1
|
Vergara-Luis I, Jin M, Baez-Millán JC, González-Gaya B, Ijurco I, Lacuesta M, Olivares M, Prieto A. Multitarget and suspect-screening of antimicrobials in vegetables samples: Uptake experiments and identification of transformation products. Food Chem 2024; 444:138643. [PMID: 38340504 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
This work provided an accurate analytical method to perform a multitarget analysis of a variety of antimicrobials (AMs) including sulfonamides, tetracyclines, macrolides, fluoroquinolones and quinolones, one imidazole and one nitroimidazole, one triazole, one diaminopyridine and one derivative of Penicillium stoloniferum in vegetables. The analysis is performed using liquid-chromatography coupled to a low-resolution triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS/MS) to detect the target analytesor coupled to a high-resolution q-Orbitrap (HRMS) to monitor the formed transformation products (TPs). Both instruments were compared in terms of limits of quantification and matrix effect at the detection. The method was applied to determine the presence of AMs in organic and non-organic vegetables, where sulfadiazine and mycophenolic acid were detected. On the other hand, the transference of four AMs (trimethoprim, sulfamethazine, enrofloxacin, and chlortetracycline) from soils to lettuces was evaluated through controlled uptake experiments. The choice of AMs was based on the classification into different families, and on the fact that those AM families are the most frequently detected in the environment. In this case, each of the AMs with which the soils were contaminated were found in the exposed lettuces. Moreover, in both studies, specific TPs of the AMs were identified, posing the necessity of assessing their effects in relation to food and human safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Vergara-Luis
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - M Jin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - J C Baez-Millán
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - B González-Gaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - I Ijurco
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain
| | - M Lacuesta
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain
| | - M Olivares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - A Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ammar HA, Ezzat SM, Elshourbagi E, Elshahat H. Titer improvement of mycophenolic acid in the novel producer strain Penicillium arizonense and expression analysis of its biosynthetic genes. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:135. [PMID: 37198535 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02884-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is the active ingredient in the most important immunosuppressive pharmaceuticals. It has antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-psoriasis, and antitumor activities. Therefore, its overproduction in addition to gene expression analysis was our main target. Through this study, we isolated a novel potent mycophenolic acid (MPA) producer strain of the genus Penicillium from the refrigerated Mozzarella cheese and it was identified with the molecular marker ITS and benA genes as P. arizonenseHEWt1. Three MPA overproducer mutants were isolated by exposing the wild type to different doses of gamma-rays, and the fermentation conditions for the highest production of MPA were optimized. The results indicated that MPA amounts produced by the mutants MT1, MT2, and MT3 were increased by 2.1, 1.7, and 1.6-fold, respectively, compared with the wild-type. The growth of both mutant and wild-type strains on PD broth, adjusted to pH 6 and incubated at 25 °C for 15 d, were the best conditions for maximum production of MPA. In a silico study, five orthologs genes of MPA biosynthesizing gene clusters in P. brevicompactum were predicted from the genome of P. arizonense. Sequencing and bioinformatic analyses proved the presence of five putative genes namely mpaA, mpaC, mpaF, mpaG, and mpaH in the P. arizonense HEWt1 genome. Gene expression analysis by qRT-PCR indicated an increase in the transcription value of all annotated genes in the three mutants over the wild type. A highly significant increase in the gene expression of mpaC, mpaF, and mpaH was observed in P. arizonense-MT1 compared with wild-type. These results confirmed the positive correlation of these genes in MPA biosynthesis and are the first report regarding the production of MPA by P. arizonense.Kew word.Mycophenolic acid, Penicillium arizonense, mutagenesis, gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hala A Ammar
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Saeid M Ezzat
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Hind Elshahat
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
El-Sayed ESR, Zaki AG. Unlocking the biosynthetic potential of Penicillium roqueforti for hyperproduction of the immunosuppressant mycophenolic acid: Gamma radiation mutagenesis and response surface optimization of fermentation medium. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:306-317. [PMID: 35481612 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Based on the broad clinical utility of the immunosuppressant mycophenolic acid (MPA), this article aims to intensify the biosynthetic potential of Penicillium roqueforti for more effective hyperproduction of the drug. Several mutants were generated from irradiation mutagenesis and screened. Two strains (GM1013 and GM1093) presented an elevated MPA productivity with significant yield constancy over 10 subsequent generations. By investigating the effect of some phosphorous sources and mineral salts on MPA production by the two mutants, KH2 PO4 and FeSO4 ·7H2 O were most preferred by the two mutants for higher MPA production rates. Statistics-dependent experimental designs were also employed for optimizing medium components for maximum MPA production. Medium components were primarily screened using the Plackett-Burman model to demonstrate the most important components that most significantly affect MPA production. The concentrations of these significant components were then optimized through a central composite rotatable model. In conclusion, gamma-radiation mutation and response surface optimization resulted in a promising MPA productivity by P. roqueforti GM1013. To our knowledge, the MPA-yield achieved in this study (2933.32 mg L-1 ) is the highest reported by academic laboratories from P. roqueforti cultures, which could be of economic value for a prospective large industrialized application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- El-Sayed R El-Sayed
- Plant Research Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira G Zaki
- Plant Research Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vaali K, Tuomela M, Mannerström M, Heinonen T, Tuuminen T. Toxic Indoor Air Is a Potential Risk of Causing Immuno Suppression and Morbidity—A Pilot Study. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020104. [PMID: 35205859 PMCID: PMC8877819 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to establish an etiology-based connection between the symptoms experienced by the occupants of a workplace and the presence in the building of toxic dampness microbiota. The occupants (5/6) underwent a medical examination and urine samples (2/6) were analyzed by LC-MS/MS for mycotoxins at two time-points. The magnitude of inhaled water was estimated. Building-derived bacteria and fungi were identified and assessed for toxicity. Separate cytotoxicity tests using human THP-1 macrophages were performed from the office’s indoor air water condensates. Office-derived indoor water samples (n = 4/4) were toxic to human THP-1 macrophages. Penicillium, Acremonium sensu lato, Aspergillus ochraceus group and Aspergillus section Aspergillus grew from the building material samples. These colonies were toxic in boar sperm tests (n = 11/32); four were toxic to BHK-21 cells. Mycophenolic acid, which is a potential immunosuppressant, was detected in the initial and follow-up urine samples of (2/2) office workers who did not take immunosuppressive drugs. Their urinary mycotoxin profiles differed from household and unrelated controls. Our study suggests that the presence of mycotoxins in indoor air is linked to the morbidity of the occupants. The cytotoxicity test of the indoor air condensate is a promising tool for risk assessment in moisture-damaged buildings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Vaali
- SelexLab Oy, Kalevankatu 17 A, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-50-550-1131
| | - Marja Tuomela
- Co-op Bionautit, Viikinkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland;
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marika Mannerström
- The Finnish Centre for Alternative Methods, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (M.M.); (T.H.)
