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Iliodromiti S, McLaren J, Ghouri N, Miller MR, Dahlqvist Leinhard O, Linge J, Ballantyne S, Platt J, Foster J, Hanvey S, Gujral UP, Kanaya A, Sattar N, Lumsden MA, Gill JMR. Liver, visceral and subcutaneous fat in men and women of South Asian and white European descent: a systematic review and meta-analysis of new and published data. Diabetologia 2023; 66:44-56. [PMID: 36224274 PMCID: PMC9729139 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05803-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS South Asians have a two- to fivefold higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes than those of white European descent. Greater central adiposity and storage of fat in deeper or ectopic depots are potential contributing mechanisms. We collated existing and new data on the amount of subcutaneous (SAT), visceral (VAT) and liver fat in adults of South Asian and white European descent to provide a robust assessment of potential ethnic differences in these factors. METHODS We performed a systematic review of the Embase and PubMed databases from inception to August 2021. Unpublished imaging data were also included. The weighted standardised mean difference (SMD) for each adiposity measure was estimated using random-effects models. The quality of the studies was assessed using the ROBINS-E tool for risk of bias and overall certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. The study was pre-registered with the OSF Registries ( https://osf.io/w5bf9 ). RESULTS We summarised imaging data on SAT, VAT and liver fat from eight published and three previously unpublished datasets, including a total of 1156 South Asian and 2891 white European men, and 697 South Asian and 2271 white European women. Despite South Asian men having a mean BMI approximately 0.5-0.7 kg/m2 lower than white European men (depending on the comparison), nine studies showed 0.34 SMD (95% CI 0.12, 0.55; I2=83%) more SAT and seven studies showed 0.56 SMD (95% CI 0.14, 0.98; I2=93%) more liver fat, but nine studies had similar VAT (-0.03 SMD; 95% CI -0.24, 0.19; I2=85%) compared with their white European counterparts. South Asian women had an approximately 0.9 kg/m2 lower BMI but 0.31 SMD (95% CI 0.14, 0.48; I2=53%) more liver fat than their white European counterparts in five studies. Subcutaneous fat levels (0.03 SMD; 95% CI -0.17, 0.23; I2=72%) and VAT levels (0.04 SMD; 95% CI -0.16, 0.24; I2=71%) did not differ significantly between ethnic groups in eight studies of women. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION South Asian men and women appear to store more ectopic fat in the liver compared with their white European counterparts with similar BMI levels. Given the emerging understanding of the importance of liver fat in diabetes pathogenesis, these findings help explain the greater diabetes risks in South Asians. FUNDING There was no primary direct funding for undertaking the systematic review and meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatina Iliodromiti
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
- School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - James McLaren
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Nazim Ghouri
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Melissa R Miller
- Worldwide Research Development and Medical, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Olof Dahlqvist Leinhard
- AMRA Medical AB, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jonathan Platt
- Department of Radiology, Greater Glasgow and Clyde NHS, Glasgow, UK
| | - John Foster
- Department of Clinical Physics and Bioengineering, Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Scott Hanvey
- Radiotherapy Physics, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK
| | - Unjali P Gujral
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alka Kanaya
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Naveed Sattar
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Jason M R Gill
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Schurkman J, De Ley IT, Dillman AR. Dose dependence of Phasmarhabditis isolates (P. hermaphrodita, P. californica, P. papillosa) on the mortality of adult invasive white garden snails (Theba pisana). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270185. [PMID: 35867654 PMCID: PMC9307187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Theba pisana is an invasive snail pest which has established itself in San Diego County and some areas of Los Angeles County, California. The snail has grown to large populations in some areas and mitigation is becoming necessary to stop the spread of the species. In a previous study, three US strains of Phasmarhabditis species (P. californica, P. papillosa, and P. hermaphrodita) effectively killed juvenile (0.25 gram each, 4–6 mm wide) T. pisana in laboratory conditions at 5 times (150 IJs/cm2) the recommended dose. Based on laboratory assays, we demonstrated that the same three US strains of Phasmarhabditis can effectively kill larger adult T. pisana (0.4–1.2 gram, 11.5-15mm wide) in two weeks at the same dose. The strains were more efficient at killing T. pisana than the compared molluscicide Sluggo Plus®. Results further showed that the most virulent P. californica did not effectively kill T. pisana at lower doses of 30 IJs/cm2 and 90 IJs/cm2. Additional research is needed to develop the most efficient means of application of Phasmarhabditis to mitigate T. pisana in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Schurkman
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Irma Tandingan De Ley
