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Laroche N, Grimm P, Julliand S, Sorci G. Diet modulates strongyle infection and microbiota in the large intestine of horses. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301920. [PMID: 38593129 PMCID: PMC11003623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of anthelminthic drugs has several drawbacks, including the selection of resistant parasite strains. Alternative avenues to mitigate the negative effects of helminth infection involve dietary interventions that might affect resistance and/or tolerance by improving host immunity, modulating the microbiota, or exerting direct anthelmintic effects. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of diet on strongyle infection in horses, specifically through immune-mediated, microbiota-mediated, or direct anthelmintic effects. Horses that were naturally infected with strongyles were fed either a high-fiber or high-starch diet, supplemented with either polyphenol-rich pellets (dehydrated sainfoin) or control pellets (sunflower and hay). When horses were fed a high-starch diet, they excreted more strongyle eggs. Adding sainfoin in the high-starch diet reduced egg excretion. Additionally, sainfoin decreased larval motility whatever the diet. Moreover, the high-starch diet led to a lower fecal bacterial diversity, structural differences in fecal microbiota, lower fecal pH, lower blood acetate, and lower hematocrit compared to the high-fiber diet. Circulating levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, lipopolysaccharides, procalcitonin, and white blood cells proportions did not differ between diets. Overall, this study highlights the role of dietary manipulations as an alternative strategy to mitigate the effect of helminth infection and suggests that, in addition to the direct effects, changes in the intestinal ecosystem are the possible underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Laroche
- Lab To Field, 26 bd Docteur Petitjean, Dijon, France
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, Dijon, France
| | - Pauline Grimm
- Lab To Field, 26 bd Docteur Petitjean, Dijon, France
| | - Samy Julliand
- Lab To Field, 26 bd Docteur Petitjean, Dijon, France
| | - Gabriele Sorci
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, Dijon, France
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2
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Ding J, Gu B, Meng J, Hu M, Wang W, Liu J. Response of serum biochemical profile, antioxidant enzymes, and gut microbiota to dietary Hong-bailanshen supplementation in horses. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1327210. [PMID: 38444806 PMCID: PMC10912594 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1327210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is widely used in humans and animals, which is very important for health. TCM affects the body 's immunity and changes in intestinal flora. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Hong-bailanshen (HBLS) supplementation in horses on serum biochemical profile, antioxidant enzymes and gut microbiota. Methods In this study, five horses were selected. On day 0, 14, 28, blood samples and feces were collected on days 0, 14, and 28 to analyse gut microbiota, serum biochemical and redox indexes. Results The results showed that the addition of HBLS to horse diets significantly decreased the level of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase and malondialdehyde (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) and significantly increased the activity of total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase and catalase (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). Compared with day 14, the levels of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and creatine kinase were significantly decreased; however, the level of catalase was significantly increased in the horses continuously fed with HBLS for 28 days (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). Alpha diversity analysis was performed that chao1 (p < 0.05), observed_specicies, faith'pd and goods_coverage upregulated in the horses fed HBLS. A total of 24 differential genera were detected adding HBLS to diet increased the abundance of Bacillus, Lactobacillaceae, Leuconostocaceae, Christensenellaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, Faecalibacterium, Erysipelotrichaceae, Pyramidobacter, Sphaerochaeta, WCHB1-25, Bacteria, Oscillospira, and Acetobacteraceae, while reduced Aerococcus, EtOH8, Syntrophomonas, Caulobacter, Bradyrhizobiaceae, W22, Succinivibrionaceae, and Desulfovibrio (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). Conclusion Adding HBLS to the diet could be a potentially effective strategy to improve horses' health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jiaguo Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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3
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Parker JL, Page A, Jacob O, Stanton V, Davis B, Flythe M, Adam EN. Equine fecal microbiota response to short term antibiotic administration. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 133:104993. [PMID: 38171452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Though generally safe, research continues to demonstrate negative side effects of antibiotic administration on the gastrointestinal (GIT) microbiota across species. In horses, antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) is a life-threatening condition linked to the GIT microbiota. This study tested the hypothesis that short term antibiotic administration to healthy horses would negatively impact the fecal microbiota as measured by their ability to digest nutrients and through fecal shedding of disease-associated-bacteria. Twenty-four horses were assigned to one of four treatment groups: control (CO); potassium penicillin/gentamicin sulfate (KPG); ceftiofur crystalline free acid (EX); trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SMZ); and treated for 4 days. Fecal samples were collected before treatment began (S0), the day after treatment conclusion (S5), and at 10, 14, 21, and 28 days after initiating treatment. Horses had highly individualized responses to antibiotic administration. All horses receiving antibiotics experienced significantly softer stool compared to controls. Lactobacillus spp. were dramatically reduced in all antibiotic treated S5 samples. Horses receiving antibiotics were significantly more likely to test positive for C. difficile or C. perfringens on fecal qPCR. In conclusion, response to antibiotic administration displays high inter-individual variability, but shows changes to the functions of fecal microbiota that may depend on the antibiotic used.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Parker
- Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd., Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - A Page
- Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd., Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - O Jacob
- Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd., Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - V Stanton
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, 725 Rose St., Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - B Davis
- Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1100 Nicholasville Rd., Lexington, KY 40546, USA; Department of Animal & Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, 325 Cooper Dr., Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - M Flythe
- Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1100 Nicholasville Rd., Lexington, KY 40546, USA; Department of Animal & Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, 325 Cooper Dr., Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - E N Adam
- Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd., Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
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4
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Wunderlich G, Bull M, Ross T, Rose M, Chapman B. Understanding the microbial fibre degrading communities & processes in the equine gut. Anim Microbiome 2023; 5:3. [PMID: 36635784 PMCID: PMC9837927 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The equine gastrointestinal tract is a self-sufficient fermentation system, housing a complex microbial consortium that acts synergistically and independently to break down complex lignocellulolytic material that enters the equine gut. Despite being strict herbivores, equids such as horses and zebras lack the diversity of enzymes needed to completely break down plant tissue, instead relying on their resident microbes to carry out fibrolysis to yield vital energy sources such as short chain fatty acids. The bulk of equine digestion occurs in the large intestine, where digesta is fermented for 36-48 h through the synergistic activities of bacteria, fungi, and methanogenic archaea. Anaerobic gut dwelling bacteria and fungi break down complex plant polysaccharides through combined mechanical and enzymatic strategies, and notably possess some of the greatest diversity and repertoire of carbohydrate active enzymes among characterized microbes. In addition to the production of enzymes, some equid-isolated anaerobic fungi and bacteria have been shown to possess cellulosomes, powerful multi-enzyme complexes that further enhance break down. The activities of both anaerobic fungi and bacteria are further facilitated by facultatively aerobic yeasts and methanogenic archaea, who maintain an optimal environment for fibrolytic organisms, ultimately leading to increased fibrolytic microbial counts and heightened enzymatic activity. The unique interactions within the equine gut as well as the novel species and powerful mechanisms employed by these microbes makes the equine gut a valuable ecosystem to study fibrolytic functions within complex communities. This review outlines the primary taxa involved in fibre break down within the equine gut and further illuminates the enzymatic strategies and metabolic pathways used by these microbes. We discuss current methods used in analysing fibrolytic functions in complex microbial communities and propose a shift towards the development of functional assays to deepen our understanding of this unique ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Wunderlich
- grid.1009.80000 0004 1936 826XTasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia ,Quantal Bioscience Pty Ltd, Castle Hill, Australia
| | - Michelle Bull
- grid.1009.80000 0004 1936 826XTasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia ,Quantal Bioscience Pty Ltd, Castle Hill, Australia
| | - Tom Ross
- grid.1009.80000 0004 1936 826XTasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Michael Rose
- grid.1009.80000 0004 1936 826XTasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Belinda Chapman
- grid.1009.80000 0004 1936 826XTasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia ,Quantal Bioscience Pty Ltd, Castle Hill, Australia
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5
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Walls LE, Otoupal P, Ledesma-Amaro R, Velasquez-Orta SB, Gladden JM, Rios-Solis L. Bioconversion of cellulose into bisabolene using Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Rhodosporidium toruloides. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 368:128216. [PMID: 36347482 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, organic acids were demonstrated as a promising carbon source for bisabolene production by the non-conventional yeast, Rhodosporidium toruloides, at microscale with a maximum titre of 1055 ± 7 mg/L. A 125-fold scale-up of the optimal process, enhanced bisabolene titres 2.5-fold to 2606 mg/L. Implementation of a pH controlled organic acid feeding strategy at this scale lead to a further threefold improvement in bisabolene titre to 7758 mg/L, the highest reported microbial titre. Finally, a proof-of-concept sequential bioreactor approach was investigated. Firstly, the cellulolytic bacterium Ruminococcus flavefaciens was employed to ferment cellulose, yielding 4.2 g/L of organic acids. R. toruloides was subsequently cultivated in the resulting supernatant, producing 318 ± 22 mg/L of bisabolene. This highlights the feasibility of a sequential bioprocess for the bioconversion of cellulose, into biojet fuel candidates. Future work will focus on enhancing organic acid yields and the use of real lignocellulosic feedstocks to further enhance bisabolene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Walls
