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Escandon P, Heatley JJ, Berghman LR, Tizard I, Musser JM. Comparison Of Four Anti-Avian IgY Secondary Antibodies Used In Western Blot And Dot-Blot ELISA To Detect Avian Bornavirus Antibodies In Four Different Bird Species. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2019; 10:141-150. [PMID: 31815098 PMCID: PMC6858837 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s227616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study evaluated the specificity of different avian secondary antibodies used in Western blot and dot-blot ELISA to detect avian bornavirus antibodies in bird plasma. Methods Plasma samples were collected from: two Blue and gold macaws, one positive and one negative for avian bornavirus by RT-PCR; a Cockatiel and a Monk parakeet prior to and following experimental infection; and, two Mallards, one positive and one negative for avian bornavirus by RT-PCR Samples were analyzed by Western blot and dot-blot ELISA that incorporated recombinant avian bornavirus nucleoprotein as the target analyte. Four species-specific anti-IgY secondary antibodies were used in the assays: goat anti-macaw IgY, goat anti-bird IgY, goat anti-duck IgY, and rabbit anti-chicken IgY. Results In the Western blot, anti-macaw IgY secondary antibody produced strong signals with Blue and gold macaw and Cockatiel positive plasma, but no signal with Mallard positive plasma. Anti-bird IgY secondary antibody produced strong signals with Blue and gold macaw, Cockatiel, and Mallard positive plasma. Anti-duck and anti-chicken IgY secondary antibody produced a strong and moderate signal, respectively, only with Mallard positive plasma. In the dot-blot ELISA, there was a distinct and significant difference (P<0.05) in the signal intensity between the different secondary antibodies within a bird species. Anti-macaw IgY secondary antibody produced significantly (P<0.05) stronger signals than the other secondary antibodies in Blue and gold macaw, Cockatiel, and Monk parakeet positive plasma, while anti-duck IgY secondary antibody produced significantly (P<0.05) stronger signals than the other secondary antibodies in Mallard positive plasma. Conclusion In testing psittacines with immunoassays, and especially in assays that incorporate short incubation reaction times such as a dot-blot ELISA, species-specific anti-IgY secondary antibodies provided more accurate results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Escandon
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - J Jill Heatley
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Luc R Berghman
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ian Tizard
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jeffrey Mb Musser
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Sumova P, Sima M, Spitzova T, Osman ME, Guimaraes-Costa AB, Oliveira F, Elnaiem DEA, Hailu A, Warburg A, Valenzuela JG, Volf P. Human antibody reaction against recombinant salivary proteins of Phlebotomus orientalis in Eastern Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006981. [PMID: 30513081 PMCID: PMC6279015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Phlebotomus orientalis is a vector of Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of life threatening visceral leishmaniasis spread in Eastern Africa. During blood-feeding, sand fly females salivate into the skin of the host. Sand fly saliva contains a large variety of proteins, some of which elicit specific antibody responses in the bitten hosts. To evaluate the exposure to sand fly bites in human populations from disease endemic areas, we tested the antibody reactions of volunteers' sera against recombinant P. orientalis salivary antigens. Methodology/Principal findings Recombinant proteins derived from sequence data on P. orientalis secreted salivary proteins, were produced using either bacterial (five proteins) or mammalian (four proteins) expression systems and tested as antigens applicable for detection of anti-P. orientalis IgG in human sera. Using these recombinant proteins, human sera from Sudan and Ethiopia, countries endemic for visceral leishmaniasis, were screened by ELISA and immunoblotting to identify the potential markers of exposure to P. orientalis bites. Two recombinant proteins; mAG5 and mYEL1, were identified as the most promising antigens showing high correlation coefficients as well as good specificity in comparison to the whole sand fly salivary gland homogenate. Combination of both proteins led to a further increase of correlation coefficients as well as both positive and negative predictive values of P. orientalis exposure. Conclusions/Significance This is the first report of screening human sera for anti-P. orientalis antibodies using recombinant salivary proteins. The recombinant salivary proteins mYEL1 and mAG5 proved to be valid antigens for screening human sera from both Sudan and Ethiopia for exposure to P. orientalis bites. The utilization of equal amounts of these two proteins significantly increased the capability to detect anti-P. orientalis antibody responses. Hosts repeatedly bitten by phlebotomine sand flies develop species-specific