| | - Tuula Heinonen
- The Finnish Centre for Alternative Methods, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (M.M.); (T.H.)
| | - Tamara Tuuminen
- Medical Center Kruunuhaka Oy, Kaisaniemenkatu 8B a, 00100 Helsinki, Finland;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Contamination of Acorns of Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur L.), as Feed Material, by Moulds and Mycotoxins. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2021-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In the past, pigs were commonly fed with acorns, and this was of remarkable economic importance. Currently this habit is continued in some areas, especially for production of prime-quality Iberian ham. Mature acorns, after shedding and during storage in unsuitable conditions, can be quickly infected with spores of many moulds, which cause mummification, blackening, dehydration, and nutrient loss. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of acorns of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.). The samples were collected in 2017 in southern Wielkopolska (central part of Poland), as feed material. In mouldy acorns a very high number of fungi was found (2.6 × 106 cfu/g), and 97% of them represented pathogenic Penicillium spp. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis showed in mouldy acorns high concentrations of mycophenolic acid (14580 μg/kg) and patulin (50 μg/kg). The dominant mould species, Penicillium expansum, showed a high cytotoxicity of swine kidney cells using assay based on the conversion of the tetrazolium salt, 3-(4,5, dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-5 diphenyltetrazolium (MTT). This raises the question if the pathogenic metabolites of moulds present in acorns can be dangerous for livestock, especially pigs, and people, as acorns are beginning to be seen as an interesting and functional part of their diet.
Collapse
|
6
|
Improved strategies to efficiently isolate thermophilic, thermotolerant, and heat-resistant fungi from compost and soil. Mycol Prog 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-021-01674-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThermophilic, thermotolerant and heat-resistant fungi developed different physiological traits, enabling them to sustain or even flourish under elevated temperatures, which are life-hostile for most other eukaryotes. With the growing demand of heat-stable molecules in biotechnology and industry, the awareness of heat-adapted fungi as a promising source of respective enzymes and biomolecules is still increasing. The aim of this study was to test two different strategies for the efficient isolation and identification of distinctly heat-adapted fungi from easily accessible substrates and locations. Eight compost piles and ten soil sites were sampled in combination with different culture-dependent approaches to describe suitable strategies for the isolation and selection of thermophilous fungi. Additionally, an approach with a heat-shock treatment, but without elevated temperature incubation led to the isolation of heat-resistant mesophilic species. The cultures were identified based on morphology, DNA barcodes, and microsatellite fingerprinting. In total, 191 obtained isolates were assigned to 31 fungal species, from which half are truly thermophilic or thermotolerant, while the other half are heat-resistant fungi. A numerous amount of heat-adapted fungi was isolated from both compost and soil samples, indicating the suitability of the used approaches and that the richness and availability of those organisms in such environments are substantially high.
Collapse
|
7
|
Patel G, Thakur NS, Kushwah V, Patil MD, Nile SH, Jain S, Banerjee UC, Kai G. Liposomal Delivery of Mycophenolic Acid With Quercetin for Improved Breast Cancer Therapy in SD Rats. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:631. [PMID: 32612988 PMCID: PMC7308462 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study explores the influence of mycophenolic acid (MPA) in combination therapy with quercetin (QC) (impeding MPA metabolic rate) delivered using the liposomal nanoparticles (LNPs). Mycophenolic acid liposome nanoparticles (MPA-LNPs) and quercetin liposome nanoparticles (QC-LNPs) were individually prepared and comprehensively characterized. The size of prepared MPA-LNPs and QC-LNPs were found to be 183 ± 13 and 157 ± 09.8, respectively. The in vitro studies revealed the higher cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of combined therapy (MPA-LNPs + QC-LNPs) compared to individual ones. Moreover pharmacokinetics studies in female SD-rat shown higher T 1 / 2 value (1.94 fold) of combined therapy compared to MPA. Furthermore, in vivo anticancer activity in combination of MPA-LNPs and QC-LNPs was also significantly higher related to other treatments groups. The combination therapy of liposomes revealed the new therapeutic approach for the treatment of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Patel
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Neeraj Singh Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Varun Kushwah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Mahesh D. Patil
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Shivraj Hariram Nile
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sanyog Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Uttam Chand Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu R, Karrow NA, Shandilya UK, Sun LH, Kitazawa H. In-Vitro Cell Culture for Efficient Assessment of Mycotoxin Exposure, Toxicity and Risk Mitigation. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E146. [PMID: 32120954 PMCID: PMC7150844 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary fungal metabolites that commonly contaminate crops and food by-products and thus, animal feed. Ingestion of mycotoxins can lead to mycotoxicosis in both animals and humans, and at subclinical concentrations may affect animal production and adulterate feed and animal by-products. Mycotoxicity mechanisms of action (MOA) are largely unknown, and co-contamination, which is often the case, raises the likelihood of mycotoxin interactions. Mitigation strategies for reducing the risk of mycotoxicity are diverse and may not necessarily provide protection against all mycotoxins. These factors, as well as the species-specific risk of toxicity, collectively make an assessment of exposure, toxicity, and risk mitigation very challenging and costly; thus, in-vitro cell culture models provide a useful tool for their initial assessment. Since ingestion is the most common route of mycotoxin exposure, the intestinal epithelial barrier comprised of epithelial cells (IECs) and immune cells such as macrophages, represents ground zero where mycotoxins are absorbed, biotransformed, and elicit toxicity. This article aims to review different in-vitro IEC or co-culture models that can be used for assessing mycotoxin exposure, toxicity, and risk mitigation, and their suitability and limitations for the safety assessment of animal foods and food by-products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xu
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.X.); (U.K.S.)
| | - Niel A. Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.X.); (U.K.S.)
