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A Feed Additive Containing Encapsulated 6-Phytase within Recombinant Yarrowia lipolytica Cells Produced by Cultivation on Fat-Containing Waste. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12063094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Feed phytases are purchased as a dry culture medium of secreting producers, mostly micellar fungi. These preparations are required to withstand heating up to 75–80 °C because they are intended for mixing with feed components with subsequent granulation by spray drying. For this reason, many phytases that have a high specific activity at 37 °C and correspond to the optimal pH of intestinal chyme are not used in practice. A novel expression system allowing accumulation of the phytase from Obesumbacterium proteus within yeast Yarrowia lipolytica was proposed. Encapsulation increases thermal stability of the enzyme from 55 °C up to 70 °C. The obtained preparation exhibited a high impact on the daily weight gain of a weaned mouse model fed a phosphorus-deficient diet at a dosage 165 phytase activity units (FYT)/kg, whereas a commercial phytase preparation—Ladozyme Proxi derived from Aspergillus ficuum—did not improve the daily weight gain even at the dosage of 15,000 FYT/kg.
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Jiang ZM, Zhang BH, Sun HM, Zhang T, Yu LY, Zhang YQ. Properties of Modestobacter deserti sp. nov., a Kind of Novel Phosphate-Solubilizing Actinobacteria Inhabited in the Desert Biological Soil Crusts. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:742798. [PMID: 34803963 PMCID: PMC8602919 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.742798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Three Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, motile actinobacterial strains designated as CPCC 205119T, CPCC 205215, and CPCC 205251 were isolated from different biological soil crust samples collected from Tengger Desert, China. The 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison of these three strains showed they had almost identical 16S rRNA genes, which were closely related to members of the family Geodermatophilaceae, with the highest similarities of 96.3–97.3% to the species of Modestobacter. In the phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, these isolates clustered into a subclade next to the branch containing the species of Modestobacter lapidis and Modestobacter multiseptatus, within the lineage of the genus Modestobacter. The comparative genomic characteristics (values of ANI, dDDH, AAI, and POCP) and the phenotypic properties (morphological, physiological, and chemotaxonomic characteristics) of these isolates readily supported to affiliate them to the genus Modestobacter as a single separate species. For which, we proposed that the isolates CPCC 205119T, CPCC 205215, and CPCC 205251 represent a novel species of the genus Modestobacter as Modestobacter deserti sp. nov. CPCC 205119T (=I12A-02624=NBRC 113528T=KCTC 49201T) is the type strain. The genome of strain CPCC 205119T consisted of one chromosome (4,843,235bp) containing 4,424 coding genes, 48 tRNA genes, five rRNA genes, three other ncRNA genes, and 101 pseudogenes, with G+C content of 74.7%. The whole-genome sequences analysis indicated that this species contained alkaline phosphatase genes (phoA/phoD), phosphate transport-related genes (phoU, phnC, phnD, phnE, phoB, phoH, phoP, phoR, pitH, ppk, pstA, pstB, pstC, and pstS), trehalose-phosphate synthase gene (otsA), trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase gene (otsB) and other encoding genes for the properties that help the microorganisms to adapt to harsh environmental conditions prevalent in deserts. Strains of this species could solubilize tricalcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2] and phytin, assimilate pyrophosphate, thiophosphate, dithiophosphate, phosphoenol pyruvate, 2-deoxy-d-glucose-6-phosphate, and cysteamine-S-phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Ming Jiang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bing-Huo Zhang
- College of Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Hong-Min Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Yan Yu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Qin Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Fungal Phytases: Current Research and Applications in Food Industry. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85603-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kalkan SO, Bozcal E, Hames Tuna EE, Uzel A. Characterisation of a thermostable and proteolysis resistant phytase from Penicillium polonicum MF82 associated with the marine sponge Phorbas sp. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2020.1785434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saban Orcun Kalkan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Elif Bozcal
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section, Istanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Esin Hames Tuna
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Atac Uzel
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
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Handa V, Sharma D, Kaur A, Arya SK. Biotechnological applications of microbial phytase and phytic acid in food and feed industries. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Rice Biofortification: High Iron, Zinc, and Vitamin-A to Fight against “Hidden Hunger”. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9120803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
One out of three humans suffer from micronutrient deficiencies called “hidden hunger”. Underprivileged people, including preschool children and women, suffer most from deficiency diseases and other health-related issues. Rice (Oryza sativa), a staple food, is their source of nutrients, contributing up to 70% of daily calories for more than half of the world’s population. Solving “hidden hunger” through rice biofortification would be a sustainable approach for those people who mainly consume rice and have limited access to diversified food. White milled rice grains lose essential nutrients through polishing. Therefore, seed-specific higher accumulation of essential nutrients is a necessity. Through the method of biofortification (via genetic engineering/molecular breeding), significant increases in iron and zinc with other essential minerals and provitamin-A (β-carotene) was achieved in rice grain. Many indica and japonica rice cultivars have been biofortified worldwide, being popularly known as ‘high iron rice’, ‘low phytate rice’, ‘high zinc rice’, and ‘high carotenoid rice’ (golden rice) varieties. Market availability of such varieties could reduce “hidden hunger”, and a large population of the world could be cured from iron deficiency anemia (IDA), zinc deficiency, and vitamin-A deficiency (VAD). In this review, different approaches of rice biofortification with their outcomes have been elaborated and discussed. Future strategies of nutrition improvement using genome editing (CRISPR/Cas9) and the need of policy support have been highlighted.
