1
|
Jujjavarapu SE, Dhagat S. Evolutionary Trends in Industrial Production of α-amylase. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2019; 13:4-18. [PMID: 30810102 DOI: 10.2174/2211550107666180816093436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amylase catalyzes the breakdown of long-chain carbohydrates to yield maltotriose, maltose, glucose and dextrin as end products. It is present in mammalian saliva and helps in digestion. OBJECTIVE Their applications in biotechnology include starch processing, biofuel, food, paper, textile and detergent industries, bioremediation of environmental pollutants and in clinical and medical applications. The commercial microbial strains for production of α-amylase are Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. amyloliquefaciens and Aspergillus oryzae. Industrial production of enzymes requires high productivity and cannot use wild-type strains for enzyme production. The yield of enzyme from bacteria can be increased by varying the physiological and genetic properties of strains. RESULTS The genetic properties of a bacterium can be improved by enhancing the expression levels of the gene and secretion of the enzyme outside the cells, thereby improving the productivity by preventing degradation of enzymes. Overall, the strain for specific productivity should have the maximum ability for synthesis and secretion of an enzyme of interest. Genetic manipulation of α-amylase can also be used for the production of enzymes with different properties, for example, by recombinant DNA technology. CONCLUSION This review summarizes different techniques in the production of recombinant α- amylases along with the patents in this arena. The washing out of enzymes in reactions became a limitation in utilization of these enzymes in industries and hence immobilization of these enzymes becomes important. This paper also discusses the immobilization techniques for used α-amylases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Swasti Dhagat
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur-492010, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sanchez AC, Ravanal MC, Andrews BA, Asenjo JA. Heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of a novel cold-active α-amylase from the Antarctic bacteria Pseudoalteromonas sp. 2-3. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 155:78-85. [PMID: 30496815 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
α-Amylase is an endo-acting enzyme which catalyzes random hydrolysis of starch. These enzymes are used in various biotechnological processes including the textile, paper, food, biofuels, detergents and pharmaceutical industries. The use of active enzymes at low temperatures has a high potential because these enzymes would avoid the demand for heating during the process thereby reducing costs. In this work, the gene of α-amylase from Pseudoalteromonas sp. 2-3 (Antarctic bacteria) has been sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The ORF of the α-amylase gene cloned into pET22b(+) is 1824 bp long and codes for a protein of 607 amino acid residues including a His6-tag. The mature protein has a calculated molecular mass of 68.8 kDa. Recombinant α-amylase was purified with Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme is active on potato starch with a Km of 6.94 mg/ml and Vmax of 0.27 mg/ml*min. The pH optimum is 8.0 and the optimal temperature is 20 °C. This enzyme was strongly activated by Ca2+; results consistent with other α-amylases. To the best of our knowledge, this enzyme has the lowest temperature optimum so far reported for α-amylases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria C Sanchez
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, University of Chile, Beauchef 851, Santiago, Chile.
| | - María Cristina Ravanal
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICYTAL), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Avda. Julio Sarrazín s/n, Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Barbara A Andrews
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, University of Chile, Beauchef 851, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Juan A Asenjo
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, University of Chile, Beauchef 851, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zeng Q, Hao T, Mackey HR, Wei L, Guo G, Chen G. Alkaline textile wastewater biotreatment: A sulfate-reducing granular sludge based lab-scale study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 332:104-111. [PMID: 28285103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study the feasibility of treating dyeing wastewater with sulfate reducing granular sludge was explored, focusing on decolorization/degradation of azo dye (Procion Red HE-7B) and the performance of microbial consortia under alkaline conditions (pH=11). Efficiency of HE-7B degradation was influenced strongly by the chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration which was examined in the range of 500-3000mg/L. COD removal efficiency was reduced at high COD concentration, while specific removal rate was enhanced to 17.5 mg-COD/gVSSh-1. HE-7B removal was also improved at higher organic strength with more than 90% removal efficiency and a first-rate removal constant of 5.57h-1 for dye degradation. Three dye-degradation metabolites were identified by HPLC-MS. The granular structure provided enhanced removal performance for HE-7B and COD in comparison to a near-identical floc SRB system and the key functional organisms were identified by high throughput sequencing. This study demonstrates an example of a niche application where SRB granules can be applied for high efficient and cost-effective treatment of a wastewater under adverse environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zeng
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tianwei Hao
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Wastewater Treatment Laboratory, FYT Graduate School, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Nansha, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hamish Robert Mackey
- College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Li Wei
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Wastewater Treatment Laboratory, FYT Graduate School, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Nansha, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Guo
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guanghao Chen
