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Farid N, Waheed A, Motwani S. Synthetic and natural antimicrobials as a control against food borne pathogens: A review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17021. [PMID: 37484319 PMCID: PMC10361103 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Food borne pathogens are one of the most common yet concerning cause of illnesses around the globe. These microbes invade the body via food items, through numerous mediums of contamination and it is impossible to completely eradicate these organisms from food. Extensive research has been made regarding their treatment. Unfortunately, the only available treatment currently is by antibiotics. Recent exponential increase in antibiotic resistance and the side effect of synthetic compounds have established a need for alternate therapies that could be utilized either on their own or along with antibiotics to provide protection against food-borne diseases. The aim of this review is to provide information regarding some common food borne diseases, their current and possible natural treatment. It will include details regarding some common foodborne pathogens, the disease they cause, prevalence, manifestations and treatment of the respective disease. Some natural modes of potential treatment will be summarized, which including phytochemicals, derived from plants either as crude extracts or as purified form and Bacteriocins as microbial based treatment, obtained from various types of bacteria. The paper will describe their mechanism of action, classification, susceptible organisms, some antimicrobial compounds and producing organisms, application in food systems and as potential treatment. Along with that, synthetic treatment i.e., antibiotics will be discussed including the first-line treatment of some common food borne infections, prevalence and mechanism of resistance against antibiotics in the pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Farid
- Corresponding author. Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Pakistan.
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2
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Mousavi ZE, Hunt K, Koolman L, Butler F, Fanning S. Cronobacter Species in the Built Food Production Environment: A Review on Persistence, Pathogenicity, Regulation and Detection Methods. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1379. [PMID: 37374881 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The powdered formula market is large and growing, with sales and manufacturing increasing by 120% between 2012 and 2021. With this growing market, there must come an increasing emphasis on maintaining a high standard of hygiene to ensure a safe product. In particular, Cronobacter species pose a risk to public health through their potential to cause severe illness in susceptible infants who consume contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF). Assessment of this risk is dependent on determining prevalence in PIF-producing factories, which can be challenging to measure with the heterogeneity observed in the design of built process facilities. There is also a potential risk of bacterial growth occurring during rehydration, given the observed persistence of Cronobacter in desiccated conditions. In addition, novel detection methods are emerging to effectively track and monitor Cronobacter species across the food chain. This review will explore the different vehicles that lead to Cronobacter species' environmental persistence in the food production environment, as well as their pathogenicity, detection methods and the regulatory framework surrounding PIF manufacturing that ensures a safe product for the global consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Ebrahimzadeh Mousavi
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Faculties of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj 6719418314, Iran
| | - Kevin Hunt
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Leonard Koolman
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francis Butler
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Insights into the mechanisms of Cronobacter sakazakii virulence. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105643. [PMID: 35716925 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter species have adapted to survive harsh conditions, particularly in the food manufacture environment, and can cause life-threatening infections in susceptible hosts. These opportunistic pathogens employ a multitude of mechanisms to aid their virulence throughout three key stages: environmental persistence, infection strategy, and systemic persistence in the human host. Environmental persistence is aided by the formation of biofilms, development of subpopulations, and high tolerance to environmental stressors. Successful infection in the human host involves several mechanisms such as protein secretion, motility, quorum sensing, colonisation, and translocation. Survival inside the host is achieved via competitive acquisition and utilization of minerals and metabolites respectively, coupled with host immune system evasion and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) mechanisms. Across the globe, Cronobacter sakazakii is associated with often fatal systemic infections in populations including neonates, infants, the elderly and the immunocompromised. By providing insight into the mechanisms of virulence utilised by this pathogen across these three stages, this review identifies current gaps in the literature. Further research into these virulence mechanisms is required to inform novel mitigation measures to improve global food safety with regards to this food-borne pathogen.
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4
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Arslan S, Ertürk HG. Occurrence, Virulence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Cronobacter spp. from Ready-to-Eat Foods. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3403-3416. [PMID: 34241669 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02585-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. can cause foodborne diseases in infants, but Cronobacter infections in healthy adults and vulnerable people have also been reported. These bacteria have ubiquitous nature and can contaminate various foods. Therefore, we assessed the presence of Cronobacter spp. in popularly consumed ready-to-eat (RTE) food products. In the present study, 51 (15%) of the 340 RTE food samples were contaminated with Cronobacter spp The highest contamination rates were found in spices (46.7%), meat-free cig koftes (44.4%), desserts (23.3%), cereals (23.1%), doners (12.2%), and ice cream (11.1%). Phenotypic and molecular methods, including 16S rRNA, gluA, rpoB, cgcA genes, and fusA allele sequencing were tested to identify Cronobacter species. Of the 51 contaminated samples, 54 isolates were identified as C. sakazakii (n = 43), C. malonaticus (n = 7), C. muytjensii (n = 3) and C. turicensis (n = 1) using fusA analysis. These isolates were assigned to 15 different fusA alleles, two of which (191 and 192) were new alleles. Putative virulence factors such as the ompA and zpx gene, biofilms, and siderophores were detected in most of the Cronobacter isolates (> 85%). Cronobacter isolates were resistant to cephalothin (85.2%), cefoxitin (33.3%), cefotaxime (14.8%), ampicillin (11.1%), cefepime (5.6%), aztreonam (5.6%), and piperacillin (1.9%). The multidrug resistance (against three or more classes of antimicrobial agents) was 7.4%. The results indicated presence of Cronobacter spp. in RTE foods, which may be a risk to human health. It is important to adopt rigorous hygiene and sanitization practices to ensure the microbiological safety of these foods consuming without any processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seza Arslan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Gölköy, 14030, Bolu, Turkey.
| | - Hafize Gizem Ertürk
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Gölköy, 14030, Bolu, Turkey
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5
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Shang Y, Ye Q, Wu Q, Pang R, Zhou B, Wang C, Xiang X, Li F, Wang J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Sun X, Zhang J. PCR and multiplex PCR assays for the detection of Cronobacter species using specific targets obtained by a bioinformatics approach. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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6
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Fu S, Qin X, Wang Z, Yang X, Chen S, Yang T, Jin H, Man C, Jiang Y. Screening of specific nucleic acid targets for Cronobacter sakazakii and visual detection by loop-mediated isothermal amplification and lateral flow dipstick method in powdered infant formula. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:5152-5165. [PMID: 33663822 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Due to the lack of specific genes for rapid detection methods of Cronobacter sakazakii in food samples, whole genome sequence analysis was performed in this investigation using the basic local alignment search tool. Forty-two DNA fragments unique to C. sakazakii were mined, then primers were designed and screened by PCR and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Two primer sets, CS1 and CS31, were found as specific and stable primers, with their corresponding nucleic acid targets the CSK29544_00235 gene and CSK29544_03484 gene, respectively. Furthermore, compared with 3 genes reported previously, these 2 genes were verified as more specific to C. sakazakii among Cronobacter species, by sequence similarity alignment using Cronobacter MLST databases (http://pubmlst.org/cronobacter). The specificity of the LAMP reaction approached 100% by using 48 bacterial strains, which included 22 C. sakazakii strains. Subsequently, LAMP was combined with visual lateral flow dipstick (LFD) based on the above 2 nucleic acid targets, and was demonstrated as a rapid, efficient method with high specificity. Finally, the detection sensitivity of this assay system for pure cultures and artificially contaminated milk was measured as 4.5 × 100 cfu/mL and 5.7 × 101 cfu/g, respectively. Total time to detection for this assay was within 2 h. Thus, the establishment of this LAMP-LFD method shows great significance and potential for rapid detection of C. sakazakii in powdered infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqian Fu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xue Qin