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Adler R. Dillman
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
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Schurkman J, Tandingan De Ley I, Anesko K, Paine T, Mc Donnell R, Dillman AR. Distribution of Phasmarhabditis (Nematode: Rhabditidae) and Their Gastropod Hosts in California Plant Nurseries and Garden Centers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:856863. [PMID: 35656014 PMCID: PMC9152542 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.856863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Three species of Phasmarhabditis were recovered from 75 nurseries and garden centers in 28 counties in California during fall and winter 2012-2021. A total of 18 mollusk species were recovered, most of them invasive. Nematodes were identified by sequencing the D2-D3 expansion segments of the large subunit (LSU or 28S) rRNA. Based on these surveys, P. californica was the most widespread species (37 isolates, 53.6% recovery); followed by P. hermaphrodita (26 isolates; 37.7% recovery); P. papillosa and a closely related P. papillosa isolate (6 isolates; 8.7% recovery). Nematode isolates were mainly collected from four invasive slugs (Deroceras reticulatum, D. laeve, Arion hortensis agg, Ambigolimax valentianus) and snails (Oxychilus spp. and Discus spp.). Results suggest that P. californica and P. hermaphrodita share an ecological niche in Northern, Central, Coastal, and Southern California, north of Los Angeles County.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Schurkman
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Irma Tandingan De Ley
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Kyle Anesko
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Timothy Paine
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Rory Mc Donnell
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Adler R. Dillman
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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4
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Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) infect and kill insects and have been successfully used in the biological control of some insect pests. Slugs and snails are known to be significant pests of agriculture and serve as vectors for disease-causing microbes that can affect crops and humans. The potential of EPNs to be used in the biological control of gastropods has not been well-studied. The few studies that have been performed on the efficacy of EPNs in controlling gastropod pests and vectors were reviewed. Suggested criteria for further assessments of EPN-gastropod interactions are: Dose of EPNs used, length of infection assays, host biology, nematode biology and development, and Koch's postulates. There are provocative data suggesting that EPNs may be useful biological control agents against gastropod pests of agriculture and vectors of disease, though additional studies using the suggested criteria are needed, including the publication of negative data or studies where EPNs were not efficacious or successful in controlling gastropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Schurkman
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521
| | - Adler R Dillman
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521
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Carstens CK, Salazar JK, Darkoh C. Multistate Outbreaks of Foodborne Illness in the United States Associated With Fresh Produce From 2010 to 2017. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2667. [PMID: 31824454 PMCID: PMC6883221 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables has increased during recent years as consumers seek to make healthier lifestyle choices. However, the number of outbreaks associated with fresh produce that involve cases in more than one state (multistate) has increased concomitantly. As the distance along the farm-to-fork continuum has lengthened over time, there are also more opportunities for fresh produce contamination with bacterial pathogens before it reaches the consumer. This review provides an overview of the three bacterial pathogens (i.e., pathogenic Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica) associated with multistate fresh produce outbreaks that occurred between 2010 and 2017 in the U.S. Possible routes of fresh produce contamination, including pre- and post-harvest, are summarized and outcomes of selected outbreaks within this timeframe are highlighted. Eighty-five multistate outbreaks linked to fresh produce with a confirmed etiology occurred from 2010 to 2017. Cross-contamination within the distribution chain and poor agricultural practices, along with the production of sprouts and importation of fresh produce were frequently implicated contributors to these events. The evolution of the food supply chain in the U.S. necessitates an examination of multistate outbreaks to shed light on factors that increase the scale of these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina K Carstens
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Joelle K Salazar
- Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bedford Park, IL, United States
| | - Charles Darkoh
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Program, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
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6
