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Nigam M, Devi K, Coutinho HDM, Mishra AP. Exploration of gut microbiome and inflammation: A review on key signalling pathways. Cell Signal 2024; 118:111140. [PMID: 38492625 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiome, a crucial component of the human system, is a diverse collection of microbes that belong to the gut of human beings as well as other animals. These microbial communities continue to coexist harmoniously with their host organisms and perform various functions that affect the host's general health. Each person's gut microbiota has a unique makeup. The gut microbiota is well acknowledged to have a part in the local as well as systemic inflammation that underlies a number of inflammatory disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and inflammatory bowel disease).The gut microbiota's metabolic products, such as short-chain fatty acids (butyrate, propionate, and acetate) inhibit inflammation by preventing immune system cells like macrophages and neutrophils from producing pro-inflammatory factors, which are triggered by the structural elements of bacteria (like lipopolysaccharide). The review's primary goal is to provide comprehensive and compiled data regarding the contribution of gut microbiota to inflammation and the associated signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Nigam
- Department of Biochemistry, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Kanchan Devi
- Department of Biochemistry, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Abhay Prakash Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
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2
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Nganou-Makamdop K, Douek DC. The Gut and the Translocated Microbiomes in HIV Infection: Current Concepts and Future Avenues. Pathog Immun 2024; 9:168-194. [PMID: 38807656 PMCID: PMC11132393 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v9i1.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
It is widely acknowledged that HIV infection results in disruption of the gut's mucosal integrity partly due a profound loss of gastrointestinal CD4+ T cells that are targets of the virus. In addition, systemic inflammation and immune activation that drive disease pathogenesis are reduced but not normalized by antiretroviral therapy (ART). It has long been postulated that through the process of microbial translocation, the gut microbiome acts as a key driver of systemic inflammation and immune recovery in HIV infection. As such, many studies have aimed at characterizing the gut microbiota in order to unravel its influence in people with HIV and have reported an association between various bacterial taxa and inflammation. This review assesses both contra-dictory and consistent findings among several studies in order to clarify the overall mechanisms by which the gut microbiota in adults may influence immune recovery in HIV infection. Independently of the gut microbiome, observations made from analysis of microbial products in the blood provide direct insight into how the translocated microbiome may drive immune recovery. To help better understand strengths and limitations of the findings reported, this review also highlights the numerous factors that can influence microbiome studies, be they experimental methodologies, and host-intrinsic or host-extrinsic factors. Altogether, a fuller understanding of the interplay between the gut microbiome and immunity in HIV infection may contribute to preventive and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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3
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Wang K, Lai W, Min T, Wei J, Bai Y, Cao H, Guo J, Su Z. The Effect of Enteric-Derived Lipopolysaccharides on Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4305. [PMID: 38673890 PMCID: PMC11050189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Endotoxin is a general term for toxic substances in Gram-negative bacteria, whose damaging effects are mainly derived from the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria, and is a strong pyrogen. Obesity is a chronic, low-grade inflammatory condition, and LPS are thought to trigger and exacerbate it. The gut flora is the largest source of LPS in the body, and it is increasingly believed that altered intestinal microorganisms can play an essential role in the pathology of different diseases. Today, the complex axis linking gut flora to inflammatory states and adiposity has not been well elucidated. This review summarises the evidence for an interconnection between LPS, obesity, and gut flora, further expanding our understanding of LPS as a mediator of low-grade inflammatory disease and contributing to lessening the effects of obesity and related metabolic disorders. As well as providing targets associated with LPS, obesity, and gut flora, it is hoped that interventions that combine targets with gut flora address the individual differences in gut flora treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (K.W.); (W.L.); (T.M.); (J.W.)
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weiwen Lai
- Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (K.W.); (W.L.); (T.M.); (J.W.)
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tianqi Min
- Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (K.W.); (W.L.); (T.M.); (J.W.)
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jintao Wei
- Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (K.W.); (W.L.); (T.M.); (J.W.)
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan Bai
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China;
| | - Hua Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China;
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (K.W.); (W.L.); (T.M.); (J.W.)
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Mohan S, Krishnan L, Madhusoodanan N, Sobha A, Jalaja R, Kumaran A, Vankadari N, Purushothaman J, Somappa SB. Linker-Based Pharmacophoric Design and Semisynthesis of Labdane Conjugates Active against Multi-Faceted Inflammatory Targets. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6389-6401. [PMID: 38494644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Prolonged inflammation leads to the genesis of various inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, Alzheimer's, etc. The uncontrolled inflammatory response is characterized by the excessive release of pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1alpha (IL-1α), and inflammatory enzymes such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Hence, the downregulation of these inflammatory mediators is an active therapy to control aberrant inflammation and tissue damage. To address this, herein, we present the rational design and synthesis of novel phytochemical entities (NPCEs) through strategic linker-based molecular hybridization of aromatic/heteroaromatic fragments with the labdane dialdehyde, isolated from the medicinally and nutritionally significant rhizomes of the plant Curcuma amada. To validate the anti-inflammatory potential, we employed a comprehensive in vitro study assessing its inhibitory effect on the COX-2 enzyme and other inflammatory mediators, viz., NO, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1α, in bacterial lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages, as well as in-silico molecular modeling studies targeting the inflammation regulator COX-2 enzyme. Among the synthesized novel compounds, 5f exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory potential by inhibiting the COX-2 enzyme (IC50 = 17.67 ± 0.89 μM), with a 4-fold increased activity relative to the standard drug indomethacin (IC50 = 67.16 ± 0.17 μM). 5f also significantly reduced the levels of LPS-induced NO, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1α, much better than the positive control. Molecular mechanistic studies revealed that 5f suppressed the expression of COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokine release dose-dependently, which was associated with the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. This infers that the labdane derivative 5f is a promising lead candidate as an anti-inflammatory agent to further explore its therapeutic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Mohan
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Lekshmy Krishnan
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Nithya Madhusoodanan
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Anjali Sobha
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Renjitha Jalaja
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Alaganandam Kumaran
- Agro Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Naveen Vankadari
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jayamurthy Purushothaman
- Agro Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Sasidhar B Somappa
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
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5
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Zaki HA, Bensliman S, Bashir K, Iftikhar H, Fayed MH, Salem W, Elmoheen A, Yigit Y. Accuracy of procalcitonin for diagnosing sepsis in adult patients admitted to the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2024; 13:37. [PMID: 38254218 PMCID: PMC10802075 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-023-02432-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differentiating sepsis from non-infectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is challenging. Biomarkers like procalcitonin (PCT) aid early risk assessment and guide antibiotic use. This study aims to ascertain PCT's accuracy as a sepsis biomarker among adult emergency department admissions. METHOD The PRISMA guidelines were followed to search for relevant articles in five electronic databases between April 14th and August 4th, 2023: PubMed, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, EMBASEs, and ScienceDirect. Studies had to be published in English to avoid directly translating scientific terms. Besides, the inclusion criteria were based on the diagnosis of sepsis in adult patients admitted to an emergency department. QUADAS-2 tool provided by the Review Manager version 5.4.1 was utilized to assess the risk of bias in included studies. STATA (v. 16) software was used to perform the meta-analysis. RESULTS Ten of 2457 studies were included. We sampled 2980 adult sepsis patients for the under-investigated role of PCT in ED sepsis diagnosis. PCT emerged as the primary early diagnostic biomarker with high levels (29.3 ± 85.3 ng/mL) in sepsis patients. Heterogeneity in outcomes, possibly due to bias in cohort and observational studies, was observed. CONCLUSION PCT tests offer moderate accuracy in diagnosing sepsis and stand out for rapidly and precisely distinguishing between viral and bacterial inflammations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany A Zaki
- Hamad Medical Corporation Doha, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar
| | | | - Khalid Bashir
- Hamad Medical Corporation Doha, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar
- Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Waleed Salem
- Hamad Medical Corporation Doha, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar
| | - Amr Elmoheen
- Hamad Medical Corporation Doha, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar
- Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yavuz Yigit
- Hamad Medical Corporation Doha, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar.
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK.