| | - Umesh K. Shandilya
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.X.); (U.K.S.)
| | - Lv-hui Sun
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan;
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Anand S, Srivastava P. Optimization Strategies for Purification of Mycophenolic Acid Produced by Penicillium brevicompactum. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 191:867-880. [PMID: 31907779 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03204-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The microbial fermentation of Penicillium brevicompactum produces secondary metabolite mycophenolic acid (MPA), which exhibits antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, and antitumor activity. It is also a potent, selective, non-competitive, and reversible inhibitor of the human inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH). This study is an attempt to optimize the MPA production through a fermentation process using Penicillium brevicompactum and its further purification process optimization. In the batch fermentation process, the maximum concentration of MPA (1.84 g/L) was attained in a 3.7 L stirred tank reactor. Response surface methodology (RSM) using central composite design (CCD) was employed as a statistical tool to investigate the effect of pH, the volume of eluent and flow rate of the mobile phase on MPA purification process. Under optimum conditions, the experimental yield was observed to be 84.12%, which matched well with the predictive yield of 84.42%. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of the fermented product was carried out to confirm the presence of mycophenolic acid. The MPA purification was done by using column chromatography technique. The purification of broth involved mycophenolic acid extraction by selecting different solvents on the basis of polarity and the extraction efficiency of solvent. Various solid support materials were used for MPA purification in column chromatography. The MPA recovery through alumina column was observed to be 84.12% under the optimum conditions, which was maximum elution as compared with other support materials. The optimized purification process yielded pure MPA crystals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubhankar Anand
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Pradeep Srivastava
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hautbergue T, Jamin EL, Costantino R, Tadrist S, Meneghetti L, Tabet JC, Debrauwer L, Oswald IP, Puel O. Combination of Isotope Labeling and Molecular Networking of Tandem Mass Spectrometry Data To Reveal 69 Unknown Metabolites Produced by Penicillium nordicum. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12191-12202. [PMID: 31464421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The secondary metabolome of Penicillium nordicum is poorly documented despite its frequent detection on contaminated food and its capacity to produce toxic metabolites such as ochratoxin A. To characterize metabolites produced by this fungi, we combined a full stable isotopes labeling with the dereplication of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) data by molecular networking. First, the untargeted metabolomic analysis by high-resolution mass spectrometry of a double stable isotope labeling of P. nordicum enabled the specific detection of its metabolites and the unambiguous determination of their elemental composition. Analyses showed that infection of substrate by P. nordicum lead to the production of at least 92 metabolites and that 69 of them were completely unknown. Then, curated molecular networks of MS/MS data were generated with GNPS and MetGem, specifically on the features of interest, which allowed highlighting 13 fungisporin-related metabolites that had not previously been identified in this fungus and 8 that had never been observed in any fungus. The structures of the unknown compounds, namely, a native fungisporin and seven linear peptides, were characterized by tandem mass spectrometry experiments. The analysis of P. nordicum growing on its natural substrates, i.e. pork ham, turkey ham, and cheese, demonstrated that 10 of the known fungisporin-related metabolites and three of the new metabolites were also synthesized. Thus, the curation of data for molecular networking using a specific detection of metabolites of interest with stable isotopes labeling allowed the discovery of new metabolites produced by the food contaminant P. nordicum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thaïs Hautbergue
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology) , Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan , UPS , F-31027 Toulouse , France.,Axiom platform, MetaToul-MetaboHUB , National Infrastructure for Metabolomics and Fluxomics , F-31027 Toulouse , France
| | - Emilien L Jamin
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology) , Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan , UPS , F-31027 Toulouse , France.,Axiom platform, MetaToul-MetaboHUB , National Infrastructure for Metabolomics and Fluxomics , F-31027 Toulouse , France
| | - Robin Costantino
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology) , Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan , UPS , F-31027 Toulouse , France.,Axiom platform, MetaToul-MetaboHUB , National Infrastructure for Metabolomics and Fluxomics , F-31027 Toulouse , France
| | - Souria Tadrist
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology) , Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan , UPS , F-31027 Toulouse , France
| | - Lauriane Meneghetti
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology) , Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan , UPS , F-31027 Toulouse , France.,Axiom platform, MetaToul-MetaboHUB , National Infrastructure for Metabolomics and Fluxomics , F-31027 Toulouse , France
| | - Jean-Claude Tabet
- Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRA , Université Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette , France.,Sorbonne Universités , Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, IPCM , 4 place Jussieu , 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Laurent Debrauwer
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology) , Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan , UPS , F-31027 Toulouse , France.,Axiom platform, MetaToul-MetaboHUB , National Infrastructure for Metabolomics and Fluxomics , F-31027 Toulouse , France
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology) , Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan , UPS , F-31027 Toulouse , France
| | - Olivier Puel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology) , Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan , UPS , F-31027 Toulouse , France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
El-Sayed ESR, Ahmed AS, Ismaiel AA. Agro-industrial byproducts for production of the immunosuppressant mycophenolic acid by Penicillium roqueforti under solid-state fermentation: Enhanced production by ultraviolet and gamma irradiation. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
12
|
Patel G, Biswas K, Patil MD, Chisti Y, Banerjee UC. Bioreactor studies of production of mycophenolic acid by Penicillium brevicompactum. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
13
|
Alpak I, Askin Uzel R, Sargin S, Yesil-Celiktas O. Supercritical CO2 extraction of an immunosuppressant produced by solid-state fermentation. J CO2 UTIL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
14
|
Biango-Daniels MN, Wang TW, Hodge KT. Draft Genome Sequence of the Patulin-Producing Fungus Paecilomyces niveus Strain CO7. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2018; 6:e00556-18. [PMID: 29930063 PMCID: PMC6013598 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00556-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Paecilomyces niveus is an extremotolerant fungus with surprising powers to survive high temperatures and infect apples and aphids. These abilities make it a formidable enemy in food and agricultural environments. In addition, it produces patulin, the most significant mycotoxin in apples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan N Biango-Daniels
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Tristan W Wang
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Kathie T Hodge
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tannous J, Snini SP, El Khoury R, Canlet C, Pinton P, Lippi Y, Alassane-Kpembi I, Gauthier T, El Khoury A, Atoui A, Zhou T, Lteif R, Oswald IP, Puel O. Patulin transformation products and last intermediates in its biosynthetic pathway, E- and Z-ascladiol, are not toxic to human cells. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:2455-2467. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1900-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
16
|
Patel G, Patil MD, Soni S, Khobragade TP, Chisti Y, Banerjee UC. Production of mycophenolic acid by Penicillium brevicompactum-A comparison of two methods of optimization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:77-85. [PMID: 28352543 PMCID: PMC5042303 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Medium optimization for MPA production using P. brevicompactum by one-factor-at-a-time and CCD methods. CCD afforded a 40% higher MPA titer than one-factor-at-a-time method. The titer was nearly 6-fold higher compared to un-optimized medium.