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Frick C, Vierheilig J, Linke R, Savio D, Zornig H, Antensteiner R, Baumgartner C, Bucher C, Blaschke AP, Derx J, Kirschner AKT, Ryzinska-Paier G, Mayer R, Seidl D, Nadiotis-Tsaka T, Sommer R, Farnleitner AH. Poikilothermic Animals as a Previously Unrecognized Source of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in a Backwater Ecosystem of a Large River. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e00715-18. [PMID: 29884761 PMCID: PMC6070746 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00715-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative information regarding the presence of Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci, and Clostridium perfringens in poikilotherms is notably scarce. Therefore, this study was designed to allow a systematic comparison of the occurrence of these standard fecal indicator bacteria (SFIB) in the excreta of wild homeothermic (ruminants, boars, carnivores, and birds) and poikilothermic (earthworms, gastropods, frogs, and fish) animals inhabiting an alluvial backwater area in eastern Austria. With the exception of earthworms, the average concentrations of E. coli and enterococci in the excreta of poikilotherms were equal to or only slightly lower than those observed in homeothermic excreta and were 1 to 4 orders of magnitude higher than the levels observed in the ambient soils and sediments. Enterococci reached extraordinarily high concentrations in gastropods. Additional estimates of the daily excreted SFIB (E. coli and enterococcus) loads (DESL) further supported the importance of poikilotherms as potential pollution sources. The newly established DESL metric also allowed comparison to the standing stock of SFIB in the sediment and soil of the investigated area. In agreement with its biological characteristics, the highest concentrations of C. perfringens were observed in carnivores. In conclusion, the long-standing hypothesis that only humans and homeothermic animals are primary sources of SFIB is challenged by the results of this study. It may be necessary to extend the fecal indicator concept by additionally considering poikilotherms as potential important primary habitats of SFIB. Further studies in other geographical areas are needed to evaluate the general significance of our results. We hypothesize that the importance of poikilotherms as sources of SFIB is strongly correlated with the ambient temperature and would therefore be of increased significance in subtropical and tropical habitats and water resources.IMPORTANCE The current fecal indicator concept is based on the assumption that the standard fecal indicator bacteria (SFIB) Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci, and Clostridium perfringens multiply significantly only in the guts of humans and other homeothermic animals and can therefore indicate fecal pollution and the potential presence of pathogens from those groups. The findings of the present study showed that SFIB can also occur in high concentrations in poikilothermic animals (i.e., animals with body temperatures that vary with the ambient environmental temperature, such as fish, frogs, and snails) in an alluvial backwater area in a temperate region, indicating that a reconsideration of this long-standing indicator paradigm is needed. This study suggests that poikilotherms must be considered to be potential primary sources of SFIB in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Frick
- Vienna City Administration, Municipal Department 39, Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Water Resource Systems (CWRS), Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Vierheilig
- Centre for Water Resource Systems (CWRS), Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics 166/5/3, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health‡
| | - Rita Linke
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics 166/5/3, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health‡
| | - Domenico Savio
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Division of Water Quality and Health, Krems, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health‡
| | | | | | | | - Christian Bucher
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Building Construction and Technology, Vienna University of Technology, Austria
| | - Alfred P Blaschke
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health‡
| | - Julia Derx
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health‡
| | - Alexander K T Kirschner
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Division of Water Quality and Health, Krems, Austria
- Unit of Water Hygiene, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health‡
| | - Gabriela Ryzinska-Paier
- Vienna City Administration, Municipal Department 39, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics 166/5/3, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - René Mayer
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics 166/5/3, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health‡
| | - Dagmar Seidl
- Vienna City Administration, Municipal Department 39, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Regina Sommer
- Unit of Water Hygiene, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health‡
| | - Andreas H Farnleitner
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics 166/5/3, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Division of Water Quality and Health, Krems, Austria
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health‡