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Rullah K, Shamsudin NF, Koeberle A, Tham CL, Fasihi Mohd Aluwi MF, Leong SW, Jantan I, Lam KW. Flavonoid diversity and roles in the lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammatory response of monocytes and macrophages. Future Med Chem 2024; 16:75-99. [PMID: 38205612 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeting lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/toll-like receptor 4 signaling in mononuclear phagocytes has been explored for the treatment of inflammation and inflammation-related disorders. However, only a few key targets have been translated into clinical applications. Flavonoids, a class of ubiquitous plant secondary metabolites, possess a privileged scaffold which serves as a valuable template for designing pharmacologically active compounds directed against diseases with inflammatory components. This perspective provides a general overview of the diversity of flavonoids and their multifaceted mechanisms that interfere with LPS-induced signaling in monocytes and macrophages. Focus is placed on flavonoids targeting MD-2, IκB kinases, c-Jun N-terminal kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38 MAPK and PI3K/Akt or modulating LPS-related gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Rullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Nur Farisya Shamsudin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Chau Ling Tham
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Fadhlizil Fasihi Mohd Aluwi
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Sze-Wei Leong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Kok Wai Lam
- Centre for Drug & Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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7
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Tang A, Shi Y, Dong Q, Wang S, Ge Y, Wang C, Gong Z, Zhang W, Chen W. Prognostic differences in sepsis caused by gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive bacteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 2023; 27:467. [PMID: 38037118 PMCID: PMC10691150 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-023-04750-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacteria are the main pathogens that cause sepsis. The pathogenic mechanisms of sepsis caused by gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria are completely different, and their prognostic differences in sepsis remain unclear. METHODS The PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases were searched for Chinese and English studies (January 2003 to September 2023). Observational studies involving gram-negative (G (-))/gram-positive (G (+)) bacterial infection and the prognosis of sepsis were included. The stability of the results was evaluated by sensitivity analysis. Funnel plots and Egger tests were used to check whether there was publication bias. A meta-regression analysis was conducted on the results with high heterogeneity to identify the source of heterogeneity. A total of 6949 articles were retrieved from the database, and 45 studies involving 5586 subjects were included after screening according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Twenty-seven high-quality studies and 18 moderate-quality studies were identified according to the Newcastle‒Ottawa Scale score. There was no significant difference in the survival rate of sepsis caused by G (-) bacteria and G (+) bacteria (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.70-1.28). Subgroup analysis according to survival follow-up time showed no significant difference. The serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) (SMD = 0.39, 95% CI 0.02-0.76), procalcitonin (SMD = 1.95, 95% CI 1.32-2.59) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (MD = 0.31, 95% CI 0.25-0.38) in the G (-) bacterial infection group were significantly higher than those in the G (+) bacterial infection group, but there was no significant difference in IL-6 (SMD = 1.33, 95% CI - 0.18-2.84) and WBC count (MD = - 0.15, 95% CI - 0.96-00.66). There were no significant differences between G (-) and G (+) bacteria in D dimer level, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, international normalized ratio, platelet count, length of stay or length of ICU stay. Sensitivity analysis of the above results indicated that the results were stable. CONCLUSION The incidence of severe sepsis and the concentrations of inflammatory factors (CRP, PCT, TNF-α) in sepsis caused by G (-) bacteria were higher than those caused by G (+) bacteria. The two groups had no significant difference in survival rate, coagulation function, or hospital stay. The study was registered with PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42023465051).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aling Tang
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqing Dong
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sihui Wang
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Ge
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyan Wang
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhimin Gong
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Shi X, Lv X, Xiao D. Gossypol improves myocardial dysfunction caused by sepsis by regulating histone acetylation. Clin Transl Sci 2023; 16:2189-2197. [PMID: 37626472 PMCID: PMC10651647 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gossypol is a polyphenol from the cotton plant with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation activities and can also function as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. Sepsis is an inflammatory disease with high mortality. Inflammation, oxidative stress, and epigenetic factors are involved in sepsis and its complications. The biological activities of gossypol strongly suggest the potential effects of gossypol on sepsis. In the present study, the beneficial effects of gossypol on sepsis were evaluated. We established a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) mouse model of sepsis and treated CLP mice with gossypol. The survival rate, serum level of myocardial injury markers, and myocardial level of oxidation markers were measured. We also administered gossypol to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated primary cardiomyocytes. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, activation of protein kinase B (AKT) and IκB kinase (IKK), acetylation of histone, and expression of HDACs were measured. Gossypol prevented the death of CLP mice and ameliorated myocardial damage in CLP mice. Moreover, gossypol decreased oxidative factors, while promoting antioxidant production in CLP mice. Gossypol prevented LPS and cytosine-phosphate-guanosine-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, suppressed LPS-induced activation of AKT and IKK, inhibited histone acetylation, and decreased the expression of HDACs. In conclusion, gossypol ameliorates myocardial dysfunction in mice with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Shi
- Department of Critical Care MedicinePeople's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous RegionXinjiangChina
| | - Xinwei Lv
- Department of Critical Care MedicinePeople's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous RegionXinjiangChina
| | - Dong Xiao
- Department of Critical Care MedicinePeople's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous RegionXinjiangChina
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Morjen M, Zakraoui O, Abdelkafi-Koubaa Z, Srairi-Abid N, Marrakchi N, Essafi-Benkhadir K, Jebali J. CC5 and CC8, Two Disintegrin Isoforms from Cerastes cerastes Snake Venom Decreased Inflammation Response In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12427. [PMID: 37569801 PMCID: PMC10418880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is associated with many pathology disorders and the malignant progression of most cancers. Therefore, targeting inflammatory pathways could provide a promising strategy for disease prevention and treatment. In this study, we experimentally investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of CC5 and CC8, two disintegrin isoforms isolated from Cerastes cerastes snake venom, on LPS-stimulated macrophages, both on human THP-1 and mouse RAW264.7 cell adherence and their underlying mechanisms by measuring cytokine release levels and Western blot assay. Equally, both molecules were evaluated on a carrageenan-induced edema rat model. Our findings suggest that CC5 and CC8 were able to reduce adhesion of LPS-stimulated macrophages both on human THP-1 and mouse RAW264.7 cells to fibrinogen and vitronectin through the interaction with the αvβ3 integrin receptor. Moreover, CC5 and CC8 reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated by the NF-κB, MAPK and AKT signaling pathways that lead to decreased production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 and increased secretion of IL-10 in LPS-stimulated THP-1 and RAW264.7 cells. Interestingly, both molecules potently exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect in vivo by reducing paw swelling in rats. In light of these results, we can propose the CC5 and CC8 disintegrins as interesting tools to design potential candidates against inflammatory-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maram Morjen
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, Venoms and Theranostic Applications, LR20IPT01, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (Z.A.-K.); (N.S.-A.); (N.M.)
| | - Ons Zakraoui
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, LR16IPT04, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (O.Z.); (K.E.-B.)
| | - Zaineb Abdelkafi-Koubaa
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, Venoms and Theranostic Applications, LR20IPT01, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (Z.A.-K.); (N.S.-A.); (N.M.)
- Research Laboratory of Precision Medicine/Personalized Medicine and Oncology Investigation, LR21SP01, Salah Azaiez Institute, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia
| | - Najet Srairi-Abid
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, Venoms and Theranostic Applications, LR20IPT01, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (Z.A.-K.); (N.S.-A.); (N.M.)
| | - Naziha Marrakchi
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, Venoms and Theranostic Applications, LR20IPT01, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (Z.A.-K.); (N.S.-A.); (N.M.)
- Medicine School of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 15 Djebel Lakhdhar Street, La Rabta, Tunis 1007, Tunisia
| | - Khadija Essafi-Benkhadir
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, LR16IPT04, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (O.Z.); (K.E.-B.)
| | - Jed Jebali
- Laboratory of Biomolecules, Venoms and Theranostic Applications, LR20IPT01, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (Z.A.-K.); (N.S.-A.); (N.M.)
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10
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de Queiroz NMGP, de Oliveira LS, Gomes MTR, Carneiro MBH, Vieira LQ, Oliveira SC, Horta MF. Requirement of scavenger receptors for activation of the IRF-3/IFN-β/STAT-1 pathway in TLR4-mediated production of NO by LPS-activated macrophages. Nitric Oxide 2023; 134-135:61-71. [PMID: 37059259 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Production of nitric oxide (NO) by LPS-activated macrophages is due to a complex cellular signaling initiated by TLR4 that leads to the transcription of IFN-β, which activates IRF-1 and STAT-1, as well as to the activation of NF-κB, required for iNOS transcription. High concentrations of LPS can also be uptaken by scavenger receptors (SRs), which, in concert with TLR4, leads to inflammatory responses. The mechanisms by which TLR4 and SRs interact, and the pathways activated by this interaction in macrophages are not elucidated. Therefore, our main goal was to evaluate the role of SRs, particularly SR-A, in LPS-stimulated macrophages for NO production. We first showed that, surprisingly, LPS can induce the expression of iNOS and the production of NO in TLR4-/- mice, provided exogenous IFN-β is supplied. These results indicate that LPS stimulate receptors other than TLR4. The inhibition of SR-A using DSS or neutralizing antibody to SR-AI showed that SR-A is essential for the expression of iNOS and NO production in stimulation of TLR4 by LPS. The restoration of the ability to express iNOS and produce NO by addition of rIFN-β to inhibited SR-A cells indicated that the role of SR-AI in LPS-induced NO production is to provide IFN-β, probably by mediating the internalization of LPS/TLR4, and the differential inhibition by DSS and neutralizing antibody to SR-AI suggested that other SRs are also involved. Our results reinforce that TLR4 and SR-A act in concert in LPS activation and demonstrated that, for the production of NO, it does mainly by synthesizing IRF-3 and also by activating the TRIF/IRF-3 pathway for IFN-β production, essential for LPS-mediated transcription of iNOS. Consequently STAT-1 is activated, and IRF-1 is expressed, which together with NF-κB from TLR4/MyD88/TIRAP, induce iNOS synthesis and NO production. SUMMARY SENTENCE: TLR4 and SRs act in concert activating IRF-3 to transcribe IFN-β and activate STAT-1 to produce NO by LPS-activated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Marí Gual Pimenta de Queiroz
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luciana Souza de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marco Tulio Ribeiro Gomes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Matheus Batista Heitor Carneiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Leda Quercia Vieira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sergio Costa Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), CNPq MCT, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Maria Fátima Horta
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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11
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Flórez P, de Castro M, Rodríguez D, Gonzalo-Orden JM, Carvajal A. Intralaboratory Validation of a Kinetic Turbidimetric Assay Based on Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) for Assessing Endotoxin Activity in Cow Milk. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030427. [PMID: 36766315 PMCID: PMC9913736 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis, one of the most common diseases in dairy cattle, causes severe losses in the dairy sector worldwide and affects animal welfare. The disease is characterized by an inflammatory reaction of the mammary gland and is mainly caused by bacterial infections, including both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The release of endotoxins associated to bacterial lysis is a weighty factor in the clinical course of Gram-negative associated mastitis and should be taken into consideration when using antibiotics in the treatment of these infections. Therefore, endotoxin detection in milk samples would be of help in the management of bovine mastitis. With this aim, we have validated a kinetic turbidimetric assay based on Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) for the quantification of endotoxins in milk samples. The assay was adapted to this particular matrix by incorporating filtration and dilution of the milk samples in the procedure. Our results demonstrate the robustness and usefulness of the assay, which allows the identification of coliform mastitis in milk samples from affected cows and the quantification of endotoxin activity in bulk and commercial milk samples. Further studies are required to evaluate the performance of the assay in mastitis milk samples associated to Gram-negative bacteria other than Escherichia coli as well as during the clinical course of these Gram-negative mastitis or after their treatment with antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Flórez
- Laboratorios Analíticos AGROVET, N-601 km312, 24217 Mansilla Mayor, León, Spain
| | - María de Castro
- Laboratorios Analíticos AGROVET, N-601 km312, 24217 Mansilla Mayor, León, Spain
| | - David Rodríguez
- Laboratorios Analíticos AGROVET, N-601 km312, 24217 Mansilla Mayor, León, Spain
| | - José Manuel Gonzalo-Orden
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina, IBIOMED, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Ana Carvajal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero, INDEGSAL, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Correspondence:
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12