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de Oliveira Ornela PH, Souza Guimarães LH. Purification and characterization of an alkalistable phytase produced by Rhizopus microsporus var. microsporus in submerged fermentation. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhou S, Liu Z, Xie W, Yu Y, Ning C, Yuan M, Mou H. Improving catalytic efficiency and maximum activity at low pH of Aspergillus neoniger phytase using rational design. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 131:1117-1124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Balaban NP, Suleimanova AD, Shakirov EV, Sharipova MR. Histidine Acid Phytases of Microbial Origin. Microbiology (Reading) 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261718060024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Han N, Miao H, Yu T, Xu B, Yang Y, Wu Q, Zhang R, Huang Z. Enhancing thermal tolerance of Aspergillus niger PhyA phytase directed by structural comparison and computational simulation. BMC Biotechnol 2018; 18:36. [PMID: 29859065 PMCID: PMC5984770 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-018-0445-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phytase supplied in feeds for monogastric animals is important for improving nutrient uptake and reducing phosphorous pollution. High-thermostability phytases are particularly desirable due to their ability to withstand transient high temperatures during feed pelleting procedures. A comparison of crystal structures of the widely used industrial Aspergillus niger PhyA phytase (AnP) with its close homolog, the thermostable Aspergillus fumigatus phytase (AfP), suggests 18 residues in three segments associated with thermostability. In this work, we aim to improve the thermostability of AnP through site-directed mutagenesis. We identified favorable mutations based on structural comparison of homologous phytases and molecular dynamics simulations. Results A recombinant phytase (AnP-M1) was created by substituting 18 residues in AnP with their AfP analogs. AnP-M1 exhibited greater thermostability than AnP at 70 °C. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested newly formed hydrogen bonding interactions with nine substituted residues give rise to the improved themostability. Thus, another recombinant phytase (AnP-M2) with just these nine point substitutions was created. AnP-M2 demonstrated superior thermostability among all AnPs at ≥70 °C: AnP-M2 maintained 56% of the maximal activity after incubation at 80 °C for 1 h; AnP-M2 retained 30-percentage points greater residual activity than that of AnP and AnP-M1 after 1 h incubation at 90 °C. Conclusions The resulting AnP-M2 is an attractive candidate in industrial applications, and the nine substitutions in AnP-M2 are advantageous for phytase thermostability. This work demonstrates that a strategy combining structural comparison of homologous enzymes and computational simulation to focus on important interactions is an effective method for obtaining a thermostable enzyme. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12896-018-0445-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanyu Han
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Huabiao Miao
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Bo Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yunjuan Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Qian Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China.,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Zunxi Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Sustainable and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, 650500, China.
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Gifre L, Arís A, Bach À, Garcia-Fruitós E. Trends in recombinant protein use in animal production. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:40. [PMID: 28259156 PMCID: PMC5336677 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant technologies have made possible the production of a broad catalogue of proteins of interest, including those used for animal production. The most widely studied proteins for the animal sector are those with an important role in reproduction, feed efficiency, and health. Nowadays, mammalian cells and fungi are the preferred choice for recombinant production of hormones for reproductive purposes and fibrolytic enzymes to enhance animal performance, respectively. However, the development of low-cost products is a priority, particularly in livestock. The study of cell factories such as yeast and bacteria has notably increased in the last decades to make the new developed reproductive hormones and fibrolytic enzymes a real alternative to the marketed ones. Important efforts have also been invested to developing new recombinant strategies for prevention and therapy, including passive immunization and modulation of the immune system. This offers the possibility to reduce the use of antibiotics by controlling physiological processes and improve the efficacy of preventing infections. Thus, nowadays different recombinant fibrolytic enzymes, hormones, and therapeutic molecules with optimized properties have been successfully produced through cost-effective processes using microbial cell factories. However, despite the important achievements for reducing protein production expenses, alternative strategies to further reduce these costs are still required. In this context, it is necessary to make a giant leap towards the use of novel strategies, such as nanotechnology, that combined with recombinant technology would make recombinant molecules affordable for animal industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Gifre
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Anna Arís
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Àlex Bach
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Garcia-Fruitós
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
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Molecular advancements in the development of thermostable phytases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:2677-2689. [PMID: 28233043 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8195-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of phytic acid in 1903 and phytase in 1907, extensive research has been carried out in the field of phytases, the phytic acid degradatory enzymes. Apart from forming backbone enzyme in the multimillion dollar-based feed industry, phytases extend a multifaceted role in animal nutrition, industries, human physiology, and agriculture. The utilization of phytases in industries is not effectively achieved most often due to the loss of its activity at high temperatures. The growing demand of thermostable phytases with high residual activity could be addressed by the combinatorial use of efficient phytase sources, protein engineering techniques, heterologous expression hosts, or thermoprotective coatings. The progress in phytase research can contribute to its economized production with a simultaneous reduction of various environmental problems such as eutrophication, greenhouse gas emission, and global warming. In the current review, we address the recent advances in the field of various natural as well as recombinant thermotolerant phytases, their significance, and the factors contributing to their thermotolerance.