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK; Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Peter Otoupal
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; Agile BioFoundry, Department of Energy, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; Biomaterials and Biomanufacturing Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - Rodrigo Ledesma-Amaro
- Department of Bioengineering and Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - John M Gladden
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; Agile BioFoundry, Department of Energy, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; Biomaterials and Biomanufacturing Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - Leonardo Rios-Solis
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK; Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK; School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
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6
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Perricone V, Sandrini S, Irshad N, Comi M, Lecchi C, Savoini G, Agazzi A. The Role of Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Supporting Gut Health in Horses: An Updated Review on Its Effects on Digestibility and Intestinal and Fecal Microbiota. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243475. [PMID: 36552396 PMCID: PMC9774806 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To support the overall health of horses, it is essential to maintain an optimal gut health (GH) status, which encompasses several physiological and functional aspects, including the balance and functionality of intestinal microbial populations and, accordingly, the effective digestion and absorption of nutrients. Numerous biotic and abiotic stressors can lead to an imbalance of GH, such as the quality of forages and the composition of diet, e.g., the inclusion of high energy-dense feeds to meet the energy requirements of performance horses. To support the digestive function and the intestinal microbial populations, the diet can be supplemented with feed additives, such as probiotic yeasts, that promote the ability of cellulolytic bacteria in the hindgut to digest the available fiber fractions, finally increasing feed efficiency. Among the different yeasts available, S. cerevisiae is the most used in horses' nutrition; however, results of digestibility trials, as well as data on intestinal and fecal microbial populations, are sometimes contradictory. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize the effects of S. cerevisiae on in vivo and in vitro digestibility, providing an updated overview of its effects on the intestinal and fecal microbial population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Perricone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Silvia Sandrini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Nida Irshad
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Marcello Comi
- Department of Human Science and Quality of Life Promotion, Università Telematica San Raffaele, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Lecchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Giovanni Savoini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Alessandro Agazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-50334506
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7
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Kang M, Chhetri G, Kim I, So Y, Seo T. Comparative genomic analyses of four novel Ramlibacter species and the cellulose-degrading properties of Ramlibacter cellulosilyticus sp. nov. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21233. [PMID: 36482214 PMCID: PMC9731981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25718-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, four novel bacterial strains, USB13T, AW1T, GTP1T, and HM2T, were isolated from various environments in Busan and Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. The 16S rRNA sequencing results indicated that the four novel strains belong to the genus Ramlibacter. All four strains were tested for their potential cellulolytic properties, where strain USB13T was identified as the only novel bacterium and the first within its genus to show cellulolytic activity. When tested, the highest activities of endoglucanase, exoglucanase, β-glucosidase, and filter paper cellulase (FPCase) were 1.91 IU/mL, 1.77 IU/mL, 0.76 IU/mL, and 1.12 IU/mL, respectively at pH 6.0. Comparisons of draft whole genome sequences (WGS) were also made using average nucleotide identity, digital DNA-DNA hybridization values, and average amino acid identity values, while whole genome comparison was visualized using the BLAST Ring Image Generator. The G + C contents of the strains ranged from 67.9 to 69.9%, while genome sizes ranged from 4.31 to 6.15 Mbp. Based on polyphasic evidence, the novel strains represent four new species within the genus Ramlibacter, for which the names Ramlibacter cellulosilyticus sp. nov. (type strain, USB13T = KACC 21656T = NBRC 114839T) Ramlibacter aurantiacus sp. nov. (type strain, AW1T = KACC 21544T = NBRC 114862T), Ramlibacter albus sp. nov. (type strain, GTP1T = KACC 21702T = NBRC 114488T), and Ramlibacter pallidus sp. nov. (type strain, HM2T = KCTC 82557T = NBRC 114489T) are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchung Kang
- grid.255168.d0000 0001 0671 5021Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326 Korea
| | - Geeta Chhetri
- grid.255168.d0000 0001 0671 5021Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326 Korea
| | - Inhyup Kim
- grid.255168.d0000 0001 0671 5021Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326 Korea
| | - Yoonseop So
- grid.255168.d0000 0001 0671 5021Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326 Korea
| | - Taegun Seo
- grid.255168.d0000 0001 0671 5021Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326 Korea
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8
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Homeostasis of the Intestinal Mucosa in Healthy Horses-Correlation between the Fecal Microbiome, Secretory Immunoglobulin A and Fecal Egg Count. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223094. [PMID: 36428322 PMCID: PMC9687066 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The defensive function of the intestinal mucosa depends both on the ability to secrete immunoglobulin A and communication with the mucus microbiome. In horses, the functioning of this system is also influenced by the presence of nematode eggs. Feces collected from healthy horses were examined to determine the fecal egg count, immunoglobulin A level (ELISA), microbiome composition (Next-Generation Sequencing, NGS, V3−V4 and V7−V9 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene analysis and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production ((high-performance liquid chromatography, HPLC). In the taxonomic analysis within the phylum, the following order of dominance was found: Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Verrucomicrobiota and Fibrobacterota. The coefficient of phylogenetic diversity of the microbiome positively correlated with both secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) [μg/g of feces] (p = 0.0354, r = 0.61) and SIgA [μg/mg of fecal protein] (p = 0.0382, r = 0.6) and with the number of Cyathostomum eggs (p = 0.0023, r = 0.79). Important components of the key microbiome in horses, such as phylum Proteobacteria and species Ruminococcus flavefaciens, were positively correlated with the fecal SIgA (p < 0.05). All the obtained results indicate the existence of significant relationships between the host response (SIgA production) and composition and SCFA production in the microbiome as well as the presence of small strongyles in the digestive tract of horses.
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Whole-Genome Sequencing and Annotation of Fibrobacter succinogenes HC4, Isolated from the Horse Cecum. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0044022. [PMID: 36227092 PMCID: PMC9670992 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00440-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrobacter succinogenes is a major cellulolytic bacterial species living in the large intestines of herbivores. This study reports the genome sequencing, assembly, and annotation of F. succinogenes HC4 (DSM 33656), a strain isolated from horse cecal contents. The genome comprised a total of 3.74 Mbp, with a G+C content of 48.96%.
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10
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Zhang Z, Gao X, Dong W, Huang B, Wang Y, Zhu M, Wang C. Plant cell wall breakdown by hindgut microorganisms: can we get scientific insights from rumen microorganisms? J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 115:104027. [PMID: 35661771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Equines and ruminants have evolved as grazing herbivores with specialized gastrointestinal tracts capable of utilizing a wide range of fibrous feeds. In China, agricultural by-products, including corn straw, wheat straw, peanut vine, wheat husk, rice husk, and grass hay, have been extensively included in both equine and ruminant diets. These plant materials, which are composed predominantly of cellulose, hemicellulose, noncellulosic polysaccharides, and lignin, are largely undegradable by equines and ruminants themselves. Their breakdown is accomplished by communities of resident microorganisms that live in symbiotic or mutualistic associations with the host. Information relating to microbial composition in the hindgut and rumen has become increasingly available. Rumen fermentation is unique in that plant cell wall breakdown relies on the cooperation between microorganisms that produce fibrolytic enzymes and that ruminant animals provide an anaerobic fermentation chamber. Similar to the rumen, the equine hindgut is also an immensely enlarged fermentative chamber that includes an extremely abundant and highly complex community of microorganisms. However, few studies have characterized the microbial functions and their utilization process of lignocellulosic feeds within the equine hindgut. The process of understanding and describing plant cell wall degradation mechanisms in the equine hindgut ecosystem is important for providing information for proper feeding practices to be implemented. In the present study, we gather existing information on the rumen and equine ecosystem and provide scientific insights for understanding the process of plant cell wall breakdown within the hindgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Zhang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Agricultural Science and Engineering School, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Xu Gao
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Agricultural Science and Engineering School, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wanting Dong
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Agricultural Science and Engineering School, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Bingjian Huang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Agricultural Science and Engineering School, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Agricultural Science and Engineering School, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Mingxia Zhu
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Agricultural Science and Engineering School, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Changfa Wang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Agricultural Science and Engineering School, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.