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Water Technology Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Wastewater Treatment Laboratory, FYT Graduate School, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Nansha, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Migani D, Smales CM, Bracewell DG. Effects of lysosomal biotherapeutic recombinant protein expression on cell stress and protease and general host cell protein release in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:666-676. [PMID: 28249362 PMCID: PMC5485175 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human Acid Alpha Glucosidase (GAA) is the therapeutic enzyme used for the treatment of Pompe disease, a rare genetic disorder characterized by GAA deficiency in the cell lysosomes (Raben et al., Curr Mol Med. 2002; 2:145-166). The manufacturing process for GAA can be challenging, in part due to protease degradation. The overall goal of this study was to understand the effects of GAA overexpression on cell lysosomal phenotype and host cell protein (HCP) release, and any resultant consequences for protease levels and ease of manufacture. To do this we first generated a human recombinant GAA producing stable CHO cell line and designed the capture chromatographic step anion exchange (IEX). We then collected images of cell lysosomes via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and compared the resulting data with that from a null CHO cell line. TEM imaging revealed 72% of all lysosomes in the GAA cell line were engorged indicating extensive cell stress; by comparison only 8% of lysosomes in the null CHO had a similar phenotype. Furthermore, comparison of the HCP profile among cell lines (GAA, mAb, and Null) capture eluates, showed that while most HCPs released were common across them, some were unique to the GAA producer, implying that cell stress caused by overexpression of GAA has a molecule specific effect on HCP release. Protease analysis via zymograms showed an overall reduction in proteolytic activity after the capture step but also revealed the presence of co-eluting proteases at approximately 80 KDa, which MS analysis putatively identified as dipeptidyl peptidase 3 and prolyl endopeptidase. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:666-676, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Migani
- The Advanced Centre of Biochemical Engineering, Dept. of Biochemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonBernard Katz BuildingLondonWC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom
| | - C. Mark Smales
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of BiosciencesUniversity of KentCanterburyKentCT2 7NJUnited Kingdom
| | - Daniel G. Bracewell
- The Advanced Centre of Biochemical Engineering, Dept. of Biochemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonBernard Katz BuildingLondonWC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee SY, Khoiroh I, Ooi CW, Ling TC, Show PL. Recent Advances in Protein Extraction Using Ionic Liquid-based Aqueous Two-phase Systems. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2017.1279628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sze Ying Lee
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Ianatul Khoiroh
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Chien Wei Ooi
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Tau Chuan Ling
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Suriya J, Bharathiraja S, Krishnan M, Manivasagan P, Kim SK. Marine Microbial Amylases: Properties and Applications. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2016; 79:161-177. [PMID: 27770860 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amylases are crucial enzymes which hydrolyze internal glycosidic linkages in starch and produce as primary products dextrins and oligosaccharides. Amylases are classified into α-amylase, β-amylase, and glucoamylase based on their three-dimensional structures, reaction mechanisms, and amino acid sequences. Amylases have innumerable applications in clinical, medical, and analytical chemistries as well as in food, detergent, textile, brewing, and distilling industries. Amylases can be produced from plants, animals, and microbial sources. Due to the advantages in microbial production, it meets commercial needs. The pervasive nature, easy production, and wide range of applications make amylase an industrially pivotal enzyme. This chapter will focus on amylases found in marine microorganisms, their potential industrial applications, and how these enzymes can be improved to the required bioprocessing conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Suriya
- School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Bharathiraja
- CAS in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Porto Novo, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Krishnan
- School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Manivasagan
- Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - S-K Kim
- Marine Bioprocess Research Center; Specialized Graduate School Science & Technology Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gao K, Orr V, Rehmann L. Butanol fermentation from microalgae-derived carbohydrates after ionic liquid extraction. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 206:77-85. [PMID: 26849199 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Lipid extracted algae (LEA) is an attractive feedstock for alcohol fuel production as it is a non-food crop which is largely composed of readily fermented carbohydrates like starch rather than the more recalcitrant lignocellulosic materials currently under intense development. This study compares the suitability of ionic liquid extracted algae (ILEA) and hexane extracted algae (HEA) for acetone, butanol, and ethanol (ABE) fermentation. The highest butanol titers (8.05 g L(-1)) were achieved with the fermentation of the acid hydrolysates of HEA, however, they required detoxification to support product formation after acid hydrolysis while ILEA did not. Direct ABE fermentation of ILEA and HEA (without detoxification) starches resulted in a butanol titer of 4.99 and 6.63 g L(-1), respectively, which significantly simplified the LEA to butanol process. The study demonstrated the compatibility of producing biodiesel and butanol from a single feedstock which may help reduce the feedstock costs of each individual process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Gao
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Valerie Orr
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Lars Rehmann