antibody responses against certain sand fly salivary antigens. Salivary gland homogenate (SGH) is frequently used to evaluate the levels of this antibody response in host. However, SGH is less suitable for large-scale studies, since obtaining sufficient numbers of salivary glands is labor intensive and requires expertise in dissection. To replace SGH as antigen to screen for exposure to sand fly bites, specific recombinant salivary antigens were utilized. Our study assessed the human antibody reactions against recombinant salivary proteins of Phlebotomus orientalis. This sand fly species is a vector of Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of severe visceral leishmaniasis in Eastern Africa. To identify valid markers of exposure to P. orientalis in humans, we screened for anti-P. orientalis antibody responses in serum samples from individuals residing in Sudan and Ethiopia. We tested nine recombinant salivary antigens and found a combination of yellow-related protein (mYEL1) and antigen 5-related protein (mAG5) the best marker of exposure, accurately correlating with the levels of exposure to P. orientalis bites as determined using SGH. Thus the combination mYEL1+ mAG5 can comprise a useful epidemiological tool to determine levels of exposure to P. orientalis in populations living in endemic areas of Eastern Africa, which could help in monitoring the distribution of P. orientalis and therefore assessing suitable anti-vector campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Sumova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Michal Sima
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tatiana Spitzova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maha E. Osman
- Commission for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, National Centre for Research, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Anderson B. Guimaraes-Costa
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dia-Eldin A. Elnaiem
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Asrat Hailu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alon Warburg
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University—Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Crestani S, Leitolis A, Lima LFO, Krieger MA, Foti L. Enhanced target-specific signal detection using an Escherichia coli lysate in multiplex microbead immunoassays with E. coli-derived recombinant antigens. J Immunol Methods 2016; 435:17-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Demurtas OC, Massa S, Illiano E, De Martinis D, Chan PKS, Di Bonito P, Franconi R. Antigen Production in Plant to Tackle Infectious Diseases Flare Up: The Case of SARS. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:54. [PMID: 26904039 PMCID: PMC4742786 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a dangerous infection with pandemic potential. It emerged in 2002 and its aetiological agent, the SARS Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), crossed the species barrier to infect humans, showing high morbidity and mortality rates. No vaccines are currently licensed for SARS-CoV and important efforts have been performed during the first outbreak to develop diagnostic tools. Here we demonstrate the transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana of two important antigenic determinants of the SARS-CoV, the nucleocapsid protein (N) and the membrane protein (M) using a virus-derived vector or agro-infiltration, respectively. For the M protein, this is the first description of production in plants, while for plant-derived N protein we demonstrate that it is recognized by sera of patients from the SARS outbreak in Hong Kong in 2003. The availability of recombinant N and M proteins from plants opens the way to further evaluation of their potential utility for the development of diagnostic and protection/therapy tools to be quickly manufactured, at low cost and with minimal risk, to face potential new highly infectious SARS-CoV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia C. Demurtas
- Department of Sustainability, Biotechnology Laboratory, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic DevelopmentRome, Italy
| | - Silvia Massa
- Department of Sustainability, Biotechnology Laboratory, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic DevelopmentRome, Italy
| | - Elena Illiano
- Department of Sustainability, Biomedical Technology Laboratory, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic DevelopmentRome, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Domenico De Martinis
- International Relations Office, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic DevelopmentRome, Italy
| | - Paul K. S. Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales HospitalHong Kong, China
- Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales HospitalHong Kong, China
| | - Paola Di Bonito
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated DiseasesRome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Rosella Franconi, ; Paola Di Bonito,
| | - Rosella Franconi
- Department of Sustainability, Biomedical Technology Laboratory, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic DevelopmentRome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Rosella Franconi, ; Paola Di Bonito,