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Abstract
The utilization of dietary cellulose by resident bacteria in the large intestine of mammals, both herbivores and omnivores (including humans), has been a subject of interest since the nineteenth century. Cellulolytic bacteria are key participants in this breakdown process of cellulose, which is otherwise indigestible by the host. They critically contribute to host nutrition and health through the production of short-chain fatty acids, in addition to maintaining the balance of intestinal microbiota. Despite this key role, cellulolytic bacteria have not been well studied. In this review, we first retrace the history of the discovery of cellulolytic bacteria in the large intestine. We then focus on the current knowledge of cellulolytic bacteria isolated from the large intestine of various animal species and humans and discuss the methods used for isolating these bacteria. Moreover, we summarize the enzymes and the mechanisms involved in cellulose degradation. Finally, we present the contribution of these bacteria to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Froidurot
- Université Bourgogne Franche–Comté, Institut Agro Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, Dijon, France,CONTACT Alicia Froidurot Université Bourgogne Franche–Comté, Institut Agro Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102Dijon, France
| | - Véronique Julliand
- Université Bourgogne Franche–Comté, Institut Agro Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, Dijon, France
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12
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Fujimori S. Humans have intestinal bacteria that degrade the plant cell walls in herbivores. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:7784-7791. [PMID: 34963741 PMCID: PMC8661373 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i45.7784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell walls of plants are mainly made of cellulose and contain a large number of calories. However, the main component, cellulose, is an indigestible plant fiber that is thought to be difficult for humans to use as energy. Herbivores acquire energy through the degradation of cell wall-derived dietary fiber by microorganisms in the digestive tract. Herbivores, especially horses, have a highly developed cecum and large intestine, and plants are fermented for their efficient use with the help of microorganisms. Humans also have an intestinal tract with a wide lumen on the proximal side of the large intestine, in which fermentation occurs. The digestive process of horses is similar to that of humans, and many of the intestinal bacteria found in horses that degrade plants are also found in humans. Therefore, it is thought that humans also obtain a certain amount of energy from cell wall-derived dietary fiber. However, the intake of dietary fiber by modern humans is low; thus, the amount of calories derived from indigestible plant fiber is considered to be very low. Cellulose in the plant cell wall is often accompanied by hemicellulose, pectin, lignin, suberin, and other materials. These materials are hard to degrade, and cellulose is therefore difficult for animals to utilize. If the cell wall can be degraded to some extent by cooking, it is thought that humans can obtain calories from cell wall-derived dietary fiber. If humans can use the calories from the cell wall for their diet, it may compensate for human food shortages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Fujimori
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Nippon Medical School, Chiba 270-1694, Japan
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Effects of Differences in Fibre Composition and Maturity of Forage-Based Diets on the Microbial Ecosystem and Its Activity in Equine Caecum and Colon Digesta and Faeces. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082337. [PMID: 34438794 PMCID: PMC8388671 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Horses are herbivores and forage-based diets are a natural choice for them. Traditionally, horse diets have included a large portion of cereals and have been associated with different intestinal problems. Feeding more forage and less concentrate has been shown to promote both physical and mental health and performance in horses. However, the nutritional quality of forage can differ greatly. This study compared the effect of two different forage diets and the more conventional forage and concentrate diets, on the hindgut microorganisms and the environment. No differences were found between the three diets in the concentration of total bacteria, fungi and protozoa, of cellulose-utilising bacteria or in the concentration of short-chain fatty acids. It can be concluded that a forage diet which fulfils the energy and protein requirements without having to add starch rich concentrate can benefit hindgut health. In addition, further studies on plant-fibre and forage diets for horses are of great importance for horse feeding, for advisors, veterinarians and for the diet formulations industry. Abstract Fibrous feeds are essential for horses. When developing feeding regimens promoting health and performance, we need to understand the digestion of plant cell walls and the functioning of the hindgut microbial ecosystem. Our objective was to investigate the effect of grass fibre maturity and legume forage on the hindgut microbiota and its activity. Six caecum and colon fistulated geldings were fed three diets differing in fibre composition: concentrate and late harvested grass haylage (35:65 energy ratio) (C); early and late harvested grass haylage (80:20) (G); lucerne and late harvested grass haylage (80:20) (L) for 28 days in a Latin-square design. No differences were measured in total bacteria concentrations, fungi and protozoa numbers nor in cellulolytic bacteria concentrations between the diets. Short-chain fatty acid concentrations did not differ between diets, but a lower (acetate + butyrate)/propionate ratio when the horses were fed Diet C, compared to G and L, was observed, suggesting lower fibrolytic and higher amylolytic activity. The pH increased when the horses were fed Diet L and decreased when fed C and G from caecum to faeces. The buffering capacity (BC) of hindgut digesta was five to fifteen-fold higher than that of the feeds, suggesting a decreased effect of feed BC as digesta travelled through the digestive tract. In conclusion, an early harvested forage opens up the possibility for forage-only diets, providing high energy without the negative effects of concentrate.
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14
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Isolation and characterization of anaerobic bacteria with fiber degradation potential from faeces of Boselaphus tragocamelus grazing on semi arid Indian conditions. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:5105-5116. [PMID: 34304303 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02477-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hindgut of wild ruminants harbours diversified anaerobic bacteria with promising fiber degrading ability. Fibrolytic enzyme activity is strongly influenced by diet and host species which till date remains unexplored for harnessing their optimum benefits. The present study was conducted to isolate and characterize fiber degrading anaerobic bacteria from faeces of wild blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) inhabiting in semiarid regions. A total of 167 isolates were obtained from 85 faecal samples using M-10 medium, on the basis of clear zones formed on Congo red plates 20 isolates were selected and designated as NLG1-20 for microscopic and biochemical characterization. Further, molecular confirmation was done by PCR analysis with universal 16S rDNA primers. All isolates were obligatory anaerobes except, NLG4, NLG19 and NLG20. Majority of the sugars tested were utilized by most of the isolates except arabinose. Fibrolytic enzyme activities revealed that NLG1 had highest endoglucanase activity, NLG13 had highest exoglucanase activity while NLG8 showed maximum xylanase activity. In case of FPase assay, highest and lowest values were observed in isolate NLG11 (8.96 U/mL) and NLG8 (5.58 U/mL), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the isolates revealed a highly diverse group of microbes mainly belonging to the family Paenibacillaceae which have not been previously characterized in ruminants for fiber degradation. Therefore, results obtained in the present study indicated that the screened isolates showed promising fiber degrading potential in terms of filter paper assay and fibrolytic enzyme activity which can be explored further for improving lignocellulose digestibility in ruminants as an additive.
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15
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Glasgow EM, Kemna EI, Bingman CA, Ing N, Deng K, Bianchetti CM, Takasuka TE, Northen TR, Fox BG. A structural and kinetic survey of GH5_4 endoglucanases reveals determinants of broad substrate specificity and opportunities for biomass hydrolysis. J Biol Chem 2021; 295:17752-17769. [PMID: 33454012 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Broad-specificity glycoside hydrolases (GHs) contribute to plant biomass hydrolysis by degrading a diverse range of polysaccharides, making them useful catalysts for renewable energy and biocommodity production. Discovery of new GHs with improved kinetic parameters or more tolerant substrate-binding sites could increase the efficiency of renewable bioenergy production even further. GH5 has over 50 subfamilies exhibiting selectivities for reaction with β-(1,4)-linked oligo- and polysaccharides. Among these, subfamily 4 (GH5_4) contains numerous broad-selectivity endoglucanases that hydrolyze cellulose, xyloglucan, and mixed-linkage glucans. We previously surveyed the whole subfamily and found over 100 new broad-specificity endoglucanases, although the structural origins of broad specificity remained unclear. A mechanistic understanding of GH5_4 substrate specificity would help inform the best protein design strategies and the most appropriate industrial application of broad-specificity endoglucanases. Here we report structures of 10 new GH5_4 enzymes from cellulolytic microbes and characterize their substrate selectivity using normalized reducing sugar assays and MS. We found that GH5_4 enzymes have the highest catalytic efficiency for hydrolysis of xyloglucan, glucomannan, and soluble β-glucans, with opportunistic secondary reactions on cellulose, mannan, and xylan. The positions of key aromatic residues determine the overall reaction rate and breadth of substrate tolerance, and they contribute to differences in oligosaccharide cleavage patterns. Our new composite model identifies several critical structural features that confer broad specificity and may be readily engineered into existing industrial enzymes. We demonstrate that GH5_4 endoglucanases can have broad specificity without sacrificing high activity, making them a valuable addition to the biomass deconstruction toolset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Glasgow
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Elias I Kemna
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Craig A Bingman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nicole Ing
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA; Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Kai Deng
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA; Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Christopher M Bianchetti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Trent R Northen
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, USA; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Brian G Fox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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16
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Mach N, Lansade L, Bars-Cortina D, Dhorne-Pollet S, Foury A, Moisan MP, Ruet A. Gut microbiota resilience in horse athletes following holidays out to pasture. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5007. [PMID: 33658551 PMCID: PMC7930273 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84497-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Elite horse athletes that live in individual boxes and train and compete for hours experience long-term physical and mental stress that compromises animal welfare and alters the gut microbiota. We therefore assessed if a temporary period out to pasture with conspecifics could improve animal welfare and in turn, favorably affect intestinal microbiota composition. A total of 27 athletes were monitored before and after a period of 1.5 months out to pasture, and their fecal microbiota and behavior profiles were compared to those of 18 horses kept in individual boxes. The overall diversity and microbiota composition of pasture and control individuals were temporally similar, suggesting resilience to environmental challenges. However, pasture exposure induced an increase in Ruminococcus and Coprococcus that lasted 1-month after the return to individual boxes, which may have promoted beneficial effects on health and welfare. Associations between the gut microbiota composition and behavior indicating poor welfare were established. Furthermore, withdrawn behavior was associated with the relative abundances of Lachnospiraceae AC2044 group and Clostridiales family XIII. Both accommodate a large part of butyrate-producing bacterial genera. While we cannot infer causality within this study, arguably, these findings suggest that management practices maintained over a longer period of time may moderate the behavior link to the gut ecosystem beyond its resilience potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Mach
- Animal Genetic and Integrative Biology, University of Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AGroParisTech, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Léa Lansade