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada; Department of Biochemical Engineering, AVT - Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Zafar A, Aftab MN, ud Din Z, Aftab S, Iqbal I, ul Haq I. Cloning, Purification and Characterization of a Highly Thermostable Amylase Gene of Thermotoga petrophila into Escherichia coli. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 178:831-48. [PMID: 26526464 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1912-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A putative α-amylase gene of Thermotoga petrophila was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using pET-21a (+), as an expression vector. The growth conditions were optimized for maximal expression of the α-amylase using various parameters, such as pH, temperature, time of induction and addition of an inducer. The optimum temperature and pH for the maximum expression of α-amylase were 22 °C and 7.0 pH units, respectively. Purification of the recombinant enzyme was carried out by heat treatment method, followed by ion exchange chromatography with 34.6-fold purification having specific activity of 126.31 U mg(-1) and a recovery of 56.25%. Molecular weight of the purified α-amylase, 70 kDa, was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The enzyme was stable at 100 °C temperature and at pH of 7.0. The enzyme activity was increased in the presence of metal ions especially Ca(+2) and decreased in the presence of EDTA indicating that the α-amylase was a metalloenzyme. However, addition of 1% Tween 20, Tween 80 and β-mercaptoethanol constrained the enzyme activity to 87, 96 and 89%, respectively. No considerable effect of organic solvents (ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, acetone and n-butanol) was observed on enzyme activity. With soluble starch as a substrate, the enzyme activity under optimized conditions was 73.8 U mg(-1). The α-amylase enzyme was active to hydrolyse starch forming maltose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Zafar
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nauman Aftab
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Zia ud Din
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Saima Aftab
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Irfana Iqbal
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ikram ul Haq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu J, Xia B, Li Z, Ye X, Chen Q, Dong W, Zhou J, Huang Y, Cui Z. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel GH13 saccharifying α‐amylase AmyC fromCorallococcussp. EGB. STARCH-STARKE 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201400258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Wu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life SciencesKey Laboratory for Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityP. R. China
| | - Bingjie Xia
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life SciencesKey Laboratory for Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityP. R. China
| | - Zhoukun Li
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life SciencesKey Laboratory for Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityP. R. China
| | - Xianfeng Ye
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life SciencesKey Laboratory for Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityP. R. China
| | - Qiongzhen Chen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life SciencesKey Laboratory for Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityP. R. China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life SciencesKey Laboratory for Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityP. R. China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life SciencesKey Laboratory for Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityP. R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life SciencesKey Laboratory for Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityP. R. China
| | - Zhongli Cui
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life SciencesKey Laboratory for Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityP. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Metabolic engineering of Clostridium tyrobutyricum for n-butanol production from maltose and soluble starch by overexpressing α-glucosidase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:6155-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
12
|
Ahmad R, Mohsin M, Ahmad T, Sardar M. Alpha amylase assisted synthesis of TiO₂ nanoparticles: structural characterization and application as antibacterial agents. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 283:171-177. [PMID: 25270329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme alpha amylase was used as the sole reducing and capping agent for the synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles. The biosynthesized nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) methods. The XRD data confirms the monophasic crystalline nature of the nanoparticles formed. TEM data shows that the morphology of nanoparticles depends upon the enzyme concentration used at the time of synthesis. The presence of alpha amylase on TiO2 nanoparticles was confirmed by FTIR. The nanoparticles were investigated for their antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The minimum inhibitory concentration value of the TiO2 nanoparticles was found to be 62.50 μg/ml for both the bacterial strains. The inhibition was further confirmed using disc diffusion assay. It is evident from the zone of inhibition that TiO2 nanoparticles possess potent bactericidal activity. Further, growth curve study shows effect of inhibitory concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles against S. aureus and E. coli. Confocal microscopy and TEM investigation confirm that nanoparticles were disrupting the bacterial cell wall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Razi Ahmad
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mohd Mohsin
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Tokeer Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Meryam Sardar
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Guan Q, Guo X, Han T, Wei M, Jin M, Zeng F, Liu L, Li Z, Wang Y, Cheong GW, Zhang S, Jia B. Cloning, purification and biochemical characterisation of an organic solvent-, detergent-, and thermo-stable amylopullulanase from Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
14
|
Abstract
This article surveys methods for the enzymatic conversion of starch, involving hydrolases and nonhydrolyzing enzymes, as well as the role of microorganisms producing such enzymes. The sources of the most common enzymes are listed. These starch conversions are also presented in relation to their applications in the food, pharmaceutical, pulp, textile, and other branches of industry. Some sections are devoted to the fermentation of starch to ethanol and other products, and to the production of cyclodextrins, along with the properties of these products. Light is also shed on the enzymes involved in the digestion of starch in human and animal organisms. Enzymatic processes acting on starch are useful in structural studies of the substrates and in understanding the characteristics of digesting enzymes. One section presents the application of enzymes to these problems. The information that is included covers the period from the early 19th century up to 2009.