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Mathur V, Javid L, Kulshrestha S, Mandal A, Reddy AA. World Cultivation of Genetically Modified Crops: Opportunities and Risks. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58679-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Ranjan B, Satyanarayana T. Recombinant HAP Phytase of the Thermophilic Mold Sporotrichum thermophile: Expression of the Codon-Optimized Phytase Gene in Pichia pastoris and Applications. Mol Biotechnol 2016; 58:137-47. [PMID: 26758064 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-015-9909-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The codon-optimized phytase gene of the thermophilic mold Sporotrichum thermophile (St-Phy) was expressed in Pichia pastoris. The recombinant P. pastoris harboring the phytase gene (rSt-Phy) yielded a high titer of extracellular phytase (480 ± 23 U/mL) on induction with methanol. The recombinant phytase production was ~40-fold higher than that of the native fungal strain. The purified recombinant phytase (rSt-Phy) has the molecular mass of 70 kDa on SDS-PAGE, with K m and V max (calcium phytate), k cat and k cat/K m values of 0.147 mM and 183 nmol/mg s, 1.3 × 10(3)/s and 8.84 × 10(6)/M s, respectively. Mg(2+) and Ba(2+) display a slight stimulatory effect, while other cations tested exert inhibitory action on phytase. The enzyme is inhibited by chaotropic agents (guanidinium hydrochloride, potassium iodide, and urea), Woodward's reagent K and 2,3-bunatedione, but resistant to both pepsin and trypsin. The rSt-Phy is useful in the dephytinization of broiler feeds efficiently in simulated gut conditions of chick leading to the liberation of soluble inorganic phosphate with concomitant mitigation in antinutrient effects of phytates. The addition of vanadate makes it a potential candidate for generating haloperoxidase, which has several applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhuti Ranjan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - T Satyanarayana
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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Sharma Ghimire P, Ouyang H, Wang Q, Luo Y, Shi B, Yang J, Lü Y, Jin C. Insight into Enzymatic Degradation of Corn, Wheat, and Soybean Cell Wall Cellulose Using Quantitative Secretome Analysis of Aspergillus fumigatus. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:4387-4402. [PMID: 27618962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lignocelluloses contained in animal forage cannot be digested by pigs or poultry with 100% efficiency. On contrary, Aspergillus fumigatus, a saprophytic filamentous fungus, is known to harbor 263 glycoside hydrolase encoding genes, suggesting that A. fumigatus is an efficient lignocellulose degrader. Hence the present study uses corn, wheat, or soybean as a sole carbon source to culture A. fumigatus under animal physiological condition to understand how cellulolytic enzymes work together to achieve an efficient degradation of lignocellulose. Our results showed that A. fumigatus produced different sets of enzymes to degrade lignocelluloses derived from corn, wheat, or soybean cell wall. In addition, the cellulolytic enzymes produced by A. fumigatus were stable under acidic condition or at higher temperatures. Using isobaric tags for a relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) approach, a total of ∼600 extracellular proteins were identified and quantified, in which ∼50 proteins were involved in lignocellulolysis, including cellulases, hemicellulases, lignin-degrading enzymes, and some hypothetical proteins. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD004670. On the basis of quantitative iTRAQ results, 14 genes were selected for further confirmation by RT-PCR. Taken together, our results indicated that the expression and regulation of lignocellulolytic proteins in the secretome of A. fumigatus were dependent on both nature and complexity of cellulose, thus suggesting that a different enzyme system is required for degradation of different lignocelluloses derived from plant cells. Although A. fumigatus is a pathogenic fungus and cannot be directly used as an enzyme source, as an efficient lignocellulose degrader its strategy to synergistically degrade various lignocelluloses with different enzymes can be used to design enzyme combination for optimal digestion and absorption of corn, wheat, or soybean that are used as forage of pig and poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakriti Sharma Ghimire
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
- Himalayan Environment Research Institute (HERI) , Bouddha-6, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Haomiao Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuanming Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bo Shi
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yang Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
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Abstract
This paper summarizes research to date on improving the nutritional characteristics of rice by using biotechnology, including efforts to produce β-carotene in the rice endosperm, to introduce a heat-stable phytase gene, and to increase iron concentration. The results obtained using biotechnology are compared with the results of breeding research by conventional techniques. Based on this comparison, the following lessons are drawn as to the potential usefulness of biotechnology in providing more nutritious food staples: (1) It must be established that plant-breeding is more cost-effective than alternative interventions. This is apparently the case, in large measure because of the multiplier effects of plant-breeding, over time and space, as compared with supplementation and fortification. (2) There must be aspects of breeding for which biotechnology is superior to conventional techniques. For rice, this is the case for adding β-carotene-related and heat-stable phytase genes. For increasing mineral concentration, conventional breeding techniques work as well and may be applied more quickly. (3) For those aspects of the plant-breeding strategy for which biotechnology is superior to conventional breeding, it must be established that there are no serious negative agronomic consequences; that consumers will accept any changes in the colour, taste, texture, and cooking qualities; and that the characteristic being added will result in a measurable improvement in the nutritional status of the malnourished target population. The conditions under lesson three, in particular, have yet to be firmly established. However, it is important not be overly cautious, in view of the potentially enormous benefits to the poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan Datta