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Ahamad Bustamam MS, Pantami HA, Shaari K, Min CC, Mediani A, Ismail IS. Immunomodulatory effects of Isochrysis galbana incorporated diet on Oreochromis sp. (red hybrid tilapia) via Sera- 1H NMR metabolomics study. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 132:108455. [PMID: 36464078 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.108455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tilapia is one of the most common fish species that is intensively produced all over the world. However, significant measures at improving aquaculture health must be taken since disease outbreaks are often encountered in the rapidly developing aquaculture industry. Therefore, the objective of the study was designed to evaluate the metabolite changes in tilapia' sera through 1H NMR metabolomics in identifying the potential biomarkers responsible for immunomodulatory effect by the indigenous species of Malaysian microalgae Isochrysis galbana (IG). The results showed that IG-incorporated diet mainly at 5.0% has improved the immune response of innate immunity as observed in serum bactericidal activity (SBA) and serum lysozyme activity (SLA). The orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) analysis indicated 5 important metabolites significantly upregulated namely as ethanol, lipoprotein, lipid, α-glucose and unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) in the 5.0% IG-incorporated diet compared to control. In conclusion, this study had successfully determined IG in improving aquaculture health through its potential use as an immune modulator. This work also demonstrated the effective use of metabolomics approach in the development of alternative nutritious diet from microalgae species to boost fish health in fulfilling the aquaculture's long-term goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Safwan Ahamad Bustamam
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hamza Ahmed Pantami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P.M.B 127, Gombe State University, Nigeria
| | - Khozirah Shaari
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chong Chou Min
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed Mediani
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Intan Safinar Ismail
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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13
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Layman E, Parrott JM, Lee HY. Protocol for assessing phagocytosis activity in cultured primary murine microglia. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101881. [PMID: 36595893 PMCID: PMC9730218 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this protocol, we describe steps to assess inflammation-induced cell response in cultured primary murine microglia through the analysis of fluorescent bead phagocytosis. We detail primary murine mixed glial cell culture preparation followed by microglia-specific isolation. Further, we describe treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce phagocytosis of fluorescent beads, followed by quantitative analysis using fluorescent imaging and Fiji - ImageJ software. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Parrott et al.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsie Layman
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas, Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jennifer Michelle Parrott
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas, Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA,Department of Natural Science and Kinesiology, Northeast Lakeview College, Universal City, TX 78148, USA
| | - Hye Young Lee
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas, Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA,Corresponding author
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Mahmoodi Nesheli M, Khorasani G, Hosseinimehr SJ, Rahmati J, Yavari A. The Effects of Zataria multiflora Cream on Split-Thickness Skin Graft Donor-Site Management: A Randomized, Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE 2022; 28:948-954. [PMID: 36206040 DOI: 10.1089/jicm.2022.0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The wound healing process involves a complex series of biological events. Skin grafts have several uses as a reconstructive method. There are several dressings for the skin graft donor site, but the optimum dressing agents that provide all the requirements at the same time are unclear. This prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Zataria multiflora cream in the wound healing process of partial-thickness skin graft donor sites and compared it with a placebo. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study was performed on patients who underwent split-thickness skin grafts. Enrolled patients applied Z. multiflora cream and placebo controlled (petrolatum ointment) twice a day, from the day of intervention at the skin graft donor sites in two parts, separately. On 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after surgery, the wound healing process was evaluated, photographed, and scored according to the Bates-Jensen assessment tool. Evidence of infection was evaluated. The main agent and placebo were compared during the wound healing process. Results: Decreases in wound surface area and total score were significantly greater in the Z. multiflora group (p < 0.05). The wounds of 30% of patients in the second week and 90% of patients in the third week were completely epithelialized in the Z. multiflora group. These values were 3.3% and 36.7% for the control group, respectively, and so, the healing rate was ∼9-fold in the second week and 2.45-fold in the third week in the Z. multiflora group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Wound healing and reepithelialization accelerated significantly in the first, second, third, and fourth week after intervention in the Z. multiflora treatment group, due to modulating the inflammatory phase and improving the proliferative phase. Clinical Trial Registration Number: IRCT20210624051695N1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mahmoodi Nesheli
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Medicine Faculty, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasemali Khorasani
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Medicine Faculty, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Jalal Hosseinimehr
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Javad Rahmati
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Medicine Faculty, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Yavari
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Medicine Faculty, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ismail EA, Devnarain N, Govender T, Omolo CA. Stimuli-responsive and biomimetic delivery systems for sepsis and related complications. J Control Release 2022; 352:1048-1070. [PMID: 36372385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis, a consequence of an imbalanced immune response to infection, is currently one of the leading causes of death globally. Despite advances in the discoveries of potential targets and nanotechnology, sepsis still lacks effective drug delivery systems for optimal treatment. Stimuli-responsive and biomimetic nano delivery systems, specifically, are emerging as advanced bio-inspired nanocarriers for enhancing the treatment of sepsis. Herein, we present a critical review of different stimuli-responsive systems, including pH-; enzyme-; ROS- and toxin-responsive nanocarriers, reported in the delivery of therapeutics for sepsis. Biomimetic nanocarriers, utilizing natural pathways in the inflammatory cascade to optimize sepsis therapy, are also reviewed, in addition to smart, multifunctional vehicles. The review highlights the nanomaterials designed for constructing these systems; their physicochemical properties; the mechanisms of drug release; and their potential for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of their cargo. Current challenges are identified and future avenues for research into the optimization of bio-inspired nano delivery systems for sepsis are also proposed. This review confirms the potential of stimuli-responsive and biomimetic nanocarriers for enhanced therapy against sepsis and related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A Ismail
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | - Nikita Devnarain
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thirumala Govender
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Calvin A Omolo
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, United States International University-Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.
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16
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Toll-like receptor 4 and lipopolysaccharide from commensal microbes regulate Tembusu virus infection. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102699. [PMID: 36379254 PMCID: PMC9761373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike most flaviviruses transmitted by arthropods, Tembusu virus (TMUV) is still active during winter and causes outbreaks in some areas, indicating vector-independent spread of the virus. Gastrointestinal transmission might be one of the possible routes of vector-free transmission, which also means that the virus has to interact with more intestinal bacteria. Here, we found evidence that TMUV indeed can transmit through the digestive tract. Interestingly, using an established TMUV disease model by oral gavage combined with an antibiotic treatment, we revealed that a decrease in intestinal bacteria significantly reduced local TMUV proliferation in the intestine, revealing that the bacterial microbiome is important in TMUV infection. We found that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) present in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria enhanced TMUV proliferation by promoting its attachment. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a cell surface receptor, can transmit signal from LPS. We confirmed colocalization of TLR4 with TMUV envelope (E) protein as well as their interaction in infected cells. Coherently, TMUV infection of susceptible cells was inhibited by an anti-TLR4 antibody, purified soluble TLR4 protein, and knockdown of TLR4 expression. LPS-enhanced TMUV proliferation could also be blocked by a TLR4 inhibitor. Meanwhile, pretreatment of duck primary cells with TMUV significantly impaired LPS-induced interleukin 6 production. Collectively, our study provides first insights into vector-free transmission mechanisms of flaviviruses.
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Ishiguro S, Roth M, Welti R, Loyd M, Thakkar R, Phillips M, Robben N, Upreti D, Nakashima A, Suzuki K, Comer J, Tamura M. A Water Extract from Chlorella sorokiniana Cell Walls Stimulates Growth of Bone Marrow Cells and Splenocytes. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142901. [PMID: 35889858 PMCID: PMC9322350 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A water extract derived from the isolated cell walls of Chlorella sorokiniana (C. sorokiniana, Chlorella water extract, CWE) was analyzed for the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-related material via the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay and evaluated for its growth stimulation effect on the bone marrow cells and splenocytes in vitro cell cultures. The extract contained low levels of LPS-related material, and a mass spectrum suggested that the extract contained many components, including a low level of a lipid A precursor, a compound known as lipid X, which is known to elicit a positive response in the LAL assay. Treatment with the CWE dose- and time-dependently stimulated the growth of mouse bone marrow cells (BMCs) and splenocytes (SPLs). Treatment with the CWE also increased specific BMC subpopulations, including antigen-presenting cells (CD19+ B cells, 33D1+ dendritic cells and CD68+ macrophages), and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, but decreased the number of LY6G+ granulocytes. Treatment with the CWE also increased cytokine mRNA associated with T cell activation, including TNFα, IFNγ, and granzyme B in human lymphoblasts. The present study indicates that the cell wall fraction of C.sorokiniana contains an LPS-like material and suggests a candidate source for the bioactivity that stimulates growth of both innate and adaptive immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Ishiguro
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.I.); (M.L.); (R.T.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (D.U.); (J.C.)
| | - Mary Roth
- Division of Biology, Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (M.R.); (R.W.)
| | - Ruth Welti
- Division of Biology, Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (M.R.); (R.W.)
| | - Mayme Loyd
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.I.); (M.L.); (R.T.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (D.U.); (J.C.)
| | - Ravindra Thakkar
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.I.); (M.L.); (R.T.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (D.U.); (J.C.)
| | - Morgan Phillips
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.I.); (M.L.); (R.T.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (D.U.); (J.C.)
| | - Nicole Robben
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.I.); (M.L.); (R.T.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (D.U.); (J.C.)
| | - Deepa Upreti
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.I.); (M.L.); (R.T.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (D.U.); (J.C.)
| | - Ayaka Nakashima
- Euglena Co., Ltd., Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0014, Japan; (A.N.); (K.S.)
| | - Kengo Suzuki
- Euglena Co., Ltd., Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0014, Japan; (A.N.); (K.S.)
| | - Jeffrey Comer
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.I.); (M.L.); (R.T.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (D.U.); (J.C.)
| | - Masaaki Tamura
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (S.I.); (M.L.); (R.T.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (D.U.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(785)-532-4825; Fax: +1-(785)-532-4557
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The Effects of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on Turkey Poults: Assessment of Biochemical Parameters and Histopathological Changes. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9050240. [PMID: 35622768 PMCID: PMC9146353 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9050240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a large molecule and an outer membrane glycolipid found in Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli (E. coli). These molecules (LPS) target acute inflammatory responses and significant physiological changes. Importantly, E. coli is considered one of the most important bacterial causes of avian colibacillosis that affect domestic turkey industry. However, little information is available about the potential influence of LPS on the biochemical parameters and histopathological changes in turkey poults. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules on serum biomarkers and histopathological changes in turkey poults. The birds were randomly divided into five groups, as follows: group I did not receive any inoculation; group II was inoculated with sterile saline; and groups III, IV, and V were inoculated intraperitoneally with LPS at 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/kg of body weight (BW), respectively. The biochemical parameters and the histopathology of different organs were examined in all birds one day post-inoculation. Our results revealed hypolipidemia, hypoglycemia, a significant decrease in uric acid, and a significant increase in serum activities of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK), as well as cardiac troponin T concentrations in treated groups. Moreover, there was a significant increase in α1-, β-, and γ-globulin concentrations and a decrease in albumin and α2-globulin concentrations in group V. However, a significant increase in α2- and γ-globulin levels and a decrease in albumin levels were detected in groups III and IV. In addition, significant decreases in the albumin/globulin ratio were recorded in all LPS-treated groups. Hepatocellular and cardiac muscle necrosis, slight renal changes, and massive pulmonary inflammatory reactions were recorded. This study provides valuable information about serum biomarkers, protein fractions, and histopathological changes in turkey poults treated with LPS for further investigations of pathophysiological mechanisms in avian medicine along with biomedical research.
