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Cho J, Han SC, Ho Hwang J, Song J. Characterization of immune development of fetal and early-life of minipigs. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110310. [PMID: 37196561 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fetal and child's immune systems differ from those of adults. Developing immune systems exhibit increased or decreased sensitivity to drugs, infection, or toxicants compared to adult immune systems. Understanding fetal and neonatal immune systems will help predict toxicity or the pathogenesis or prognosis of diseases. In this study, we evaluated whether the innate and adaptive immune system of fetal and young minipigs could respond to external stimuli compared to a medium-treated group and analyzed several immunological parameters for developmental immunotoxicity according to developmental stages. We performed a hematological analysis of fetal cord bloods and the bloods of neonatal and 4-week-old piglets. Splenocytes were isolated at each developmental stage and treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), R848, and concanavalin A (ConA). Various cytokines were measured in the cell supernatants. Total antibody production was also evaluated in serum. The percentage of lymphocytes was dominant in gestational weeks (GW) 10 and 12 and started to decrease from postnatal day (PND) 0. From PND0, the percentage of neutrophils increased. Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and interferon (IFN)-α were induced from GW10 in response to LPS and R848 stimulation. Th1 cytokine induction was detected from PND0 upon ConA stimulation, whereas Th2 cytokine release was observed from GW10. IgM and IgG production was sustained at low levels at fetal stages and was significantly increased after birth. This study reconfirmed that the fetal immune system could respond to external stimuli and that hematological analysis, cytokine evaluation, and antibody subclass measurement can be useful parameters for developmental immunotoxicity using minipigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghee Cho
- Animal Model Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Konyang University of Bioconvergence, Department of Bio-Non-Clinical Science, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Cheol Han
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Hwang
- Animal Model Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeongah Song
- Animal Model Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea.
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Mendenhall E, Hogan MB, Nudelman M, Preston DL, Weese H, Muckleroy G, Needens J, Addicott K, Haas JD, Roybal A, Miller D, Cottrell J, Massey C, Govindaswami B. Examination of cord blood at birth in women with SARS-CoV-2 exposure and/or vaccination during pregnancy and relationship to fetal complete blood count, cortisol, ferritin, vitamin D, and CRP. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1092561. [PMID: 37009290 PMCID: PMC10060546 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1092561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 is known to manifest a robust innate immune response. However, little is known about inflammatory influences from maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection or maternal mRNA vaccination upon the fetus. In addition, it is unknown if Vitamin D deficiency influences fetal homeostasis or if an anti-inflammatory mechanism to the development of possible innate cytokines or acute phase reactants by the maternal/fetal dyad, in the form of cortisol elevations, occur. In addition, effects on Complete Blood Count (CBC) are not known. Objective To evaluate the neonatal acute phase reactants and anti-inflammatory responses after maternal SARS-CoV-2 disease or mRNA vaccination. Methods Samples and medical records reviews from mother/baby dyads (n = 97) were collected consecutively, and were categorized into 4 groups; no SARS-CoV-2 or vaccination exposure (Control), Vaccinated mothers, maternal SARS-CoV-2 disease positive/IgG titer positive fetal blood, and maternal SARS-CoV-2 positive/IgG titer negative fetal blood. SARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM/IgA titers, CBC, CRP, ferritin, cortisol, and Vitamin D were obtained to examine the possible development of an innate immune response and possible anti-inflammatory response. Student's t-test, Wilcoxon rank-sum, and Chi-squared with Bonferroni corrections were used to compare groups. Multiple imputations were performed for missing data. Results Cortisol was higher in babies of both mothers who were vaccinated (p = 0.001) and SARS-CoV-2 positive/IgG positive (p = 0.009) as compared to the control group suggesting an attempt to maintain homeostasis in these groups. Measurements of ferritin, CRP, and vitamin D did not reach statistical significance. CBC showed no variation, except for the mean platelet volume (MPV), which was elevated in babies whose mothers were vaccinated (p = 0.003) and SARS-CoV-2 positive/IgG positive (p = 0.007) as compared to the control group. Conclusion Acute phase reactant elevations were not noted in our neonates. Vitamin D levels were unchanged from homeostatic levels. Cord blood at birth, showed Cortisol and MPV higher in vaccinated and SARS-CoV-2 IgG positive mother/baby dyads as compared to the Control group, indicating that possible anti-inflammatory response was generated. The implication of possible inflammatory events and subsequent cortisol and/or MPV elevation effects upon the fetus after SARS-CoV-2 disease or vaccination is unknown and merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Mendenhall
- Department of Pediatrics, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
- Correspondence: Eric Mendenhall
| | - Mary Beth Hogan
- Department of Pediatrics, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Matthew Nudelman
- Department of Pediatrics, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Deborah L. Preston