- grid.464126.30000 0004 0385 4036PRC, INRAE, CNRS, IFCE, University of Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - David Bars-Cortina
- grid.15043.330000 0001 2163 1432Medicine Department, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Sophie Dhorne-Pollet
- Animal Genetic and Integrative Biology, University of Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AGroParisTech, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Aline Foury
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XUniversity of Bordeaux, INRAE, NutriNeuro UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Moisan
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XUniversity of Bordeaux, INRAE, NutriNeuro UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Alice Ruet
- grid.464126.30000 0004 0385 4036PRC, INRAE, CNRS, IFCE, University of Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
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17
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Jiang H, Fang S, Yang H, Chen C. Identification of the relationship between the gut microbiome and feed efficiency in a commercial pig cohort. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6133345. [PMID: 33570553 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed efficiency (FE) is an economically important trait in pig production. Gut microbiota plays an important role in energy harvest, nutrient metabolism, and fermentation of dietary indigestible components. Whether and which gut microbes affect FE in pigs are largely unknown. Here, a total of 208 healthy Duroc pigs were used as experimental materials. Feces and serum samples were collected at the age of 140 d. We first performed 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic sequencing analysis to investigate the relationship between the gut microbiome and porcine residual feed intake (RFI). 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis detected 21 operational taxonomic units showing the tendency to correlation with the RFI (P < 0.01). Metagenomic sequencing further identified that the members of Clostridiales, e.g., Ruminococcus flavefaoiens, Lachnospiraceae bacterium 28-4, and Lachnospiraceae phytofermentans, were enriched in pigs with low RFI (high-FE), while 11 bacterial species including 5 Prevotella spp., especially, the Prevotella copri, had higher abundance in pigs with high RFI. Functional capacity analysis suggested that the gut microbiome of low RFI pigs had a high abundance of the pathways related to amino acid metabolism and biosynthesis, but a low abundance of the pathways associated with monosaccharide metabolism and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Serum metabolome and fecal short-chain fatty acids were determined by UPLC-QTOF/MS and gas chromatography, respectively. Propionic acid in feces and the serum metabolites related to amino acid metabolism were negatively correlated with the RFI. The results from this study may provide potential gut microbial biomarkers that could be used for improving FE in pig production industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Shaoming Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, PR China.,College of Bioscience and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Congying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, PR China
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18
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Sorensen RJ, Drouillard JS, Douthit TL, Ran Q, Marthaler DG, Kang Q, Vahl CI, Lattimer JM. Effect of hay type on cecal and fecal microbiome and fermentation parameters in horses. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:skaa407. [PMID: 33515482 PMCID: PMC7846146 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of hay type on the microbiome of the equine gastrointestinal tract is relatively unexplored. Our objective was to characterize the cecal and fecal microbiome of mature horses consuming alfalfa or Smooth Bromegrass (brome) hay. Six cecally cannulated horses were used in a split-plot design run as a crossover in two periods. The whole plot treatment was ad libitum access to brome or alfalfa hay fed over two 21-d acclimation periods with subplots of sampling location (cecum and rectum) and sampling hour. Each acclimation period was followed by a 24-h collection period where cecal and fecal samples were collected every 3 h for analysis of pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Fecal and cecal samples were pooled and sent to a commercial lab (MR DNA, Shallowater, TX) for the amplification of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene and sequenced using Illumina HiSeq. The main effects of hay on VFA, pH, and taxonomic abundances were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with fixed effects of hay, hour, location, period, and all possible interactions and random effect of horse. Alpha and beta diversities were analyzed using the R Dame package. Horses fed alfalfa had greater fecal than cecal pH (P ≤ 0.05), whereas horses fed brome had greater cecal than fecal pH (P ≤ 0.05). Regardless of hay type, total VFA concentrations were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the cecum than in feces, and alfalfa resulted in greater (P ≤ 0.05) VFA concentrations than brome in both sampling locations. Alpha diversity was greater (P ≤ 0.05) in fecal compared with cecal samples. Microbial community structure within each sampling location and hay type differed from one another (P ≤ 0.05). Bacteroidetes were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the cecum compared with the rectum, regardless of hay type. Firmicutes and Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the feces compared with cecal samples of alfalfa-fed horses. In all, fermentation parameters and bacterial abundances were impacted by hay type and sampling location in the hindgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Sorensen
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - James S Drouillard
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Teresa L Douthit
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Qinghong Ran
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Douglas G Marthaler
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Qing Kang
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Christopher I Vahl
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - James M Lattimer
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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19
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Panpetch W, Sawaswong V, Chanchaem P, Ondee T, Dang CP, Payungporn S, Leelahavanichkul A. Candida Administration Worsens Cecal Ligation and Puncture-Induced Sepsis in Obese Mice Through Gut Dysbiosis Enhanced Systemic Inflammation, Impact of Pathogen-Associated Molecules From Gut Translocation and Saturated Fatty Acid. Front Immunol 2020; 11:561652. [PMID: 33101279 PMCID: PMC7545113 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.561652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity induces gut leakage and elevates serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria, through gut translocation. Because Candida albicans is prominent in human gut but not in mouse, C. albicans, a source of (1→3)-β-D-glucan (BG) in gut contents, was administered in high-fat diet (HFD)–induced obese mice at 1 week before sepsis induction by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). As such, sepsis in Candida-administered obese mice was more severe than obese mice without Candida as determined by mortality, organ injury (liver and kidney), serum cytokines, gut leakage, endotoxemia, serum BG, and fecal Gram-negative bacteria (microbiome analysis). Mice subjected to CLP and fed a HFD, but not treated with Candida demonstrated a similar mortality to non-obese mice with more severe gut leakage and higher serum cytokines. In vitro experiments demonstrated that LPS plus BG (LPS + BG) induced higher supernatant cytokines from hepatocytes (HepG2) and macrophages (RAW264.7), compared with the activation by each molecule alone, and were amplified by palmitic acid, a representative saturated fatty acid. The energy production capacity of HepG2 cells was also decreased by LPS + BG compared with LPS alone as evaluated by extracellular flux analysis. However, Lactobacillus rhamnosus L34 (L34) improved sepsis, regardless of Candida administration, through the attenuation of gut leakage and gut dysbiosis. In conclusion, an impact of gut Candida was demonstrated by Candida pretreatment in obese mice that worsened sepsis through (1) gut dysbiosis–induced gut leakage and (2) amplified systemic inflammation due to LPS, BG, and saturated fatty acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wimonrat Panpetch
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vorthon Sawaswong
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prangwalai Chanchaem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thunnicha Ondee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Cong Phi Dang
- Medical Microbiology, Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sunchai Payungporn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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20
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Schmiedová L, Kreisinger J, Požgayová M, Honza M, Martin JF, Procházka P. Gut microbiota in a host-brood parasite system: insights from common cuckoos raised by two warbler species. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:5872480. [PMID: 32672792 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An animal's gut microbiota (GM) is shaped by a range of environmental factors affecting the bacterial sources invading the host. At the same time, animal hosts are equipped with intrinsic mechanisms enabling regulation of GM. However, there is limited knowledge on the relative importance of these forces. To assess the significance of host-intrinsic vs environmental factors, we studied GM in nestlings of an obligate brood parasite, the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus), raised by two foster species, great reed warblers (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) and Eurasian reed warblers (A. scirpaceus), and compared these with GM of the fosterers' own nestlings. We show that fecal GM varied between cuckoo and warbler nestlings when accounting for the effect of foster/parent species, highlighting the importance of host-intrinsic regulatory mechanisms. In addition to feces, cuckoos also expel a deterrent secretion, which provides protection against olfactory predators. We observed an increased abundance of bacterial genera capable of producing repulsive volatile molecules in the deterrent secretion. Consequently, our results support the hypothesis that microbiota play a role in this antipredator mechanism. Interestingly, fosterer/parent identity affected only cuckoo deterrent secretion and warbler feces microbiota, but not that of cuckoo feces, suggesting a strong selection of bacterial strains in the GM by cuckoo nestlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Schmiedová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ-12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Kreisinger
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ-12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milica Požgayová
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, CZ-60365 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marcel Honza
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, CZ-60365 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Petr Procházka
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, CZ-60365 Brno, Czech Republic
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21
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Abstract
There is a need to develop feeding strategies to prevent the adverse effect of concentrate feeding in high-performance horses fed energy-dense diets aiming to maintain their health and welfare. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of a VistaEQ product containing 4% live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae), with activity 5 × 108 colony-forming unit/g and fed 2 g/pony per day, on faecal microbial populations when supplemented with high-starch and high-fibre diets using Illumina next generation sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. The four treatments were allocated to eight mature Welsh section A pony geldings enrolled in a 4-period × 8 animal crossover design. Each 19-day experimental period consisted of an 18-day adaptation phase and a single collection day, followed by a 7-day wash out period. After DNA extraction from faeces and library preparation, α-diversity and linear discriminant analysis effect size were performed using 16S metagenomics pipeline in Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology (QIIME™) and Galaxy/Hutlab. Differences between the groups were considered significant when linear discriminant analysis score was >2 corresponding to P < 0.05. The present study showed that S. cerevisiae used was able to induce positive changes in the equine microbiota when supplemented to a high-fibre diet: it increased relative abundance (RA) of Lachnospiraceae and Dehalobacteriaceae family members associated with a healthy core microbiome. Yeast supplementation also increased the RA of fibrolytic bacteria (Ruminococcus) when fed with a high-fibre diet and reduced the RA of lactate producing bacteria (Streptococcus) when a high-starch diet was fed. In addition, yeast increased the RA of acetic, succinic acid producing bacterial family (Succinivibrionaceae) and butyrate producing bacterial genus (Roseburia) when fed with high-starch and high-fibre diets, respectively. VistaEQ supplementation to equine diets can be potentially used to prevent acidosis and increase fibre digestibility. It may help to meet the energy requirements of performance horses while maintaining gut health.