Production of mycophenolic acid (MPA) by submerged fermentation using the microfungus Penicillium brevicompactum MTCC 8010 is reported here. Screening experiments were used to identify: the suitable media composition; the optimal initial pH; and the optimal incubation temperature to maximize the production of MPA in batch cultures. The initial concentrations of the selected sources of carbon (glucose), nitrogen (peptone) and the precursors (methionine, glycine) were then optimized by: (1) one-at-a-time variation of factors; and (2) a central composite design (CCD) of experiments, in a 12-day batch culture at an initial pH of 5.0, an incubation temperature of 25 °C, and an agitation speed of 200 rpm. The medium optimized using the one-at-a-time variation yielded a peak MPA titer of 1232 ± 90 mg/L. The medium optimized by the CCD method yielded a 40% higher MPA titer of 1737 ± 55 mg/L. The latter value was nearly 9-fold greater than the titer achieved prior to optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Mahesh D Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Surbhi Soni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Taresh P Khobragade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Yusuf Chisti
- School of Engineering, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Uttam Chand Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Snini SP, Tannous J, Heuillard P, Bailly S, Lippi Y, Zehraoui E, Barreau C, Oswald IP, Puel O. Patulin is a cultivar-dependent aggressiveness factor favouring the colonization of apples by Penicillium expansum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:920-30. [PMID: 26582186 PMCID: PMC6638343 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The blue mould decay of apples is caused by Penicillium expansum and is associated with contamination by patulin, a worldwide regulated mycotoxin. Recently, a cluster of 15 genes (patA-patO) involved in patulin biosynthesis was identified in P. expansum. blast analysis revealed that patL encodes a Cys6 zinc finger regulatory factor. The deletion of patL caused a drastic decrease in the expression of all pat genes, leading to an absence of patulin production. Pathogenicity studies performed on 13 apple varieties indicated that the PeΔpatL strain could still infect apples, but the intensity of symptoms was weaker compared with the wild-type strain. A lower growth rate was observed in the PeΔpatL strain when this strain was grown on nine of the 13 apple varieties tested. In the complemented PeΔpatL:patL strain, the ability to grow normally in apple and the production of patulin were restored. Our results clearly demonstrate that patulin is not indispensable in the initiation of the disease, but acts as a cultivar-dependent aggressiveness factor for P. expansum. This conclusion was strengthened by the fact that the addition of patulin to apple infected by the PeΔpatL mutant restored the normal fungal colonization in apple.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selma P Snini
- INRA, UMR 1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, F-31027, Toulouse Cedex, France
- Université de Toulouse III, ENVT, INP, UMR 1331, Toxalim, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Joanna Tannous
- INRA, UMR 1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, F-31027, Toulouse Cedex, France
- Université de Toulouse III, ENVT, INP, UMR 1331, Toxalim, F-31076, Toulouse, France
- Université Saint-Joseph, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherches (Faculté des Sciences), Campus des Sciences et Technologies, Mar Roukos, Mkallès, PO Box 11-514 Riad El Solh, Beyrouth, 1107 2050, Lebanon
| | - Pauline Heuillard
- INRA, UMR 1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, F-31027, Toulouse Cedex, France
- Université de Toulouse III, ENVT, INP, UMR 1331, Toxalim, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Sylviane Bailly
- INRA, UMR 1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, F-31027, Toulouse Cedex, France
- Université de Toulouse III, ENVT, INP, UMR 1331, Toxalim, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Lippi
- INRA, UMR 1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, F-31027, Toulouse Cedex, France
- Université de Toulouse III, ENVT, INP, UMR 1331, Toxalim, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Enric Zehraoui
- INRA, UR1264 - MycSA, CS20032, F-33883, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Christian Barreau
- INRA, UR1264 - MycSA, CS20032, F-33883, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- INRA, UMR 1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, F-31027, Toulouse Cedex, France
- Université de Toulouse III, ENVT, INP, UMR 1331, Toxalim, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Puel
- INRA, UMR 1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, F-31027, Toulouse Cedex, France
- Université de Toulouse III, ENVT, INP, UMR 1331, Toxalim, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tannous J, Atoui A, El Khoury A, Francis Z, Oswald IP, Puel O, Lteif R. A study on the physicochemical parameters for Penicillium expansum growth and patulin production: effect of temperature, pH, and water activity. Food Sci Nutr 2016; 4:611-22. [PMID: 27386110 PMCID: PMC4930504 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is among the most ubiquitous fungi disseminated worldwide, that could threaten the fruit sector by secreting patulin, a toxic secondary metabolite. Nevertheless, we lack sufficient data regarding the growth and the toxigenesis conditions of this species. This work enables a clear differentiation between the favorable conditions to the P. expansum growth and those promising for patulin production. A mathematical model allowing the estimation of the P. expansum growth rate according to temperature, a W, and pH, was also developed. An optimal growth rate of 0.92 cm/day was predicted at 24°C with pH level of 5.1 and high a W level of 0.99. The model's predictive capability was tested successfully on artificial contaminated apples. This model could be exploited by apple growers and the industrialists of fruit juices in order to predict the development of P. expansum during storage and apple processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Tannous
- Unité de Technologie et Valorisation AlimentaireCentre d'Analyses et de RechercheUniversité Saint‐JosephCampus des Sciences et TechnologiesMar Roukos, Mkallès, P.O Box 11‐ 514, Riad El Solh1107 2050BeirutLebanon
- Research Centre in Food ToxicologyINRAUMR 1331 Toxalim180 Chemin de TournefeuilleF‐31027Toulouse CedexFrance
- Université de Toulouse IIIENVTINPUMR 1331ToxalimF‐31076ToulouseFrance
| | - Ali Atoui
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Food IrradiationLebanese Atomic Energy Commission‐CNRSP.O. Box 11‐8281, Riad El Solh1107 2260BeirutLebanon
- Department of BiologyFaculty of SciencesLaboratory of MicrobiologyLebanese UniversityHadath CampusBeirutLebanon
| | - André El Khoury
- Unité de Technologie et Valorisation AlimentaireCentre d'Analyses et de RechercheUniversité Saint‐JosephCampus des Sciences et TechnologiesMar Roukos, Mkallès, P.O Box 11‐ 514, Riad El Solh1107 2050BeirutLebanon
| | - Ziad Francis
- Unité de Technologie et Valorisation AlimentaireCentre d'Analyses et de RechercheUniversité Saint‐JosephCampus des Sciences et TechnologiesMar Roukos, Mkallès, P.O Box 11‐ 514, Riad El Solh1107 2050BeirutLebanon
| | - Isabelle P. Oswald