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Pleiotropic functions of catabolite control protein CcpA in Butanol-producing Clostridium acetobutylicum. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:349. [PMID: 22846451 PMCID: PMC3507653 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clostridium acetobutylicum has been used to produce butanol in industry. Catabolite control protein A (CcpA), known to mediate carbon catabolite repression (CCR) in low GC gram-positive bacteria, has been identified and characterized in C. acetobutylicum by our previous work (Ren, C. et al. 2010, Metab Eng 12:446–54). To further dissect its regulatory function in C. acetobutylicum, CcpA was investigated using DNA microarray followed by phenotypic, genetic and biochemical validation. Results CcpA controls not only genes in carbon metabolism, but also those genes in solvent production and sporulation of the life cycle in C. acetobutylicum: i) CcpA directly repressed transcription of genes related to transport and metabolism of non-preferred carbon sources such as d-xylose and l-arabinose, and activated expression of genes responsible for d-glucose PTS system; ii) CcpA is involved in positive regulation of the key solventogenic operon sol (adhE1-ctfA-ctfB) and negative regulation of acidogenic gene bukII; and iii) transcriptional alterations were observed for several sporulation-related genes upon ccpA inactivation, which may account for the lower sporulation efficiency in the mutant, suggesting CcpA may be necessary for efficient sporulation of C. acetobutylicum, an important trait adversely affecting the solvent productivity. Conclusions This study provided insights to the pleiotropic functions that CcpA displayed in butanol-producing C. acetobutylicum. The information could be valuable for further dissecting its pleiotropic regulatory mechanism in C. acetobutylicum, and for genetic modification in order to obtain more effective butanol-producing Clostridium strains.
Collapse
|
17
|
Al-Shorgani NKN, Kalil MS, Yusoff WMW. Fermentation of sago starch to biobutanol in a batch culture using Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 (ATCC 13564). ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
18
|
Characteristics of a novel, highly acid- and thermo-stable amylase from thermophilic Bacillus strain HUTBS62 under different environmental conditions. ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
19
|
Servinsky MD, Kiel JT, Dupuy NF, Sund CJ. Transcriptional analysis of differential carbohydrate utilization by Clostridium acetobutylicum. Microbiology (Reading) 2010; 156:3478-3491. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.037085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional analysis was performed on Clostridium acetobutylicum with the goal of identifying sugar-specific mechanisms for the transcriptional regulation of transport and metabolism genes. DNA microarrays were used to determine transcript levels from total RNA isolated from cells grown on media containing eleven different carbohydrates, including two pentoses (xylose, arabinose), four hexoses (glucose, mannose, galactose, fructose), four disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose, cellobiose) and one polysaccharide (starch). Sugar-specific induction of many transport and metabolism genes indicates that these processes are regulated at the transcriptional level and are subject to carbon catabolite repression. The results show that C. acetobutylicum utilizes symporters and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters for the uptake of pentose sugars, while disaccharides and hexoses are primarily taken up by phosphotransferase system (PTS) transporters and a gluconate : H+ (GntP) transporter. The transcription of some transporter genes was induced by specific sugars, while others were induced by a subset of the sugars tested. Sugar-specific transport roles are suggested, based on expression comparisons, for various transporters of the PTS, the ABC superfamily and members of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS), including the GntP symporter family and the glycoside-pentoside-hexuronide (GPH)-cation symporter family. Additionally, updates to the C. acetobutylicum genome annotation are proposed, including the identification of genes likely to encode proteins involved in the metabolism of arabinose and xylose via the pentose phosphate pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Servinsky
- U S Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, USA
| | - James T. Kiel
- U S Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, USA
| | - Nicole F. Dupuy
- U S Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, USA
| | - Christian J. Sund
- U S Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Satheesh kumar G, Chandra MS, Mallaiah KV, Sreenivasulu P, Choi YL. Purification and characterization of highly thermostable α-amylase from thermophilic Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-009-0072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
21
|
Nagai T, Inoue R, Suzuki N, Nagashima T. Alpha-Amylase from Persimmon Honey: Purification and Characterization. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10942910701867764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
22
|
Abstract
Clostridium acetobutylicum is an anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium with the ability to ferment starch and sugars into solvents. In the past, it has been used for industrial production of acetone and butanol, until cheap crude oil rendered petrochemical synthesis more economically feasible. Both economic (price of crude oil) and environmental aspects (carbon dioxide emissions) have caused the pendulum to swing back again. Molecular biology has allowed a detailed understanding of genes and enzymes, required for solventogenesis. Thus, construction of strains with improved fermentation ability is now possible. Advances in continuous culture technology and improved downstream processing also add to economic advantages of a new biotechnological process. Two major companies have already committed themselves to biobutanol production as a biofuel additive. Thus, butanol fermentation is on the rise again.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dürre