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Inatsu Y, Weerakkody K, Bari ML, Hosotani Y, Nakamura N, Kawasaki S. The efficacy of combined (NaClO and organic acids) washing treatments in controlling Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes and spoilage bacteria on shredded cabbage and bean sprout. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Burrus RG, Hogsette JA, Kaufman PE, Maruniak JE, Simonne AH, Mai V. Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 From House Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) and Dairy Samples in North Central Florida1. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:733-741. [PMID: 28025247 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
La detección de Escherichia coli O157:H7 en las lecherías es importante para mejorar la seguridad de los productos lácteos, y se ha llevado a cabo principalmente mediante el aislamiento de las bacterias a partir de las muestras de estiércol. Sin embargo, los componentes biliares presentes en el estiércol complica la identificación genética utilizando la técnica del PCR, y el aislamiento microbiológico se dificulta por la presencia de bacterias competidoras que comparten características microbiológicas similares. El aislamiento de E. coli O157:H7 a partir de la mosca doméstica evita las dificultades asociadas con el estiércol del ganado. El aislamiento de patógenos a partir de las moscas domésticas proporciona información adicional sobre el potencial impacto epidemiológico de la dispersión de la mosca doméstica en la distribución de patógenos, ya que las moscas domésticas se dispersan desde las lecherías donde la E. coli O157:H7 existe en forma endémica en el ganado. En este estudio, se encontró que las moscas domésticas son 2,6 veces más sensibles para la detección de E. coli O157:H7 en las lecherías. Las moscas son más fáciles de capturar y manejar que el estiércol, y deberían ser utilizadas en cualquier ensayo para detectar E. coli O157:H7 en las lecherías y otros establecimientos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne G Burrus
- Department of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Infectious Diseases Directorate, Navy Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910
| | - Jerome A Hogsette
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL 32608
| | - Phillip E Kaufman
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 (; )
| | - James E Maruniak
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 (; )
| | - Amy H Simonne
- Department of Family, Youth, and Community Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Volker Mai
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 ( )
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
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Garbaj AM, Awad EM, Azwai SM, Abolghait SK, Naas HT, Moawad AA, Gammoudi FT, Barbieri I, Eldaghayes IM. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 in milk and dairy products from Libya: Isolation and molecular identification by partial sequencing of 16S rDNA. Vet World 2016; 9:1184-1189. [PMID: 27956766 PMCID: PMC5146295 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1184-1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this work was to isolate and molecularly identify enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157 in milk and dairy products in Libya, in addition; to clear the accuracy of cultural and biochemical identification as compared with molecular identification by partial sequencing of 16S rDNA for the existing isolates. Materials and Methods: A total of 108 samples of raw milk (cow, she-camel, and goat) and locally made dairy products (fermented cow’s milk, Maasora, Ricotta and ice cream) were collected from some regions (Janzour, Tripoli, Kremiya, Tajoura and Tobruk) in Libya. Samples were subjected to microbiological analysis for isolation of E. coli that was detected by conventional cultural and molecular method using polymerase chain reaction and partial sequencing of 16S rDNA. Results: Out of 108 samples, only 27 isolates were found to be EHEC O157 based on their cultural characteristics (Tellurite-Cefixime-Sorbitol MacConkey) that include 3 isolates from cow’s milk (11%), 3 isolates from she-camel’s milk (11%), two isolates from goat’s milk (7.4%) and 7 isolates from fermented raw milk samples (26%), isolates from fresh locally made soft cheeses (Maasora and Ricotta) were 9 (33%) and 3 (11%), respectively, while none of the ice cream samples revealed any growth. However, out of these 27 isolates, only 11 were confirmed to be E. coli by partial sequencing of 16S rDNA and E. coli O157 Latex agglutination test. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that majority of local E. coli isolates were related to E. coli O157:H7 FRIK944 strain. Conclusion: These results can be used for further studies on EHEC O157 as an emerging foodborne pathogen and its role in human infection in Libya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboubaker M Garbaj
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, P.O. Box 13662, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Enas M Awad
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, P.O. Box 13662, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Salah M Azwai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, P.O. Box 13662, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Said K Abolghait
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Hesham T Naas
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, P.O. Box 13662, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Ashraf A Moawad
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
| | - Fatim T Gammoudi
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, P.O. Box 13662, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Ilaria Barbieri
- Department of Genetics, The Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zootechnic Institute (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Ibrahim M Eldaghayes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, P.O. Box 13662, Tripoli, Libya