- Research Centre in Food ToxicologyINRAUMR 1331 Toxalim180 Chemin de TournefeuilleF‐31027Toulouse CedexFrance
- Université de Toulouse IIIENVTINPUMR 1331ToxalimF‐31076ToulouseFrance
| | - Olivier Puel
- Research Centre in Food ToxicologyINRAUMR 1331 Toxalim180 Chemin de TournefeuilleF‐31027Toulouse CedexFrance
- Université de Toulouse IIIENVTINPUMR 1331ToxalimF‐31076ToulouseFrance
| | - Roger Lteif
- Unité de Technologie et Valorisation AlimentaireCentre d'Analyses et de RechercheUniversité Saint‐JosephCampus des Sciences et TechnologiesMar Roukos, Mkallès, P.O Box 11‐ 514, Riad El Solh1107 2050BeirutLebanon
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Del-Cid A, Gil-Durán C, Vaca I, Rojas-Aedo JF, García-Rico RO, Levicán G, Chávez R. Identification and Functional Analysis of the Mycophenolic Acid Gene Cluster of Penicillium roqueforti. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147047. [PMID: 26751579 PMCID: PMC4708987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Penicillium roqueforti is widely known as the ripening agent of blue-veined cheeses. Additionally, this fungus is able to produce several secondary metabolites, including the meroterpenoid compound mycophenolic acid (MPA). Cheeses ripened with P. roqueforti are usually contaminated with MPA. On the other hand, MPA is a commercially valuable immunosuppressant. However, to date the molecular basis of the production of MPA by P. roqueforti is still unknown. Using a bioinformatic approach, we have identified a genomic region of approximately 24.4 kbp containing a seven-gene cluster that may be involved in the MPA biosynthesis in P. roqueforti. Gene silencing of each of these seven genes (named mpaA, mpaB, mpaC, mpaDE, mpaF, mpaG and mpaH) resulted in dramatic reductions in MPA production, confirming that all of these genes are involved in the biosynthesis of the compound. Interestingly, the mpaF gene, originally described in P. brevicompactum as a MPA self-resistance gene, also exerts the same function in P. roqueforti, suggesting that this gene has a dual function in MPA metabolism. The knowledge of the biosynthetic pathway of MPA in P. roqueforti will be important for the future control of MPA contamination in cheeses and the improvement of MPA production for commercial purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdiel Del-Cid
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Gil-Durán
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Inmaculada Vaca
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan F. Rojas-Aedo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ramón O. García-Rico
- GIMBIO Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona, Colombia
| | - Gloria Levicán
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Renato Chávez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ardestani F. Effects of Phenylglyoxal and N-ethylmaleimide Concentration on Mycophenolic Acid Production by Penicillium brevi-compactum ATCC16024. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2016; 15:925-931. [PMID: 28243291 PMCID: PMC5316273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid is a secondary extracellular metabolite of Penicillium strains with numerous pharmaceutical properties such as antibiotic and immunosuppressive uses. The aim of this work is the survey of the effect of phenylglyoxal and n-ethylmaleimide concentration in culture medium on mycophenolic acid production by Penicillium brevi-compactum ATCC16024 was investigated. Batch submerged fermentation was performed in 250 mL shake flasks at 24 °C and 200 rpm in a rotary shaker for 300 h using a basic culture medium containing different concentrations of phenylglyoxal and n-ethylmaleimide ranged from 0 to 20 mg. L-1. For the basic medium without any amounts of phenylglyoxal and n-ethylmaleimide (control), maximum MPA production, product yield and productivity of process was in order, 1.5042 g. L-1, 20.3 mg. g-1 consumed glucose and 5.37 mg. L-1h-1. Maximum produced MPA of 2.9032 g. L-1, MPA yield of 39.23 mg. g-1 of consumed glucose, productivity of 10.37 mg. L-1 h-1 and total enhancement of 93.11% was obtained when the culture medium was contained 18 mg. L-1 of phenylglyoxal, represented more than 93% raising in compare to control. Maximum MPA concentration, yield and productivity in order was obtained 3.1123 g. L-1, 42.06 mg. g-1 of consumed glucose and 11.11 mg. L-1 h-1, with using 6 mg. L-1 of n-ethylmaleimide. N-ethylmaleimide was caused to 2.138 folds (106.89%) increase in MPA production by P. brevi-compactum ATCC16024.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ardestani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fontaine K, Hymery N, Lacroix MZ, Puel S, Puel O, Rigalma K, Gaydou V, Coton E, Mounier J. Influence of intraspecific variability and abiotic factors on mycotoxin production in Penicillium roqueforti. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 215:187-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
22
|
Dietrich R, Märtlbauer E. Development and application of monoclonal antibodies against the mycotoxin mycophenolic acid. Mycotoxin Res 2015; 31:185-90. [PMID: 26382857 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-015-0229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is frequently found, often in high concentrations, in a broad range of food and feed matrices. Apart from the well-known contamination of blue-veined cheeses caused by the use of toxinogenic Penicillium roqueforti strains for manufacturing, a broad range of other Penicillium spp. is able to produce this immunosuppressive toxin. Therefore, MPA has been proposed to be a suitable marker for Penicillium-infected food commodities. In the present work, a high-affinity monoclonal antibody (mAb) for the specific detection of MPA was developed by immunizing mice with a MPA-protein conjugate coupled by an activated ester method. Under the conditions of a direct competitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA), 50% inhibition and detection limits of MPA standard curves were 1.2 and 0.3 ng/ml, respectively. Furthermore, the mAb could be successfully employed for the production of an immunoaffinity (IA) column enabling the efficient enrichment of MPA from processed foodstuffs. By combining the IA clean-up with a polyclonal antibody-based EIA, an ultrasensitive analysis method could be established which allowed the reliable and reproducible detection of MPA in artificially contaminated tomato ketchup as a model matrix at concentrations as low as 0.1 ng/g.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Dietrich
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstraße 8, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Erwin Märtlbauer
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstraße 8, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ismaiel A, Ahmed A, El-Sayed E. Immobilization technique for enhanced production of the immunosuppressant mycophenolic acid by ultraviolet and gamma-irradiated Penicillium roqueforti. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:112-26. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.A. Ismaiel
- Department of Botany and Microbiology; Faculty of Science; Zagazig University; Zagazig Egypt
| | - A.S. Ahmed
- Plant Research Department; Nuclear Research Center; Atomic Energy Authority; Cairo Egypt
| | - E.R. El-Sayed