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zhenghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xinyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Sihan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Haonan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Chaoxin Man
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Yujun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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7
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Jang H, Chase HR, Gangiredla J, Grim CJ, Patel IR, Kothary MH, Jackson SA, Mammel MK, Carter L, Negrete F, Finkelstein S, Weinstein L, Yan Q, Iversen C, Pagotto F, Stephan R, Lehner A, Eshwar AK, Fanning S, Farber J, Gopinath GR, Tall BD, Pava-Ripoll M. Analysis of the Molecular Diversity Among Cronobacter Species Isolated From Filth Flies Using Targeted PCR, Pan Genomic DNA Microarray, and Whole Genome Sequencing Analyses. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:561204. [PMID: 33101235 PMCID: PMC7545074 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.561204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter species are opportunistic pathogens capable of causing life-threatening infections in humans, with serious complications arising in neonates, infants, immuno-compromised individuals, and elderly adults. The genus is comprised of seven species: Cronobacter sakazakii, Cronobacter malonaticus, Cronobacter turicensis, Cronobacter muytjensii, Cronobacter dublinensis, Cronobacter universalis, and Cronobacter condimenti. Despite a multiplicity of genomic data for the genus, little is known about likely transmission vectors. Using DNA microarray analysis, in parallel with whole genome sequencing, and targeted PCR analyses, the total gene content of two C. malonaticus, three C. turicensis, and 14 C. sakazaki isolated from various filth flies was assessed. Phylogenetic relatedness among these and other strains obtained during surveillance and outbreak investigations were comparatively assessed. Specifically, microarray analysis (MA) demonstrated its utility to cluster strains according to species-specific and sequence type (ST) phylogenetic relatedness, and that the fly strains clustered among strains obtained from clinical, food and environmental sources from United States, Europe, and Southeast Asia. This combinatorial approach was useful in data mining for virulence factor genes, and phage genes and gene clusters. In addition, results of plasmidotyping were in agreement with the species identity for each strain as determined by species-specific PCR assays, MA, and whole genome sequencing. Microarray and BLAST analyses of Cronobacter fly sequence datasets were corroborative and showed that the presence and absence of virulence factors followed species and ST evolutionary lines even though such genes were orthologous. Additionally, zebrafish infectivity studies showed that these pathotypes were as virulent to zebrafish embryos as other clinical strains. In summary, these findings support a striking phylogeny amongst fly, clinical, and surveillance strains isolated during 2010–2015, suggesting that flies are capable vectors for transmission of virulent Cronobacter spp.; they continue to circulate among United States and European populations, environments, and that this “pattern of circulation” has continued over decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyein Jang
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Hannah R Chase
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Jayanthi Gangiredla
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Christopher J Grim
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Isha R Patel
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Mahendra H Kothary
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Scott A Jackson
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Mark K Mammel
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Laurenda Carter
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Flavia Negrete
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Samantha Finkelstein
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Leah Weinstein
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - QiongQiong Yan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carol Iversen
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Franco Pagotto
- Food Directorate, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Lehner
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Athmanya K Eshwar
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Seamus Fanning
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jeffery Farber
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Gopal R Gopinath
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Ben D Tall
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Monica Pava-Ripoll
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food & Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
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8
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Wang M, Wang L, Wu P, Chen T, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Wei Y, Qian C, Wang Y, Liu B. Genomics and Experimental Analysis Reveal a Novel Factor Contributing to the Virulence of Cronobacter sakazakii Strains Associated With Neonate Infection. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:306-315. [PMID: 30835279 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cronobacter sakazakii causes meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants. However, its virulence determinants, especially those specific for strains associated with neonate infections, remain largely unknown. METHODS In this study, we performed a comparative genomic analysis of 209 C. sakazakii genomes, and 8 clonal groups (CGs) were revealed. RESULTS CG1 and CG2 were found to be significantly associated with neonate infections, and significantly prevalent genes in these 2 CGs were identified. Of these, a gene encoding the LysR-type regulator, CklR, was shown to contribute to bacterial pathogenicity based on animal experiments. We found that CklR directly binds and activates the suf Fe-S cluster biosynthesis operon, and high expression of the suf operon increases bacterial resistance to oxidative stress, which increases survival within the host. This leads to a high degree of bacteremia, which contributes to the development of meningitis. CONCLUSIONS Our work revealed a novel virulence factor specific to predominant pathogenic C. sakazakii strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Center for Microbial Functional Genomics and Detection Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiming Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengqian Qian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Center for Microbial Functional Genomics and Detection Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, People's Republic of China
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9
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Jang H, Gopinath GR, Eshwar A, Srikumar S, Nguyen S, Gangiredla J, Patel IR, Finkelstein SB, Negrete F, Woo J, Lee Y, Fanning S, Stephan R, Tall BD, Lehner A. The Secretion of Toxins and Other Exoproteins of Cronobacter: Role in Virulence, Adaption, and Persistence. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E229. [PMID: 32046365 PMCID: PMC7074816 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
: Cronobacter species are considered an opportunistic group of foodborne pathogenic bacteria capable of causing both intestinal and systemic human disease. This review describes common virulence themes shared among the seven Cronobacter species and describes multiple exoproteins secreted by Cronobacter, many of which are bacterial toxins that may play a role in human disease. The review will particularly concentrate on the virulence factors secreted by C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, and C. turicensis, which are the primary human pathogens of interest. It has been discovered that various species-specific virulence factors adversely affect a wide range of eukaryotic cell processes including protein synthesis, cell division, and ion secretion. Many of these factors are toxins which have been shown to also modulate the host immune response. These factors are encoded on a variety of mobile genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons; this genomic plasticity implies ongoing re-assortment of virulence factor genes which has complicated our efforts to categorize Cronobacter into sharply defined genomic pathotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyein Jang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Gopal R. Gopinath
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Athmanya Eshwar
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.E.); (R.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Shabarinath Srikumar
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, Science Centre South, University College Dublin, Dublin Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland; (S.S.); (S.N.); (S.F.)
| | - Scott Nguyen
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, Science Centre South, University College Dublin, Dublin Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland; (S.S.); (S.N.); (S.F.)
| | - Jayanthi Gangiredla
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Isha R. Patel
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Samantha B. Finkelstein
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Flavia Negrete
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - JungHa Woo
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - YouYoung Lee
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, Science Centre South, University College Dublin, Dublin Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland; (S.S.); (S.N.); (S.F.)
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.E.); (R.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Ben D. Tall
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Angelika Lehner
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.E.); (R.S.); (A.L.)