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Howarth E. Bouis
- International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) in Washington, DC
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Singh B, Poças-Fonseca MJ, Johri BN, Satyanarayana T. Thermophilic molds: Biology and applications. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 42:985-1006. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2015.1122572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Bajaj BK, Wani MA. Purification and characterization of a novel phytase fromNocardiasp. MB 36. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2015.1083014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kumar K, Patel K, Agrawal DC, Khire JM. Insights into the unfolding pathway and identification of thermally sensitive regions of phytase from Aspergillus niger by molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Model 2015; 21:163. [PMID: 26037148 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2696-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thermal stability is of great importance in the application of commercial phytases. Phytase A (PhyA) is a monomeric protein comprising twelve α-helices and ten β-sheets. Comparative molecular dynamics (MD) simulations (at 310, 350, 400, and 500 K) revealed that the thermal stability of PhyA from Aspergillus niger (A. niger) is associated with its conformational rigidity. The most thermally sensitive regions were identified as loops 8 (residues 83-106), 10 (161-174), 14 (224-230), 17 (306-331), and 24 (442-444), which are present on the surface of the protein. It was observed that solvent-exposed loops denature before or show higher flexibility than buried residues. We observed that PhyA begins to unfold at loops 8 and 14, which further extends to loop 24 at the C-terminus. The intense movement of loop 8 causes the helix H2 and beta-sheet B3 to fluctuate at high temperature. The high flexibility of the H2, H10, and H12 helices at high temperature resulted in complete denaturation. The high mobility of loop 14 easily transfers to the adjacent helices H7, H8, and H9, which fluctuate and partially unfold at high temperature (500 K). It was also observed that the salt bridges Asp110-Lys149, Asp205-Lys277, Asp335-Arg136, Asp416-Arg420, and Glu387-Arg400 are important influences on the structural stability but not the thermostability, as the lengths of these salt bridges did not increase with rising temperature. The salt bridges Glu125-Arg163, Asp299-Arg136, Asp266-Arg219, Asp339-Lys278, Asp335-Arg136, and Asp424-Arg428 are all important for thermostability, as the lengths of these bridges increased dramatically with increasing temperature. Here, for the first time, we have computationally identified the thermolabile regions of PhyA, and this information could be used to engineer novel thermostable phytases. Numerous homologous phytases of fungal as well as bacterial origin are known, and these homologs show high sequence similarity. Our findings could prove useful in attempts to increase the thermostability of homologous phytases via protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Kumar
- NCIM, Biochemical Sciences Division, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India
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Zhou X, Hui E, Yu XL, Lin Z, Pu LK, Tu Z, Zhang J, Liu Q, Zheng J, Zhang J. Development of a Rapid Immunochromatographic Lateral Flow Device Capable of Differentiating Phytase Expressed from Recombinant Aspergillus niger phyA2 and Genetically Modified Corn. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4320-4326. [PMID: 25901899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Phytase is a phosphohydrolase considered highly specific for the degradation of phytate to release bound phosphorus for animal consumption and aid in the reduction of environmental nutrient loading. New sources of phytase have been sought that are economically and efficiently productive including the construction of genetically modified (GM) phytase products designed to bypass the costs associated with feed processing. Four monoclonal antibodies (EH10a, FA7, AF9a, and CC1) raised against recombinant Aspergillus niger phyA2 were used to develop a highly specific and sensitive immunochromatographic lateral flow device for rapid detection of transgenic phytase, such as in GM corn. Antibodies sequentially paired and tested along lateral flow strips showed that the EH10a-FA7 antibody pair was able to detect the recombinant yeast-phytase at 5 ng/mL, whereas the AF9a-CC1 antibody pair to GM phytase corn was able to detect at 2 ng/mL. Concurrent to this development, evidence was revealed which suggests that antibody binding sites may be glycosylated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Zhou
- †Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Elizabeth Hui
- ‡Artron BioResearch Inc., 3938 North Fraser Way, Burnaby, British Columbia V5J 5H6, Canada
| | | | | | - Ling-Kui Pu
- †Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Jun Zhang
- ‡Artron BioResearch Inc., 3938 North Fraser Way, Burnaby, British Columbia V5J 5H6, Canada
- #Ji Nan Kangbo Biotechnology, 2711 Ying Xiu Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250101, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Liu
- #Ji Nan Kangbo Biotechnology, 2711 Ying Xiu Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250101, People's Republic of China
- ⊥Beijing Artron Jingbiao Biotech Inc., 19 Tianrong Street, Daxing Bio-medicine Industry Park, Daxing District, Beijing 102600, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Juan Zhang
- ΔBlood Transfusion Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
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Gupta RK, Gangoliya SS, Singh NK. Reduction of phytic acid and enhancement of bioavailable micronutrients in food grains. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 52:676-84. [PMID: 25694676 PMCID: PMC4325021 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-013-0978-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
More than half of the world populations are affected by micronutrient malnutrition and one third of world's population suffers from anemia and zinc deficiency, particularly in developing countries. Iron and zinc deficiencies are the major health problems worldwide. Phytic acid is the major storage form of phosphorous in cereals, legumes, oil seeds and nuts. Phytic acid is known as a food inhibitor which chelates micronutrient and prevents it to be bioavailabe for monogastric animals, including humans, because they lack enzyme phytase in their digestive tract. Several methods have been developed to reduce the phytic acid content in food and improve the nutritional value of cereal which becomes poor due to such antinutrient. These include genetic improvement as well as several pre-treatment methods such as fermentation, soaking, germination and enzymatic treatment of grains with phytase enzyme. Biofortification of staple crops using modern biotechnological techniques can potentially help in alleviating malnutrition in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kishor Gupta
- Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh India
| | | | - Nand Kumar Singh
- Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh India
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Ushasree MV, Vidya J, Pandey A. Replacement P212H altered the pH-temperature profile of phytase from Aspergillus niger NII 08121. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 175:3084-92. [PMID: 25595493 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1485-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microbial phytase, a widely used animal feed enzyme, needs to be active and stable in the acidic milieu for better performance in the monogastric gut. Aspergillus niger phytases exhibit an activity dip in the pH range from 3.0 to 3.5. Replacement of amino acids, which changed the pKa of catalytic residues H82 and D362, resulted in alteration of the pH profile of a thermostable phytase from A. niger NII 08121. Substitution P212H in the protein loop at 14 Å distance to the active site amended the pH optimum from 2.5 to pH 3.2 nevertheless with a decrease in thermostability than the wild enzyme. This study described the utility of amino acid replacements based on pKa shifts of catalytic acid/base to modulate the pH profile of phytases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrudula Vasudevan Ushasree
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, 695 019, India,
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Chen CC, Cheng KJ, Ko TP, Guo RT. Current Progresses in Phytase Research: Three-Dimensional Structure and Protein Engineering. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.201400026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Kim BH, Lee JY, Lee PCW. Purification, sequencing and evaluation of a divergent phytase from Penicillium oxalicum KCTC6440. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2015; 61:117-23. [PMID: 26377131 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.61.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
A fungal strain producing high levels of phytase was purified to homogeneity from Penicillium oxalicum KCTC6440 (PhyA). The molecular mass of the purified PhyA was 65 kDa and optimal activity occurred at 55°C. The enzyme was stable in a pH range of 4.5-6.5, with an optimum performance at pH 5.5. The Km value for the substrate sodium phytate was 0.48 mM with a Vmax of 672 U/mg. The enzyme was inhibited by Ca(2+), Cu(2+), and Zn(2+), and slightly enhanced by EDTA. The PhyA efficiently released phosphate from feedstuffs such as soybean, rich bran and corn meal. The PhyA gene was cloned in two steps of degenerate PCR and inverse PCR and found to comprise 1501 bp and encode 461 amino acid residues. The enzyme was found to have only 13 amino acids differing to the known PhyA from other Penicillium sp., but has distinct enzyme characteristics. Computational analysis showed that PhyA possessed more positively charged residues in the active sites compared to other PhyA molecules, which may explain the broader pH spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong-Hyun Kim
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School
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Ribeiro Corrêa TL, de Queiroz MV, de Araújo EF. Cloning, recombinant expression and characterization of a new phytase from Penicillium chrysogenum. Microbiol Res 2015; 170:205-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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He Z, Zhang L, Mao Y, Gu J, Pan Q, Zhou S, Gao B, Wei D. Cloning of a novel thermostable glucoamylase from thermophilic fungus Rhizomucor pusillus and high-level co-expression with α-amylase in Pichia pastoris. BMC Biotechnol 2014; 14:114. [PMID: 25539598 PMCID: PMC4362842 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-014-0114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungal amylase, mainly constitute of fungal α-amylase and glucoamylase, are utilized in a broad range of industries, such as starch hydrolysis, food and brewing. Although various amylases have been found in fungi, the amylases from Aspergillus dominate the commercial application. One of main problems exist with regard to these commercial use of amylases is relatively low thermal and acid stability. In order to maximize the efficiency of starch process, developing fungal amylases with increased thermostability and acid stability has been attracting researchers' interest continually. Besides, synergetic action of glucoamylase and α-amylase could facilitate the degradation of starch. And co-expressing glucoamylase with α-amylase in one host could avoid the need to ferment repeatedly and improves cost-effectiveness of the process. RESULTS A novel fungal glucoamylase (RpGla) gene encoding a putative protein of 512 amino acid residues was cloned from Rhizomucor pusillus. BLAST analysis revealed that RpGla shared highest identity of 51% with the Rhizopus oryzae glucoamylase (ABB77799.1). The fungal glucoamylase RpGla was expressed in Pichia pastoris (KM71/9KGla) with maximum activity of 1237 U ml(-1). The optimum pH and temperature of RpGla were pH 4.0 and 70 °C, respectively. Fungal α-amylase (RpAmy) gene was also cloned from R. pusillus and transformed into KM71/9KGla, resulted in recombinant yeast KM71/9KGla-ZαAmy harboring the RpGla and RpAmy genes simultaneously. The maximum saccharogenic activity of KM71/9KGla-ZαAmy was 2218 U ml(-1), which improved 79% compared to KM71/9KGla. Soluble starch hydrolyzed by purified RpGla achieved 43% glucose and 34% maltose. Higher productivity was achieved with a final yield of 48% glucose and 47% maltose catalyzed by purified enzyme preparation produced by KM71/9KGla-ZαAmy. CONCLUSIONS A novel fungal glucoamylase and fungal α-amylase genes were cloned from Rhizomucor pusillus. The two enzymes showed good thermostability and acid stability, and similar biochemical properties facilitated synergetic action of the two enzymes. A dramatic improvement was seen in amylase activity through co-expressing RpGla with RpAmy in Pichia pastoris. This is the first report of improving activity through co-expression glucoamylase with α-amylase in P. pastoris. Besides, fungal glucoamylase and α-amylase from R. pusillus were shown as promising candidates for further application in starch hydrolysis.