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Universität Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Albasheri K, Mitchell W. Identification of two α-glucosidase activities inClostridium acetobutylicumNCIB 8052. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1995.tb02835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
24
|
|
25
|
Sullivan L, Paredes CJ, Papoutsakis ET, Bennett GN. Analysis of the clostridial hydrophobic with a conserved tryptophan family (ChW) of proteins in Clostridium acetobutylicum with emphasis on ChW14 and ChW16/17. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
26
|
Nakayama S, Irie R, Kosaka T, Matsuura K, Yoshino S, Furukawa K. New host-vector system in solvent-producing Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum strain N1-4. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2007; 53:53-6. [PMID: 17429161 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.53.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Nakayama
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nagarajan DR, Rajagopalan G, Krishnan C. Purification and characterization of a maltooligosaccharide-forming α-amylase from a new Bacillus subtilis KCC103. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 73:591-7. [PMID: 16850297 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0513-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Revised: 05/16/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A maltooligosaccharide-forming alpha-amylase was produced by a new soil isolate Bacillus subtilis KCC103. In contrast to other Bacillus species, the synthesis of alpha-amylase in KCC103 was not catabolite-repressed. The alpha-amylase was purified in one step using anion exchange chromatography after concentration of crude enzyme by acetone precipitation. The purified alpha-amylase had a molecular mass of 53 kDa. It was highly active over a broad pH range from 5 to 7 and stable in a wide pH range between 4 and 9. Though optimum temperature was 65-70 degrees C, it was rapidly deactivated at 70 degrees C with a half-life of 7 min and at 50 degrees C, the half-life was 94 min. The K (m) and V (max) for starch hydrolysis were 2.6 mg ml(-1) and 909 U mg(-1), respectively. Ca(2+) did not enhance the activity and stability of the enzyme; however, EDTA (50 mM) abolished 50% of the activity. Hg(2+), Ag(2+), and p-hydroxymercurybenzoate severely inhibited the activity indicating the role of sulfydryl group in catalysis. The alpha-amylase displayed endolytic activity and formed maltooligosaccharides on hydrolysis of soluble starch at pH 4 and 7. Small maltooligosaccharides (D2-D4) were formed more predominantly than larger maltooligosaccharides (D5-D7). This maltooligosaccharide forming endo-alpha-amylase is useful in bread making as an antistaling agent and it can be produced economically using low-cost sugarcane bagasse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dilli Rani Nagarajan
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Antranikian G, Vorgias CE, Bertoldo C. Extreme environments as a resource for microorganisms and novel biocatalysts. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2005; 96:219-62. [PMID: 16566093 DOI: 10.1007/b135786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The steady increase in the number of newly isolated extremophilic microorganisms and the discovery of their enzymes by academic and industrial institutions underlines the enormous potential of extremophiles for application in future biotechnological processes. Enzymes from extremophilic microorganisms offer versatile tools for sustainable developments in a variety of industrial application as they show important environmental benefits due to their biodegradability, specific stability under extreme conditions, improved use of raw materials and decreased amount of waste products. Although major advances have been made in the last decade, our knowledge of the physiology, metabolism, enzymology and genetics of this fascinating group of extremophilic microorganisms and their related enzymes is still limited. In-depth information on the molecular properties of the enzymes and their genes, however, has to be obtained to analyze the structure and function of proteins that are catalytically active around the boiling and freezing points of water and extremes of pH. New techniques, such as genomics, metanogenomics, DNA evolution and gene shuffling, will lead to the production of enzymes that are highly specific for countless industrial applications. Due to the unusual properties of enzymes from extremophiles, they are expected to optimize already existing processes or even develop new sustainable technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garabed Antranikian
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Technical University Hamburg-Harburg, Kasernenstrasse 12, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Balkan B, Ertan F. Production and properties of alpha-amylase from Penicillium chrysogenum and its application in starch hydrolysis. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2005; 35:169-78. [PMID: 15881598 DOI: 10.1081/pb-200054740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Fungi were screened for their ability to produce alpha-amylase by a plate culture method. Penicillium chrysogenum showed high enzymatic activity. Alpha-amylase production by P. chrysogenum cultivated in liquid media containing maltose (2%) reached its maximum at 6-8 days, at 30 degrees C, with a level of 155 U ml(-1). Some general properties of the enzyme were investigated. The optimum reaction pH and temperature were 5.0 and 30-40 degrees C, respectively. The enzyme was stable at a pH range from 5.0-6.0 and at 30 degrees C for 20 min and the enzyme's 92.1% activity's was retained at 40 degrees C for 20 min without substrate. Hydrolysis products of the enzyme were maltose, unidefined oligosaccharides, and a trace amount of glucose. Alpha-amylase of P. chrysogenum hydrolysed starches from different sources. The best hydrolysis was determined (98.69%) in soluble starch for 15 minute at 30 degrees C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Balkan
- Trakya University, Science and Art Faculty, Department of Biology, Edime, Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bertoldo C, Dock C, Antranikian G. Thermoacidophilic Microorganisms and their Novel Biocatalysts. Eng Life Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.200402155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