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10
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Karaseva MA, Chukhontseva KN, Lemeskina IS, Pridatchenko ML, Kostrov SV, Demidyuk IV. An Internally Quenched Fluorescent Peptide Substrate for Protealysin. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14352. [PMID: 31586119 PMCID: PMC6778150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50764-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protealysin, a metalloprotease of Serratia proteamaculans, is the prototype of a subgroup of the M4 peptidase family. Protealysin-like proteases (PLPs) are widely spread in bacteria but also occur in fungi and certain archaea. The interest in PLPs is primarily due to their putative involvement in the bacterial pathogenesis in animals and plants. Studying PLPs requires an efficient quantitative assay for their activity; however, no such assay has been reported so far. Here, we used the autoprocessing site sequence of the protealysin precursor to construct an internally quenched fluorescent peptide substrate 2-aminobenzoyl-L-arginyl-L-seryl-L-valyl-L-isoleucyl-L-(ε-2,4-dinitrophenyl)lysine. Protealysin and thermolysin, the prototype of the M4 family, proved to hydrolyze only the Ser-Val bond of the substrate. The substrate exhibited a KM = 35 ± 4 μM and kcat = 21 ± 1 s−1 for protealysin as well as a KM = 33 ± 8 μM and kcat = 7 ± 1 s−1 for thermolysin at 37 °C. Comparison of the effect of different enzymes (thermolysin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, savinase, and pronase E) on the substrate has demonstrated that it is not strictly specific for protealysin; however, this enzyme has higher molar activity even compared to the closely related thermolysin. Thus, the proposed substrate can be advantageous for quantitative studies of protealysin as well as for activity assays of other M4 peptidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Karaseva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Irina S Lemeskina
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina L Pridatchenko
- V.L. Talrose Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V Kostrov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya V Demidyuk
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Odeyemi OA, Abdullah Sani N. Antibiotic resistance, putative virulence factors and curli fimbrination among Cronobacter species. Microb Pathog 2019; 136:103665. [PMID: 31404630 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate antibiotic resistance and putative virulence factors among Cronobacter sakazakii isolated from powdered infant formula and other sources. The following 9 cultures (CR1-9) were collected from our culture collection: C. sakazakii and 3 Cronobacter species: C. sakazakii ATCC® 29544™, C. muytjensii ATCC® 51329™, C. turicensis E866 were used in this study. Isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility and the following virulence factors (protease, DNase, haemolysin, gelatinase, motility and biofilm formation) using phenotypic methods. All the bacteria were able to form biofilm on agar at 37 °C and were resistant to ampicillin, erythromycin, fosfomycin and sulphamethoxazole. It was observed from this study that tested strains formed weak and strong biofilm with violet dry and rough (rdar), brown dry and rough (bdar), red mucoid and smooth (rmas) colony morphotypes on Congo red agar. Rdar expresses curli and fimbriae, while bdar expresses curli. Both biofilm colony morphotypes are commonly found in Enterobacteriaceae including Salmonella species. This study also reveals a new colony morphotypes in Cronobacter species. Conclusively, there was correlation between putative virulence factors and antibiotic resistance among the tested bacteria. Further study on virulence and antibiotic resistance genes is hereby encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Odeyemi
- Aquaculture Microbiology Laboratory, Ecology and Biodiversity Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia; Food Safety, Security and Quality Research Group, Centre for Biotechnology and Functional Food, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - N Abdullah Sani
- Food Safety, Security and Quality Research Group, Centre for Biotechnology and Functional Food, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
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12
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13
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Chukhontseva KN, Salnikov VV, Morenkov OS, Kostrov SV, Demidyuk IV. Protealysin is not Secreted Constitutively. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:221-226. [DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666181212114907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:Protealysin, a zinc metalloprotease of Serratia proteamaculans, is the prototype of a new group within the peptidase family M4. Protealysin-like proteases (PLPs) are widely spread in bacteria but are also found in fungi and archaea. The biological functions of PLPs have not been well studied, but published data showed the involvement of enzymes of this group in the interaction of bacteria with higher organisms, and most likely in the pathogenesis. Such functionality requires the release of the proteases from bacterial cells; however, the data on the cellular localization of PLPs are contradictory and no direct data of this kind have been published. </P><P> Objective: Here, the protealysin cellular localization was studied for the first time using immunochemical methods. </P><P> Methods and Results: We have produced polyclonal rabbit antibodies against the protealysin precursor. The enzyme was evaluated in cells and medium of periodic culture of S. proteamaculans 94 using Western blotting as well as the enzyme localization was analysed by immunoelectron microscopy. It was shown that more than 99% of the enzyme is in a cell-associated form. Protealysin is accumulated in cells as an inactive precursor. It matures only after the release from cells (after their lysis). Immunoelectron microscopy analysis of bacterial cells has revealed no specific localization of protealysin; it was evenly distributed in the cytoplasm.Conclusion:The data obtained suggest that S. proteamaculans protealysin and supposedly other protealysin-like proteases are not secreted constitutively and their release from bacteria is likely induced by a certain stimulus such as a contact with a eukaryotic cell. This finding is critical for further studies of the involvement of these enzymes in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia N. Chukhontseva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Oleg S. Morenkov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey V. Kostrov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ilya V. Demidyuk
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Eshwar AK, Wolfrum N, Stephan R, Fanning S, Lehner A. Interaction of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and Zpx inCronobacter turicensisLMG 23827Tmediated infections in the zebrafish model. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12888. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Wolfrum
- Institute for Veterinary Bacteriology; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, Science Centre South; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Angelika Lehner
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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15
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Gopinath GR, Chase HR, Gangiredla J, Eshwar A, Jang H, Patel I, Negrete F, Finkelstein S, Park E, Chung T, Yoo Y, Woo J, Lee Y, Park J, Choi H, Jeong S, Jun S, Kim M, Lee C, Jeong H, Fanning S, Stephan R, Iversen C, Reich F, Klein G, Lehner A, Tall BD. Genomic characterization of malonate positive Cronobacter sakazakii serotype O:2, sequence type 64 strains, isolated from clinical, food, and environment samples. Gut Pathog 2018; 10:11. [PMID: 29556252 PMCID: PMC5845375 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-018-0238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malonate utilization, an important differential trait, well recognized as being possessed by six of the seven Cronobacter species is thought to be largely absent in Cronobacter sakazakii (Csak). The current study provides experimental evidence that confirms the presence of a malonate utilization operon in 24 strains of sequence type (ST) 64, obtained from Europe, Middle East, China, and USA; it offers explanations regarding the genomic diversity and phylogenetic relatedness among these strains, and that of other C. sakazakii strains. Results In this study, the presence of a malonate utilization operon in these strains was initially identified by DNA microarray analysis (MA) out of a pool of 347 strains obtained from various surveillance studies involving clinical, spices, milk powder sources and powdered infant formula production facilities in Ireland and Germany, and dried dairy powder manufacturing facilities in the USA. All ST64 C. sakazakii strains tested could utilize malonate. Zebrafish embryo infection studies showed that C. sakazakii ST64 strains are as virulent as other Cronobacter species. Parallel whole genome sequencing (WGS) and MA showed that the strains phylogenetically grouped as a separate clade among the Csak species cluster. Additionally, these strains possessed the Csak O:2 serotype. The nine-gene, ~ 7.7 kbp malonate utilization operon was located in these strains between two conserved flanking genes, gyrB and katG. Plasmidotyping results showed that these strains possessed the virulence plasmid pESA3, but in contrast to the USA ST64 Csak strains, ST64 Csak strains isolated from sources in Europe and the Middle East, did not possess the type six secretion system effector vgrG gene. Conclusions Until this investigation, the presence of malonate-positive Csak strains, which are associated with foods and clinical cases, was under appreciated. If this trait was used solely to identify Cronobacter strains, many strains would likely be misidentified. Parallel WGS and MA were useful in characterizing the total genome content of these Csak O:2, ST64, malonate-positive strains and further provides an understanding of their phylogenetic relatedness among other virulent C. sakazakii strains. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13099-018-0238-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal R Gopinath
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Hannah R Chase
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Jayanthi Gangiredla
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Athmanya Eshwar
- 2Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hyein Jang
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Isha Patel
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Flavia Negrete
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Samantha Finkelstein
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Eunbi Park
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - TaeJung Chung
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - YeonJoo Yoo
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - JungHa Woo
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - YouYoung Lee
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Jihyeon Park
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Hyerim Choi
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Seungeun Jeong
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Soyoung Jun
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Mijeong Kim
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Chaeyoon Lee
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - HyeJin Jeong
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Séamus Fanning
- 3UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College, Dublin & WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Roger Stephan
- 2Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carol Iversen
- 2Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,3UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College, Dublin & WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Felix Reich
- 4Institute for Food Quality and Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Günter Klein
- 4Institute for Food Quality and Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Angelika Lehner
- 2Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ben D Tall
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
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Awadallah MA, Ahmed HA, Merwad AM, Abou Elez RM, Saleh KM. Molecular Characterization ofCronobacter sakazakiiin Egypt, Survival and Thermoresistance at Different Temperatures: A Potential Public Health Risk. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:101-107. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maysa A.I. Awadallah
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Heba A. Ahmed
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Abdallah M.A. Merwad
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rasha M.M. Abou Elez
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Karem M.A. Saleh
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Kim S, Yoon H, Ryu S. New virulence factor CSK29544_02616 as LpxA binding partner in Cronobacter sakazakii. Sci Rep 2018; 8:835. [PMID: 29339761 PMCID: PMC5770445 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants, but its virulence determinants remain largely unknown. In this study, a transposon-mediated random-mutant library of C. sakazakii was used to identify new virulence factors. Compared to wild-type bacteria, a mutant lacking CSK29544_02616 (referred to as labp) was defective in invasion into intestinal epithelial cells (by at least 1000-fold) and showed less phagocytosis by macrophages (by at least 50-fold). The lack of labp in C. sakazakii changed the profile of outer membrane proteins, decreased the production of lipopolysaccharides, and increased the production of membrane phospholipids. Bacterial physiological characteristics including surface hydrophobicity and motility were also altered in the absence of labp, presumably because of changes in the bacterial-envelope structure. To systematically determine the role of labp, ligand fishing was conducted using Labp as a bait, which revealed LpxA as a binding partner of Labp. LpxA is UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) acyltransferase, the first enzyme in the pathway of lipid A biosynthesis. Labp increased the enzymatic activity of LpxA without influencing lpxA expression. Considering multifaceted roles of lipopolysaccharides in virulence regulation, Labp is a novel virulence factor that promotes the production of lipid A by LpxA in Cronobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongok Kim
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.,Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Hyunjin Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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Abstract
Being able to track bacterial pathogens is essential for epidemiological purposes as well as monitoring in-house production facilities. Common bacterial pathogens, such as Salmonella serovars, are already been well defined, and their detection methods are very advanced. However, this will not be the case for emergent bacterial pathogens, as was the case for Cronobacter. The clinical significance of the organism is due to its association with rare sporadic infections in adults, and severe life-threatening outbreaks of necrotizing enterocolitis and meningitis in newborn babies. The main recognized route of infection being through the consumption of contaminated reconstituted powdered infant formula. Key to the advances in being able to track this organism during formula production and outbreaks in neonatal intensive care units has been the use of DNA sequence-based methods, and most recently those which profile whole-genome sequences. This chapter considers how the latest DNA sequence-based methods in genotyping Cronobacter serve as a model for analyzing emergent bacterial pathogens in the future. The methods considered will initially highlight the limitations of phenotyping, then advance from the DNA probe-based methods for serotyping through to DNA sequence-based methods, especially multilocus sequence typing which is supported by an open access database. Finally the development of typing methods based on whole-genomes sequences, CRISPR-cas array profiling and SNP analysis, will be covered. The overall perspective is that emergent pathogens need to be investigated with the most advanced methods in order for robust and reliable control measures to be adopted.