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22
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Xue Y, Hu F, Guo C, Mei S, Xie F, Zeng H, Mao S. Undernutrition shifted colonic fermentation and digest-associated bacterial communities in pregnant ewes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:5973-5984. [PMID: 32415319 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10662-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of undernutrition on colonic microbiota and fermentation in pregnant ewes. Sixteen ewes bearing multiple fetuses for 115 days in the control (CON) and severe feed restriction (SFR) groups were fed 100% and 30% level of ad libitum feed intake, respectively. After 15-day treatment, all ewes were sacrificed to collect colonic digesta samples to extract DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing and to detect fermentation parameters. Our data showed that SFR increased (P < 0.05) the levels of colonic propionate, isobutyrate, butyrate, isovalerate, and valerate, and slightly decreased (P < 0.1) colonic pH. The mole proportions of isobutyrate, butyrate, and isovalerate were increased (P < 0.05) upon SFR while that of acetate was decreased (P < 0.05). Hematoxylin-eosin staining sections exhibited the disorderly, irregular, and loose arrangement and part sloughing of colonic epithelial cells. Furthermore, SFR decreased (P < 0.05) the diversity of colonic microbiota and changed the microbial communities. At the genus level, SFR increased (P < 0.05) the abundance of unclassified Peptococcaceae and decreased (P < 0.05) the abundances of Ruminococcus, unclassified Ruminococcaceae, and unclassified VadinBB60. Additionally, the abundances of Ruminococcus and unclassified Ruminococcaceae were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with the acetate proportion while the abundance of unclassified Peptococcaceae was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with the percentages of isobutyrate, butyrate, and isovalerate. In summary, SFR diminished the diversity of bacteria, affected the composition of bacterial communities, and finally changed the colonic fermentation pattern and epithelial histomorphology in pregnant ewes. KEY POINTS: • Undernutrition changed colonic bacterial diversity and composition in pregnant ewes. • Microbial alteration affected colonic fermentation pattern and parameters. • Alteration of colonic microbiota and fermentation damaged epithelium histomorphology. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Xue
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fan Hu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Changzheng Guo
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shijun Mei
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hongbo Zeng
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shengyong Mao
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China. .,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China.
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Edwards JE, Schennink A, Burden F, Long S, van Doorn DA, Pellikaan WF, Dijkstra J, Saccenti E, Smidt H. Domesticated equine species and their derived hybrids differ in their fecal microbiota. Anim Microbiome 2020; 2:8. [PMID: 33499942 PMCID: PMC7807894 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-020-00027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared to horses and ponies, donkeys have increased degradation of dietary fiber. The longer total mean retention time of feed in the donkey gut has been proposed to be the basis of this, because of the increased time available for feed to be acted upon by enzymes and the gut microbiota. However, differences in terms of microbial concentrations and/or community composition in the hindgut may also underpin the increased degradation of fiber in donkeys. Therefore, a study was conducted to assess if differences existed between the fecal microbiota of pony, donkey and hybrids derived from them (i.e. pony × donkey) when fed the same forage diet. RESULTS Fecal community composition of prokaryotes and anaerobic fungi significantly differed between equine types. The relative abundance of two bacterial genera was significantly higher in donkey compared to both pony and pony x donkey: Lachnoclostridium 10 and 'probable genus 10' from the Lachnospiraceae family. The relative abundance of Piromyces was significantly lower in donkey compared to pony × donkey, with pony not significantly differing from either of the other equine types. In contrast, the uncultivated genus SK3 was only found in donkey (4 of the 8 animals). The number of anaerobic fungal OTUs was also significantly higher in donkey than in the other two equine types, with no significant differences found between pony and pony × donkey. Equine types did not significantly differ with respect to prokaryotic alpha diversity, fecal dry matter content or fecal concentrations of bacteria, archaea and anaerobic fungi. CONCLUSIONS Donkey fecal microbiota differed from that of both pony and pony × donkey. These differences related to a higher relative abundance and diversity of taxa with known, or speculated, roles in plant material degradation. These findings are consistent with the previously reported increased fiber degradation in donkeys compared to ponies, and suggest that the hindgut microbiota plays a role. This offers novel opportunities for pony and pony × donkey to extract more energy from dietary fiber via microbial mediated strategies. This could potentially decrease the need for energy dense feeds which are a risk factor for gut-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. E. Edwards
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - A. Schennink
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, Netherlands
- Present address: Micreos Human Health B.V, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - F. Burden
- The Donkey Sanctuary, Sidmouth, Devon EX10 ONU UK
| | - S. Long
- The Donkey Sanctuary, Sidmouth, Devon EX10 ONU UK
| | - D. A. van Doorn
- Division of Nutrition, Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Equine Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - W. F. Pellikaan
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - J. Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - E. Saccenti
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H. Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, Netherlands
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Microbial diversity within the digestive tract contents of Dezhou donkeys. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226186. [PMID: 31834903 PMCID: PMC6910686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal microbiota has significant impact on the nutrition and health of monogastric herbivores animals including donkey. However, so far the microbiota in different gastrointestinal compartments of healthy donkey has not been described. Therefore, we investigated the abundance and function of microbiota at different sites of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) (foregut: stomach, duodenum, jejunum and ileum; hindgut: cecum, ventral colon, dorsal colon, and rectum) of healthy adult donkeys mainly based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) analysis. Collectively, our results showed that donkey has a rich, diverse and multi-functional microbiota along the GIT. In general, the richness and diversity of the microbiota are much higher in the hindgut relative to that in the foregut; at phylum level, the Firmicutes is dominant in the foregut while both Firmicutes and Bacteroides are abundant in the hindgut; at the genus level, Lactobacillus was dominant in the foregut while Streptococcus was more dominant in the hindgut. Our further PICRUSt analysis showed that varying microbiota along the GIT is functionally compatible with the corresponding physiological function of different GIT sites. For example, the microbes in the foregut are more active at carbohydrate metabolism, and in the hindgut are more active at amino acid metabolism. This work at the first time characterized the donkey digestive system from the aspects of microbial composition and function, provided an important basic data about donkey healthy gastrointestinal microbiota, which may be utilized to evaluate donkey health and also offer clues to further investigate donkey digestive system, nutrition, even to develop the microbial supplements.