31
|
Schwarz WH, Zverlov VV, Bahl H. Extracellular Glycosyl Hydrolases from Clostridia. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2004; 56:215-61. [PMID: 15566981 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(04)56007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang H Schwarz
- Technical University of Munich Institute of Microbiology, D-85350 Freising, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sabathé F, Croux C, Cornillot E, Soucaille P. amyP, a reporter gene to study strain degeneration in Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2002; 210:93-8. [PMID: 12023083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium acetobutylicum produces an extracellular alpha-amylase when grown on glucose as the sole carbon source. This enzyme was previously characterized from a biochemical point of view but its encoding gene was never identified. The 2283-bp amyP gene encodes a 83013-Da mature protein with an N-terminal domain that exhibits strong identity to the family 13 glycosyl hydrolases such as the Bacillus alpha-amylases. Transcriptional analysis revealed that amyP is transcribed in solventogenic but not in acidogenic chemostat cultures. These results are in agreement with the extracellular alpha-amylase activities indicating that the expression of amyP is regulated at the transcriptional level. amyP is located on the pSOL1 megaplasmid that carries all the genes involved in the final steps of solvent formation. Degeneration of C. acetobutylicum has been associated to the loss of pSOL1. We demonstrate here that amyP can be used as a reporter system to quantitatively follow this phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Sabathé
- Centre de Bioingénierie Gilbert Durand, UMR-CNRS 5504, Lab. Ass. INRA, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Stamford TL, Stamford NP, Coelho LC, Araújo JM. Production and characterization of a thermostable alpha-amylase from Nocardiopsis sp. endophyte of yam bean. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2001; 76:137-141. [PMID: 11131797 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8524(00)00089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Thermostable amylolytic enzymes have been currently investigated to improve industrial processes of starch degradation. Studies on production of alpha-amylase by Nocardiopsis sp., an endophytic actinomycete isolated from yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus L. Urban), showed that higher enzyme levels were obtained at the end of the logarithmic growth phase after incubation for 72 h at pH 8.6. Maximum activity of alpha-amylase was obtained at pH 5.0 and 70 degrees C. The isolated enzyme exhibited thermostable properties as indicated by retention of 100% of residual activity at 70 degrees C, and 50% of residual activity at 90 degrees C for 10 min. Extracellular enzyme from Nocardiopsis sp. was purified by fractional precipitation with ammonium sulphate. After 60% saturation produced 1130 U mg-1 protein and yield was 28% with purification 2.7-fold. The enzyme produced by Nocardiopsis sp. has potential for industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T L Stamford
- Department of Nutrition, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Antibiotics, University of Federal Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, Brazil.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Madihah MS, Ariff AB, Khalil MS, Suraini AA, Karim MI. Anaerobic fermentation of gelatinized sago starch-derived sugars to acetone-1-butanol-ethanol solvent by Clostridium acetobutylicum. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2001; 46:197-204. [PMID: 11702403 DOI: 10.1007/bf02818533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A study of the kinetics and performance of solvent-yielding batch fermentation of individual sugars and their mixture derived from enzymic hydrolysis of sago starch by Clostridium acetobutylicum showed that the use of 30 g/L gelatinized sago starch as the sole carbon source produced 11.2 g/L total solvent, i.e. 1.5-2 times more than with pure maltose or glucose used as carbon sources. Enzymic pretreatment of gelatinized sago starch yielding maltose and glucose hydrolyzates prior to the fermentation did not improve solvent production as compared to direct fermentation of gelatinized sago starch. The solvent yield of direct gelatinized sago starch fermentation depended on the activity and stability of amylolytic enzymes produced during the fermentation. The pH optima for alpha-amylase and glucoamylase were found to be at 5.3 and 4.0-4.4, respectively. alpha-Amylase showed a broad pH stability profile, retaining more than 80% of its maximum activity at pH 3.0-8.0 after a 1-d incubation at 37 degrees C. Since C. acetobutylicum alpha-amylase has a high activity and stability at low pH, this strain can potentially be employed in a one-step direct solvent-yielding fermentation of sago starch. However, the C. acetobutylicum glucoamylase was only stable at pH 4-5, maintaining more than 90% of its maximum activity after a 1-d incubation at 37 degrees C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Madihah
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Duffner F, Bertoldo C, Andersen JT, Wagner K, Antranikian G. A new thermoactive pullulanase from Desulfurococcus mucosus: cloning, sequencing, purification, and characterization of the recombinant enzyme after expression in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:6331-8. [PMID: 11053376 PMCID: PMC94778 DOI: 10.1128/jb.182.22.6331-6338.