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Gismervik K, Aspholm M, Rørvik LM, Bruheim T, Andersen A, Skaar I. Invading slugs (Arion vulgaris) can be vectors for Listeria monocytogenes. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 118:809-16. [PMID: 25580873 PMCID: PMC4406148 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Listeriosis is a frequent silage-associated disease in ruminants. The slugs Arion vulgaris are invaders in gardens, vegetable crops and meadows for silage production. Field and laboratory studies were conducted to clarify whether slugs could host Listeria monocytogenes and thereby constitute a threat to animal feed safety. METHODS AND RESULTS Selective culture of L. monocytogenes from 79 pooled slug samples (710 slugs) resulted in 43% positive, 16% with mean L. monocytogenes values of 405 CFU g(-1) slug tissues. Of 62 individual slugs cultured, 11% also tested positive from surface/mucus. Multilocus sequence typing analysis of 36 isolates from different slug pools identified 20 sequence types belonging to L. monocytogenes lineages I and II. Slugs fed ≅4·0 × 10(5) CFUL. monocytogenes, excreted viable L. monocytogenes in faeces for up to 22 days. Excretion of L. monocytogenes decreased with time, although there were indications of a short enrichment period during the first 24 h. CONCLUSIONS Arion vulgaris may act as a vector for L. monocytogenes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Highly slug-contaminated grass silage may pose a potential threat to animal feed safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gismervik
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Trondheim/Oslo, Norway
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11
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Stalder GL, Loncaric I, Walzer C. Diversity of enterobacteria including β-lactamase producing isolates associated with the Spanish slug (Arion vulgaris). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 479-480:11-16. [PMID: 24534696 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine diversity in members of the family Enterobacteriaceae including the beta-lactamase producing isolates associated with the Spanish slug (Arion vulgaris). 81 isolates, each representing a distinct colonial morphotype, were obtained from fecal samples of Spanish slugs and analyzed. Genetically heterogeneous or similar groups were assessed among the isolates by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR and further characterized by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Representative strains were allocated to the genera Citrobacter, Raoultella, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Kluyvera, and Buttiauxella. Fifteen isolates, most closely related to Citrobacter freundii and Escherichia coli, displayed an AmpC phenotype, one E. coli isolate showed an ESBL phenotype. These isolates were phenotypically and genotypically characterized by their antimicrobial resistance pattern. Phylogenetic background and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) of the E. coli isolates were determined. The multi-drug resistant TEM-1 E. coli positive isolate belongs to the phylogenetic group A and ST10. The CMY-2 positive E. coli isolate belongs to the phylogenetic group D and ST117. Our results show that the common garden slug represents an important potential vector of β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle L Stalder
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Dept. of Integrative Biology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Igor Loncaric
- Division for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chris Walzer
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Dept. of Integrative Biology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria
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Ongeng D, Geeraerd AH, Springael D, Ryckeboer J, Muyanja C, Mauriello G. Fate ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 andSalmonella entericain the manure-amended soil-plant ecosystem of fresh vegetable crops: A review. Crit Rev Microbiol 2013; 41:273-94. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.829415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Crab meat: a novel vehicle for E. coli O157 identified in an outbreak in South West England, August 2011. Epidemiol Infect 2012; 141:2043-50. [PMID: 23218436 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268812002816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In August 2011, we investigated an outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 in Plymouth, England, utilizing a case-control study and food traceback. Nine cases, eight laboratory-confirmed with E. coli O157 phage type 21/28 verocytotoxin 2 and one epidemiologically linked, had onsets from 30 July 2011 to 15 August 2011. We compared cases (n=8) with controls (n=28) of similar age and sex (median age 61 vs. 55 years, females 75% vs. 61%). Cases were 58 times more likely to have eaten crab (88% vs. 11%; odds ratio 58, 95% confidence interval 4-2700). Eight cases consumed crab sourced from the same supplier who was not registered with the local authority. This outbreak pointed to crab as a possible vehicle of E. coli O157 infection. We ensured the withdrawal of crab meat sourced from unregistered suppliers from food venues by 25 August 2011. We also emphasized the importance of only using registered suppliers to the food venues. Since then no further associated cases have been reported.