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Kauter A, Epping L, Semmler T, Antao EM, Kannapin D, Stoeckle SD, Gehlen H, Lübke-Becker A, Günther S, Wieler LH, Walther B. The gut microbiome of horses: current research on equine enteral microbiota and future perspectives. Anim Microbiome 2019; 1:14. [PMID: 33499951 PMCID: PMC7807895 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-019-0013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the complex interactions of microbial communities including bacteria, archaea, parasites, viruses and fungi of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) associated with states of either health or disease is still an expanding research field in both, human and veterinary medicine. GIT disorders and their consequences are among the most important diseases of domesticated Equidae, but current gaps of knowledge hinder adequate progress with respect to disease prevention and microbiome-based interventions. Current literature on enteral microbiomes mirrors a vast data and knowledge imbalance, with only few studies tackling archaea, viruses and eukaryotes compared with those addressing the bacterial components.Until recently, culture-dependent methods were used for the identification and description of compositional changes of enteral microorganisms, limiting the outcome to cultivatable bacteria only. Today, next generation sequencing technologies provide access to the entirety of genes (microbiome) associated with the microorganisms of the equine GIT including the mass of uncultured microbiota, or "microbial dark matter".This review illustrates methods commonly used for enteral microbiome analysis in horses and summarizes key findings reached for bacteria, viruses and fungi so far. Moreover, reasonable possibilities to combine different explorative techniques are described. As a future perspective, knowledge expansion concerning beneficial compositions of microorganisms within the equine GIT creates novel possibilities for early disorder diagnostics as well as innovative therapeutic approaches. In addition, analysis of shotgun metagenomic data enables tracking of certain microorganisms beyond species barriers: transmission events of bacteria including pathogens and opportunists harboring antibiotic resistance factors between different horses but also between humans and horses will reach new levels of depth concerning strain-level distinctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kauter
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS-4), Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lennard Epping
- Microbial Genomics (NG1), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Semmler
- Microbial Genomics (NG1), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Dania Kannapin
- Equine Clinic, Surgery and Radiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabita D Stoeckle
- Equine Clinic, Surgery and Radiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heidrun Gehlen
- Equine Clinic, Surgery and Radiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antina Lübke-Becker
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Günther
- Pharmaceutical Biology Institute of Pharmacy, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Birgit Walther
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS-4), Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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Dietary composition and yeast/microalgae combination supplementation modulate the microbial ecosystem in the caecum, colon and faeces of horses. Br J Nutr 2019; 123:372-382. [PMID: 31690358 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519002824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Starchy diets can induce hindgut dysbiosis in horses. The present study evaluated the impact of a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and microalgae (Aurantiochytrium limacinum) supplementation on caecal, colonic and faecal microbial ecosystem and on blood inflammatory parameters of horses fed high-fibre or high-starch diets. Six fistulated geldings in a 2 × 2 Latin-square design were alternatively supplemented and received during each period 100 % hay (4 weeks) followed by a 56/44 hay/barley diet (3 weeks). Caecal, colonic and faecal samples were collected 4 h after the morning meal three times per diet, at 5-d intervals, to measure bacterial composition and microbial end products. Blood was simultaneously collected for measuring inflammatory markers. The starchy diet clearly modified the microbial ecosystem in the three digestive segments, with an increase of the amylolytic function and a decrease of the fibrolytic one. However, no effect of the diet was observed on the blood parameters. When horses were supplemented, no significant change was found in lipopolysaccharides, PG-E2, serum amyloid A concentrations and complete blood count neither in cellulose-utilising, starch-utilising and lactate-utilising bacteria concentrations nor in the volatile fatty acids and lactate concentrations and pH. Under supplementation, relative abundance of Family XIII Clostridiales increased in caecum and faeces irrespective of diet and relative abundance of Veillonellaceae was higher during the hay/barley diet in colon and faeces. Most variations of faecal bacterial taxa under supplementation were not observed in the hindgut. However, all variations suggested that supplementation could increase fibrolytic function whatever the diet and limit dysbiosis when the horses' diet changed from high fibre to high starch.
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Lindenberg F, Krych L, Fielden J, Kot W, Frøkiær H, van Galen G, Nielsen DS, Hansen AK. Expression of immune regulatory genes correlate with the abundance of specific Clostridiales and Verrucomicrobia species in the equine ileum and cecum. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12674. [PMID: 31481726 PMCID: PMC6722064 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Billions of bacteria inhabit the gastrointestinal tract. Immune-microbial cross talk is responsible for immunological homeostasis, and symbiotic microbial species induce regulatory immunity, which helps to control the inflammation levels. In this study we aimed to identify species within the equine intestinal microbiota with the potential to induce regulatory immunity. These could be future targets for preventing or treating low-grade chronic inflammation occurring as a result of intestinal microbial changes and disruption of the homeostasis. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was performed on samples of intestinal microbial content from ileum, cecum, and colon of 24 healthy horses obtained from an abattoir. Expression of genes coding for IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, 18 s, TNFα, TGFβ, and Foxp3 in the ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes was measured by qPCR. Intestinal microbiota composition was significantly different in the cecum and colon compared to the ileum, which contains large abundances of Proteobacteria. Especially members of the Clostridiales order correlated positively with the regulatory T-cell transcription factor Foxp3 and so did the phylum Verrucomicrobia. We conclude that Clostridiales and Verrucomicrobia have the potential to induce regulatory immunity and are possible targets for intestinal microbial interventions aiming at regulatory immunity improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lindenberg
- Brogaarden Aps, Lynge, Denmark. .,University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - L Krych
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Food Science, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - W Kot
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - H Frøkiær
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G van Galen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D S Nielsen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Food Science, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A K Hansen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Pyles MB, Fowler AL, Bill VT, Crum AD, Hayes SH, Harlow BE, Flythe MD, Lawrence LM. Effect of Starch Source in Pelleted Concentrates on Fecal Bacteria in Prepartum and Postpartum Mares. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 72:31-36. [PMID: 30929780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Dietary starch source has been shown to affect fecal bacterial communities of horses fed minimally processed cereal grains. However, processing may increase foregut starch digestibility, reducing effects of starch source on fecal bacterial communities. This study aimed to determine the effect of starch source in pelleted concentrates on fecal Lactobacillus spp., amylolytic bacteria, and cellulolytic bacteria in broodmares mares, during the prepartum and postpartum period. Thoroughbred mares (n = 18) were paired by last breeding date then randomly assigned to either an oat-based or a corn and wheat middlings-based pelleted concentrate fed with forage. Mares were fed their assigned concentrates beginning on 310 days of gestation, and fecal samples were collected at 324 days of gestation, before parturition, 1 day, 14 days, and 28 days postpartum. Fecal samples were enumerated by serial dilution and inoculation into selective, enriched media for Lactobacillus spp., amylolytic bacteria, and cellulolytic bacteria. Data were log transformed then analyzed using a mixed model ANOVA with repeated measures (SAS 9.3) to test the main effects of treatment, time of sample, and treatment by time interaction. Starch source did not affect enumerated bacterial communities (P > .05); thus, pelleting concentrates may alter some of the effects of starch sources on the hindgut microbiota. Sample date did not affect amylolytic bacteria (P > .05); however, lactobacilli and cellulolytic bacteria decreased 1 day postpartum (P < .05). Although we did not observe an effect of starch source on fecal bacteria in mares, parturition did appear to alter the hindgut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan B Pyles
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Ashley L Fowler
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Veronica T Bill
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Andrea D Crum
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Susan H Hayes
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Brittany E Harlow
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY
| | - Michael D Flythe
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY; Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Laurie M Lawrence
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
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29
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Menke S, Heurich M, Henrich M, Wilhelm K, Sommer S. Impact of winter enclosures on the gut bacterial microbiota of red deer in the Bavarian Forest National Park. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Menke
- S. Menke, K. Wilhelm and S. Sommer , Inst. of Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Univ. of Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, DE-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Marco Heurich
- M. Heurich and M. Henrich, Dept of Conservation and Research, Bavarian Forest National Park, Zoology, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Maik Henrich
- M. Heurich and M. Henrich, Dept of Conservation and Research, Bavarian Forest National Park, Zoology, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wilhelm
- S. Menke, K. Wilhelm and S. Sommer , Inst. of Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Univ. of Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, DE-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Simone Sommer
- S. Menke, K. Wilhelm and S. Sommer , Inst. of Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Univ. of Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, DE-89081 Ulm, Germany
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Destrez A, Grimm P, Julliand V. Dietary-induced modulation of the hindgut microbiota is related to behavioral responses during stressful events in horses. Physiol Behav 2019; 202:94-100. [PMID: 30726719 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The bidirectional communication between the central and the enteric nervous system named the gut-brain axis has been widely recognized. The gut microbiota has been implicated in a variety of stress-related conditions including anxiety, depression and irritable bowel syndrome based on rodent studies or correlative analysis in human patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate to what extent changes in behavior during stressful events and in the microbial composition of the colonic ecosystem were associated in horses. The microbiota alterations were induced by a change from a high-fiber diet (100% hay, H diet) to a progressive low-fiber and high-starch diet (56% hay and 44% barley, HB diet) on six fistulated horses. Colonic total anaerobic, cellulolytic, amylolytic and lactate-utilizing bacteria were enumerated once on H diet and once on HB diet. Bacterial richness, diversity and structure at family and genus level were also determined. The behavior of horses was assessed through two standardized stressful tests: a novelty test and an umbrella test. The different alterations measured in the colonic microbiota demonstrated a lower fibrolytic capacity and a higher amylolytic capacity of the ecosystem when horses received HB compared to H diet. During the novelty test, the frequency of blowing was significantly higher in HB than in H diet and was positively correlated with the concentration of amylolytic bacteria and the Succinivibrionaceae relative abundance. During the umbrella test, behavioral variables were not significantly different between the diets but the colonic content pH was negatively correlated with the frequency of startle response. Behavioral responses of anxiety were related to hindgut microbiota indicators of a high-starch diet. Dietary-induced modulation of the gut microbiota composition may have changed the horses' behavioral reactions in stressful situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Destrez
- AgroSup Dijon, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INRA, CNRS, UMR6265 CSGA - Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Dijon F-21000, France.
| | | | - Véronique Julliand
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMRA 02.102, F-21000 Dijon, France
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Nakamura A, Iino R. Visualization of Functional Structure and Kinetic Dynamics of Cellulases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1104:201-217. [PMID: 30484250 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2158-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Nakamura
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan.