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Abstract
There has been considerable concern related to Cronobacter spp. in foods, especially due to their highlighted association with neonatal infections through the ingestion of reconstituted powdered infant formula (PIF). This concern resulted in improved microbiological criteria recommendations by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and revised WHO advice on the preparation of infant feeds. In recent years, the diversity of the genus has been well described, and various detection and typing methods have been developed. This review considers our current knowledge of the genus and how DNA-sequence-based methods have contributed considerably to research into improved detection methods and more reliable identification procedures, genotyping schemes, and genomic analysis. The broader occurrence of Cronobacter in food ingredients, finished products, and food manufacturing environments is covered. This review also highlights the significance of clonal lineages in microbial source tracking and the use of CRISPR-cas array profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Forsythe
- foodmicrobe.com, Adams Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GY, United Kingdom;
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20
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Cloning and Expression of a Metalloprotease Gene from Morganella morganii Strain ZM. BIONANOSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-017-0439-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Phenotypic characterization of Cronobacter spp. strains isolated from foods and clinical specimens in Brazil. Food Res Int 2017; 102:61-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Ye Y, Zhang X, Zhang M, Ling N, Zeng H, Gao J, Jiao R, Wu Q, Zhang J. Potential factors involved in virulence of Cronobacter sakazakii isolates by comparative transcriptome analysis. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8826-8837. [PMID: 28888603 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cronobacter species are important foodborne pathogens causing severe infections in neonates through consumption of contaminated powdered infant formula. However, the virulence-associated factors in Cronobacter are largely unknown. In this study, the transcriptome analysis between highly virulent Cronobacter sakazakii G362 and attenuated L3101 strains was used to reveal the potential factors involved in virulence. The total transcripts were grouped into 20 clusters of orthologous group categories and summarized in 3 gene ontology categories (biological process, cellular component, and molecular function). In addition, the differentially expressed genes (DEG) between these isolates were analyzed using Volcano plots and gene ontology enrichment. The predominant DEG were flagella-associated genes such as flhD, motA, flgM, flgB, and fliC. Furthermore, the expression abundance of outer membrane protein or lipoprotein genes (ompW, slyB, blc, tolC, and lolA), potential virulence-related factors (hlyIII and hha), and regulation factors (sdiA, cheY, Bss, fliZ) was also significantly different between G362 and L3101. Interestingly, 3 hypothetical protein genes (ESA_01022, ESA_01609, and ESA_00609) were found to be expressed only in G362. Our findings provide valuable transcriptomic information about potential virulence factor genes, which will be needed in future molecular biology studies designed to understand the pathogenic mechanism of Cronobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwang Ye
- School of Food Science and Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, South China (the Ministry-Province Joint Development), Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, China.
| | - Xiyan Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Maofeng Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Na Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, South China (the Ministry-Province Joint Development), Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Haiyan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, South China (the Ministry-Province Joint Development), Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Jina Gao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Rui Jiao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, South China (the Ministry-Province Joint Development), Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, South China (the Ministry-Province Joint Development), Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, China
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Profiling of Virulence Determinants in Cronobacter sakazakii Isolates from Different Plant and Environmental Commodities. Curr Microbiol 2017; 74:560-565. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1219-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Identification of Grimelysin-Like Metalloprotease Gene in the Genome of Bacterium Providencia stuartii. BIONANOSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-016-0307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kothary MH, Gopinath GR, Gangiredla J, Rallabhandi PV, Harrison LM, Yan QQ, Chase HR, Lee B, Park E, Yoo Y, Chung T, Finkelstein SB, Negrete FJ, Patel IR, Carter L, Sathyamoorthy V, Fanning S, Tall BD. Analysis and Characterization of Proteins Associated with Outer Membrane Vesicles Secreted by Cronobacter spp. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:134. [PMID: 28232819 PMCID: PMC5299011 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about secretion of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) by Cronobacter. In this study, OMVs isolated from Cronobacter sakazakii, Cronobacter turicensis, and Cronobacter malonaticus were examined by electron microscopy (EM) and their associated outer membrane proteins (OMP) and genes were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, protein sequencing, BLAST, PCR, and DNA microarray. EM of stained cells revealed that the OMVs are secreted as pleomorphic micro-vesicles which cascade from the cell's surface. SDS-PAGE analysis identified protein bands with molecular weights of 18 kDa to >100 kDa which had homologies to OMPs such as GroEL; OmpA, C, E, F, and X; MipA proteins; conjugative plasmid transfer protein; and an outer membrane auto-transporter protein (OMATP). PCR analyses showed that most of the OMP genes were present in all seven Cronobacter species while a few genes (OMATP gene, groEL, ompC, mipA, ctp, and ompX) were absent in some phylogenetically-related species. Microarray analysis demonstrated sequence divergence among the OMP genes that was not captured by PCR. These results support previous findings that OmpA and OmpX may be involved in virulence of Cronobacter, and are packaged within secreted OMVs. These results also suggest that other OMV-packaged OMPs may be involved in roles such as stress response, cell wall and plasmid maintenance, and extracellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Qiong Q Yan
- Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, University College, Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Boram Lee
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Eunbi Park
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration Laurel, MD, USA
| | - YeonJoo Yoo
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration Laurel, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Isha R Patel
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration Laurel, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Séamus Fanning
- Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, University College, Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ben D Tall
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration Laurel, MD, USA
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Jackson EE, Forsythe SJ. Comparative study of Cronobacter identification according to phenotyping methods. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:146. [PMID: 27401027 PMCID: PMC4940867 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0768-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microbiological criteria applied to powdered infant formula (PIF) require the absence of all Cronobacter spp. Consequently, misidentification of isolates from finished products can lead to significant financial losses for manufacturers and could increase the risk of neonatal infection. Biochemical identification of suspect isolates using commercially available test panels is recommended for use by PIF manufacturers by both the US FDA and ISO standard methods for Cronobacter species; however, phenotyping can be unreliable, particularly for a genus such as Cronobacter where the taxonomy has been subject to frequent changes. This study compared the predicted identification by commonly used phenotyping kits (API20E and ID32E) for over 240 strains of Cronobacter from diverse sources, which had been identified using DNA sequence analysis. In 2015, the databases associated with the API20E and ID32E biochemical test panels were updated, including the recognition of the Cronobacter genus. Thus, the identifications from multiple versions the databases were compared to each other and to identifications based on DNA sequencing methods. Results Using previous versions of the API20E database, 90.0 % of strains (216/240) resulted in a match for the species identification; however, version 5.0 produced matches for only 82.3 % of strains (237/288). Similarly, the update to version 4.0 in the ID32E database caused the percentage of matches to drop from 88.9 % (240/270) to 43.2 % (139/322). A smaller study showed that the Vitek GN system identified all 14 strains, belonging all seven Cronobacter species, as members of the ‘C. sakazakii group,’ but also attributed three strains of Franconibacter helveticus and F. pulveris to this group. In silco analysis of a PCR-based method targeting ompA predicted that amplification would only occur with Cronobacter species and this method may be a feasible alternative to biochemical phenotyping. Conclusions These results indicate that commercially available biochemical test panels are not sufficiently reliable for speciation of Cronobacter isolates. Although DNA-sequence based methods would be the more reliable approach; however, this is not currently feasible for many food microbiology laboratories. Instead, a previously published PCR-based method targeting ompA is suggested as an alternative for identification of Cronobacter species based on in silico analysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0768-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Jackson
- Pathogen Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Stephen J Forsythe
- Pathogen Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