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Niu X, Song H, Xiao X, Yu J, Yu J, Yang Y, Huang Q, Zang L, Han T, Zhang D, Li W. Tectoridin alleviates lipopolysaccharide -induced inflammaion via inhibiting TLR4-NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling in vivo and in vitro. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2022; 44:641-655. [PMID: 35506641 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2022.2073890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUD Tectoridin, widely extracted and separated from the rhizome of Iris tectorum Maxium, is extensively reported to have affluent bioactivity, but rarely reported to have anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we aim to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and the underlying mechanisms of tectoridin. METHODS Here, RAW264.7 macrophages were stimulated with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for the inflammation model in vitro. Experimental animals received tectoridin and Dexamethasone (DEX) before LPS injection for endotoxic shock mouse model in vivo. The pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines in the cell supernatant and serum were detected by ELISA kits. The tissue damages were assessed by biochemical indexes and H&E staining. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were performed for the detection of proteins. RESULTS Our data showed that tectoridin attenuated the LPS-up-regulated nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6, (IL-6) and interleukin-18, (IL-18) from macrophages and tumor necrosis factor-α, (TNF-α); (IL-6) and (IL-1β) in the serum levels. Besides, our histopathological study showed that the damages caused by LPS in the lung, liver and kidney tissues were decreased. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that tectoridin inhibited the activation of TLR4-NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling proved by immunohistochemistry assay and Western blot. CONCLUSION Taken all together, tectoridin might have the potential ability of anti-inflammatory effects and the possible mechanism may be relevant to its inhibition of TLR4-NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Niu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huixin Song
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinjin Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiabao Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yajie Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiuxia Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lulu Zang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tengfei Han
- Shaanxi Panlong Pharmaceutical Group Limited by Share LTD, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dezhu Zhang
- Shaanxi Panlong Pharmaceutical Group Limited by Share LTD, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weifeng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Mechanisms of selective monocyte targeting by liposomes functionalized with a cationic, arginine-rich lipopeptide. Acta Biomater 2022; 144:96-108. [PMID: 35314364 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of monocytes with immunomodulating agents can harness the immune system to treat a long range of diseases, including cancers, infections and autoimmune diseases. To this end we aimed to develop a monocyte-targeting delivery platform based on cationic liposomes, which can be utilized to deliver immunomodulators and thus induce monocyte-mediated immune responses while avoiding off-target side-effects. The cationic liposome design is based on functionalizing the liposomal membrane with a cholesterol-anchored tri-arginine peptide (TriArg). We demonstrate that TriArg liposomes can target monocytes with high specificity in both human and murine blood and that this targeting is dependent on the content of TriArg in the liposomal membrane. In addition, we show that the mechanism of selective monocyte targeting involves the CD14 co-receptor, and selectivity is compromised when the TriArg content is increased, resulting in complement-mediated off-target uptake in granulocytes. The presented mechanistic findings of uptake by peripheral blood leukocytes may guide the design of future drug delivery systems utilized for immunotherapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Monocytes are attractive targets for immunotherapies of cancers, infections and autoimmune diseases. Specific delivery of immunostimulatory drugs to monocytes is typically achieved using ligand-targeted drug delivery systems, but a simpler approach is to target monocytes using cationic liposomes. To achieve this, however, a deep understanding of the mechanisms governing the interactions of cationic liposomes with monocytes and other leukocytes is required. We here investigate these interactions using liposomes incorporating a cationic arginine-rich lipopeptide. We demonstrate that monocyte targeting can be achieved by fine-tuning the lipopeptide content in the liposomes. Additionally, we reveal that the CD14 receptor is involved in the targeting process, whereas the complement system is not. These mechanistic findings are critical for future design of monocyte-targeting liposomal therapies.
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Hussain H, Vutipongsatorn K, Jiménez B, Antcliffe DB. Patient Stratification in Sepsis: Using Metabolomics to Detect Clinical Phenotypes, Sub-Phenotypes and Therapeutic Response. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12050376. [PMID: 35629881 PMCID: PMC9145582 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections are common and need minimal treatment; however, occasionally, due to inappropriate immune response, they can develop into a life-threatening condition known as sepsis. Sepsis is a global concern with high morbidity and mortality. There has been little advancement in the treatment of sepsis, outside of antibiotics and supportive measures. Some of the difficulty in identifying novel therapies is the heterogeneity of the condition. Metabolic phenotyping has great potential for gaining understanding of this heterogeneity and how the metabolic fingerprints of patients with sepsis differ based on survival, organ dysfunction, disease severity, type of infection, treatment or causative organism. Moreover, metabolomics offers potential for patient stratification as metabolic profiles obtained from analytical platforms can reflect human individuality and phenotypic variation. This article reviews the most relevant metabolomic studies in sepsis and aims to provide an overview of the metabolic derangements in sepsis and how metabolic phenotyping has been used to identify sub-groups of patients with this condition. Finally, we consider the new avenues that metabolomics could open, exploring novel phenotypes and untangling the heterogeneity of sepsis, by looking at advances made in the field with other -omics technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humma Hussain
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (H.H.); (K.V.)
| | - Kritchai Vutipongsatorn
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (H.H.); (K.V.)
| | - Beatriz Jiménez
- Section of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
- National Phenome Centre, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - David B. Antcliffe
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (H.H.); (K.V.)
- Correspondence:
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Maligłówka M, Kosowski M, Hachuła M, Cyrnek M, Bułdak Ł, Basiak M, Bołdys A, Machnik G, Bułdak RJ, Okopień B. Insight into the Evolving Role of PCSK9. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030256. [PMID: 35323699 PMCID: PMC8951079 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is the last discovered member of the family of proprotein convertases (PCs), mainly synthetized in hepatic cells. This serine protease plays a pivotal role in the reduction of the number of low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs) on the surface of hepatocytes, which leads to an increase in the level of cholesterol in the blood. This mechanism and the fact that gain of function (GOF) mutations in PCSK9 are responsible for causing familial hypercholesterolemia whereas loss-of-function (LOF) mutations are associated with hypocholesterolemia, prompted the invention of drugs that block PCSK9 action. The high efficiency of PCSK9 inhibitors (e.g., alirocumab, evolocumab) in decreasing cardiovascular risk, pleiotropic effects of other lipid-lowering drugs (e.g., statins) and the multifunctional character of other proprotein convertases, were the cause for proceeding studies on functions of PCSK9 beyond cholesterol metabolism. In this article, we summarize the current knowledge on the roles that PCSK9 plays in different tissues and perspectives for its clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Maligłówka
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-007 Katowice, Poland; (M.K.); (M.H.); (M.C.); (Ł.B.); (M.B.); (A.B.); (G.M.); (B.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Michał Kosowski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-007 Katowice, Poland; (M.K.); (M.H.); (M.C.); (Ł.B.); (M.B.); (A.B.); (G.M.); (B.O.)
| | - Marcin Hachuła
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-007 Katowice, Poland; (M.K.); (M.H.); (M.C.); (Ł.B.); (M.B.); (A.B.); (G.M.); (B.O.)
| | - Marcin Cyrnek
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-007 Katowice, Poland; (M.K.); (M.H.); (M.C.); (Ł.B.); (M.B.); (A.B.); (G.M.); (B.O.)
| | - Łukasz Bułdak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-007 Katowice, Poland; (M.K.); (M.H.); (M.C.); (Ł.B.); (M.B.); (A.B.); (G.M.); (B.O.)
| | - Marcin Basiak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-007 Katowice, Poland; (M.K.); (M.H.); (M.C.); (Ł.B.); (M.B.); (A.B.); (G.M.); (B.O.)
| | - Aleksandra Bołdys
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-007 Katowice, Poland; (M.K.); (M.H.); (M.C.); (Ł.B.); (M.B.); (A.B.); (G.M.); (B.O.)
| | - Grzegorz Machnik
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-007 Katowice, Poland; (M.K.); (M.H.); (M.C.); (Ł.B.); (M.B.); (A.B.); (G.M.); (B.O.)
| | - Rafał Jakub Bułdak
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, 45-040 Opole, Poland;
| | - Bogusław Okopień
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-007 Katowice, Poland; (M.K.); (M.H.); (M.C.); (Ł.B.); (M.B.); (A.B.); (G.M.); (B.O.)
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Wang Q, Li X, Tang W, Guan X, Xiong Z, Zhu Y, Gong J, Hu B. Differential Gene Sets Profiling in Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Sepsis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:801232. [PMID: 35223539 PMCID: PMC8863667 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.801232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The host response to bacterial sepsis is reported to be nonspecific regardless of the causative pathogen. However, newer paradigms indicated that the host response of Gram-negative sepsis may be different from Gram-positive sepsis, and the difference has not been clearly clarified. The current study aimed to explore the difference by identifying the differential gene sets using the genome-wide technique. Methods The training dataset GSE6535 and the validation dataset GSE13015 were used for bioinformatics analysis. The distinct gene sets of sepsis with different infections were screened using gene set variation analysis (GSVA) and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). The intersection gene sets based on the two algorithms were confirmed through Venn analysis. Finally, the common gene sets between GSE6535 and GSE13015 were determined by GSEA. Results Two immunological gene sets in GSE6535 were identified based on GSVA, which could be used to discriminate sepsis caused by Gram-positive, Gram-negative, or mixed infection. A total of 19 gene sets were obtained in GSE6535 through Venn analysis based on GSVA and GSEA, which revealed the heterogeneity of Gram-negative and Gram-positive sepsis at the molecular level. The result was also verified by analysis of the validation set GSE13015, and 40 common differential gene sets were identified between dataset GSE13015 and dataset GSE6535 by GSEA. Conclusions The identified differential gene sets indicated that host response may differ dramatically depending on the inciting organism. The findings offer new insight to investigate the pathophysiology of bacterial sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingliang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenting Tang
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Guan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiao Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiao Gong, ; Bo Hu,
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiao Gong, ; Bo Hu,
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Tilves C, Yeh HC, Maruthur N, Juraschek SP, Miller ER, Appel LJ, Mueller NT. A behavioral weight-loss intervention, but not metformin, decreases a marker of gut barrier permeability: results from the SPIRIT randomized trial. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:655-660. [PMID: 34987204 PMCID: PMC8881332 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-01039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), a biomarker of gut barrier permeability to lipopolysaccharides, is higher in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Behavioral weight loss and metformin have distinct effects on the gut microbiome, but their impact on gut permeability to lipopolysaccharides is unknown. This study’s objective was to determine the effects of a behavioral weight loss intervention or metformin treatment on plasma LBP. Subjects/Methods: SPIRIT was a randomized trial of adults with overweight or obesity. Participants were randomized to one of three arms: metformin treatment, coach-directed behavioral weight loss on a DASH diet, or self-directed care (control). Of 121 participants, a random subset (n=88) was selected to have LBP measured at baseline, 6-months, and 12-months post intervention. Intervention effects on LBP over time were assessed using generalized estimating equations (GEE). We also examined whether the intervention effects were modified by change in diet and weight. Results: Arms were balanced by sex (83% female), race (51% white), and age (mean 60 years), with no differences in baseline LBP (median 4.23 μg/mL). At 1 year, mean weight change was −3.00% in the metformin arm, −3.02% in the coach-directed behavioral weight-loss arm, and +0.33% in the self-directed (control) arm. The corresponding change in LBP was +1.03, −0.98, +1.03 μg/mL. The behavioral weight-loss reduced LBP compared to self-directed care (β=−0.17, 95% CI: −0.33 to −0.01); no other between-arm comparisons were significant. Participants who reduced dietary fat showed the greatest reductions in 6-month LBP (β=−2.84, 95% CI: −5.17 to −0.50). Conclusions: Despite similar weight loss in the behavioral weight loss and metformin arms, only the behavioral weight loss intervention reduced LBP compared to control. Lifestyle weight loss interventions that promote a DASH diet may be effective at reducing gut barrier permeability to lipopolysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis Tilves