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Physical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Ryota Iino
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Physical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
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Elghandour MMMY, Adegbeye MJ, Barbabosa-Pilego A, Perez NR, Hernández SR, Zaragoza-Bastida A, Salem AZM. Equine Contribution in Methane Emission and Its Mitigation Strategies. J Equine Vet Sci 2018; 72:56-63. [PMID: 30929784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Greenhouses gas emission mitigation is a very important aspect of earth sustainability with greenhouse gasses reduction, a focus of agricultural and petrochemical industries. Methane is produced in nonruminant herbivores such as horses because they undergo hindgut fermentation. Although equine produce less methane than ruminant, increasing population of horses might increase their contribution to the present 1.2 to 1.7 Tg, estimate. Diet, feeding frequency, season, genome, and protozoa population influence methane production equine. In population, Methanomicrobiales, Methanosarcinales, Methanobacteriales, and Methanoplasmatales are the clade identified in equine. Methanocorpusculum labreanum is common among hindgut fermenters like horses and termite. Naturally, acetogenesis and interrelationship between the host and the immune-anatomical interaction are responsible for the reduced methane output in horses. However, to reduce methane output in equine, and increase energy derived from feed intake, the use of biochar, increase in acetogens, inclusion of fibre enzymes and plant extract, and recycling of fecal energy through anaerobic gas fermentation. These might be feasible ways to reducing methane contribution from horse and could be applied to ruminants too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M M Y Elghandour
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México, México
| | - Moyosore Joseph Adegbeye
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ilesha, Nigeria
| | - Alberto Barbabosa-Pilego
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México, México
| | - Nallely Rivero Perez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuaria, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, Mexico
| | - Saúl Rojas Hernández
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Adrian Zaragoza-Bastida
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuaria, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, Mexico
| | - Abdelfattah Z M Salem
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México, México.
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Grimm P, Pais de Barros J, Julliand V. Impact of diet on bacterial lipopolysaccharides in equine feces and blood. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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35
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Curtis JT, Assefa S, Francis A, Köhler GA. Fecal microbiota in the female prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190648. [PMID: 29579049 PMCID: PMC5868765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the fecal microbiota of female prairie voles. This species is socially and, likely, sexually monogamous, and thus serves as a valuable model in which to examine the interaction between the microbiota-gut-brain axis and social behavior. At present, little is known about the gastrointestinal microbiota of prairie voles; therefore, we performed a first characterization of the fecal microbiota using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Semiconductor sequencing technology on an Ion Torrent PGM platform was used to assess the composition of fecal microbiotas from twelve female prairie voles. Following quality filtering, 1,017,756 sequencing reads were classified from phylum to genus level. At the phylum level, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Saccharibacteria were the predominant taxa, while the Bacteriodales, Erysipelotrichaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Lachnospiraceae contributed the most dominant microbial groups and genera. Microbial community membership was most similar between vole sibling pairs, but consideration of taxon abundances weakened these associations. The interdependence of host factors such as genetics and behavior with the gastrointestinal microbiota is likely to be particularly pronounced in prairie voles. Our pilot characterization of the prairie vole intestinal microbiota revealed a microbial community composition remarkably consistent with the monogastric alimentary system of these rodents and their diet rich in complex plant carbohydrates. The highly social nature of these animals poses specific challenges to microbiome analyses that nonetheless are valuable for advancing research on the microbiota-gut-brain-behavior axis. Our study provides an important basis for future microbiome research in this emerging model organism for studying social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Thomas Curtis
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Senait Assefa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Amie Francis
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Gerwald A. Köhler
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Clark A, Sallé G, Ballan V, Reigner F, Meynadier A, Cortet J, Koch C, Riou M, Blanchard A, Mach N. Strongyle Infection and Gut Microbiota: Profiling of Resistant and Susceptible Horses Over a Grazing Season. Front Physiol 2018; 9:272. [PMID: 29618989 PMCID: PMC5871743 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal strongyles are a major threat to horses' health and welfare. Given that strongyles inhabit the same niche as the gut microbiota, they may interact with each other. These beneficial or detrimental interactions are unknown in horses and could partly explain contrasted susceptibility to infection between individuals. To address these questions, an experimental pasture trial with 20 worm-free female Welsh ponies (10 susceptible (S) and 10 resistant (R) to parasite infection) was implemented for 5 months. Fecal egg counts (FEC), hematological and biochemical data, body weight and gut microbiological composition were studied in each individual after 0, 24, 43, 92 and 132 grazing days. R and S ponies displayed divergent immunological profiles and slight differences in microbiological composition under worm-free conditions. After exposure to natural infection, the predicted R ponies exhibited lower FEC after 92 and 132 grazing days, and maintained higher levels of circulating monocytes and eosinophils, while lymphocytosis persisted in S ponies. Although the overall gut microbiota diversity and structure remained similar during the parasite infection between the two groups, S ponies exhibited a reduction of bacteria such as Ruminococcus, Clostridium XIVa and members of the Lachnospiraceae family, which may have promoted a disruption of mucosal homeostasis at day 92. In line with this hypothesis, an increase in pathobionts such as Pseudomonas and Campylobacter together with changes in several predicted immunological pathways, including pathogen sensing, lipid metabolism, and activation of signal transduction that are critical for the regulation of immune system and energy homeostasis were observed in S relative to R ponies. Moreover, S ponies displayed an increase in protozoan concentrations at day 92, suggesting that strongyles and protozoa may contribute to each other's success in the equine intestines. It could also be that S individuals favor the increase of these carbohydrate-degrading microorganisms to enhance the supply of nutrients needed to fight strongyle infection. Overall, this study provides a foundation to better understand the mechanisms that underpin the relationship between equines and natural strongyle infection. The profiling of horse immune response and gut microbiota should contribute to the development of novel biomarkers for strongyle infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Clark
- Department of Health Science, Open University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillaume Sallé
- UMR 1282, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François-Rabelais, Nouzilly, France
| | - Valentine Ballan
- UMR 1313, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Fabrice Reigner
- UEPAO 1297, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Expérimentale de Physiologie Animale de l'Orfrasière, Nouzilly, France
| | - Annabelle Meynadier
- UMR 1388, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, GenPhySE, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Cortet
- UMR 1282, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François-Rabelais, Nouzilly, France
| | - Christine Koch
- UMR 1282, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François-Rabelais, Nouzilly, France
| | - Mickaël Riou
- UE-1277, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale, Nouzilly, France
| | - Alexandra Blanchard
- UMR 1282, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François-Rabelais, Nouzilly, France.,Pancosma SA, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Núria Mach
- UMR 1313, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Murray JAMD, Brown S, O'Shaughnessy P, Monteiro A, Warren H, Hastie PM. Effect of Live Yeast Culture Supplementation on Fibrolytic and Saccharolytic Bacterial Populations in the Feces of Horses Fed a High-Fiber or High-Starch Diet. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sun J, Zeng B, Chen Z, Yan S, Huang W, Sun B, He Q, Chen X, Chen T, Jiang Q, Xi Q, Zhang Y. Characterization of faecal microbial communities of dairy cows fed diets containing ensiled Moringa oleifera fodder. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41403. [PMID: 28134261 PMCID: PMC5278366 DOI: 10.1038/srep41403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) is a remarkable species with high nutritional value and good biomass production, which can be used as livestock fodder. In this study, we examined changes in the faecal microbiota of thirty dairy cows in response to alternative M. oleifera diets and their effects on nutrient digestion, milk traits and the faecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids. No differences in milk yield and constituents were found between the control and the M. oleifera alternative groups. Cows fed M. oleifera silage had lower dry matter digestibility, as well as the propionate and isovalerate concentrations in M. oleifera treated group. Using 16S rDNA gene sequencing, 1,299,556 paired-end reads were obtained. Clustering analysis revealed 13 phyla and 93 genera across all samples. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the co-dominant phyla. Ten taxa displayed a significant difference in response to the high M. oleifera diet. In addition, strong correlations between Akkermansia and Prevotella with milk yield and protein indicated that some bacterial groups could be used to improve milk traits. Our results provided an insight into the microbiome-associated responses to M. oleifera in livestock diets, and could aid the development of novel applications of M. oleifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Sun
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Zujing Chen
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangdong Engineering &Research Center for Woody Fodder Plants, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Shijuan Yan
- Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Baoli Sun
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Qian He
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangdong Engineering &Research Center for Woody Fodder Plants, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangdong Engineering &Research Center for Woody Fodder Plants, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Ting Chen
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Qianyun Xi
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.,College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangdong Engineering &Research Center for Woody Fodder Plants, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
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41
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Comparative fibre-degrading capacity in foals at immediate and late post-weaning periods. Animal 2017; 11:1497-1504. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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La Reau AJ, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Suen G. Sequence-based analysis of the genus Ruminococcus resolves its phylogeny and reveals strong host association. Microb Genom 2016; 2:e000099. [PMID: 28348838 PMCID: PMC5359413 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become increasingly clear that the composition of mammalian gut microbial communities is substantially diet driven. These microbiota form intricate mutualisms with their hosts, which have profound implications on overall health. For example, many gut microbes are involved in the conversion of host-ingested dietary polysaccharides into host-usable nutrients. One group of important gut microbial symbionts are bacteria in the genus Ruminococcus. Originally isolated from the bovine rumen, ruminococci have been found in numerous mammalian hosts, including other ruminants, and non-ruminants such as horses, pigs and humans. All ruminococci require fermentable carbohydrates for growth, and their substrate preferences appear to be based on the diet of their particular host. Most ruminococci that have been studied are those capable of degrading cellulose, much less is known about non-cellulolytic non-ruminant-associated species, and even less is known about the environmental distribution of ruminococci as a whole. Here, we capitalized on the wealth of publicly available 16S rRNA gene sequences, genomes and large-scale microbiota studies to both resolve the phylogenetic placement of described species in the genus Ruminococcus, and further demonstrate that this genus has largely unexplored diversity and a staggering host distribution. We present evidence that ruminococci are predominantly associated with herbivores and omnivores, and our data supports the hypothesis that very few ruminococci are found consistently in non-host-associated environments. This study not only helps to resolve the phylogeny of this important genus, but also provides a framework for understanding its distribution in natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J La Reau
- 1Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jan P Meier-Kolthoff
- 2Leibniz Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Garret Suen
- 1Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Zhang Y, Long R, Anderson RC, Hume ME, Coverdale JA, Latham EA, Nisbet DJ. Characterization of Nitrate-Reducing and Amino Acid–Using Bacteria Prominent in Nitrotoxin-Enriched Equine Cecal Populations. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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44
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Vlčková K, Gomez A, Petrželková KJ, Whittier CA, Todd AF, Yeoman CJ, Nelson KE, Wilson BA, Stumpf RM, Modrý D, White BA, Leigh SR. Effect of Antibiotic Treatment on the Gastrointestinal Microbiome of Free-Ranging Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla). MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2016; 72:943-954. [PMID: 26984253 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0745-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome, which plays indispensable roles in host nutrition and health, is affected by numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Among them, antibiotic (ATB) treatment is reported to have a significant effect on GI microbiome composition in humans and other animals. However, the impact of ATBs on the GI microbiome of free-ranging or even captive great apes remains poorly characterized. Here, we investigated the effect of cephalosporin treatment (delivered by intramuscular dart injection during a serious respiratory outbreak) on the GI microbiome of a wild habituated group of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic. We examined 36 fecal samples from eight individuals, including samples before and after ATB treatment, and characterized the GI microbiome composition using Illumina-MiSeq sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. The GI microbial profiles of samples from the same individuals before and after ATB administration indicate that the ATB treatment impacts GI microbiome stability and the relative abundance of particular bacterial taxa within the colonic ecosystem of wild gorillas. We observed a statistically significant increase in Firmicutes and a decrease in Bacteroidetes levels after ATB treatment. We found disruption of the fibrolytic community linked with a decrease of Ruminoccocus levels as a result of ATB treatment. Nevertheless, the nature of the changes observed after ATB treatment differs among gorillas and thus is dependent on the individual host. This study has important implications for ecology, management, and conservation of wild primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Vlčková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1/3, Brno, 61242, Czech Republic.
| | - Andres Gomez
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Klára J Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Květná 8, Brno, 60365, Czech Republic
- Liberec Zoo, Masarykova 1347/31, Liberec, 46001, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Christopher A Whittier
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
- Department of Wildlife Health Sciences, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Avenue Northwest, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
| | - Angelique F Todd
- WWF, Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, BP 1053, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Carl J Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, P.O. Box 172900, Bozeman, MT, 59717-2900, USA
| | - Karen E Nelson
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Brenda A Wilson
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Rebecca M Stumpf
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 607 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1/3, Brno, 61242, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
- CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1/3, Brno, 61242, Czech Republic
| | - Bryan A White
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Steven R Leigh
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1350 Pleasant Street, Boulder, CO, 80309-0233, USA
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Characterization of the microbial and biochemical profile of the different segments of the digestive tract in horses given two distinct diets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s1357729800059038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA first group of three horses was given diet 1 (D1) allowing 1180 g per 100 kg body weight (BW) of a pelleted food rich in fibre (P1) and 556 g per 100 kg BW of straw during a 20-day period to allow for adaptation. A second group of four horses were given diet 2 (D2) allowing 1180 g per 100 kg BW of a pelleted food rich in cereals (P2) and 1000 g per 100 kg BW of meadow hay during the same period. Digesta was collected from the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, right ventral colon, left ventral colon, left dorsal colon, right dorsal colon, and small colon, and faeces were collected under general anaesthesia 2·5 h after the ingestion of the morning pelleted meal. The concentration of total anaerobic, cellulolytic and lactic acid-utilizing bacteria, lactobacilli and streptococci were determined in all these segments except for the duodenum, left ventral colon, right dorsal colon and small colon. D-/L-lactic acid, volatile fatty acids and pH were measured in all anatomic segments of the digestive tract (from stomach to small colon). The caecal concentration of total anaerobic bacteria was the lowest (7·9 5 107colony-forming units (c f. u.) per ml), whereas that of the stomach was the highest (1·4 5 109c f. u. per ml) (P< 0·001). Cellulolytic bacteria did not exceed 3·0 5 102c f u. per ml in the ante-caecal segments whereas in the hindgut the average concentration was 5·3 x 105c f u. per ml (P< 0·001). Likewise, VFA concentrations were also greater in the large intestine (on average, 96·3 mmol/l v. 8·8 mmol/l in the ante-caecal segments) (P< 0·001), confirming the limited extent of fibre degradation in these ante-caecal segments. Lactobacilli, streptococci and lactate-utilizing bacteria colonized all the digestive tract; the stomach and the small intestine tended to host the greatest numbers of these bacteria, which suggests a high interference of micro-organisms with the digestion of readily fermentable carbohydrates. Compared with the other ante-caecal segments, the stomach ecosystem seemed the most affected by the composition of the last pelleted meal ingested: the concentrations of lactobacilli and lactate-utilizing bacteria were higher (P< 0·05) with P2. The lower concentration of D-/L-lactate with P2 (P< 0·05) was concomitant with a greater proportion of propionate (P< 0·05), probably related to a greater fermentation of lactate. In the large intestine of horses given D2, cellulolytic bacteria tended to be lower, whereas VFA concentrations were higher (P < 0·05). The lower [NDF/starch] ratio of D2 was probably less propitious for the proliferation of cellulolytic bacteria but was compensated by the higher cellulose intake brought by the hay.
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Julliand V, Grimm P. HORSE SPECIES SYMPOSIUM: The microbiome of the horse hindgut: History and current knowledge1. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:2262-74. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Effect of yeast supplementation on hindgut microbiota and digestibility of horses subjected to an abrupt change of hays. Livest Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Destrez A, Grimm P, Cézilly F, Julliand V. Changes of the hindgut microbiota due to high-starch diet can be associated with behavioral stress response in horses. Physiol Behav 2015; 149:159-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Harlow BE, Lawrence LM, Flythe MD. Sample-Handling Factors Affecting the Enumeration of Lactobacilli and Cellulolytic Bacteria in Equine Feces. J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Costa M, Silva G, Ramos R, Staempfli H, Arroyo L, Kim P, Weese J. Characterization and comparison of the bacterial microbiota in different gastrointestinal tract compartments in horses. Vet J 2015; 205:74-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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