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Li C, Lin Y, Huang Y, Liu X, Liang S. Citrobacter amalonaticus phytase on the cell surface of Pichia pastoris exhibits high pH stability as a promising potential feed supplement. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114728. [PMID: 25490768 PMCID: PMC4260871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytase expressed and anchored on the cell surface of Pichia pastoris avoids the expensive and time-consuming steps of protein purification and separation. Furthermore, yeast cells with anchored phytase can be used as a whole-cell biocatalyst. In this study, the phytase gene of Citrobacter amalonaticus was fused with the Pichia pastoris glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored glycoprotein homologue GCW61. Phytase exposed on the cell surface exhibits a high activity of 6413.5 U/g, with an optimal temperature of 60°C. In contrast to secreted phytase, which has an optimal pH of 5.0, phytase presented on the cell surface is characterized by an optimal pH of 3.0. Moreover, our data demonstrate that phytase anchored on the cell surface exhibits higher pH stability than its secreted counterpart. Interestingly, our in vitro digestion experiments demonstrate that phytase attached to the cell surface is a more efficient enzyme than secreted phytase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ying Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shuli Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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28
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Computational identification, homology modelling and docking analysis of phytase protein from Fusarium oxysporum. Biologia (Bratisl) 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-014-0447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Oh TK, Oh S, Kim S, Park JS, Vinod N, Jang KM, Kim SC, Choi CW, Ko SM, Jeong DK, Udayakumar R. Expression of Aspergillus nidulans phy gene in Nicotiana benthamiana produces active phytase with broad specificities. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:15571-91. [PMID: 25192284 PMCID: PMC4200759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150915571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A full-length phytase gene (phy) of Aspergillus nidulans was amplified from the cDNA library by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and it was introduced into a bacterial expression vector, pET-28a. The recombinant protein (rPhy-E, 56 kDa) was overexpressed in the insoluble fraction of Escherichia coli culture, purified by Ni-NTA resin under denaturing conditions and injected into rats as an immunogen. To express A. nidulans phytase in a plant, the full-length of phy was cloned into a plant expression binary vector, pPZP212. The resultant construct was tested for its transient expression by Agrobacterium-infiltration into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Compared with a control, the agro-infiltrated leaf tissues showed the presence of phy mRNA and its high expression level in N. benthamiana. The recombinant phytase (rPhy-P, 62 kDa) was strongly reacted with the polyclonal antibody against the nonglycosylated rPhy-E. The rPhy-P showed glycosylation, two pH optima (pH 4.5 and pH 5.5), an optimum temperature at 45~55 °C, thermostability and broad substrate specificities. After deglycosylation by peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase-F), the rPhy-P significantly lost the phytase activity and retained 1/9 of the original activity after 10 min of incubation at 45 °C. Therefore, the deglycosylation caused a significant reduction in enzyme thermostability. In animal experiments, oral administration of the rPhy-P at 1500 U/kg body weight/day for seven days caused a significant reduction of phosphorus excretion by 16% in rat feces. Besides, the rPhy-P did not result in any toxicological changes and clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kyun Oh
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 302-735, Korea.
| | - Sung Oh
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 302-735, Korea.
| | - Seongdae Kim
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 302-735, Korea.
| | - Jae Sung Park
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 302-735, Korea.
| | - Nagarajan Vinod
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 302-735, Korea.
| | - Kyung Min Jang
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 302-735, Korea.
| | - Sei Chang Kim
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 302-735, Korea.
| | - Chang Won Choi
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 302-735, Korea.
| | - Suk-Min Ko
- Research Institute for Subtropical Agriculture and Animal Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju-si 690-756, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Korea.
| | - Dong Kee Jeong
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju-si 690-756, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Korea.
| | - Rajangam Udayakumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam-612 001, Tamilnadu, India.
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Singh B, Satyanarayana T. Fungal phytases: characteristics and amelioration of nutritional quality and growth of non-ruminants. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014; 99:646-60. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Singh
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology; Department of Microbiology; Maharshi Dayanand University; Haryana India
| | - T. Satyanarayana
- Department of Microbiology; University of Delhi South Campus; New Delhi India
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31
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Sariyska M, Gargova S, Koleva L, Angelov A. Aspergillus NigerPhytase: Purification and Characterization. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2005.10817235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Xu H, Liu Y, Wang F, Yuan L, Wang Y, Ma S, Beneš H, Xia Q. Overexpression and functional characterization of an Aspergillus niger phytase in the fat body of transgenic silkworm, Bombyx mori. Transgenic Res 2014; 23:669-77. [PMID: 24719047 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-014-9797-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we isolated 1,119 bp of upstream promoter sequence from Bmlp3, a gene encoding a member of the silkworm 30 K storage protein family, and demonstrated that it was sufficient to direct fat body-specific expression of a reporter gene in a transgenic silkworm, thus highlighting the potential use of this promoter for both functional genomics research and biotechnology applications. To test whether the Bmlp3 promoter can be used to produce recombinant proteins in the fat body of silkworm pupae, we generated a transgenic line of Bombyx mori which harbors a codon-optimized Aspergillus niger phytase gene (phyA) under the control of the Bmlp3 promoter. Here we show that the Bmlp3 promoter drives high levels of phyA expression in the fat body, and that the recombinant phyA protein is highly active (99.05 and 54.80 U/g in fat body extracts and fresh pupa, respectively). We also show that the recombinant phyA has two optimum pH ranges (1.5-2.0 and 5.5-6.0), and two optimum temperatures (55 and 37 °C). The activity of recombinant phyA was lost after high-temperature drying, but treating with boiling water was less harmful, its residual activity was approximately 84% of the level observed in untreated samples. These results offer an opportunity not only for better utilization of large amounts of silkworm pupae generated during silk production, but also provide a novel method for mass production of low-cost recombinant phytase using transgenic silkworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanfu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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Site-Directed Mutagenesis Improves the Thermostability and Catalytic Efficiency of Aspergillus niger N25 Phytase Mutated by I44E and T252R. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 171:900-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0380-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Phytases are phosphohydrolytic enzymes that initiate stepwise removal of phosphate from phytate. Simple-stomached species such as swine, poultry, and fish require extrinsic phytase to digest phytate, the major form of phosphorus in plant-based feeds. Consequently, this enzyme is supplemented in these species’ diets to decrease their phosphorus excretion, and it has emerged as one of the most effective and lucrative feed additives. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the evolving course of phytase science and technology. It gives realistic estimates of the versatile roles of phytase in animal feeding, environmental protection, rock phosphorus preservation, human nutrition and health, and industrial applications. It elaborates on new biotechnology and existing issues related to developing novel microbial phytases as well as phytase-transgenic plants and animals. And it targets critical and integrated analyses on the global impact, novel application, and future demand of phytase in promoting animal agriculture, human health, and societal sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gen Lei
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | | | | | | | - Michael J. Azain
- Department of Animal Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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Ghorbani-Nasrabadi R, Greiner R, Alikhani HA, Hamedi J. Identification and determination of extracellular phytate-degrading activity in actinomycetes. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012. [PMID: 22806166 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1069-1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study 97 soil samples from different soil ecosystems were collected. The initial screening was performed on modified glycerol arginine agar (MGAA) to isolate common actinomycetes and on modified MGA-SE (MMGA-SE) to isolate rare actinomycetes. Sixty-seven isolates potentially producing extracellular phytate-degrading activity were identified. The potential to dephosphorylate phytate was confirmed in liquid culture for 46.3 % of the isolates. 12 strains were selected for a direct determination of their phytate-degrading capacity. The results highlighted that the selected isolates produced extracellular phytate-degrading activity; however their capacity in InsP(6) degradation was different. In addition the fermentation medium had an effect on the extent of phytate degradation. Some enzymatic properties of the phytases from isolate No. 43 and isolate No. 63 were determined after obtaining phytase-enriched samples. The enzymes had maximum phytate-degrading capability at 55 °C and pH 5 (isolate No. 43) and 37 °C and pH 7 (isolates No. 63), respectively. Due to their properties, the phytase of isolate No. 43 behaves like a histidine acid phytase, whereas the phytase of No. 63 showed similar enzymatic properties to the phytase of lily. To our knowledge, the results from this study demonstrated for the first time that actinomycetes produce extracellular phytate-degrading activity. By 16SrRNA sequencing, the more closely studied phytase producers were identified as Streptomyces sp. Isolate No. 43 showed 98 % identity to Streptomyces alboniger and S. venezuelae, while isolate No. 63 exhibited 98 % sequence identity to S. ambofaciens and S. lienomycini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ghorbani-Nasrabadi
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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36
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Ghorbani-Nasrabadi R, Greiner R, Alikhani HA, Hamedi J. Identification and determination of extracellular phytate-degrading activity in actinomycetes. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 28:2601-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Yao MZ, Zhang YH, Lu WL, Hu MQ, Wang W, Liang AH. Phytases: crystal structures, protein engineering and potential biotechnological applications. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 112:1-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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38
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Improving Phytase Enzyme Activity in a Recombinant phyA Mutant Phytase from Aspergillus niger N25 by Error-Prone PCR. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 166:549-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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39
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Bajaj BK, Wani MA. Enhanced phytase production from Nocardia sp. MB 36 using agro-residues as substrates: Potential application for animal feed production. Eng Life Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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40
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Rani R, Ghosh S. Production of phytase under solid-state fermentation using Rhizopus oryzae: novel strain improvement approach and studies on purification and characterization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:10641-10649. [PMID: 21945206 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Present study introduces linseed oil cake as a novel substrate for phytase production by Rhizopus oryzae. Statistical approach was employed to optimize various medium components under solid state fermentation (SSF). An overall 8.41-fold increase in phytase production was achieved at the optimum concentrations (w/w, mannitol, 2.05%; ammonium sulfate, 2.84% and phosphate, 0.38%). Further enhancement by 59% was observed due to a novel strain improvement approach. Purified phytase (∼34 kDa) showed optimal temperature of 45 °C, dual pH optima at 1.5 and 5.5 and possesses high catalytic efficiency (2.38×10(6) M(-1) s(-1)). Characterization study demonstrates the phytase as highly thermostable and resistant to proteolysis, heavy metal ions, etc. Furthermore, an improved HPLC method was introduced to confirm the ability of phytase to degrade phytic acid completely and was found to be an efficient method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Rani