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hsin-Chieh Yeh
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nisa Maruthur
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen P Juraschek
- Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edgar R Miller
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence J Appel
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Noel T Mueller
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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25
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Zhu Z, Yao Y, Huang S, Ma L, Song J, Zhang W. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of the neuropeptide antagonist SPA. J Pept Sci 2022; 28:e3402. [PMID: 34994038 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides have received increased attention due to the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. However, the development of antimicrobial peptides for clinical applications remains a huge challenge. SPA ([D-rg1 , D-Trp5,7,9 , Leu11 ]SP), an analog of substance P, is a broad-spectrum neuropeptide antagonist. In this study, we found that SPA could efficiently kill Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by membrane disruption, similar to antimicrobial peptides. In addition, SPA showed high killing activity toward bacteria rather than mammalian cells. Our results also demonstrated that SPA could significantly decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and rescue mice from lethal septic shock induced by LPS. The impressive therapeutic potential of SPA, as indicated in this study, makes it a good template for developing effective antibiotics. Meanwhile, our study provides a new idea for developing multifunctional therapeutic agents to combat bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yufan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sujie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Song
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Al Sulaiman K, Kharbosh A, Bin Salah K, Alsulaiman T, Al Andas N, Aljuhani O, Vishwakarma R. Impact of Ursodeoxycholic Acid in Critically Ill Patients With Sepsis: A Retrospective Study. J Pharm Pract 2022; 36:566-571. [PMID: 37189247 DOI: 10.1177/08971900211038363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Using ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in critically ill patients as adjunctive therapy for sepsis/septic shock in neonates and children is controversial, while it has not been extensively investigated in adults. This study aims to assess the effect of UDCA use on the early resolution of sepsis/septic shock in critically ill adult patients. Method: A retrospective study of critically ill adult patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) admitted with sepsis/septic shock at King Abdulaziz Medical City. Based on their usage of UDCA, patients were categorized into two groups. A total of 88 patients were included for analysis after matching, based on severity of illness scores within 24-hours of ICU admission. The primary outcome was to assess the effect of UDCA on the severity and resolution of shock at day three of ICU admission. The secondary outcomes were 30-day in-hospital mortality, mechanical ventilation (MV) duration, and ICU length of stay (LOS). Results: Out of the 88 patients matched, 44 patients (50%) received UDCA during the study period. Using UDCA was neither associated with improvement in Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score ( p-value: 0.32), inotropes/vasopressors requirement ( p-value: 0.79), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ( p-value: 0.59) nor total bilirubin levels ( p-value: 0.79) at day three compared with the control. There was a significant association between using UDCA and improvement in PaO2/FiO2 ratio ( p-value: 0.01) and early extubation at day three ( p-value: 0.04). Conclusion: Using UDCA in critically ill patients with sepsis/septic shock was not associated with improvement in shock severity and resolution. However, patients who received UDCA were more likely to be extubated and not require MV on day three of ICU admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Al Sulaiman
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Kharbosh
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Pharmacy College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Bin Salah
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamer Alsulaiman
- Family Medicine Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSH&RC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah Al Andas
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ohoud Aljuhani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramesh Vishwakarma
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Jarosz Ł, Ciszewski A, Marek A, Grądzki Z, Kaczmarek B, Rysiak A. The Effect of Feed Supplementation with EM Bokashi® Multimicrobial Probiotic Preparation on Selected Parameters of Sow Colostrum and Milk as Indicators of the Specific and Nonspecific Immune Response. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2022; 14:1029-1041. [PMID: 34596883 PMCID: PMC9671987 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09850-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of EM Bokashi® on selected parameters of the specific and nonspecific immune response of sows by in colostrum and milk samples. The percentage of cells with expression of CD19+, CD5+CD19+, CD21+, SWC3a (macrophage/monocyte), and CD11b+ molecules on the monocytes and granulocytes as well as the concentrations of lysozyme and acute phase proteins - serum amyloid-A (SAA) and haptoglobin (Hp) were evaluated. The study was carried out on a commercial pig farm, including 150 sows (Polish Large White × Polish Landrace) at the age of 2-4 years. Sixty female sows were divided into two groups: I - control and II - experimental. For the experimental group, a probiotic in the form of the preparation EM Bokashi® in the amount of 10 kg/tonne of feed was added to the basal feed from mating to weaning. The material for the study consisted of colostrum and milk. The samples were collected from all sows at 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 h after parturition. The study showed that exposure of the pregnant sow to the probiotic microbes contained in EM Bokashi® significantly affects the immunological quality of the colostrum and milk and caused an increase in the percentage of the subpopulations of B cells with CD19+, CD21+, and CD5+CD19+ expression in the colostrum and milk, which demonstrates an increase in the protective potential of colostrum and indicates stimulation of humoral immune mechanisms that protect the sow and the piglets against infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Jarosz
- grid.411201.70000 0000 8816 7059Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Artur Ciszewski
- grid.411201.70000 0000 8816 7059Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Marek
- grid.411201.70000 0000 8816 7059Sub-Department of Preventive Veterinary and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Grądzki
- grid.411201.70000 0000 8816 7059Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Beata Kaczmarek
- grid.411201.70000 0000 8816 7059Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Sub-Department of Internal Diseases of Farm Animals and Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Rysiak
- grid.29328.320000 0004 1937 1303Department of Botany, Mycology, and Ecology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Luna-Reyes I, Pérez-Hernández EG, Delgado-Coello B, Mas-Oliva J. Peptides as Therapeutic Molecules to Neutralize Gram-negative Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides in Sepsis and Septic Shock. Arch Med Res 2021; 52:798-807. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Iridal-Type Triterpenoids Displaying Human Neutrophil Elastase Inhibition and Anti-Inflammatory Effects from Belamcanda chinensis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216602. [PMID: 34771010 PMCID: PMC8588536 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to explore anti-inflammatory phytochemicals from B. chinensis based on the inhibition of pro-inflammatory enzyme, human neutrophil elastase (HNE) and anti-inflammatory activities in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage. Three stereoisomers of iridal-type triterpenoids (1–3) were isolated from the roots of B. chinensis and their stereochemistries were completely identified by NOESY spectra. These compounds were confirmed as reversible noncompetitive inhibitors against HNE with IC50 values of 6.8–27.0 µM. The binding affinity experiment proved that iridal-type triterpenoids had only a single binding site to the HNE enzyme. Among them, isoiridogermanal (1) and iridobelamal A (2) displayed significant anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as iNOS, IL-1β, and TNF-α through the NF-κB pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. This is the first report that iridal-type triterpenoids are considered responsible phytochemicals for anti-inflammatory effects of B. chinensis.
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Ricucci D, Siqueira JF, Abdelsayed RA, Lio SG, Rôças IN. Bacterial Invasion of Pulp Blood Vessels in Teeth with Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis. J Endod 2021; 47:1854-1864. [PMID: 34597722 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study described the degenerative changes and infection patterns of the pulp tissue associated with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. METHODS The material consisted of 32 extracted teeth with untreated deep caries that were clinically and histologically diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis and were part of the histopathologic collection of 1 of the authors. The controls consisted of intact teeth with normal uninflamed pulps and teeth with reversible pulpitis. Teeth were processed for histopathologic and histobacteriologic analyses. RESULTS All teeth with irreversible pulpitis showed areas of severe acute inflammation, necrosis, microabscesses, and bacterial infection in the pulp chamber. These areas were surrounded by a chronic inflammatory infiltrate, and, at the distance, the pulp tissue was often uninflamed. Bacteria were also observed in the areas surrounding the necrotic foci, both as scattered cells through the extravascular space and at varying numbers within the blood vessel lumen. The number of bacteria and the density of the intravascular bacterial aggregations varied considerably. In one third of the cases, bacteria occurred in the lumen of venules in areas at a considerable distance from the necrotic focus in the coronal third of the root. No intravascular bacteria were noted in the middle and apical segments of the canal. No bacteria were found in the pulps of any of the control specimens. CONCLUSIONS Bacterial invasion and colonization of necrotic areas were observed in the pulp of all teeth with caries exposure and symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Bacterial penetration of blood vessels occurred in all cases, suggesting that this may be an important mechanism of spread of bacterial infection through the pulp tissue in an endodontic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José F Siqueira
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Grande Rio University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Endodontics and Dental Research, Iguaçu University, Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafik A Abdelsayed
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | | | - Isabela N Rôças
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Grande Rio University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Endodontics and Dental Research, Iguaçu University, Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Orekhova K, Mazzariol S, Sussan B, Bucci M, Bonsembiante F, Verin R, Centelleghe C. Immunohistochemical Markers of Apoptotic and Hypoxic Damage Facilitate Evidence-Based Assessment in Pups with Neurological Disorders. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8100203. [PMID: 34679033 PMCID: PMC8537515 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures in puppies often present a diagnostic challenge in terms of identifying and treating the underlying cause. Dog breeds with mutations of the MDR1-gene are known to show adverse reactions to certain drugs, yet metabolic imbalance exacerbated by physiologically immature organs and other contributing pathologies require consideration before arriving at a diagnosis. This study analysed the brains of two male, 5-week-old Australian Shepherd siblings that died after displaying severe neurological symptoms upon administration of MilproVet® to treat severe intestinal helminth infection. Despite the initial symptoms being similar, their case histories varied in terms of the symptom duration, access to supportive therapy and post-mortem interval. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry were used to obtain more information about the phase of the pathological processes in the brain, employing protein markers associated with acute hypoxic damage (β-amyloid precursor protein/APP) and apoptosis (diacylglycerolkinase-ζ/DGK-ζ, apoptotic protease activating factor 1/Apaf1, and B-cell lymphoma related protein 2/Bcl-2). The results seem to reflect the course of the animals' clinical deterioration, implicating that the hypoxic damage to the brains was incompatible with life, and suggesting the usefulness of the mentioned immunohistochemical markers in clarifying the cause of death in animals with acute neurological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Orekhova
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova AGRIPOLIS, viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (F.B.); (R.V.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sandro Mazzariol
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova AGRIPOLIS, viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (F.B.); (R.V.); (C.C.)
| | - Beatrice Sussan
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova AGRIPOLIS, viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (B.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Massimo Bucci
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova AGRIPOLIS, viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (B.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Federico Bonsembiante
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova AGRIPOLIS, viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (F.B.); (R.V.); (C.C.)