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Eshwar AK, Tall BD, Gangiredla J, Gopinath GR, Patel IR, Neuhauss SCF, Stephan R, Lehner A. Linking Genomo- and Pathotype: Exploiting the Zebrafish Embryo Model to Investigate the Divergent Virulence Potential among Cronobacter spp. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158428. [PMID: 27355472 PMCID: PMC4927158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria belonging to the genus Cronobacter have been recognized as causative agents of life-threatening systemic infections primarily in premature, low-birth weight and immune-compromised neonates. Apparently not all Cronobacter species are linked to infantile infections and it has been proposed that virulence varies among strains. Whole genome comparisons and in silico analysis have proven to be powerful tools in elucidating potential virulence determinants, the presence/absence of which may explain the differential virulence behaviour of strains. However, validation of these factors has in the past been hampered by the availability of a suitable neonatal animal model. In the present study we have used zebrafish embryos to model Cronobacter infections in vivo using wild type and genetically engineered strains. Our experiments confirmed the role of the RepF1B-like plasmids as “virulence plasmids” in Cronobacter and underpinned the importantce of two putative virulence factors—cpa and zpx—in in vivo pathogenesis. We propose that by using this model in vivo infection studies are now possible on a large scale level which will boost the understanding on the virulence strategies employed by these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athmanya K. Eshwar
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ben D. Tall
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jayanthi Gangiredla
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gopal R. Gopinath
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Isha R. Patel
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Lehner
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Characterization of Cronobacter spp. isolated from food of plant origin and environmental samples collected from farms and from supermarkets in the Czech Republic. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 217:130-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ye Y, Gao J, Jiao R, Li H, Wu Q, Zhang J, Zhong X. The Membrane Proteins Involved in Virulence of Cronobacter sakazakii Virulent G362 and Attenuated L3101 Isolates. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1238. [PMID: 26617581 PMCID: PMC4637405 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen and the virulence differences were previously documented. However, information about membranous proteins involved in virulence differences was not available. In this study, virulent characterization such as biofilm formation and flagella motility between virulent C. sakazakii isolate G362 and attenuated L3101 were determined. Then, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) technology was used to preliminarily reveal differential expression of membranous proteins between G362 and L3101. On the mass spectrometry (MS) analysis and MASCOT research results, fourteen proteins with differential expression were successfully identified. At the threshold of twofold changes, five out of eight membranous proteins were up-regulated in G362. Using RT-PCR, the expression abundance of the protein (enzV, ompX, lptE, pstB, and OsmY) genes at mRNA levels was consistent with the results by 2-DE method. The findings presented here provided novel information and valuable knowledge for revealing pathogenic mechanism of C. sakazakii.
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Affiliation(s)
- YingWang Ye
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology Hefei, China ; State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Institute of Microbiology Guangzhou, China
| | - Jina Gao
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology Hefei, China
| | - Rui Jiao
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology Hefei, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology Hefei, China ; State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Institute of Microbiology Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Institute of Microbiology Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Institute of Microbiology Guangzhou, China
| | - Xian Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application Guangzhou, China ; Guangdong Institute of Microbiology Guangzhou, China
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Ye Y, Li H, Ling N, Han Y, Wu Q, Xu X, Jiao R, Gao J. Identification of potential virulence factors of Cronobacter sakazakii isolates by comparative proteomic analysis. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 217:182-8. [PMID: 26546912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cronobacter is a group of important foodborne pathogens associated with neonatal meningitis, septicemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Among Cronobacter species, Cronobacter sakazakii is the most common species in terms of isolation frequency. However, the molecular basis involved in virulence differences among C. sakazakii isolates is still unknown. In this study, based on the determination of virulence differences of C. sakazakii G362 (virulent isolate) and L3101 (attenuated isolate) through intraperitoneal injection, histopathologic analysis (small intestine, kidney, and liver) further confirmed virulence differences. Thereafter, the potential virulence factors were determined using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with MALDI/TOP/TOF mass spectrometry. Among a total of 36 protein spots showing differential expression (fold change>1.2), we identified 31 different proteins, of which the expression abundance of 22 was increased in G362. These up-regulated proteins in G362 mainly contained DNA starvation/stationary phase protection protein Dps, OmpA, LuxS, ATP-dependent Clp protease ClpC, and ABC transporter substrate-binding proteins, which might be involved in virulence of C. sakazakii. This is the first report to determine the potential virulence factors of C. sakazakii isolates at the proteomic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwang Ye
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, South China (the Ministry-Province Joint Development), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Na Ling
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, South China (the Ministry-Province Joint Development), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yongjia Han
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, South China (the Ministry-Province Joint Development), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Xiaoke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, South China (the Ministry-Province Joint Development), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Rui Jiao
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jina Gao
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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Zamaliutdinova NM, Minnullina LF, Sharipova MR, Mardanova AM. [New metalloendopeptidase of Morganella morganii ZM]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2015; 40:682-7. [PMID: 25895364 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162014060156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic activity which is inhibited in the presence of o-phenanthroline was found in M. morganii ZM. Intracellular proteases of M. morganii ZM unlimited split musculoskeletal actin in contrast to grimelysin. Several proteolitic proteins of M. morganii ZM cells were identified by zymography with gelatin. Metalloproteinase of M. morganii ZM cell lysate was purified by hydrophobic chromatography fractionation. The molecular weight of the protein was 35 kDa.
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Singh N, Goel G, Raghav M. Insights into virulence factors determining the pathogenicity of Cronobacter sakazakii. Virulence 2015; 6:433-40. [PMID: 25950947 PMCID: PMC4601314 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1036217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen associated with outbreaks of life-threatening necrotizing enterocolitis, meningitis and sepsis in neonates and infants. The pathogen possesses an array of virulence factors which aid in tissue adhesion, invasion and host cell injury. Although the identification and validation of C. sakazakii virulence factors has been hindered by availability of suitable neonatal animal model, various studies has reported outer membrane protein A (ompA) as a potential virulence marker. Various other plasmid associated genes such as filamentous hemagglutinin (fhaBC), Cronobacter plasminogen activator (cpa) and genes responsible for iron acquisition (eitCBAD and iucABD/iutA) have been reported in different strains of C. sakazakii. Besides these proposed virulence factors, several biophysical growth factors such as formation of biofilms and resistance to various environmental stresses also contributes to the pathogenic potential of this pathogen. This review provides an update on virulence determinants associated with the pathogenesis of C. sakazakii. The potential reservoirs of the pathogen, mode of transmission and epidemiology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niharika Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics; Jaypee University of Information Technology; Waknaghat, Solan, India
| | - Gunjan Goel
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics; Jaypee University of Information Technology; Waknaghat, Solan, India
| | - Mamta Raghav
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics; Jaypee University of Information Technology; Waknaghat, Solan, India
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33
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Singh N, Goel G, Raghav M. Prevalence and Characterization of Cronobacter spp. from Various Foods, Medicinal Plants, and Environmental Samples. Curr Microbiol 2015; 71:31-8. [PMID: 25855303 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dairy or non-dairy based products were explored to determine the prevalence, molecular characterization, and antibiotic susceptibility of Cronobacter spp. The isolation was done as per ISO 22964:2006 on chromogenic media followed by further confirmation by biochemical- and 16S rRNA-based identification. From 219 samples, the chromogenic agar assay and biochemical tests yielded presumptive 45 isolates. Among them, only 36 isolates showed 282 bp band amplified from ITS-G gene confirming as Cronobacter sakazakii. The Cronobacter spp. prevalence was highest in herbs and spices (34 %) while environmental samples had contamination rates of 23 % indicating plants as a possible reservoir of this pathogen. All the isolates were resistant to β-lactam derivatives (68 %), macrolides (88.6 %), and aminoglycosides (79.9 %) but susceptible to phenicoles (31.6 %) and tetracyclines (15 %) derivatives. The results emphasize the screening of plant materials before their incorporation in food matrices.