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Berthold T, Wesche J, Kuhnert K, Fürll B, Hippe H, Hoppen J, Reil A, Muschter S, Bux J, Greinacher A. Epitope mapping of antibodies directed against the human neutrophil alloantigen 3a. Transfusion 2011; 51:2160-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Hernández P, Heimann M, Riera C, Solano M, Santalla J, Luquetti AO, Beck E. Highly effective serodiagnosis for Chagas' disease. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1598-604. [PMID: 20668136 PMCID: PMC2952994 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00489-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many proteins of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease, contain characteristic arrays of highly repetitive immunogenic amino acid motifs. Diagnostic tests using these motifs in monomeric or dimeric form have proven to provide markedly improved specificity compared to conventional tests based on crude parasite extracts. However, in many cases the available tests still suffer from limited sensitivity. In this study we produced stable synthetic genes with maximal codon variability for the four diagnostic antigens, B13, CRA, TcD, and TcE, each containing between three and nine identical amino acid repeats. These genes were combined by linker sequences encoding short proline-rich peptides, giving rise to a 24-kDa fusion protein which was used as a novel diagnostic antigen in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay setup. Validation of the assay with a large number of well-characterized patient sera from Bolivia and Brazil revealed excellent diagnostic performance. The high sensitivity of the new test may allow future studies to use blood collected by finger prick and dried on filter paper, thus dramatically reducing the costs and effort for the detection of T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Hernández
- University of Giessen, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrichstrasse 24, D-35392 Giessen, Germany, Universidad de Barcelona, Laboratory of Parasitology, Avenida Diagonal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, SEDES, Servicio Departmental de Salud, Cochabamba, Bolivia, INLASA, Laboratory of Parasitology, La Paz, Bolivia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Caixa Postal 1031, 74000-970 Goiania, Brazil
| | - Michael Heimann
- University of Giessen, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrichstrasse 24, D-35392 Giessen, Germany, Universidad de Barcelona, Laboratory of Parasitology, Avenida Diagonal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, SEDES, Servicio Departmental de Salud, Cochabamba, Bolivia, INLASA, Laboratory of Parasitology, La Paz, Bolivia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Caixa Postal 1031, 74000-970 Goiania, Brazil
| | - Cristina Riera
- University of Giessen, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrichstrasse 24, D-35392 Giessen, Germany, Universidad de Barcelona, Laboratory of Parasitology, Avenida Diagonal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, SEDES, Servicio Departmental de Salud, Cochabamba, Bolivia, INLASA, Laboratory of Parasitology, La Paz, Bolivia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Caixa Postal 1031, 74000-970 Goiania, Brazil
| | - Marco Solano
- University of Giessen, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrichstrasse 24, D-35392 Giessen, Germany, Universidad de Barcelona, Laboratory of Parasitology, Avenida Diagonal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, SEDES, Servicio Departmental de Salud, Cochabamba, Bolivia, INLASA, Laboratory of Parasitology, La Paz, Bolivia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Caixa Postal 1031, 74000-970 Goiania, Brazil
| | - José Santalla
- University of Giessen, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrichstrasse 24, D-35392 Giessen, Germany, Universidad de Barcelona, Laboratory of Parasitology, Avenida Diagonal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, SEDES, Servicio Departmental de Salud, Cochabamba, Bolivia, INLASA, Laboratory of Parasitology, La Paz, Bolivia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Caixa Postal 1031, 74000-970 Goiania, Brazil
| | - Alejandro O. Luquetti
- University of Giessen, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrichstrasse 24, D-35392 Giessen, Germany, Universidad de Barcelona, Laboratory of Parasitology, Avenida Diagonal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, SEDES, Servicio Departmental de Salud, Cochabamba, Bolivia, INLASA, Laboratory of Parasitology, La Paz, Bolivia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Caixa Postal 1031, 74000-970 Goiania, Brazil
| | - Ewald Beck
- University of Giessen, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrichstrasse 24, D-35392 Giessen, Germany, Universidad de Barcelona, Laboratory of Parasitology, Avenida Diagonal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, SEDES, Servicio Departmental de Salud, Cochabamba, Bolivia, INLASA, Laboratory of Parasitology, La Paz, Bolivia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Caixa Postal 1031, 74000-970 Goiania, Brazil