- Department of Pediatrics, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Hayley Weese
- Department of Pediatrics, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Garrett Muckleroy
- Department of Pediatrics, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Jordan Needens
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Katherine Addicott
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Jessica Dailey Haas
- Department of Neonatology, Hoops Family Children’s Hospital at Cabell Huntington Hospital, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Ashlee Roybal
- Department of Pediatrics, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Dustin Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Jesse Cottrell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Cynthia Massey
- Department of Pediatrics, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
- Department of Neonatology, Hoops Family Children’s Hospital at Cabell Huntington Hospital, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Balaji Govindaswami
- Department of Pediatrics, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, United States
- Department of Neonatology, Hoops Family Children’s Hospital at Cabell Huntington Hospital, Huntington, WV, United States
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Tamoto N, Nagata K, Hara S, Nakayama Y, Kuwamoto S, Matsushita M, Kato M, Hayashi K. Subclinical Epstein-Barr Virus Primary Infection and Lytic Reactivation Induce Thyrotropin Receptor Autoantibodies. Viral Immunol 2019; 32:362-369. [PMID: 31580214 PMCID: PMC6856939 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a herpes virus that mainly infects in B lymphocytes and occasionally reactivates lytically. Most individuals have been infected with EBV primarily in their childhood with no symptoms, and the virus persists latently for life. We have previously reported that EBV-infected B cells with thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies (TRAbs) on their surface [TRAb(+) EBV(+) cells] were present in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy adult controls and patients with Graves' disease, and that TRAbs released in the culture medium of PBMCs containing TRAb(+) EBV(+) cells by EBV reactivation. EBV lytic reactivation induced the differentiation of host B cells into plasma cells and antibody production. Various autoantibodies have been detected during the acute phase of infectious mononucleosis (IM) that is the symptomatic primary infection of EBV. Therefore, the autoantibody production may be induced by the asymptomatic primary infection. In this study, we examined the presence of TRAb(+) cells, EBV(+) cells, and TRAb(+) EBV(+) cells in PBMCs from 29 healthy or subclinical children without Graves' disease and one cord blood that were divided into six age groups, and also measured plasma TRAb levels. The results obtained demonstrated that low levels of TRAb production occurred with EBV primary infection and lytic reactivation in children without symptoms of IM. Furthermore, the populations of TRAb(+) cells, EBV(+) cells, and TRAb(+) EBV(+) cells were small in the period of primary infection, but they potentially expand with repeated EBV lytic reactivation. This may partly explain why the onset of Graves' disease often occurs in young adults, but rarely in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Tamoto
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Keiko Nagata
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Sayuri Hara
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakayama
- Division of Radioisotope Science, Research Initiative Center, Organization for Research Initiative and Promotion, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuwamoto
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Michiko Matsushita
- Department of Pathobiological Science and Technology, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Masako Kato
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Hayashi
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
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Cohort study of the incidence of spontaneous preterm birth and septic abortion referred by pathological examination in Gifu prefecture in Japan. Early Hum Dev 2017; 104:33-37. [PMID: 28033536 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To clarify the incidence of spontaneous preterm birth (PB) and septic abortion (sab) in Gifu prefecture in Japan. STUDY DESIGN This prospective, population-based cohort study was approved by our hospital's Institutional Review Board. All 36 hospitals (100%) in Gifu prefecture offering obstetrical services participated in the study. Patient enrollment criteria were: sab and PB from 22 to <37weeks gestation (WG), excluding for maternal and fetal indications. Pathological examinations before 36 WG and associated factors for both PB and chorioamnionitis (CAM) stage 3 were analyzed by multiple logistic regression analysis judging from minimum daily clinical information in Gifu prefecture. RESULTS The sab rate per all deliveries was 29/16871 (0.17%) at 16.9±2.9 WG. The total spontaneous PB rate was 615/16871 (3.65%) at 34.5±2.7 WG, with birth weight (BW) 2267±557g. There were 26 (0.15%) PBs from 22+0 to 27+6 WG (weeks+days) at 25.2±1.5 WG, with BW 745±199g. Among 214 pathological examinations, CAM was detected in 80% (sab) and 63% (PB<36 WG), respectively. Funisitis were 14% and 17% respectively. Episodes of serial genital bleeding and/or hematoma at <12 WG were more frequent in sab and earlier PB (<28 WG) associated with CAM stage 3 (odds 1.9, P<0.0001). Combined factors such as bleeding and past history of CAM correlated with earlier delivery at 23.4±5.9 WG (P=0.0032). CONCLUSION In Gifu prefecture, the incidence of sab was 0.17% (per all deliveries) and 3.65% of spontaneous PB. The combined risk of past CAM history and bleeding was associated with earlier delivery among total preterm birth.