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2000] [Accepted: 08/25/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding a thermoactive pullulanase from the hyperthermophilic anaerobic archaeon Desulfurococcus mucosus (apuA) was cloned in Escherichia coli and sequenced. apuA from D. mucosus showed 45.4% pairwise amino acid identity with the pullulanase from Thermococcus aggregans and contained the four regions conserved among all amylolytic enzymes. apuA encodes a protein of 686 amino acids with a 28-residue signal peptide and has a predicted mass of 74 kDa after signal cleavage. The apuA gene was then expressed in Bacillus subtilis and secreted into the culture fluid. This is one of the first reports on the successful expression and purification of an archaeal amylopullulanase in a Bacillus strain. The purified recombinant enzyme (rapuDm) is composed of two subunits, each having an estimated molecular mass of 66 kDa. Optimal activity was measured at 85 degrees C within a broad pH range from 3.5 to 8.5, with an optimum at pH 5.0. Divalent cations have no influence on the stability or activity of the enzyme. RapuDm was stable at 80 degrees C for 4 h and exhibited a half-life of 50 min at 85 degrees C. By high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis it was observed that rapuDm hydrolyzed alpha-1,6 glycosidic linkages of pullulan, producing maltotriose, and also alpha-1,4 glycosidic linkages in starch, amylose, amylopectin, and cyclodextrins, with maltotriose and maltose as the main products. Since the thermoactive pullulanases known so far from Archaea are not active on cyclodextrins and are in fact inhibited by these cyclic oligosaccharides, the enzyme from D. mucosus should be considered an archaeal pullulanase type II with a wider substrate specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Duffner
- Enzyme Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Purification and characterization of an extracellular alpha-amylase produced by Lactobacillus manihotivorans LMG 18010(T), an amylolytic lactic acid bacterium. Enzyme Microb Technol 2000; 27:406-413. [PMID: 10938420 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(00)00230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the purification and characterization of an extracellular alpha-amylase (1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.1) produced by a new lactic acid bacterium: Lactobacillus manihotivorans able to produce L(+) lactic acid from starch. The molecular weight was found to be 135 kDa. The temperature and pH optimum were 55 degrees C and 5.5, respectively, and pI was 3.8. The alpha-amylase had good stability at pH range from 5 to 6 and the enzyme was sensitive to temperature, losing activity within 1 h of incubation at 55 degrees C. Higher thermal stability was observed when the enzyme was incubated in presence of soluble starch. K(m) value and activation energy were 3.44 mg/ml and 32.55 kJ/mol, respectively. Amylose was found to be a better substrate than soluble starch and amylopectin. Al(3+), Fe(3+), and Hg(2+) (10 mM) almost completely inhibited the alpha-amylase.
Collapse
|
37
|
Ferrer A, Hoebeke J, Bout D. Purification and characterization of two alpha-amylases from Toxoplasma gondii. Exp Parasitol 1999; 92:64-72. [PMID: 10329367 DOI: 10.1006/expr.1999.4404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two distinct alpha-amylases have been identified in Toxoplasma gondii. They were purified close to homogeneity from cytoplasmic and membrane fractions. The apparent molecular weight of the cytoplasmic amylase was 22,300 Da and that of the membrane enzyme was 39,600 Da by gel filtration, and 25,000 and 41,000 Da by SDS gel electrophoresis, respectively. The physicochemical and catalytic properties of both enzymes showed them to be very different. Cytoplasmic alpha-amylase had an acid isoelectric point and its optimum pH was pH 5.0; its activity was unaffected by NaCl, Ca2+, or EDTA. The membrane alpha-amylase had an isoelectric point of 7.7 and an optimum pH of 8.0. It was affected by Ca2+, inhibited by EDTA, and activated eight-fold by NaCl. Both amylases were inactivated by temperatures above 65 degrees C, but cytoplasmic amylase was more resistant to thermal denaturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ferrer
- CJF-INSERM 93-09, Equipe associèe INRA d'Immunologie Parasitaire, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 31 Avenue Monge, Tours, 37200, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
The solvent-forming clostridia have attracted interest because of their ability to convert a range of carbohydrates to end-products such as acetone, butanol and ethanol. Polymeric substrates such as cellulose, hemicellulose and starch are degraded by extracellular enzymes. The majority of cellulolytic clostridia, typified by Clostridium thermocellum, produce a multi-enzyme cellulase complex in which the organization of components is critical for activity against the crystalline substrate. A variety of enzymes involved in degradation of hemicellulose and starch have been identified in different strains. The products of degradation, and other soluble substrates, are accumulated via membrane-bound transport systems which are generally poorly characterized. It is clear, however, that the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) plays a major role in solute uptake in several species. Accumulated substrates are converted by intracellular enzymes to end-products characteristic of the organism, with production of ATP to support growth. The metabolic pathways have been described, but understanding of mechanisms of regulation of metabolism is incomplete. Synthesis of extracellular enzymes and membrane-bound transport systems is commonly subject to catabolite repression in the presence of a readily metabolized source of carbon and energy. While many genes encoding cellulases, xylanases and amylases have been cloned and sequenced, little is known of control of their expression. Although the mechanism of catabolite repression in clostridia is not understood, some recent findings implicate a role for the PTS as in other low G-C Gram-positive bacteria. Emphasis has been placed on describing the mechanisms underlying the switch of C. acetobutylicum fermentations from acidogenic to solventogenic metabolism at the end of the growth phase. Factors involved include a lowered pH and accumulation of undissociated butyric acid, intracellular concentration of ATP and reduced pyridine nucleotides, nutrient limitation, and the interplay between pathways of carbon and electron flow. Genes encoding enzymes of solvent pathways have been cloned and sequenced, and their expression correlated with the pattern of end-product formation in fermentations. There is evidence that the initiation of solvent formation may be subject to control mechanisms similar to other stationary-phase phenomena, including sporulation. The application of recently