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MESH Headings
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Bacterial Typing Techniques
- Cluster Analysis
- Cronobacter/classification
- Cronobacter/drug effects
- Cronobacter/genetics
- Cronobacter/isolation & purification
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics
- Environmental Microbiology
- Food Microbiology
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests
- Phylogeny
- Plants, Medicinal/microbiology
- Prevalence
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Niharika Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, 173234, India
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34
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Hfq plays important roles in virulence and stress adaptation in Cronobacter sakazakii ATCC 29544. Infect Immun 2015; 83:2089-98. [PMID: 25754196 DOI: 10.1128/iai.03161-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. are opportunistic pathogens that cause neonatal meningitis and sepsis with high mortality in neonates. Despite the peril associated with Cronobacter infection, the mechanisms of pathogenesis are still being unraveled. Hfq, which is known as an RNA chaperone, participates in the interaction with bacterial small RNAs (sRNAs) to regulate posttranscriptionally the expression of various genes. Recent studies have demonstrated that Hfq contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous species of bacteria, and its roles are varied between bacterial species. Here, we tried to elucidate the role of Hfq in C. sakazakii virulence. In the absence of hfq, C. sakazakii was highly attenuated in dissemination in vivo, showed defects in invasion (3-fold) into animal cells and survival (10(3)-fold) within host cells, and exhibited low resistance to hydrogen peroxide (10(2)-fold). Remarkably, the loss of hfq led to hypermotility on soft agar, which is contrary to what has been observed in other pathogenic bacteria. The hyperflagellated bacteria were likely to be attributable to the increased transcription of genes associated with flagellar biosynthesis in a strain lacking hfq. Together, these data strongly suggest that hfq plays important roles in the virulence of C. sakazakii by participating in the regulation of multiple genes.
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35
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Feeney A, Kropp KA, O’Connor R, Sleator RD. Cronobacter sakazakii: stress survival and virulence potential in an opportunistic foodborne pathogen. Gut Microbes 2015; 5:711-8. [PMID: 25562731 PMCID: PMC4615781 DOI: 10.4161/19490976.2014.983774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A characteristic feature of the opportunistic foodborne pathogen Cronobacter sakazakii is its ability to survive in extremely arid environments, such as powdered infant formula, making it a dangerous opportunistic pathogen of individuals of all age groups, especially infants and neonates. Herein, we provide a brief overview of the pathogen; clinical manifestations, environmental reservoirs and our current understanding of stress response mechanisms and virulence factors which allow it to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Feeney
- Department of Biological Sciences; Cork Institute of Technology; Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kai A Kropp
- Department of Biological Sciences; Cork Institute of Technology; Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - Roxana O’Connor
- Department of Biological Sciences; Cork Institute of Technology; Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - Roy D Sleator
- Department of Biological Sciences; Cork Institute of Technology; Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland,Correspondence to: Roy D Sleator;
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36
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37
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Tall BD, Gangiredla J, Gopinath GR, Yan Q, Chase HR, Lee B, Hwang S, Trach L, Park E, Yoo Y, Chung T, Jackson SA, Patel IR, Sathyamoorthy V, Pava-Ripoll M, Kotewicz ML, Carter L, Iversen C, Pagotto F, Stephan R, Lehner A, Fanning S, Grim CJ. Development of a Custom-Designed, Pan Genomic DNA Microarray to Characterize Strain-Level Diversity among Cronobacter spp. Front Pediatr 2015; 3:36. [PMID: 25984509 PMCID: PMC4415424 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2015.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter species cause infections in all age groups; however neonates are at highest risk and remain the most susceptible age group for life-threatening invasive disease. The genus contains seven species:Cronobacter sakazakii, Cronobacter malonaticus, Cronobacter turicensis, Cronobacter muytjensii, Cronobacter dublinensis, Cronobacter universalis, and Cronobacter condimenti. Despite an abundance of published genomes of these species, genomics-based epidemiology of the genus is not well established. The gene content of a diverse group of 126 unique Cronobacter and taxonomically related isolates was determined using a pan genomic-based DNA microarray as a genotyping tool and as a means to identify outbreak isolates for food safety, environmental, and clinical surveillance purposes. The microarray constitutes 19,287 independent genes representing 15 Cronobacter genomes and 18 plasmids and 2,371 virulence factor genes of phylogenetically related Gram-negative bacteria. The Cronobacter microarray was able to distinguish the seven Cronobacter species from one another and from non-Cronobacter species; and within each species, strains grouped into distinct clusters based on their genomic diversity. These results also support the phylogenic divergence of the genus and clearly highlight the genomic diversity among each member of the genus. The current study establishes a powerful platform for further genomics research of this diverse genus, an important prerequisite toward the development of future countermeasures against this foodborne pathogen in the food safety and clinical arenas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Davies Tall
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, MD , USA
| | - Jayanthi Gangiredla
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, MD , USA
| | - Gopal R Gopinath
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, MD , USA
| | - Qiongqiong Yan
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland ; WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Hannah R Chase
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, MD , USA
| | - Boram Lee
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, MD , USA
| | - Seongeun Hwang
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, MD , USA
| | - Larisa Trach
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, MD , USA
| | - Eunbi Park
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, MD , USA
| | - YeonJoo Yoo
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, MD , USA
| | - TaeJung Chung
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, MD , USA
| | - Scott A Jackson
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, MD , USA
| | - Isha R Patel
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, MD , USA
| | - Venugopal Sathyamoorthy
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, MD , USA
| | - Monica Pava-Ripoll
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration , College Park, MD , USA
| | - Michael L Kotewicz
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, MD , USA
| | - Laurenda Carter
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, MD , USA
| | - Carol Iversen
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee , UK
| | - Franco Pagotto
- Food Directorate, Bureau of Microbial Hazards/Health Canada , Ottawa, ON , Canada
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Angelika Lehner
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland ; WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Christopher J Grim
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, MD , USA
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Fakruddin M, Rahaman M, Ahmed MM, Hoque MM. Stress tolerant virulent strains of Cronobacter sakazakii from food. Biol Res 2014; 47:63. [PMID: 25723712 PMCID: PMC4335510 DOI: 10.1186/0717-6287-47-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cronobacter sakazakii is considered as an emerging foodborne pathogen. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize virulent strains of Cronobacter sakazakii from food samples of Bangladesh. RESULT Six (6) Cronobacter sakazakii was isolated and identified from 54 food samples on the basis of biochemical characteristics, sugar fermentation, SDS-PAGE of whole cell protein, plasmid profile and PCR of Cronobacter spp. specific genes (esak, gluA, zpx, ompA, ERIC, BOX-AIR) and sequencing. These strains were found to have moderately high antibiotic resistance against common antibiotics and some are ESBL producer. Most of the C. sakazakii isolates were capable of producing biofilm (strong biofilm producer), extracellular protease and siderophores, curli expression, haemolysin, haemagglutinin, mannose resistant haemagglutinin, had high cell surface hydrophobicity, significant resistance to human serum, can tolerate high concentration of salt, bile and DNase production. Most of them produced enterotoxins of different molecular weight. The isolates pose significant serological cross-reactivity with other gram negative pathogens such as serotypes of Salmonella spp., Shigella boydii, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri and Vibrio cholerae. They had significant tolerance to high temperature, low pH, dryness and osmotic stress. CONCLUSION Special attention should be given in ensuring hygiene in production and post-processing to prevent contamination of food with such stress-tolerant virulent Cronobacter sakazakii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Fakruddin
- Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Food Science and Technology (IFST), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Mizanur Rahaman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Monzur Morshed Ahmed
- Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Food Science and Technology (IFST), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Stephan R, Grim CJ, Gopinath GR, Mammel MK, Sathyamoorthy V, Trach LH, Chase HR, Fanning S, Tall BD. Re-examination of the taxonomic status of Enterobacter helveticus, Enterobacter pulveris and Enterobacter turicensis as members of the genus Cronobacter and their reclassification in the genera Franconibacter gen. nov. and Siccibacter gen. nov. as Franconibacter helveticus comb. nov., Franconibacter pulveris comb. nov. and Siccibacter turicensis comb. nov., respectively. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:3402-3410. [PMID: 25028159 PMCID: PMC4179279 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.059832-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, a taxonomical re-evaluation of the genus Enterobacter, based on multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) analysis, has led to the proposal that the species Enterobacter pulveris, Enterobacter helveticus and Enterobacter turicensis should be reclassified as novel species of the genus Cronobacter. In the present work, new genome-scale analyses, including average nucleotide identity, genome-scale phylogeny and k-mer analysis, coupled with previously reported DNA–DNA hybridization values and biochemical characterization strongly indicate that these three species of the genus Enterobacter are not members of the genus Cronobacter, nor do they belong to the re-evaluated genus Enterobacter. Furthermore, data from this polyphasic study indicated that all three species constitute two new genera. We propose reclassifying Enterobacter pulveris and Enterobacter helveticus in the genus Franconibacter gen. nov. as Franconibacter pulveris comb. nov. (type strain 601/05T = LMG 24057T = DSM 19144T) and Franconibacter helveticus comb. nov. (type strain 513/05T = LMG 23732T = DSM 18396T), respectively, and Enterobacter turicensis in the genus Siccibacter gen. nov. as Siccibacter turicensis comb. nov. (type strain 508/05T = LMG 23730T = DSM 18397T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Séamus Fanning
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College, Dublin, Ireland
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40
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Jackson EE, Sonbol H, Masood N, Forsythe SJ. Genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of Cronobacter species, with particular attention to the newly reclassified species Cronobacter helveticus, Cronobacter pulveris, and Cronobacter zurichensis. Food Microbiol 2014; 44:226-35. [PMID: 25084667 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In 2013, Enterobacter helveticus, Enterobacter pulveris and Enterobacter turicensis, were reclassified as Cronobacter helveticus, Cronobacter pulveris and Cronobacter zurichensis, respectively. Previously these species had been used as negative controls for some Cronobacter detection assays. This study examined cultural, biochemical and molecular Cronobacter detection and identification assays, with emphasis on the new species. Additionally, 32 Cronobacter genomes were examined for the presence of PCR target genes using the BLAST function of the online Cronobacter PubMLST facility. The results of the cultural methods varied and no single medium was able to correctly detect all Cronobacter spp. Since the supporting databases have not been updated to include the Cronobacter genus, Enterobacter sakazakii was returned for four strains of the newly reclassified species with ID32E and none with API 20E. PCR probes targeting rpoB and ompA could not correctly identify the new Cronobacter spp., due to primer specificity or absent target genes. As neonates have been identified as a high-risk group for infection, international standards require the absence of all Cronobacter species in powdered infant formula. However, many conventional detection methods cannot correctly identify the newly recognized species. Conversely, DNA sequence-based methods can adapt to taxonomic revisions and will likely become more common.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Jackson
- Pathogen Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - H Sonbol
- Pathogen Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - N Masood
- Pathogen Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - S J Forsythe
- Pathogen Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
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Jaradat ZW, Al Mousa W, Elbetieha A, Al Nabulsi A, Tall BD. Cronobacter spp.--opportunistic food-borne pathogens. A review of their virulence and environmental-adaptive traits. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:1023-1037. [PMID: 24878566 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.073742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Cronobacter consists of a diverse group of Gram-negative bacilli and comprises seven species: Cronobacter sakazakii, Cronobacter malonaticus, Cronobacter muytjensii, Cronobacter turicensis, Cronobacter dublinensis, Cronobacter universalis and Cronobacter condimenti. Cronobacter are regarded as opportunistic pathogens, and have been implicated in newborn and infant infections, causing meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and bacteraemia or sepsis. Cronobacter virulence is believed to be due to multiple factors. Some strains were found to produce diarrhoea or cause significant fluid accumulation in suckling mice. Two iron acquisition systems (eitCBAD and iucABCD/iutA), Cronobacter plasminogen activator gene (cpa), a 17 kb type VI secretion system (T6SS), and a 27 kb filamentous haemagglutinin gene (fhaBC) and associated putative adhesins locus are harboured on a family of RepFIB-related plasmids (pESA3 and pCTU1), suggesting that these are common virulence plasmids; 98% of 229 tested Cronobacter strains possessed these plasmids. Even though pESA3 and pCTU1 share a common backbone composed of the repA gene and eitCBAD and iucABCD/iutA gene clusters, the presence of cpa, T6SS and FHA loci depended on species, demonstrating a strong correlation with the presence of virulence traits, plasmid type and species. Other factors were observed, in that Cronobacter form biofilms, and show unusual resistance to heat, dry and acid stress growth conditions. The outer-membrane protein A is probably one of the best-characterized virulence markers of Cronobacter. Furthermore, it was reported that Cronobacter employ phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/Akt signalling, which activates protein kinase C-α and impairs the host cell's mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, in order to invade cells. Cronobacter can also use immature dendritic cells and macrophages to escape the immune response. This review addresses the various virulence and environmental-adaptive characteristics possessed by members of the genus Cronobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad W Jaradat
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Waseem Al Mousa
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ahmed Elbetieha
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Anas Al Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ben D Tall
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Division of Virulence Assessment, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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Dong X, Wu Q, Zhang J, Mo S, Kou X, Guo W. Sequencing of the grxB gene of Cronobacter spp. and the development of a PCR assay for its identification. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 10:711-7. [PMID: 23883411 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii), a foodborne pathogen linked to powdered infant formula, is a rare cause of invasive infection with a high mortality rate in neonates. In this study, the Cronobacter sakazakii ATCC 29544 and C. muytjensii ATCC 51329 glutaredoxin 2 (grxB) genes were cloned and sequenced. Based on the unique regions of the Cronobacter grxB genes, two primers were synthesized to develop and optimize a Cronobacter-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The PCR assay amplified a 378-bp DNA product from all positive controls, which are composed of 45 strains of Cronobacter spp., but not from any of 45 non-Cronobacter bacterial strains. The detection limits of this method are 10(4) colony-forming units (CFU)/mL of Cronobacter spp. in infant formula directly and 10(0) CFU/mL after an 8-h enrichment step. In summary, we have developed a PCR assay based on the grxB sequence. Combined with enrichment culturing, this technique offers a rapid and sensitive method for the detection of Cronobacter spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Dong
- School of Medical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Putative Inv is essential for basolateral invasion of Caco-2 cells and acts synergistically with OmpA to affect in vitro and in vivo virulence of Cronobacter sakazakii ATCC 29544. Infect Immun 2014; 82:1755-65. [PMID: 24549330 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01397-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen that causes neonatal meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis. Its interaction with intestinal epithelium is important in the pathogenesis of enteric infections. In this study, we investigated the involvement of the inv gene in the virulence of C. sakazakii ATCC 29544 in vitro and in vivo. Sequence analysis of C. sakazakii ATCC 29544 inv revealed that it is different from other C. sakazakii isolates. In various cell culture models, an Δinv deletion mutant showed significantly lowered invasion efficiency, which was restored upon genetic complementation. Studying invasion potentials using tight-junction-disrupted Caco-2 cells suggested that the inv gene product mediates basolateral invasion of C. sakazakii ATCC 29544. In addition, comparison of invasion potentials of double mutant (ΔompA Δinv) and single mutants (ΔompA and Δinv) provided evidence for an additive effect of the two putative outer membrane proteins. Finally, the importance of inv and the additive effect of putative Inv and OmpA were also proven in an in vivo rat pup model. This report is the first to demonstrate two proteins working synergistically in vitro, as well as in vivo in C. sakazakii pathogenesis.