- Plant Research Department; Nuclear Research Center; Atomic Energy Authority; Cairo Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Optimization of submerged fermentation conditions for immunosuppressant mycophenolic acid production by Penicillium roqueforti isolated from blue-molded cheeses: enhanced production by ultraviolet and gamma irradiation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 30:2625-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1685-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
25
|
Burkin AA, Kononenko GP. Secondary fungal metabolites (mycotoxins) in lichens of different taxonomic groups. BIOL BULL+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359014030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
26
|
The gene PatG involved in the biosynthesis pathway of patulin, a food-borne mycotoxin, encodes a 6-methylsalicylic acid decarboxylase. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 171:77-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
27
|
Séguin V, Gente S, Heutte N, Vérité P, Kientz-Bouchart V, Sage L, Goux D, Garon D. First report of mycophenolic acid production by Eurotium repens isolated from agricultural and indoor environments. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid is considered as an immunosuppressive pharmaceutical drug, but also as a mycotoxin due to its undesirable presence in various feedstuffs. Although Penicillium brevicompactum has been historically identified as the major producer of mycophenolic acid, this study reports for the first time the production of mycophenolic acid by isolates of Eurotium repens collected from agricultural and indoor environments. Fungal identification was achieved by scanning electron microscopy and molecular techniques, and mycophenolic acid production was confirmed by two analytical methods (gas and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry). These findings suggest that mycophenolic acid production and immunosuppressive properties of other closely related Eurotium should be evaluated in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V. Séguin
- ABTE EA 4651, Equipe ToxEMAC, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie and Centre François Baclesse, Avenue du Général Harris, 14076 Caen Cedex 05, France
| | - S. Gente
- ABTE EA 4651, Equipe ToxEMAC, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie and Centre François Baclesse, Avenue du Général Harris, 14076 Caen Cedex 05, France
| | - N. Heutte
- INSERM U1086, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie and Centre François Baclesse, Avenue du Général Harris, 14076 Caen Cedex 05, France
| | - P. Vérité
- ABTE EA 4651, Equipe ToxEMAC, Université de Rouen, UFR de Médecine-Pharmacie, Boulevard Gambetta, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - V. Kientz-Bouchart
- Laboratoire Frank Duncombe, Conseil Général du Calvados, 14053 Caen Cedex 04, France
| | - L. Sage
- LECA UMR 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, Rue de la Piscine, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - D. Goux
- Centre de Microscopie Appliquée à la Biologie, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, , Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
| | - D. Garon
- ABTE EA 4651, Equipe ToxEMAC, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie and Centre François Baclesse, Avenue du Général Harris, 14076 Caen Cedex 05, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Valente AM, Ferreira AG, Daolio C, Rodrigues Filho E, Boffo EF, Souza AQ, Sebastianes FL, Melo IS. Production of 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-4-methylphthalide in a culture of Penicillium crustosum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 85:487-96. [DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652013005000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The chemical reactions carried out by microorganisms have been used as a tool in modern chemistry. This paper reports the production of mycophenolic acid and a new phthalide by the endophytic fungus Penicillium crustosum obtained from coffee seeds. The fungus was cultivated in a liquid medium for a period of seven days and after that the culture medium was divided into four treatments: A, B, C and D, to which different organic substances were added. Treatment A was maintained as the control to evaluate the occurrence of biotransformation. Organic acids were added to the culture media of treatments B (ferulic and quinic acids) and C [cinnamic and 3,4-(methylenedioxy) cinnamic acids], and caffeine was added in the treatment D. All these organic compounds were dissolved in DMSO, and the fermentation was maintained for more 13 days, totalizing 20 days. Mycophenolic acid was isolated from the culture with no added acids (treatment A). Mycophenolic acid and a new phthalide, 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-4-methylphthalide were isolated from treatments B and C, and mycophenolic acid and caffeine (added to the culture medium) were isolated from treatment D. The structures were determined by NMR techniques and confirmed by MS and MS/MS techniques.
Collapse
|
29
|
Amaeze N. Effect of different fruit components, aeration and cold storage at 5°
C on the germination of ascospores of Neosartorya fischeri. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 56:443-8. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N.J. Amaeze
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Abuja; Abuja Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Versatile enzyme expression and characterization system for Aspergillus nidulans, with the Penicillium brevicompactum polyketide synthase gene from the mycophenolic acid gene cluster as a test case. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:3044-51. [PMID: 21398493 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01768-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Assigning functions to newly discovered genes constitutes one of the major challenges en route to fully exploiting the data becoming available from the genome sequencing initiatives. Heterologous expression in an appropriate host is central in functional genomics studies. In this context, filamentous fungi offer many advantages over bacterial and yeast systems. To facilitate the use of filamentous fungi in functional genomics, we present a versatile cloning system that allows a gene of interest to be expressed from a defined genomic location of Aspergillus nidulans. By a single USER cloning step, genes are easily inserted into a combined targeting-expression cassette ready for rapid integration and analysis. The system comprises a vector set that allows genes to be expressed either from the constitutive PgpdA promoter or from the inducible PalcA promoter. Moreover, by using the vector set, protein variants can easily be made and expressed from the same locus, which is mandatory for proper comparative analyses. Lastly, all individual elements of the vectors can easily be substituted for other similar elements, ensuring the flexibility of the system. We have demonstrated the potential of the system by transferring the 7,745-bp large mpaC gene from Penicillium brevicompactum to A. nidulans. In parallel, we produced defined mutant derivatives of mpaC, and the combined analysis of A. nidulans strains expressing mpaC or mutated mpaC genes unequivocally demonstrated that mpaC indeed encodes a polyketide synthase that produces the first intermediate in the production of the medically important immunosuppressant mycophenolic acid.