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Grönwall C, Clancy RM, Getu L, Lloyd KA, Siegel DL, Reed JH, Buyon JP, Silverman GJ. Modulation of natural IgM autoantibodies to oxidative stress-related neo-epitopes on apoptotic cells in newborns of mothers with anti-Ro autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2016; 73:30-41. [PMID: 27289167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
At birth, the human immune system already contains substantial levels of polymeric IgM, that include autoantibodies to neo-epitopes on apoptotic cells (ACs) that are proposed to play homeostatic and anti-inflammatory roles. Yet the biologic origins and developmental regulation of these naturally arising antibodies remain poorly understood. Herein, we report that levels of IgM-antibodies to malondialdehyde (MDA) protein adducts, a common type of in vivo generated oxidative stress-related neoepitope, directly correlate with the relative binding of neonatal-IgM to ACs. Levels of IgM to phosphorylcholine (PC), a natural antibody prevalent in adults, were relatively scant in cord blood, while there was significantly greater relative representation of IgM anti-MDA antibodies in newborns compared to adults. To investigate the potential interrelationships between neonatal IgM with pathogenic IgG-autoantibodies, we studied 103 newborns born to autoimmune mothers with IgG anti-Ro (i.e., 70 with neonatal lupus and 33 without neonatal lupus). In these subjects the mean levels of IgM anti-Ro60 were significantly higher than in the newborns from non-autoimmune mothers. In contrast, levels of IgM anti-MDA in IgG anti-Ro exposed neonates were significantly lower than in neonates from non-autoimmune mothers. The presence or absence of neonatal lupus did not appear to influence the total levels of IgM in the anti-Ro exposed newborns. Taken together, our studies provide evidence that the immune development of the natural IgM-repertoire may be affected, and become imprinted by, the transfer of maternal IgG into the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Grönwall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert M Clancy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lelise Getu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Katy A Lloyd
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Don L Siegel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Transfusion Medicine & Therapeutic Pathology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joanne H Reed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jill P Buyon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Gregg J Silverman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Alkan Ozdemir S, Ozer EA, Kose S, Ilhan O, Ozturk C, Sutcuoglu S. Reference values of serum IgG and IgM levels in preterm and term newborns. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 29:972-6. [PMID: 25845271 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2015.1027680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Although, variations of normal immunoglobulin (Ig) levels in different gestational age and birth weight groups have been studied so far, data are still limited in newborns, especially in preterm infants. The aim of this study was to determine serum IgG and IgM levels in newborns in order to generate a reference standard for neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and address the variations in preterm babies. METHODS This study was conducted from June 2012 to June 2013 in a level III NICU. A total of 300 newborn infants hospitalized within first 72 h were included in the study. The quantification of serum IgG and IgM was performed by nephelometric method. RESULTS Both serum IgG and IgM levels were increased in correlation with increased gestational age and birth weight. CONCLUSION The reference values of serum IgG and IgM levels should be further evaluated in larger series with the presented data in this article. In addition, preterm babies appear to have lower Ig levels thus carry the risk of relevant morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sukran Kose
- b Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology and Immunology , and
| | | | - Can Ozturk
- c Department of Pediatric Immunology , Tepecik Training and Research Hospital , Izmir , Turkey
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Tsukimori K, Nakanami N, Fukushima K, Yoshimura T, Hikino S, Nakano H. Pleural fluid/serum immunoglobulin ratio is a diagnostic marker for congenital chylothorax in utero. J Perinat Med 2007; 34:313-7. [PMID: 16856822 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2006.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To distinguish congenital chylothorax from other causes of hydrothorax in utero. METHODS Serum and pleural fluid samples from 8 fetuses with congenital chylothorax and 5 control fetuses with other causes of hydrothorax were tested for total protein, albumin, IgG, IgA, and IgM. RESULTS Fetuses with congenital chylothorax had higher levels of IgG in pleural fluid, but not the other four proteins, than control fetuses (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in serum proteins among fetuses. When we examined pleural fluid to serum ratios, the IgG ratio in fetuses with congenital chylothorax was significantly higher than that of control fetuses (P<0.05). The IgG ratio in chylothorax was greater than 0.6 regardless of lymphocyte count. CONCLUSION Pleural fluid/serum IgG ratio may be a diagnostic marker for congenital chylothorax in utero.
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