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Tall BD, Chen Y, Yan Q, Gopinath GR, Grim CJ, Jarvis KG, Fanning S, Lampel KA. Cronobacter: an emergent pathogen causing meningitis to neonates through their feeds. Sci Prog 2014; 97:154-72. [PMID: 25108996 PMCID: PMC10365370 DOI: 10.3184/003685014x13994743930498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of Cronobacter as a public health concern was raised when powdered infant formula (PIF) was linked to several neonatal meningitis outbreaks. It is an opportunistic pathogen that causes necrotising enterocolitis, infantile septicaemia, and meningitis which carries a high mortality rate among neonates. It has been also linked with cases of infection in adults and elderly. Over the past decade, much focus has been made on developing sensitive and specific characterisation, detection, and isolation methods to ascertain the quality of foods, notably contamination of PIF with Cronobacter and to understand its ability to cause disease. Whole genome sequencing has unveiled several putative virulence factors, yet the full capacity of the pathogenesis of Cronobacter has not yet been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben D. Tall
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration in Laurel, Maryland
| | - Yi Chen
- FDA in College Park, Maryland
| | | | - Gopal R. Gopinath
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA, in Laurel, Maryland
| | | | - Karen G. Jarvis
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA, in Laurel, Maryland
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Ruan J, Li M, Liu YP, Li YQ, Li YX. Rapid and sensitive detection of Cronobacter spp. (previously Enterobacter sakazakii) in food by duplex PCR combined with capillary electrophoresis–laser-induced fluorescence detector. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 921-922:15-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Wang J, Du XJ, Lu XN, Wang S. Immunoproteomic identification of immunogenic proteins in Cronobacter sakazakii strain BAA-894. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:2077-91. [PMID: 23371297 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4720-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. are emerging opportunistic pathogens. Cronobacter sakazakii is considered as the predominant species in all infections. So far, our understanding of the species' immunogens and potential virulence factors of Cronobacter spp. remains limited. In this study, an immunoproteomic approach was used to investigate soluble and insoluble proteins from the genome-sequenced strain C. sakazakii ATCC BAA-894. Proteins were separated using two-dimensional electrophoresis, detected by Western blotting with polyclonal antibodies of C. sakazakii BAA-894, and identified using tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS and MALDI-MS/MS, MS/MSMS). A total of 11 immunoreactive proteins were initially identified in C. sakazakii BAA-894, including two outer membrane proteins, four periplasmic proteins, and five cytoplasmic proteins. In silico functional analysis of the 11 identified proteins indicated three proteins that were initially described as immunogens of pathogenic bacteria. For the remaining eight proteins, one protein was categorized as a potential virulence factor involved in protection against reactive oxygen species, and seven proteins were considered to play potential roles in adhesion, invasion, and biofilm formation. To our knowledge, this is the first time that immunogenic proteins of C. sakazakii BAA-894 have been identified as immunogens and potential virulence factors by an immunoproteomics approach. Future studies should investigate the roles of these proteins in bacterial pathogenesis and modulation of host immune responses during infection to identify their potential as molecular therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
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Species of Cronobacter – A review of recent advances in the genus and their significance in infant formula milk. Int Dairy J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Joseph S, Forsythe SJ. Insights into the Emergent Bacterial Pathogen Cronobacter spp., Generated by Multilocus Sequence Typing and Analysis. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:397. [PMID: 23189075 PMCID: PMC3504363 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. (previously known as Enterobacter sakazakii) is a bacterial pathogen affecting all age groups, with particularly severe clinical complications in neonates and infants. One recognized route of infection being the consumption of contaminated infant formula. As a recently recognized bacterial pathogen of considerable importance and regulatory control, appropriate detection, and identification schemes are required. The application of multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and analysis (MLSA) of the seven alleles atpD, fusA, glnS, gltB, gyrB, infB, and ppsA (concatenated length 3036 base pairs) has led to considerable advances in our understanding of the genus. This approach is supported by both the reliability of DNA sequencing over subjective phenotyping and the establishment of a MLST database which has open access and is also curated; http://www.pubMLST.org/cronobacter. MLST has been used to describe the diversity of the newly recognized genus, instrumental in the formal recognition of new Cronobacter species (C. universalis and C. condimenti) and revealed the high clonality of strains and the association of clonal complex 4 with neonatal meningitis cases. Clearly the MLST approach has considerable benefits over the use of non-DNA sequence based methods of analysis for newly emergent bacterial pathogens. The application of MLST and MLSA has dramatically enabled us to better understand this opportunistic bacterium which can cause irreparable damage to a newborn baby's brain, and has contributed to improved control measures to protect neonatal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Joseph
- Pathogen Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent UniversityNottingham, UK
| | - Stephen J. Forsythe
- Pathogen Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent UniversityNottingham, UK
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Joseph S, Desai P, Ji Y, Cummings CA, Shih R, Degoricija L, Rico A, Brzoska P, Hamby SE, Masood N, Hariri S, Sonbol H, Chuzhanova N, McClelland M, Furtado MR, Forsythe SJ. Comparative analysis of genome sequences covering the seven cronobacter species. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49455. [PMID: 23166675 PMCID: PMC3500316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Species of Cronobacter are widespread in the environment and are occasional food-borne pathogens associated with serious neonatal diseases, including bacteraemia, meningitis, and necrotising enterocolitis. The genus is composed of seven species: C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, C. turicensis, C. dublinensis, C. muytjensii, C. universalis, and C. condimenti. Clinical cases are associated with three species, C. malonaticus, C. turicensis and, in particular, with C. sakazakii multilocus sequence type 4. Thus, it is plausible that virulence determinants have evolved in certain lineages. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We generated high quality sequence drafts for eleven Cronobacter genomes representing the seven Cronobacter species, including an ST4 strain of C. sakazakii. Comparative analysis of these genomes together with the two publicly available genomes revealed Cronobacter has over 6,000 genes in one or more strains and over 2,000 genes shared by all Cronobacter. Considerable variation in the presence of traits such as type six secretion systems, metal resistance (tellurite, copper and silver), and adhesins were found. C. sakazakii is unique in the Cronobacter genus in encoding genes enabling the utilization of exogenous sialic acid which may have clinical significance. The C. sakazakii ST4 strain 701 contained additional genes as compared to other C. sakazakii but none of them were known specific virulence-related genes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Genome comparison revealed that pair-wise DNA sequence identity varies between 89 and 97% in the seven Cronobacter species, and also suggested various degrees of divergence. Sets of universal core genes and accessory genes unique to each strain were identified. These gene sequences can be used for designing genus/species specific detection assays. Genes encoding adhesins, T6SS, and metal resistance genes as well as prophages are found in only subsets of genomes and have contributed considerably to the variation of genomic content. Differences in gene content likely contribute to differences in the clinical and environmental distribution of species and sequence types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Joseph
- Pathogen Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Prerak Desai
- Vaccine Research Institute San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Yongmei Ji
- Life Technologies Corporation, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Craig A. Cummings
- Life Technologies Corporation, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Rita Shih
- Life Technologies Corporation, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Lovorka Degoricija
- Life Technologies Corporation, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Alain Rico
- Life Technologies Corporation, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Pius Brzoska
- Life Technologies Corporation, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen E. Hamby
- Bioinformatics and Biomathematics Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Naqash Masood
- Pathogen Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sumyya Hariri
- Pathogen Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hana Sonbol
- Pathogen Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Chuzhanova
- Bioinformatics and Biomathematics Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael McClelland
- Vaccine Research Institute San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Manohar R. Furtado
- Life Technologies Corporation, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Forsythe
- Pathogen Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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