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova AGRIPOLIS, viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (B.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Ranieri Verin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova AGRIPOLIS, viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (F.B.); (R.V.); (C.C.)
| | - Cinzia Centelleghe
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova AGRIPOLIS, viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (F.B.); (R.V.); (C.C.)
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32
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Mass Spectrometric Quantification of the Antimicrobial Peptide Pep19-2.5 with Stable Isotope Labeling and Acidic Hydrolysis. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091342. [PMID: 34575418 PMCID: PMC8466825 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is the number one cause of death in intensive care units. This life-threatening condition is caused by bacterial infections and triggered by endotoxins of Gram-negative bacteria that leads to an overreaction of the immune system. The synthetic anti-lipopolysaccharide peptide Pep19-2.5 is a promising candidate for the treatment of sepsis as it binds sepsis-inducing lipopolysaccharides and thus prevents initiation of septic shock. For clinical evaluation precise quantification of the peptide in blood and tissue is required. As the peptide is not extractable from biological samples by commonly used methods there is a need for a new analysis method that does not rely on extraction of the peptide. In order to quantify the peptide by mass spectrometry, the peptide was synthesized containing 13C9,15N1-labeled phenylalanine residues. This modification offers high stability during acidic hydrolysis. Following acidic hydrolysis of the samples, the concentration of 13C9,15N1-labeled phenylalanine determined by LC-MS could be unambiguously correlated to the content of Pep19-2.5. Further experiments validated the accuracy of the data. Moreover, the quantification of Pep19-2.5 in different tissues (as studied in Wistar rats) was shown to provide comparable results to the results obtained with radioactively-labeled (14C) Pep19-2.5- Radioactive labeling is considered as the gold standard for quantification of compounds that refrain from reliable extraction methods. This novel method represents a valuable procedure for the determination of Pep19-2.5 and sticky peptides with unpredictable extraction properties in general.
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33
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Omega-3 Supplementation Prevents Short-Term High-Fat Diet Effects on the α7 Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptor Expression and Inflammatory Response. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:5526940. [PMID: 34421366 PMCID: PMC8371655 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5526940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The study is aimed at investigating if PUFA supplementation could prevent the effects of a short-term HFD on α7nAChR expression and on the severity of sepsis. Swiss mice were used for the in vivo experiments. For the in vitro experiments, we used a microglia cell line (BV-2) and a hepatoma cell line (Hepa-1c1c7) derived from mice. The animals were either fed standard chow, fed a short-term HFD (60%), or given supplementation with omega-3 fatty acid (2 g/kg or 4 g/kg bw) for 17 days, followed by a short-term HFD. Endotoxemia was induced with an intraperitoneal (i.p.) lipopolysaccharide injection (LPS, 5 or 12 mg/kg), and sepsis was induced by subjecting the animals to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). BV-2 and Hepa-1c1c7 cells were treated with LPS (100 and 500 ng/mL, respectively) for 3 hours. RT-PCR or Western blotting was used to evaluate α7nAChR expression, inflammatory markers, DNMT1, and overall ubiquitination. LPS and HFD reduced the expression of α7nAChR and increased the expression of inflammatory markers. Omega-3 partially prevented the damage caused by the HFD to the expression of α7nAChR in the bone marrow and hypothalamus, decreased the inflammatory markers, and reduced susceptibility to sepsis-induced death. Exposing the BV-2 cells to LPS increased the protein content of DNMT1 and the overall ubiquitination and reduced the expression of α7nAChR. The inflammation induced by LPS in the BV-2 cell decreased α7nAChR expression and concomitantly increased DNMT1 expression and the ubiquitinated protein levels, indicating the participation of pre- and posttranscriptional mechanisms.
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Abstract
Several in vivo immunotropic effects of κ/β-carrageenan isolated from the red algae Tichocarpus crinitus were studied, by orally administering it at 100 mg/kg/day to mice for 7 days. Serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-1β, and IL-4 were measured. Carrageenan's ability to influence development of LPS-induced inflammation was also assessed. Oral administration of κ/β-carrageenan increased serum levels of all the studied cytokines at least twice in comparison to the intact mice, while intraperitoneal LPS injection at 1 mg/kg increased concentration of only the pro-inflammatory cytokines: IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-1β. Furthermore, κ/β-carrageenan demonstrated a higher efficacy at inducing IFN-γ production than LPS. Previous 7-day-long oral carrageenan administration impaired development of LPS-induced inflammation: level of IL-1β dropped below that found in intact mice, while IFN-γ and IL-12 concentrations were at least 40% lower than in mice with LPS-induced inflammation. Murine peritoneal macrophages were also affected by the oral administration of the κ/β-carrageenan: their motility was increased, and morphology altered. In sum, we have demonstrated that κ/β-carrageenan, when administered orally, is not only not immunologically inert, but at the dose of 100 mg/kg possesses pharmacologically exploitable effects.
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Adda-Rezig H, Carron C, Pais de Barros JP, Choubley H, Charron É, Rérole AL, Laheurte C, Louvat P, Gaiffe É, Simula-Faivre D, Deckert V, Lagrost L, Saas P, Ducloux D, Bamoulid J. New Insights on End-Stage Renal Disease and Healthy Individual Gut Bacterial Translocation: Different Carbon Composition of Lipopolysaccharides and Different Impact on Monocyte Inflammatory Response. Front Immunol 2021; 12:658404. [PMID: 34163471 PMCID: PMC8215383 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.658404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease induces disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier, leading to gut bacterial translocation. Here, we appreciated bacterial translocation by analyzing circulating lipopolysaccharides (LPS) using two methods, one measuring only active free LPS, and the other quantifying total LPS as well as LPS lipid A carbon chain length. This was done in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and healthy volunteers (HV). We observed both higher LPS concentration in healthy volunteers and significant differences in composition of translocated LPS based on lipid A carbon chain length. Lower LPS activity to mass ratio and higher concentration of high-density lipoproteins were found in HV, suggesting a better plasma capacity to neutralize LPS activity. Higher serum concentrations of soluble CD14 and pro-inflammatory cytokines in ESRD patients confirmed this hypothesis. To further explore whether chronic inflammation in ESRD patients could be more related to LPS composition rather than its quantity, we tested the effect of HV and patient sera on cytokine secretion in monocyte cultures. Sera with predominance of 14-carbon chain lipid A-LPS induced higher secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines than those with predominance of 18-carbon chain lipid A-LPS. TLR4 or LPS antagonists decreased LPS-induced cytokine production by monocytes, demonstrating an LPS-specific effect. Thereby, septic inflammation observed in ESRD patients may be not related to higher bacterial translocation, but to reduced LPS neutralization capacity and differences in translocated LPS subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Adda-Rezig
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT Interactions Hôte Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France
| | - Clémence Carron
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT Interactions Hôte Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France
| | | | - Hélène Choubley
- INSERM, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, LabEx LipSTIC, Dijon, France
| | - Émilie Charron
- INSERM, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, LabEx LipSTIC, Dijon, France
| | - Anne-Laure Rérole
- INSERM, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, LabEx LipSTIC, Dijon, France
| | - Caroline Laheurte
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT Interactions Hôte Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France.,EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Plateforme de BioMonitoring, Besançon, France
| | - Pascale Louvat
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT Interactions Hôte Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France.,EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Plateforme de BioMonitoring, Besançon, France
| | - Émilie Gaiffe
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT Interactions Hôte Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France.,INSERM CIC1431, University Hospital of Besançon, Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France
| | - Dominique Simula-Faivre
- University Hospital of Besançon, Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplantation, Besançon, France
| | - Valérie Deckert
- INSERM, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, LabEx LipSTIC, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Lagrost
- INSERM, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, LabEx LipSTIC, Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Saas
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT Interactions Hôte Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France.,EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Plateforme de BioMonitoring, Besançon, France.,INSERM CIC1431, University Hospital of Besançon, Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France
| | - Didier Ducloux
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT Interactions Hôte Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France.,INSERM CIC1431, University Hospital of Besançon, Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France.,University Hospital of Besançon, Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplantation, Besançon, France
| | - Jamal Bamoulid
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT Interactions Hôte Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France.,University Hospital of Besançon, Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplantation, Besançon, France
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Abstract
Background: Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction initiated by a dysregulated response to infection, with imbalanced inflammation and immune homeostasis. Macrophages play a pivotal role in sepsis. N-[1-(1-oxopropyl)-4-piperidinyl]-N’-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-urea (TPPU) is an inhibitor of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), which can rapidly hydrolyze epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) to the bio-inactive dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids. TPPU was linked with the regulation of macrophages and inflammation. Here, we hypothesized that sEH inhibitor TPPU ameliorates cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis by regulating macrophage functions. Methods: A polymicrobial sepsis model induced by CLP was used in our study. C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups: sham+ phosphate buffer saline (PBS), sham+TPPU, CLP+PBS, CLP+TPPU. Mice were observed 48 h after surgery to assess the survival rate. For other histological examinations, mice were sacrificed 6 h after surgery. Macrophage cell line RAW264.7 was used for in vitro studies. Results: TPPU treatment, accompanied with increased EETs levels, markedly improved the survival of septic mice induced by CLP surgery, which was associated with alleviated organ damage and dysfunction triggered by systemic inflammatory response. Moreover, TPPU treatment significantly inhibited systemic inflammatory response via EETs-induced inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling due to enhanced macrophage phagocytic ability and subsequently reduced bacterial proliferation and dissemination, and decreased inflammatory factors release. Conclusion: sEH inhibitor TPPU ameliorates cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis by regulating macrophage functions, including improved phagocytosis and reduced inflammatory response. Our data indicate that sEH inhibition has potential therapeutic effects on polymicrobial-induced sepsis.