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Ardestani F, Fatemi SSA, Yakhchali B, Hosseyni SM, Najafpour G. Evaluation of mycophenolic acid production by Penicillium brevicompactum MUCL 19011 in batch and continuous submerged cultures. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
33
|
Multi-mycotoxin analysis of maize silage by LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:765-76. [PMID: 20213172 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3545-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a method for determination of 27 mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites in maize silage. The method focuses on analytes which are known to be produced by common maize and maize-silage contaminants. A simple pH-buffered sample extraction was developed on the basis of a very fast and simple method for analysis of multiple pesticide residues in food known as QuEChERS. The buffering effectively ensured a stable pH in samples of both well-ensiled maize (pH < 4) and of hot spots with fungal infection (pH > 7). No further clean-up was performed before analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method was successfully validated for determination of eight analytes qualitatively and 19 quantitatively. Matrix-matched calibration standards were used giving recoveries ranging from 37% to 201% with the majority between 60% and 115%. Repeatability (5-27% RSD(r)) and intra-laboratory reproducibility (7-35% RSD(IR)) was determined. The limit of detection (LOD) for the quantitatively validated analytes ranged from 1 to 739 microg kg(-1). Validation results for citrinin, fumonisin B(1) and fumonisin B(2) were unsatisfying. The method was applied to 20 selected silage samples and alternariol monomethyl ether, andrastin A, alternariol, citreoisocoumarin, deoxynivalenol, enniatin B, fumigaclavine A, gliotoxin, marcfortine A and B, mycophenolic acid, nivalenol, roquefortine A and C and zearalenone were detected.
Collapse
|
34
|
Artigot MP, Loiseau N, Laffitte J, Mas-Reguieg L, Tadrist S, Oswald IP, Puel O. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of two CYP619 cytochrome P450s involved in biosynthesis of patulin in Aspergillus clavatus. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2009; 155:1738-1747. [PMID: 19383676 PMCID: PMC2889413 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.024836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Patulin is an acetate-derived tetraketide mycotoxin produced by several fungal species, especially Aspergillus, Penicillium and Byssochlamys species. The health risks due to patulin consumption by humans have led many countries to regulate it in human food. Previous studies have shown the involvement of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in the hydroxylation of two precursors of patulin, m-cresol and m-hydroxybenzylalcohol. In the present study, two cytochrome P450 genes were identified in the genome sequence of Aspergillus clavatus, a patulin-producing species. Both mRNAs were strongly co-expressed during patulin production. CYP619C2, encoded by the first gene, consists of 529 aa, while the second cytochrome, CYP619C3, consists of 524 aa. The coding sequences were used to perform the heterologous expression of functional enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The bioconversion assays showed that CYP619C3 catalysed the hydroxylation of m-cresol to yield m-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. CYP619C2 catalysed the hydroxylation of m-hydroxybenzyl alcohol and m-cresol to gentisyl alcohol and 2,5-dihydroxytoluene (toluquinol), respectively. Except for the last compound, all enzyme products are known precursors of patulin. Taken together, these data strongly suggest the involvement of CYP619C2 and CYP619C3 in the biosynthesis of patulin. CYP619C2 and CYP619C3 are located near to two other genes involved in patulin biosynthesis, namely the 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase (6msas) and isoepoxydon dehydrogenase (idh) genes. The current data associated with an analysis of the sequence of A. clavatus suggest the presence of a cluster of 15 genes involved in patulin biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Loiseau
- INRA, UR66 Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, F-31931 Toulouse, France
| | - Joelle Laffitte
- INRA, UR66 Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, F-31931 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Souria Tadrist
- INRA, UR66 Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, F-31931 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Olivier Puel
- INRA, UR66 Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, F-31931 Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Polyphasic taxonomy of the heat resistant ascomycete genus Byssochlamys and its Paecilomyces anamorphs. Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 2009; 22:14-27. [PMID: 20198134 PMCID: PMC2789542 DOI: 10.3767/003158509x418925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Byssochlamys and related Paecilomyces strains are often heat resistant and may produce mycotoxins in contaminated pasteurised foodstuffs. A comparative study of all Byssochlamys species was carried out using a polyphasic approach to find characters that differentiate species and to establish accurate data on potential mycotoxin production by each species. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS region, parts of the β-tubulin and calmodulin genes, macro- and micromorphological examinations and analysis of extrolite profiles were applied. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the genus Byssochlamys includes nine species, five of which form a teleomorph, i.e. B. fulva, B. lagunculariae, B. nivea, B. spectabilis and B. zollerniae, while four are asexual, namely P. brunneolus, P. divaricatus, P. formosus and P. saturatus. Among these, B. nivea produces the mycotoxins patulin and byssochlamic acid and the immunosuppressant mycophenolic acid. Byssochlamys lagunculariae produces byssochlamic acid and mycophenolic acid and thus chemically resembles B. nivea. Some strains of P. saturatus produce patulin and brefeldin A, while B. spectabilis (anamorph P. variotii s.s.) produces viriditoxin. Some micro- and macromorphological characters are valuable for identification purposes, including the shape and size of conidia and ascospores, presence and ornamentation of chlamydospores, growth rates on MEA and CYA and acid production on CREA. A dichotomous key is provided for species identification based on phenotypical characters.