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Murugesan L, Williams-Hill D, Prakash A. Effect of Irradiation on Salmonella Survival and Quality of 2 Varieties of Whole Green Onions. J Food Sci 2011; 76:M439-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Latha Murugesan
- Food Science Program, Chapman Univ., One Univ. Dr, Orange, CA 92866, USA
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Abstract
Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) is annually incriminated in more than 100,000 cases of enteric foodborne human disease and in losses amounting to $US 2.5 billion every year. A number of genotyping methods have been developed to track VTEC infections and determine diversity and evolutionary relationships among these microorganisms. These methods have facilitated monitoring and surveillance of foodborne VTEC outbreaks and early identification of outbreaks or clusters of outbreaks. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) has been used extensively to track and differentiate VTEC because of its high discriminatory power, reproducibility and ease of standardization. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeats analysis (MLVA) and microarrays are the latest genotyping methods that have been applied to discriminate VTEC. MLVA, a simpler and less expensive method, is proving to have a discriminatory power comparable to that of PFGE. Microarrays are successfully being applied to differentiate VTEC and make inferences on genome diversification. Novel methods that are being evaluated for subtyping VTEC include the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms and optical mapping. This review discusses the principles, applications, advantages and disadvantages of genotyping methods that have been used to differentiate VTEC strains. These methods have been mainly used to differentiate strains of O157:H7 VTEC and to a lesser extent non-O157 VTEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karama
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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16
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Ferens WA, Hovde CJ. Escherichia coli O157:H7: animal reservoir and sources of human infection. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 8:465-87. [PMID: 21117940 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review surveys the literature on carriage and transmission of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 in the context of virulence factors and sampling/culture technique. EHEC of the O157:H7 serotype are worldwide zoonotic pathogens responsible for the majority of severe cases of human EHEC disease. EHEC O157:H7 strains are carried primarily by healthy cattle and other ruminants, but most of the bovine strains are not transmitted to people, and do not exhibit virulence factors associated with human disease. Prevalence of EHEC O157:H7 is probably underestimated. Carriage of EHEC O157:H7 by individual animals is typically short-lived, but pen and farm prevalence of specific isolates may extend for months or years and some carriers, designated as supershedders, may harbor high intestinal numbers of the pathogen for extended periods. The prevalence of EHEC O157:H7 in cattle peaks in the summer and is higher in postweaned calves and heifers than in younger and older animals. Virulent strains of EHEC O157:H7 are rarely harbored by pigs or chickens, but are found in turkeys. The bacteria rarely occur in wildlife with the exception of deer and are only sporadically carried by domestic animals and synanthropic rodents and birds. EHEC O157:H7 occur in amphibian, fish, and invertebrate carriers, and can colonize plant surfaces and tissues via attachment mechanisms different from those mediating intestinal attachment. Strains of EHEC O157:H7 exhibit high genetic variability but typically a small number of genetic types predominate in groups of cattle and a farm environment. Transmission to people occurs primarily via ingestion of inadequately processed contaminated food or water and less frequently through contact with manure, animals, or infected people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold A Ferens
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-3052, USA.
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Erickson MC. Microbial Risks Associated with Cabbage, Carrots, Celery, Onions, and Deli Salads Made with These Produce Items. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2010; 9:602-619. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Erickson MC, Liao J, Payton AS, Riley DG, Webb CC, Davey LE, Kimbrel S, Ma L, Zhang G, Flitcroft I, Doyle MP, Beuchat LR. Preharvest internalization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 into lettuce leaves, as affected by insect and physical damage. J Food Prot 2010; 73:1809-16. [PMID: 21067668 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.10.1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Environmental pests may serve as reservoirs and vectors of zoonotic pathogens to leafy greens; however, it is unknown whether insect pests feeding on plant tissues could redistribute these pathogens present on the surface of leaves to internal sites. This study sought to differentiate the degree of tissue internalization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 when applied at different populations on the surface of lettuce and spinach leaves, and to ascertain whether lettuce-infesting insects or physical injury could influence the fate of either surface or internalized populations of this enteric pathogen. No internalization of E. coli O157:H7 occurred when lettuce leaves were inoculated with 4.4 log CFU per leaf, but it did occur when inoculated with 6.4 log CFU per leaf. Internalization was statistically greater when spinach leaves were inoculated on the abaxial (underside) than when inoculated on the adaxial (topside) side, and when the enteric pathogen was spread after surface inoculation. Brief exposure (∼18 h) of lettuce leaves to insects (5 cabbage loopers, 10 thrips, or 10 aphids) prior to inoculation with E. coli O157:H7 resulted in significantly reduced internalized populations of the pathogen within these leaves after approximately 2 weeks, as compared with leaves not exposed to insects. Surface-contaminated leaves physically injured through file abrasions also had significantly reduced populations of both total and internalized E. coli O157:H7 as compared with nonabraded leaves 2 weeks after pathogen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn C Erickson
- Center for Food Safety, 1109 Experiment Street, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223, USA.