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The Nucleocapsid Protein of the SARS Coronavirus: Structure, Function and Therapeutic Potential. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE SARS-CORONAVIRUS 2009. [PMCID: PMC7176212 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-03683-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
As in other coronaviruses, the nucleocapsid protein is one of the core components of the SARS coronavirus (CoV). It oligomerizes to form a closed capsule, inside which the genomic RNA is securely stored thus providing the SARS-CoV genome with its first line of defense from the harsh conditions of the host environment and aiding in replication and propagation of the virus. In addition to this function, several reports have suggested that the SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein modulates various host cellular processes, so as to make the internal milieu of the host more conducive for survival of the virus. This article will analyze and discuss the available literature regarding these different properties of the nucleocapsid protein. Towards the end of the article, we will also discuss some recent reports regarding the possible clinically relevant use of the nucleocapsid protein, as a candidate diagnostic tool and vaccine against SARS-CoV infection.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2008; 14:266-73. [DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0b013e3282ff8c19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lehmann C, Wolf H, Xu J, Zhao Q, Shao Y, Motz M, Lindner P. A line immunoassay utilizing recombinant nucleocapsid proteins for detection of antibodies to human coronaviruses. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 61:40-8. [PMID: 18191362 PMCID: PMC7127592 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Most coronaviruses infecting humans cause mild diseases, whereas severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus is an extremely dangerous pathogen. Here, we report the development of a serologic assay for detection of antibodies to human coronaviruses (HCoVs) based on recombinant nucleocapsid (N) proteins of all known pathogenic strains (229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1, SARS). The novel immunoassay is highly useful for epidemiologic surveys, where use of nucleic acid diagnostics often is limited. Purified recombinant antigens were immobilized on nitrocellulose membranes and applied in a line immunoassay, which allows rapid detection of antibodies to 5 different HCoVs in a single experiment. For assay evaluation, serum samples from persons infected with 229E or OC43 (acute/convalescent), recovered SARS patients and healthy donors were analyzed. Screening for nucleocapsid (N)-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) in convalescent sera reached 100% sensitivity. With this new technique, we found that recently identified NL63 and HKU1 contribute significantly to the overall spectrum of coronavirus infections. Possibly, cross-reactive antibody responses were observed using 229E and OC43 serum pairs. However, the potential of this assay could clearly be demonstrated employing SARS-positive serum samples, where nonspecific binding to nucleocapsids of other HCoVs was not observed. This coronavirus strain-specific line immunoassay represents a powerful tool for serologic diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lehmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Surjit M, Lal SK. The SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein: a protein with multifarious activities. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2007; 8:397-405. [PMID: 17881296 PMCID: PMC7106238 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of SARS-CoV in the year 2003, numerous researchers around the world have been working relentlessly to understand the biology of this virus. As in other coronaviruses, nucleocapsid (N) is one of the most crucial structural components of the SARS-CoV. Hence major attention has been focused on characterization of this protein. Independent studies conducted by several laboratories have elucidated significant insight into the primary function of this protein, which is to encapsidate the viral genome. In addition, many reports also suggest that this protein interferes with different cellular pathways, thus implying it to be a key regulatory component of the virus too. In the first part of this review, we will discuss these different properties of the N-protein in a consolidated manner. Further, this protein has also been proposed to be an efficient diagnostic tool and a candidate vaccine against the SARS-CoV. Hence, towards the end of this article, we will discuss some recent progress regarding the possible clinically relevant use of the N-protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunil K. Lal
- Corresponding author at: Virology Group, ICGEB, P.O. Box 10504, Aruna Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi 110067, India. Tel.: +91 9818522900.
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