Collapse
|
36
|
Determination of mycophenolic acid in meat products using mixed mode reversed phase-anion exchange clean-up and liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1205:103-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
37
|
Bravin F, Duca R, Loiseau N, Pean M, Puel O, Delaforge M. Production and use of mycotoxins uniformly enriched with stable isotopes for their dosage in biological samples. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2008. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2008.x037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Due to their low concentrations in biological matrices, mycotoxin analyses often encounter detection and quantification problems, especially for toxicokinetic studies. We have developed a strategy to produce in a single process, several fungi secondary metabolites uniformly enriched with 13C, 15N stable isotopes in their 'natural' composition. This includes: (1) a plant culture in the presence of 10%, 50% or 100% 13CO2 as the only source of carbon, and in the presence or not of 10% 15N-enriched nitrogen salts – as expected wheat or maize uniformlyincorporate enriched isotopes into their bioproducts; (2) a subsequent solid culture of different filamentous fungi on plant biomass led to the production of a 'natural' mixture of isotopes-enriched mycotoxins – these compounds exhibit a characteristic isotopic cluster, which can be easily detected by mass spectrometry. As an example, we achieved 10% uniformly 13C-enriched zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and mycophenolic acid by growing Fusarium graminearum or Penicillium brevicompactum on 10% 13C enriched wheat seeds and 3 to 10% 13C, 15N uniformly enriched fumonisins from Fusarium verticillioides cultures on maize seeds or straw. These compounds were used for metabolism and transport studies in mammals either in vitro or in vivo and analysed by MS and MSn spectra of the isotopic cluster but also by 13C, 15N NMR. Moreover, such isotopic pattern enrichment can be used for quantitative evaluations of mycotoxins transport across mammalian biological membranes, alone or in their 'natural' conditions in the presence of other fungi secondary metabolites. Finally, we used such enriched compounds with high reliabilityin order to study zearalenone metabolism but these enriched compounds would also be used as internal standards to quantify zearalenone or fumonisins in contaminated food samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F. Bravin
- CEA, iBiTec-S, URA CNRS 2096, SB2SM, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - R. Duca
- CEA, iBiTec-S, URA CNRS 2096, SB2SM, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - N. Loiseau
- INRA, UR 66 Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, BP 3, 31931 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - M. Pean
- GRAP, SBVME, IBEB, DSV, CEA, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, 13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France
| | - O. Puel
- INRA, UR 66 Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, BP 3, 31931 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - M. Delaforge
- CEA, iBiTec-S, URA CNRS 2096, SB2SM, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Schmeda-Hirschmann G, Aranda C, Kurina M, Rodríguez JA, Theoduloz C. Biotransformations of imbricatolic acid by Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus nigricans cultures. Molecules 2007; 12:1092-100. [PMID: 17873843 PMCID: PMC6149504 DOI: 10.3390/12051092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial transformation of imbricatolic acid (1) by Aspergillus niger afforded 1alpha-hydroxyimbricatolic acid (2), while transformation with Rhizopus nigricans yielded 15-hydroxy-8,17-epoxylabdan-19-oic acid (3). When the diterpene 1 was added to a Cunninghamella echinulata culture, the main products were the microbial metabolites mycophenolic acid (4) and its 3-hydroxy derivative 5. All the structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. The cytotoxicity of these compounds towards human lung fibroblasts and AGS cells was assessed. While 4 and 5 showed low cytotoxicity, with IC50 values > 1000 microM against AGS cells and fibroblasts, 1alpha-hydroxyimbricatolic acid (2) presented moderate toxicity towards these targets, with IC50 values of 307 and 631 microM, respectively. The structure of 2 is presented for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Schmeda-Hirschmann
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca, Chile.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Puel O, Tadrist S, Delaforge M, Oswald IP, Lebrihi A. The inability of Byssochlamys fulva to produce patulin is related to absence of 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase and isoepoxydon dehydrogenase genes. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 115:131-9. [PMID: 17169453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Revised: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Byssochlamys species are responsible for spoilage and degradation of fruits and silages. Under specific conditions they are able to produce mycotoxins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of 19 different strains of Byssochlamys nivea and Byssochlamys fulva to produce patulin in relation with the presence of two genes involved in the patulin biosynthesis pathways in the genome of these fungal strains. The strains were characterized by macroscopic, microscopic examinations, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA and beta-tubulin fragment amplification and sequencing. All of the 8 B. nivea strains tested produced patulin. By contrast, none of the 11 strains of B. fulva produce this toxin. Two genes of the patulin biosynthetic pathway, a polyketide synthase (pks) and the isoepoxydon dehydrogenase (idh) were cloned from B. nivea. The deduced amino acid sequence of the polyketide synthase was 74% identical to the 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase gene of Penicillium griseofulvum and had the five functional domains characteristic of fungal type I polyketide synthases (beta-ketosynthase, acyltransferase, dehydratase, beta-ketoreductase and acyl carrier protein). The complete coding sequence of idh gene displayed after translation 88% of identity with P. griseofulvum IDH and 85% with P. expansum IDH, respectively. Both pks and idh messengers were strongly co-expressed during the production of 6-methylsalicylic acid and patulin. The presence of these genes was then investigated in the genome of B. nivea and B. fulva strains by PCR. All B. nivea strains possess the two genes, by contrast none of the B. fulva strains display these genes. The absence of 6-methylsalicylic acid and isoepoxydon dehydrogenase genes can explain the inability of B. fulva to produce patulin. In conclusion, B. fulva don't seem to be responsible for the occurrence of patulin by lack of genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Puel
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 3, 31931 Toulouse, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Frisvad JC, Thrane U, Samson RA, Pitt JI. Important mycotoxins and the fungi which produce them. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 571:3-31. [PMID: 16408591 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-28391-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens C Frisvad
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Larsen TO, Smedsgaard J, Nielsen KF, Hansen ME, Frisvad JC. Phenotypic taxonomy and metabolite profiling in microbial drug discovery. Nat Prod Rep 2005; 22:672-95. [PMID: 16311630 DOI: 10.1039/b404943h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms and in particular actinomycetes and microfungi are known to produce a vast number of bioactive secondary metabolites. For industrially important fungal genera such as Penicillium and Aspergillus the production of these compounds has been demonstrated to be very consistent at the species level. This means that direct metabolite profiling techniques such as direct injection mass spectrometry or NMR can easily be used for chemotyping/metabolomics of strains from both culture collections and natural samples using modern informatics tools. In this review we discuss chemotyping/metabolomics as part of intelligent screening and highlight how it can be used for identification and classification of filamentous fungi and for the discovery of novel compounds when used in combination with modern methods for dereplication. In our opinion such approaches will be important for future effective drug discovery strategies, especially for dereplication of culture collections in order to avoid redundancy in the selection of species. This will maximize the chemical diversity of the microbial natural product libraries that can be generated from fungal collections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O Larsen
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, BioCentrum, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|