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Sproston E, Ogden I, MacRae M, Forbes K, Dallas J, Sheppard S, Cody A, Colles F, Wilson M, Strachan N. Multi-locus sequence types of Campylobacter carried by flies and slugs acquired from local ruminant faeces. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:829-38. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Fischer-Arndt M, Neuhoff D, Tamm L, Köpke U. Effects of weed management practices on enteric pathogen transfer into lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata). Food Control 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Doyle
- Centre for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USA.
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22
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Crohn DM, Bianchi ML. Research priorities for coordinating management of food safety and water quality. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2008; 37:1411-1418. [PMID: 18574172 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2007.0627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to exclude disease organisms from farms growing irrigated lettuce and leafy vegetables on California's central coast are conflicting with traditionally accepted strategies to protect surface water quality. To begin resolving this dilemma, over 100 officials, researchers, and industry representatives gathered in April 2007 to set research priorities that could lead to effective co-management of both food safety and water quality. Following the meeting, research priorities were refined and ordered by way of a Delphi process completed by 35 meeting participants. Although water quality and food safety experts conceptualized the issues differently, there were no deep disagreements with respect to research needs. Top priority was given to investigating the fate of pathogens potentially present on farms. Intermediate priorities included characterizing the influence of specific farm management practices on food safety and improving our understanding of vector processes. A scientific subdiscipline focusing on competing risks is needed to characterize and resolve conflicts between human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Crohn
- Dep. of Environmental Sciences, Univ. of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Cooley M, Carychao D, Crawford-Miksza L, Jay MT, Myers C, Rose C, Keys C, Farrar J, Mandrell RE. Incidence and tracking of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a major produce production region in California. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1159. [PMID: 18174909 PMCID: PMC2174234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fresh vegetables have become associated with outbreaks caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EcO157). Between 1995-2006, 22 produce outbreaks were documented in the United States, with nearly half traced to lettuce or spinach grown in California. Outbreaks between 2002 and 2006 induced investigations of possible sources of pre-harvest contamination on implicated farms in the Salinas and San Juan valleys of California, and a survey of the Salinas watershed. EcO157 was isolated at least once from 15 of 22 different watershed sites over a 19 month period. The incidence of EcO157 increased significantly when heavy rain caused an increased flow rate in the rivers. Approximately 1000 EcO157 isolates obtained from cultures of>100 individual samples were typed using Multi-Locus Variable-number-tandem-repeat Analysis (MLVA) to assist in identifying potential fate and transport of EcO157 in this region. A subset of these environmental isolates were typed by Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) in order to make comparisons with human clinical isolates associated with outbreak and sporadic illness. Recurrence of identical and closely related EcO157 strains from specific locations in the Salinas and San Juan valleys suggests that transport of the pathogen is usually restricted. In a preliminary study, EcO157 was detected in water at multiple locations in a low-flow creek only within 135 meters of a point source. However, possible transport up to 32 km was detected during periods of higher water flow associated with flooding. During the 2006 baby spinach outbreak investigation, transport was also detected where water was unlikely to be involved. These results indicate that contamination of the environment is a dynamic process involving multiple sources and methods of transport. Intensive studies of the sources, incidence, fate and transport of EcO157 near produce production are required to determine the mechanisms of pre-harvest contamination and potential risks for human illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cooley
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Diana Carychao
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - Leta Crawford-Miksza
- California Department of Health Services, Food and Drug Laboratory Branch, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Michele T. Jay
- California Department of Health Services, Food and Drug Laboratory Branch, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Carol Myers
- California Department of Health Services, Food and Drug Branch, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher Rose
- Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board, California Environmental Protection Agency, San Louis Obispo, California, United States of America
| | - Christine Keys
- Food and Drug Administration/Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN)/Office of Plant and Dairy Foods (OPDF)/DMS, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeff Farrar
- California Department of Health Services, Food and Drug Branch, California, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Mandrell
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, United States of America
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In Brief. Nat Rev Microbiol 2006. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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