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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Singh B, Satyanarayana T. Phytases from thermophilic molds: Their production, characteristics and multifarious applications. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Woyengo TA, Nyachoti CM. Review: Supplementation of phytase and carbohydrases to diets for poultry. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas10081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Woyengo, T. A. and Nyachoti, C. M. 2011. Review: Supplementation of phytase and carbohydrases to diets for poultry. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 177–192. Feedstuffs of plant origin contain anti-nutritional factors such as phytic acid (PA) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), which limit nutrient utilization in poultry. Phytic acid contains phosphorus, which is poorly digested by poultry, and has the capacity to bind to and reduce the utilisation of other nutrients, whereas NSP are indigestible and have the capacity to reduce nutrient utilisation by encapsulation. Supplemental phytase and NSP-degrading enzymes (carbohydrases) can, respectively, hydrolyze PA and NSP, alleviating the negative effects of these anti-nutritional factors. In feedstuffs of plant origin, PA is located within the cells, whereas NSP are located in cell walls, and hence it has been hypothesized that phytase and carbohydrases can act synergistically in improving nutrient utilization because the carbohydrases can hydrolyze the NSP in cell walls to increase the accessibility of phytase to PA. However, the response to supplementation of a combination of these enzymes is variable and dependent on several factors, including the type of carbohydrase supplement used, dietary NSP composition, calcium and non-phytate phosphorus contents, and endogenous phytase activity. These factors are discussed, and areas that need further research for optimising the use of a combination of phytase and carbohydrases in poultry diets are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. A. Woyengo
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - C. M. Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
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Pandee P, Summpunn P, Wiyakrutta S, Isarangkul D, Meevootisom V. A Thermostable phytase from Neosartorya spinosa BCC 41923 and its expression in Pichia pastoris. J Microbiol 2011; 49:257-64. [PMID: 21538247 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-011-0369-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A phytase gene was cloned from Neosartorya spinosa BCC 41923. The gene was 1,455 bp in size, and the mature protein contained a polypeptide of 439 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence contains the consensus motif (RHGXRXP) which is conserved among phytases and acid phosphatases. Five possible disulfide bonds and seven potential N-glycosylation sites have been predicted. The gene was expressed in Pichia pastoris KM71 as an extracellular enzyme. The purified enzyme had specific activity of 30.95 U/mg at 37°C and 38.62 U/mg at 42°C. Molecular weight of the deglycosylated recombinant phytase, determined by SDS-PAGE, was approximately 52 kDa. The optimum pH and temperature for activity were pH 5.5 and 50°C. The residual phytase activity remained over 80% of initial activity after the enzyme was stored in pH 3.0 to 7.0 for 1 h, and at 60% of initial activity after heating at 90°C for 20 min. The enzyme exhibited broad substrate specificity, with phytic acid as the most preferred substrate. Its K (m) and V (max) for sodium phytate were 1.39 mM and 434.78 U/mg, respectively. The enzyme was highly resistant to most metal ions tested, including Fe(2+), Fe(3+), and Al(3+). When incubated with pepsin at a pepsin/phytase ratio of 0.02 (U/U) at 37°C for 2 h, 92% of its initial activity was retained. However, the enzyme was very sensitive to trypsin, as 5% of its initial activity was recovered after treating with trypsin at a trypsin/phytase ratio of 0.01 (U/U).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patcharaporn Pandee
- Department of Biotechnology, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Gibbs M, Bailey KB, Lander RD, Fahmida U, Perlas L, Hess SY, Loechl CU, Winichagoon P, Gibson RS. The adequacy of micronutrient concentrations in manufactured complementary foods from low-income countries. J Food Compost Anal 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Engineering of protease-resistant phytase from Penicillium sp.: High thermal stability, low optimal temperature and pH. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 110:638-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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AZEKE MARSHALLA, GREINER RALPH, JANY KLAUSDIETER. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO INTRACELLULAR PHYTASES FROM THE TEMPEH FUNGUS RHIZOPUS OLIGOSPORUS. J Food Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gibson RS, Bailey KB, Gibbs M, Ferguson EL. A review of phytate, iron, zinc, and calcium concentrations in plant-based complementary foods used in low-income countries and implications for bioavailability. Food Nutr Bull 2010; 31:S134-46. [PMID: 20715598 DOI: 10.1177/15648265100312s206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Plant-based complementary foods often contain high levels of phytate, a potent inhibitor of iron, zinc, and calcium absorption. This review summarizes the concentrations of phytate (as hexa- and penta-inositol phosphate), iron, zinc, and calcium and the corresponding phytate:mineral molar ratios in 26 indigenous and 27 commercially processed plant-based complementary foods sold in low-income countries. Phytate concentrations were highest in complementary foods based on unrefined cereals and legumes (approximately 600 mg/100 g dry weight), followed by refined cereals (approximately 100 mg/100 g dry weight) and then starchy roots and tubers (< 20 mg/100 g dry weight); mineral concentrations followed the same trend. Sixty-two percent (16/26) of the indigenous and 37% (10/27) of the processed complementary foods had at least two phytate:mineral molar ratios (used to estimate relative mineral bioavailability) that exceeded suggested desirable levels for mineral absorption (i.e., phytate:iron < 1, phytate:zinc < 18, phytate:calcium < 0.17). Desirable molar ratios for phytate:iron, phytate:zinc, and phytate:calcium were achieved for 25%, 70%, and 57%, respectively, of the complementary foods presented, often through enrichment with animal-source foods and/or fortification with minerals. Dephytinization, either in the household or commercially, can potentially enhance mineral absorption in high-phytate complementary foods, although probably not enough to overcome the shortfalls in iron, zinc, and calcium content of plant-based complementary foods used in low-income countries. Instead, to ensure the World Health Organization estimated needs for these minerals from plant-based complementary foods for breastfed infants are met, dephytinization must be combined with enrichment with animal-source foods and/or fortification with appropriate levels and forms of mineral fortificants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind S Gibson
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Union Street, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9015, New Zealand.
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A novel thermostable phytase from the fungus Aspergillus aculeatus RCEF 4894: gene cloning and expression in Pichia pastoris. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Phytase gene expression in Lactobacillus and analysis of its biochemical characteristics. Microbiol Res 2010; 165:329-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Monsan P, O'Donohue MJ. Industrial Biotechnology in the Food and Feed Sector. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527630233.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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