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Schmerer N, Schulte LN. Long noncoding RNAs in bacterial infection. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2021; 12:e1664. [PMID: 33989449 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Infectious and inflammatory diseases remain major causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. To combat bacterial infections, the mammalian immune system employs a myriad of regulators, which secure the effective initiation of inflammatory responses while preventing pathologies due to overshooting immunity. Recently, the human genome has been shown to be pervasively transcribed and to generate thousands of still poorly characterized long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). A growing body of literature suggests that lncRNAs play important roles in the regulatory circuitries controlling innate and adaptive immune responses to bacterial pathogens. This review provides an overview of the roles of lncRNAs in the interaction of human and rodent host cells with bacterial pathogens. Further decoding of the lncRNA networks that underlie pathological inflammation and immune subversion could provide new insights into the host cell mechanisms and microbial strategies that determine the outcome of bacterial infections. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Schmerer
- Institute for Lung Research, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Leon N Schulte
- Institute for Lung Research, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
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38
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Swain T, Deaver CM, Lewandowski A, Myers MJ. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammatory changes to differentially expressed miRNAs of the host inflammatory response. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 237:110267. [PMID: 33993048 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In veterinary medicine, inflammation in swine is evaluated principally by clinical signs. This method is often unreliable when assessing large animal populations because of inconsistent interpretations of clinical observations. This study examined whether changes in miRNA expression can predict the severity of the inflammatory response in swine after administration of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Whole blood from swine challenged with LPS at 0.125 μg/kg to 2.0 μg/kg body weight was collected at 0, 1, 3, and 8 h post LPS-challenge. Mature miRNAs were extracted from plasma and quantitative real-time-PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate the 84 most abundant swine miRNAs found in plasma. The miRNA changes in expression were assessed using the comparative CT Method (ΔΔCT method) for normalization with an exogenous control. The results revealed that expression of ssc-let-7e-5p, ssc-mir-22-3p, and ssc-miR-146a-5p were the most significantly changed miRNA over the time course. At 1 h post-LPS, ssc-let-7e-5p decreased as the LPS dosage levels increased from 0.125 to 1.0 μg/kg. Similarly, as the LPS doses increased from 0.125 to 0.5 μg/kg, ssc-miR-22-3p levels significantly decreased at 1 h post-LPS. In the 2.0 μg/kg LPS, ssc-miR-146a-5p levels increased between 0 and 3 h post-LPS; however, expression was downregulated with a 145 % decrease from 3 to 8 h. The three miRNA biomarkers suggest potentially useful surrogate endpoints for the evaluation of inflammatory and endotoxemia responses in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevon Swain
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, Laurel, MD, 20708, United States
| | - Christine M Deaver
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, Laurel, MD, 20708, United States
| | - Anne Lewandowski
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20903, United States
| | - Michael J Myers
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine, Laurel, MD, 20708, United States.
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Matos R, Amorim I, Magalhães A, Haesebrouck F, Gärtner F, Reis CA. Adhesion of Helicobacter Species to the Human Gastric Mucosa: A Deep Look Into Glycans Role. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:656439. [PMID: 34026832 PMCID: PMC8138122 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.656439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter species infections may be associated with the development of gastric disorders, such as gastritis, peptic ulcers, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and gastric carcinoma. Binding of these bacteria to the gastric mucosa occurs through the recognition of specific glycan receptors expressed by the host epithelial cells. This review addresses the state of the art knowledge on these host glycan structures and the bacterial adhesins involved in Helicobacter spp. adhesion to gastric mucosa colonization. Glycans are expressed on every cell surface and they are crucial for several biological processes, including protein folding, cell signaling and recognition, and host-pathogen interactions. Helicobacter pylori is the most predominant gastric Helicobacter species in humans. The adhesion of this bacterium to glycan epitopes present on the gastric epithelial surface is a crucial step for a successful colonization. Major adhesins essential for colonization and infection are the blood-group antigen-binding adhesin (BabA) which mediates the interaction with fucosylated H-type 1 and Lewis B glycans, and the sialic acid-binding adhesin (SabA) which recognizes the sialyl-Lewis A and X glycan antigens. Since not every H. pylori strain expresses functional BabA or SabA adhesins, other bacterial proteins are most probably also involved in this adhesion process, including LabA (LacdiNAc-binding adhesin), which binds to the LacdiNAc motif on MUC5AC mucin. Besides H. pylori, several other gastric non-Helicobacter pylori Helicobacters (NHPH), mainly associated with pigs (H. suis) and pets (H. felis, H. bizzozeronii, H. salomonis, and H. heilmannii), may also colonize the human stomach and cause gastric disease, including gastritis, peptic ulcers and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. These NHPH lack homologous to the major known adhesins involved in colonization of the human stomach. In humans, NHPH infection rate is much lower than in the natural hosts. Differences in the glycosylation profile between gastric human and animal mucins acting as glycan receptors for NHPH-associated adhesins, may be involved. The identification and characterization of the key molecules involved in the adhesion of gastric Helicobacter species to the gastric mucosa is important to understand the colonization and infection strategies displayed by different members of this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Matos
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação Em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto (ICBAS), Porto, Portugal
| | - Irina Amorim
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação Em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto (ICBAS), Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Magalhães
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação Em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fátima Gärtner
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação Em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Celso A. Reis
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação Em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto (ICBAS), Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
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40
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Çimen D, Aslıyüce S, Tanalp TD, Denizli A. Molecularly imprinted nanofilms for endotoxin detection using an surface plasmon resonance sensor. Anal Biochem 2021; 632:114221. [PMID: 33961908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a simple, fast, sensitive and selective surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor has been prepared using molecular imprinting method for endotoxin detection. Endotoxin imprinted and non-imprinted poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate-N-methacryloyl-(L)-histidine methyl ester) based nanofilms were synthesized on the SPR chip surfaces using ultraviolet polymerization. Endotoxin imprinted and non-imprinted SPR sensors were characterized by using contact angle, atomic force microscopy and ellipsometry. After characterization studies, kinetic studies were carried out in the concentration range of 0.5-100 ng/mL. The limit of detection and quantification were obtained as 0.023 and 0.078 ng/mL, respectively. The response time for the equilibration, adsorption and regeneration was approximately 14 min. The selectivity studies with cholesterol and hemoglobin of endotoxin imprinted SPR sensor were examined. Validation studies were carried out via limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) in order to demonstrate the applicability of the SPR sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Çimen
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Aslıyüce
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Adil Denizli
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey.
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Chai J, Chen X, Ye T, Zeng B, Zeng Q, Wu J, Kascakova B, Martins LA, Prudnikova T, Smatanova IK, Kotsyfakis M, Xu X. Characterization and functional analysis of cathelicidin-MH, a novel frog-derived peptide with anti-septicemic properties. eLife 2021; 10:64411. [PMID: 33875135 PMCID: PMC8057816 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides form part of the innate immune response and play a vital role in host defense against pathogens. Here we report a new antimicrobial peptide belonging to the cathelicidin family, cathelicidin-MH (cath-MH), from the skin of Microhyla heymonsivogt frog. Cath-MH has a single α-helical structure in membrane-mimetic environments and is antimicrobial against fungi and bacteria, especially Gram-negative bacteria. In contrast to other cathelicidins, cath-MH suppresses coagulation by affecting the enzymatic activities of tissue plasminogen activator, plasmin, β-tryptase, elastase, thrombin, and chymase. Cath-MH protects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis, effectively ameliorating multiorgan pathology and inflammatory cytokine through its antimicrobial, LPS-neutralizing, coagulation suppressing effects as well as suppression of MAPK signaling. Taken together, these data suggest that cath-MH is an attractive candidate therapeutic agent for the treatment of septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Chai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiaofei Ye
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baishuang Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingye Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiena Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Barbora Kascakova
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branisovska, Czech Republic
| | - Larissa Almeida Martins
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska, Czech Republic
| | - Tatyana Prudnikova
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branisovska, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Kuta Smatanova
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branisovska, Czech Republic
| | - Michail Kotsyfakis
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska, Czech Republic
| | - Xueqing Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Andreadou EG, Katsipis G, Tsolaki M, Pantazaki AA. Involvement and relationship of bacterial lipopolysaccharides and cyclooxygenases levels in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment patients. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 357:577561. [PMID: 34091099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study reports elevated levels of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and cyclooxygenases (COX-1/2) in blood serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) patients compared to cognitively healthy individuals, indicating LPSs as promising biomarkers, especially in serum. LPSs, in both fluids, positively correlate with COX-1/2, Αβ42 and tau and negatively with mental state. Furthermore, COX-2 is the main determinant of LPSs presence in serum, whereas COX-1 in CSF. These results underline the significance of microbial/ inflammatory involvement in dementia and offer novel perspectives on the roles of LPSs and COX in pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni G Andreadou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases (LND), 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Georgios Katsipis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases (LND), 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- First Neurology Department, "AHEPA" University General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Greek Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders - GAADRD, Greece; Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases (LND), 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia A Pantazaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases (LND), 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Vojtechova I, Maleninska K, Kutna V, Klovrza O, Tuckova K, Petrasek T, Stuchlik A. Behavioral Alterations and Decreased Number of Parvalbumin-Positive Interneurons in Wistar Rats after Maternal Immune Activation by Lipopolysaccharide: Sex Matters. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063274. [PMID: 33806936 PMCID: PMC8004756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy represents an important environmental factor in the etiology of schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Our goal was to investigate the impacts of MIA on the brain and behavior of adolescent and adult offspring, as a rat model of these neurodevelopmental disorders. We injected bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 mg/kg) to pregnant Wistar dams from gestational day 7, every other day, up to delivery. Behavior of the offspring was examined in a comprehensive battery of tasks at postnatal days P45 and P90. Several brain parameters were analyzed at P28. The results showed that prenatal immune activation caused social and communication impairments in the adult offspring of both sexes; males were affected already in adolescence. MIA also caused prepulse inhibition deficit in females and increased the startle reaction in males. Anxiety and hypolocomotion were apparent in LPS-affected males and females. In the 28-day-old LPS offspring, we found enlargement of the brain and decreased numbers of parvalbumin-positive interneurons in the frontal cortex in both sexes. To conclude, our data indicate that sex of the offspring plays a crucial role in the development of the MIA-induced behavioral alterations, whereas changes in the brain apparent in young animals are sex-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Vojtechova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 25067 Klecany, Czech Republic; (K.M.); (V.K.); (O.K.); (K.T.); (T.P.)
- Laboratory of the Neurophysiology of the Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 32, 12108 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (I.V.); (A.S.)
| | - Kristyna Maleninska
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 25067 Klecany, Czech Republic; (K.M.); (V.K.); (O.K.); (K.T.); (T.P.)
- Laboratory of the Neurophysiology of the Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Viera Kutna
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 25067 Klecany, Czech Republic; (K.M.); (V.K.); (O.K.); (K.T.); (T.P.)
| | - Ondrej Klovrza
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 25067 Klecany, Czech Republic; (K.M.); (V.K.); (O.K.); (K.T.); (T.P.)
| | - Klara Tuckova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 25067 Klecany, Czech Republic; (K.M.); (V.K.); (O.K.); (K.T.); (T.P.)
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Petrasek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 25067 Klecany, Czech Republic; (K.M.); (V.K.); (O.K.); (K.T.); (T.P.)
- Laboratory of the Neurophysiology of the Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Stuchlik
- Laboratory of the Neurophysiology of the Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (I.V.); (A.S.)