developed techniques for genetic manipulation of the bacterium is improving understanding of the regulatory circuits, but a complete molecular description of the control of solvent formation remains elusive. Experimental manipulation of the pathways of electron flow in other species has been shown to influence the range and yield of fermentation end-products. Acid-forming clostridia can, under appropriate conditions, be induced to form atypical solvents as products. While the mechanisms of regulation of gene expression are not at all understood, the capacity to adapt in this way further illustrates the metabolic flexibility of clostridial strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W J Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Marco JL, Bataus LA, Valência FF, Ulhoa CJ, Astolfi-Filho S, Felix CR. Purification and characterization of a truncated Bacillus subtilis alpha-amylase produced by Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1996; 44:746-52. [PMID: 8867632 DOI: 10.1007/bf00178613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A Bacillus subtilis amylase gene was inserted into a plasmid which was transferred to Escherichia coli. During cloning, a 3' region encoding 171 carboxy-terminal amino acids was replaced by a nucleotide sequence that encoded 33 amino acid residues not present in the indigenous protein. The transformed cells produced substantial amylolytic activity. The active protein was purified to apparent homogeneity. Its molecular mass (48 kDa), as estimated in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was lower than the molecular mass values calculated from the derived amino acid sequences of the B. subtilis complete alpha-amylase (57.7 kDa) and the truncated protein (54.1 kDa). This truncated enzyme form hydrolysed starch with a Km of 3.845 mg/ml. Activity was optimal at pH 6.5 and 50 degrees C, and the purified enzyme was stable at temperatures up to 50 degrees C. While Hg2+, Fe3+ and Al+3 were effective in inhibiting the truncated enzyme, Mn2+ and Co2+ considerably enhanced the activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Marco
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasilia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Shih NJ, Labbé RG. Purification and characterization of an extracellular alpha-amylase from Clostridium perfringens type A. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995; 61:1776-9. [PMID: 7646015 PMCID: PMC167440 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.5.1776-1779.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
An alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) secreted by Clostridium perfringens NCTC 8679 type A was purified to homogeneity and characterized. It was isolated from concentrated cell-free culture medium by ion-exchange and gel permeation chromatography. The enzyme exhibited maximal activity at pH 6.5 and 30 degrees C without the presence of calcium. The pI of the enzyme was 4.75. The estimated molecular weight of the purified enzyme was 76 kDa. The purified enzyme was inactivated between 35 and 40 degrees C, which increased to between 45 and 50 degrees C in the presence of calcium (5 mM). The purified enzyme produced a mixture of oligosaccharides as major end products of starch hydrolysis, indicating alpha-amylase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N J Shih
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Prieto JA, Bort BR, Martínez J, Randez-Gil F, Buesa C, Sanz P. Purification and characterization of a new alpha-amylase of intermediate thermal stability from the yeast Lipomyces kononenkoae. Biochem Cell Biol 1995; 73:41-9. [PMID: 7662314 DOI: 10.1139/o95-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A new alpha-amylase from the extracellular culture of the yeast Lipomyces kononenkoae CBS 5608 has been purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulphate treatment, affinity binding on cross-linked starch, and DEAE-Biogel A chromatography. The enzyme was monomeric, with an apparent M(r) of 76 kilodaltons, pI < 3.5, and optimum pH 4.5-5.0, and exhibited intermediate thermal stability. The temperature for optimal enzyme activity was 70 degrees C. It is a glycoprotein with both N- and O-linked sugars. Kinetic analyses indicate that the enzyme has an endoamylolytic mechanism. The kM for soluble starch was 0.80 g.L-1 and the kcat was 622.s-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Prieto
- Deptamento Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Annous BA, Blaschek HP. Isolation and characterization of α-amylase derived from starchgrownClostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01569656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
43
|
Freer SN. Purification and characterization of the extracellular alpha-amylase from Streptococcus bovis JB1. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:1398-402. [PMID: 8517735 PMCID: PMC182095 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.5.1398-1402.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular alpha-amylase (1,4-alpha-D-glucanglucanohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.1) from maltose-grown Streptococcus bovis JB1 was purified to apparent homogeneity by ion-exchange chromatography (Mono Q). The enzyme had an isoelectric point of 4.50 and an apparent molecular mass of 77,000 Da, as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme was rich in acidic and hydrophobic amino acids. The 15-amino-acid NH2-terminal sequence was 40% homologous with the Bacillus subtilis saccharifying alpha-amylase and 27% homologous with the Clostridium acetobutylicum alpha-amylase. alpha-Amylase activity on soluble starch was optimal at pH 5.0 to 6.0. The enzyme was relatively stable between pH 5.5 and 8.5 and at temperatures below 50 degrees C. When soluble potato starch was used as the substrate, the enzyme had a Km of 0.88 mg.ml-1 and a kcat of 2,510 mumol of reducing sugar.min-1.mg of protein-1. The enzyme exhibited neither pullulanase nor dextranase activity and was 40 to 70% as active on amylopectin as on amylose. The major end products of amylose hydrolysis were maltose, maltotriose, and maltotetraose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S N Freer
- Fermentation Biochemistry Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604
| |
Collapse
|