24 confirms the mode of interaction and serves as a platform for future ligand optimization. CONCLUSION This proof-of-concept study presents a novel approach to anti-malarial drug discovery and design. By strengthening a protein-protein interaction within the parasite, an avenue towards inhibiting a previously "undruggable" target is revealed and the motility motor responsible for successful invasion of host cells is rendered inactive. This study provides new insights into the malaria parasite cell invasion machinery and convincingly demonstrates that liver cell invasion is dramatically reduced by 95 % in the presence of the small molecule stabilizer compound 24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sondra Maureen Nemetski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Phyllis and David Komansky Center for Children's Health, New York-Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA.
| | - Timothy J Cardozo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA. .,Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
| | - Gundula Bosch
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA. .,Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute (JHMRI), Baltimore, USA.
| | - Ryan Weltzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA. .,Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute (JHMRI), Baltimore, USA.
| | - Kevin O'Malley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA. .,Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute (JHMRI), Baltimore, USA.
| | - Ijeoma Ejigiri
- Department of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
| | - Kota Arun Kumar
- Michael Heidelberg Division of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA. .,Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
| | - Carlos A Buscaglia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de General San Martín-CONICET, 1650, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Victor Nussenzweig
- Michael Heidelberg Division of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
| | - Photini Sinnis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA. .,Department of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA. .,Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute (JHMRI), Baltimore, USA.
| | - Jelena Levitskaya
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA. .,Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute (JHMRI), Baltimore, USA.
| | - Jürgen Bosch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA. .,Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute (JHMRI), Baltimore, USA.
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Reversible Conformational Change in the Plasmodium falciparum Circumsporozoite Protein Masks Its Adhesion Domains. Infect Immun 2015; 83:3771-80. [PMID: 26169272 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02676-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The extended rod-like Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is comprised of three primary domains: a charged N terminus that binds heparan sulfate proteoglycans, a central NANP repeat domain, and a C terminus containing a thrombospondin-like type I repeat (TSR) domain. Only the last two domains are incorporated in RTS,S, the leading malaria vaccine in phase 3 trials that, to date, protects about 50% of vaccinated children against clinical disease. A seroepidemiological study indicated that the N-terminal domain might improve the efficacy of a new CSP vaccine. Using a panel of CSP-specific monoclonal antibodies, well-characterized recombinant CSPs, label-free quantitative proteomics, and in vitro inhibition of sporozoite invasion, we show that native CSP is N-terminally processed in the mosquito host and undergoes a reversible conformational change to mask some epitopes in the N- and C-terminal domains until the sporozoite interacts with the liver hepatocyte. Our findings show the importance of understanding processing and the biophysical change in conformation, possibly due to a mechanical or molecular signal, and may aid in the development of a new CSP vaccine.
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Obidike IC, Amodu B, Emeje MO. Antimalarial properties of SAABMAL (®): an ethnomedicinal polyherbal formulation for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria infection in the tropics. Indian J Med Res 2015; 141:221-7. [PMID: 25900958 PMCID: PMC4418159 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.155585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Malaria is a serious problem in the countries of the developing world. As the malaria parasite has become resistant to most of the antimalaria drugs available currently, there is a need to search for newer drugs. This study reports the pharmaceutical quality and in vivo antimalarial activities of a polyherbal formulation (SAABMAL®) used as malarial remedy in Nigeria. Methods: The antiplasmodial activity of SAABMAL® was determined by using the 4-day suppressive test in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. The formulation was tried on three different experimental animal models for in vivo antimalarial activities, which are prophylactic, suppressive and curative in mice. Chloroquine and pyrimethamine were used as standard drugs for comparison. Results: The suppressive study showed that, SAABMAL® (200 and 400 mg/kg/bw) significantly (P<0.01) produced a suppression (29.39 - 100%) of parasitaemia in a dose-dependent manner, while the curative study showed that SAABMAL® at 400 mg significantly (P<0.01) reduced (95.80%) parasitaemia compared with controls. The mean survival time of SAABMAL®-treated groups (100 and 200 mg/kg) was higher than that of the chloroquine-treated group. Histopathologically, no changes were found in the spleen of both untreated and treated groups. SAABMAL® capsules were of good mechanical properties with low weight variation and high degree of content mass uniformity. Interpretation & conclusions: The results obtained in this study showed the efficacy of SAABMAL®, a herbal antimalarial formulation against chloroquine sensitive malaria and its potential use in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria infection. Further studies need to be done in humans to test its efficacy and safety for its potential use as an antimalarial drug.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M O Emeje
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology & Raw Material Development, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Abuja, Nigeria
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Khalil AM, Yasuda M, Farid AS, Desouky MI, Mohi-Eldin MM, Haridy M, Horii Y. Immunomodulatory and antiparasitic effects of garlic extract on Eimeria vermiformis-infected mice. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2735-42. [PMID: 25895065 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4480-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the immunomodulatory and parasiticidal effects of garlic extract on coccidiosis caused by Eimeria vermiformis infection in male ICR mice. One group received garlic extract daily until the end of the experiment by the oral route from 10 days prior to oral infection with 300 sporulated E. vermiformis oocysts (infected-garlic(+)). The other group served as a control positive with E. vermiformis infection alone (infected-garlic(-)). In the infected-garlic(+) group, garlic extract treatment induced a significant reduction in fecal oocyst output when compared with the infected-garlic(-) group. Histopathological, immunohistochemical, and gene expression analysis for inflammatory cytokines in ileal tissues showed that the garlic extract treatment impaired intracellular development of E. vermiformis during the early stages by increasing the number of intraepithelial CD8(+) T cells and decreasing IL-10 expression. This induced cell cytotoxicity which was reflected by a decrease in oocyst numbers in the intestinal villi and the feces, indicating anticoccidial effects of the garlic extract. However, further studies to explore the precise mechanism of the observed effects of garlic treatment during Eimeria infection are needed to verify our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atef Mohammed Khalil
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi 1-1, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
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Dalai SK, Yadav N, Patidar M, Patel H, Singh AP. Liver-Stage Specific Response among Endemic Populations: Diet and Immunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:125. [PMID: 25852693 PMCID: PMC4367437 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing effective anti-malarial vaccine has been a challenge for long. Various factors including complex life cycle of parasite and lack of knowledge of stage specific critical antigens are some of the reasons. Moreover, inadequate understanding of the immune responses vis-à-vis sterile protection induced naturally by Plasmodia infection has further compounded the problem. It has been shown that people living in endemic areas take years to develop protective immunity to blood stage infection. But hardly anyone believes that immunity to liver-stage infection could be developed. Various experimental model studies using attenuated parasite suggest that liver-stage immunity might exist among endemic populations. This could be induced because of the attenuation of parasite in liver by various compounds present in the diet of endemic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naveen Yadav
- Institute of Science, Nirma University , Ahmedabad , India
| | - Manoj Patidar
- Institute of Science, Nirma University , Ahmedabad , India
| | - Hardik Patel
- Institute of Science, Nirma University , Ahmedabad , India
| | - Agam Prasad Singh
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology , New Delhi , India
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Adeoye A, Bewaji C. Therapeutic Potentials of Adansonia digitata (Bombacaceae) Stem Bark in Plasmodium berghei-Infected Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/jbs.2015.78.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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