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Pleiotropic Effects of PCSK-9 Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063144. [PMID: 33808697 PMCID: PMC8003510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK-9) inhibitors are a group of drugs whose main mechanism of action is binding to the PCSK-9 molecule, which reduces the degradation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) and, hence, increases the uptake of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) from the bloodstream as well as reducing its concentration. The effectiveness of three monoclonal antibodies, namely, alirocumab (human IgG1/κ monoclonal antibody, genetically engineered in Chinese hamster ovary cells), evolocumab (the first fully human monoclonal antibody), and bococizumab (humanized mouse antibody), in inhibiting the action of PCSK-9 and reducing LDLc levels has been confirmed. The first two, after clinical trials, were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are used primarily in the treatment of autosomal familial hypercholesterolemia and in cases of statin intolerance. They are currently used both as monotherapy and in combination with statins and ezetimibe to intensify therapy and achieve therapeutic goals following the American Heart Association (AHA) and European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines. However, the lipid-lowering effect is not the only effect of action described by researchers that PCSK-9 inhibitors have. This paper is a review of the literature describing the pleiotropic effects of PCSK-9 inhibitors, which belong to a group of drugs that are being increasingly used, especially when standard lipid-lowering therapy fails. The article focuses on activities other than lipid-lowering, such as the anti-atherosclerotic effect and stabilization of atherosclerotic plaque, the anti-aggregation effect, the anticoagulant effect, the antineoplastic effect, and the ability to influence the course of bacterial infections. In this publication, we try to systematically review the current scientific data, both from our own scientific work and knowledge from international publications.
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Morris G, Puri BK, Bortolasci CC, Carvalho A, Berk M, Walder K, Moreira EG, Maes M. The role of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein A and paraoxonase-1 in the pathophysiology of neuroprogressive disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:244-263. [PMID: 33657433 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lowered high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol has been reported in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, first episode of psychosis, and schizophrenia. HDL, its major apolipoprotein component, ApoA1, and the antioxidant enzyme paraoxonase (PON)1 (which is normally bound to ApoA1) all have anti-atherogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory roles, which are discussed in this paper. The paper details the pathways mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of HDL, ApoA1 and PON1 and describes the mechanisms leading to compromised HDL and PON1 levels and function in an environment of chronic inflammation. The molecular mechanisms by which changes in HDL, ApoA1 and PON1 might contribute to the pathophysiology of the neuroprogressive disorders are explained. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory actions of ApoM-mediated sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) signalling are reviewed as well as the deleterious effects of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress on ApoM/S1P signalling. Finally, therapeutic interventions specifically aimed at improving the levels and function of HDL and PON1 while reducing levels of inflammation and oxidative stress are considered. These include the so-called Mediterranean diet, extra virgin olive oil, polyphenols, flavonoids, isoflavones, pomegranate juice, melatonin and the Mediterranean diet combined with the ketogenic diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Deakin University, IMPACT - The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | | | - Chiara C Bortolasci
- Deakin University, IMPACT - The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, CMMR Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Andre Carvalho
- Deakin University, IMPACT - The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT - The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The Department of Psychiatry and The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Deakin University, IMPACT - The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, CMMR Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Estefania G Moreira
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University, IMPACT - The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, King Chulalongkorn University Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Ablation of Aquaporin-9 Ameliorates the Systemic Inflammatory Response of LPS-Induced Endotoxic Shock in Mouse. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020435. [PMID: 33670755 PMCID: PMC7922179 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Septic shock is the most severe complication of sepsis, being characterized by a systemic inflammatory response following bacterial infection, leading to multiple organ failure and dramatically high mortality. Aquaporin-9 (AQP9), a membrane channel protein mainly expressed in hepatocytes and leukocytes, has been recently associated with inflammatory and infectious responses, thus triggering strong interest as a potential target for reducing septic shock-dependent mortality. Here, we evaluated whether AQP9 contributes to murine systemic inflammation during endotoxic shock. Wild type (Aqp9+/+; WT) and Aqp9 gene knockout (Aqp9−/−; KO) male mice were submitted to endotoxic shock by i.p. injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 40 mg/kg) and the related survival times were followed during 72 h. The electronic paramagnetic resonance and confocal microscopy were employed to analyze the nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion (O2−) production, and the expression of inducible NO-synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2), respectively, in the liver, kidney, aorta, heart and lung of the mouse specimens. LPS-treated KO mice survived significantly longer than corresponding WT mice, and 25% of the KO mice fully recovered from the endotoxin treatment. The LPS-injected KO mice showed lower inflammatory NO and O2− productions and reduced iNOS and COX-2 levels through impaired NF-κB p65 activation in the liver, kidney, aorta, and heart as compared to the LPS-treated WT mice. Consistent with these results, the treatment of FaO cells, a rodent hepatoma cell line, with the AQP9 blocker HTS13268 prevented the LPS-induced increase of inflammatory NO and O2−. A role for AQP9 is suggested in the early acute phase of LPS-induced endotoxic shock involving NF-κB signaling. The modulation of AQP9 expression/function may reveal to be useful in developing novel endotoxemia therapeutics.
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Renick PJ, Mulgaonkar A, Co CM, Wu CY, Zhou N, Velazquez A, Pennington J, Sherwood A, Dong H, Castellino L, Öz OK, Tang L, Sun X. Imaging of Actively Proliferating Bacterial Infections by Targeting the Bacterial Metabolic Footprint with d-[5- 11C]-Glutamine. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:347-361. [PMID: 33476123 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since most d-amino acids (DAAs) are utilized by bacterial cells but not by mammalian eukaryotic hosts, recently DAA-based molecular imaging strategies have been extensively explored for noninvasively differentiating bacterial infections from the host's inflammatory responses. Given glutamine's pivotal role in bacterial survival, cell growth, biofilm formation, and even virulence, here we report a new positron emission tomography (PET) imaging approach using d-5-[11C]glutamine (d-[5-11C]-Gln) for potential clinical assessment of bacterial infection through a comparative study with its l-isomer counterpart, l-[5-11C]-Gln. In both control and infected mice, l-[5-11C]-Gln had substantially higher uptake levels than d-[5-11C]-Gln in most organs except the kidneys, showing the expected higher use of l-[5-11C]-Gln by mammalian tissues and more efficient renal excretion of d-[5-11C]-Gln. Importantly, our work demonstrates that PET imaging with d-[5-11C]-Gln is capable of detecting infections induced by both Escherichia coli (E. coli) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a dual-infection murine myositis model with significantly higher infection-to-background contrast than with l-[5-11C]-Gln (in E. coli, 1.64; in MRSA, 2.62, p = 0.0004). This can be attributed to the fact that d-[5-11C]-Gln is utilized by bacteria while being more efficiently cleared from the host tissues. We confirmed the bacterial infection imaging specificity of d-[5-11C]-Gln by comparing its uptake in active bacterial infections versus sterile inflammation and with 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoroglucose ([18F]FDG). These results together demonstrate the translational potential of PET imaging with d-[5-11C]-Gln for the noninvasive detection of bacterial infectious diseases in humans.
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Zhang H, Xu X, Liu Z, Sun-Waterhouse D, Wang J, Ma C, Waterhouse GIN, Kang W. Effects of edpetiline from Fritillaria on inflammation and oxidative stress induced by LPS stimulation in RAW264.7 macrophages. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:229-237. [PMID: 33399208 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The dry bulbs of Fritillaria cirrhosa species can help resolve phlegm, soothe cough, clear heat, and moisten the lung, and the main active components responsible for these effect are its alkaloids. However, it is unclear whether or how edpetiline in Fritillaria can inhibit the excessive inflammatory response and oxidative stress. In this research, we aimed to examine this aspect using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages as an inflammatory model. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis results showed that edpetiline significantly inhibited the content and mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, significantly increased the mRNA expression of IL-4 (anti-inflammatory cytokine), and markedly downregulated the inflammatory mediators inductible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA and protein expression levels. The oxidative stress induced by LPS was also inhibited by edpetiline, as the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species decreased notably. Edpetiline may exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects through inhibiting the phosphorylation of IκB and the nuclear transcription of nuclear transcription factor-κB p65 and decreasing the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK in the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, without activating the JNK/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. These findings suggest that edpetiline may be a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention or treatment of inflammation- and oxidative stress-related pathophysiological processes and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Zhang
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Dongxiao Sun-Waterhouse
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function of Henan Province, Kaifeng 475004, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jinmei Wang
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Functional Food Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Changyang Ma
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Functional Food Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Geoffrey I N Waterhouse
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function of Henan Province, Kaifeng 475004, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Wenyi Kang
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Functional Food Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province, Kaifeng 475004, China
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49
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Bacteria and Host Interplay in Staphylococcus aureus Septic Arthritis and Sepsis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020158. [PMID: 33546401 PMCID: PMC7913561 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections are a major healthcare challenge and new treatment alternatives are needed. S. aureus septic arthritis, a debilitating joint disease, causes permanent joint dysfunction in almost 50% of the patients. S. aureus bacteremia is associated with higher mortalities than bacteremia caused by most other microbes and can develop to severe sepsis and death. The key to new therapies is understanding the interplay between bacterial virulence factors and host immune response, which decides the disease outcome. S. aureus produces numerous virulence factors that facilitate bacterial dissemination, invasion into joint cavity, and cause septic arthritis. Monocytes, activated by several components of S. aureus such as lipoproteins, are responsible for bone destructions. In S. aureus sepsis, cytokine storm induced by S. aureus components leads to the hyperinflammatory status, DIC, multiple organ failure, and later death. The immune suppressive therapies at the very early time point might be protective. However, the timing of treatment is crucial, as late treatment may aggravate the immune paralysis and lead to uncontrolled infection and death.
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50
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Tran AT, Kluess J, Kersten S, Berk A, Paulick M, Schatzmayr D, Dänicke S, Frahm J. Sodium sulfite (SoS) as decontamination strategy for Fusarium-toxin contaminated maize and its impact on immunological traits in pigs challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:429-442. [PMID: 32902833 PMCID: PMC7536171 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-020-00403-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sodium sulfite (SoS) treatment of maize and its impact on the porcine immune system in the presence of an LPS-induced systemic inflammation. Control maize (CON) and Fusarium-toxin contaminated maize (FUS) were wet-preserved (20% moisture) for 79 days with (+) or without (−) SoS and then included at 10% in a diet, resulting in four experimental groups: CON−, CON+, FUS−, and FUS+ with deoxynivalenol (DON) concentrations of 0.09, 0.05, 5.36, and 0.83 mg DON/kg feed, respectively. After 42-day feeding trial (weaned barrows, n = 20/group), ten pigs per group were challenged intraperitoneally with either 7.5 μg LPS/kg BW or placebo (0.9% NaCl), observed for 2 h, and then sacrificed. Blood, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen were collected for phenotyping of different T cell subsets, B cells, and monocytes. Phagocytic activity and intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were analyzed in both polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using flow cytometry. Our results revealed that the impact of DON was more notable on CD3+CD4+CD8+ T cells in lymphoid tissues rather than in blood T cells. In contrast, SoS treatment of maize altered leukocyte subpopulations in blood, e.g., reduced the percentage and fluorescence signal of CD8high T cells. Interestingly, SoS treatment reduced the amount of free radicals in basal ROS-producing PMNs only in LPS-challenged animals, suggesting a decrease in basal cellular ROS production (pSoS*LPS = 0.022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh-Tuan Tran
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jeannette Kluess
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Susanne Kersten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Berk
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marleen Paulick
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jana Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
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