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Unnisa A, Khalifa NE, Khojali WMA, Osman ME, Alshammari AH, Alshammari HS, Alanazi MG, Bandar N, Jandrajupalli SB, Elamine BA, Mohamed OA, Gangireddy R. Study on development and tissue permeation of different formulations of Fasudil. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2023; 27:6393-6400. [PMID: 37458658 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202307_32999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study is intended to formulate Fasudil loaded vesicular system for application in the management of angina. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fasudil was made into a complex with phospholipid, and other different formulations were made, including Fasudil solution, liposomal form, and Fasudil loaded into the gel. A drug characterization study was conducted and noted. Drug release was quantified and analyzed and, finally, inoculated in Sprague-Dawley rats. These rats underwent anginal induction, and each formulation's effect on angina was evaluated. RESULTS Drug solution (F-Phos) and F-Phos-Lipo (liposomal dispersion form of the drug) have shown that more than half percent of them have been released within 1.5 hours, and the rapid release occurred from liposomal dispersion in the first hour. The study determined the viscosity of the different formulations, which was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the theoretical sum of the viscosity of each formulation. The study found that the F-Phos-Lipo+P-407HMS formulation is the most effective as its application has the minimum infarct area percentage compared to the other formulations and can also reduce creatine kinase levels significantly as compared to the different formulations (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The study concluded that the typical gel formulation (liposomal Fasudil dispersed in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose solution, which is added to blank poloxamer 407) had been shown to have significantly anti-anginal properties, including easy administration, its application on the infarct area percentage and subsequently its pharmacological effect on the cardiac tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Unnisa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, KSA.
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Sumova P, Sima M, Spitzova T, Osman ME, Guimaraes-Costa AB, Oliveira F, Elnaiem DEA, Hailu A, Warburg A, Valenzuela JG, Volf P. Human antibody reaction against recombinant salivary proteins of Phlebotomus orientalis in Eastern Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006981. [PMID: 30513081 PMCID: PMC6279015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Phlebotomus orientalis is a vector of Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of life threatening visceral leishmaniasis spread in Eastern Africa. During blood-feeding, sand fly females salivate into the skin of the host. Sand fly saliva contains a large variety of proteins, some of which elicit specific antibody responses in the bitten hosts. To evaluate the exposure to sand fly bites in human populations from disease endemic areas, we tested the antibody reactions of volunteers' sera against recombinant P. orientalis salivary antigens. Methodology/Principal findings Recombinant proteins derived from sequence data on P. orientalis secreted salivary proteins, were produced using either bacterial (five proteins) or mammalian (four proteins) expression systems and tested as antigens applicable for detection of anti-P. orientalis IgG in human sera. Using these recombinant proteins, human sera from Sudan and Ethiopia, countries endemic for visceral leishmaniasis, were screened by ELISA and immunoblotting to identify the potential markers of exposure to P. orientalis bites. Two recombinant proteins; mAG5 and mYEL1, were identified as the most promising antigens showing high correlation coefficients as well as good specificity in comparison to the whole sand fly salivary gland homogenate. Combination of both proteins led to a further increase of correlation coefficients as well as both positive and negative predictive values of P. orientalis exposure. Conclusions/Significance This is the first report of screening human sera for anti-P. orientalis antibodies using recombinant salivary proteins. The recombinant salivary proteins mYEL1 and mAG5 proved to be valid antigens for screening human sera from both Sudan and Ethiopia for exposure to P. orientalis bites. The utilization of equal amounts of these two proteins significantly increased the capability to detect anti-P. orientalis antibody responses. Hosts repeatedly bitten by phlebotomine sand flies develop species-specific antibody responses against certain sand fly salivary antigens. Salivary gland homogenate (SGH) is frequently used to evaluate the levels of this antibody response in host. However, SGH is less suitable for large-scale studies, since obtaining sufficient numbers of salivary glands is labor intensive and requires expertise in dissection. To replace SGH as antigen to screen for exposure to sand fly bites, specific recombinant salivary antigens were utilized. Our study assessed the human antibody reactions against recombinant salivary proteins of Phlebotomus orientalis. This sand fly species is a vector of Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of severe visceral leishmaniasis in Eastern Africa. To identify valid markers of exposure to P. orientalis in humans, we screened for anti-P. orientalis antibody responses in serum samples from individuals residing in Sudan and Ethiopia. We tested nine recombinant salivary antigens and found a combination of yellow-related protein (mYEL1) and antigen 5-related protein (mAG5) the best marker of exposure, accurately correlating with the levels of exposure to P. orientalis bites as determined using SGH. Thus the combination mYEL1+ mAG5 can comprise a useful epidemiological tool to determine levels of exposure to P. orientalis in populations living in endemic areas of Eastern Africa, which could help in monitoring the distribution of P. orientalis and therefore assessing suitable anti-vector campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Sumova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Michal Sima
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tatiana Spitzova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maha E. Osman
- Commission for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, National Centre for Research, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Anderson B. Guimaraes-Costa
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dia-Eldin A. Elnaiem
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Asrat Hailu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alon Warburg
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University—Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Fadlelseed OE, Osman ME, Shamseldin NM, Elhussein AB, Adam I. Plasmodium falciparum genotypes in matched peripheral, placental and umbilical cord blood in an area characterised by unstable malaria transmission in eastern Sudan. Heliyon 2017; 3:e00326. [PMID: 28653041 PMCID: PMC5476470 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are few published studies on Plasmodium falciparum genotypes in peripheral, placental and umbilical cord blood in areas characterised by unstable malaria transmission. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate P. falciparum genotypes in matched peripheral, placental and umbilical cord blood in eastern Sudan. Thick blood smears and P. falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1) and 2 (MSP2) genes as polymorphic markers in polymerase chain reactions were investigated in 3 kinds of samples of 153 pregnant women at delivery. Results There was no significant difference in the prevalence of blood film-detected P. falciparum in which 5 (3.3%), 7 (4.6%) and 3 (2.0%) (P = 0.437) of the 153 samples were determined to be P. falciparum-positive by microscopy for maternal peripheral, placental and cord blood samples, respectively. Out of these 145 samples, 24 (16.6%), 39 (26.9%) and 24 (16.6%) (P = 0.039) of the peripheral, placental and cord samples, respectively, had submicroscopic parasitaemia (blood films were negative). There was no association between submicroscopic parasitaemia and age or parity. RO33 and K1 (MSP1 alleles) were detected in 21/29 (72.4%), 42/46 (85.7%), 26/27 (92.2%) and 6/29 (20.6), 16/46 (32.6) and 0(0) (P < 0.001) of the maternal, placental and cord samples, respectively. MAD20 was not detected in any of the samples. While the 3D7/IC1 allele was detected in 12 (41.3%), 30 (65.2%) and 4 (14.8%) (P < 0.001) of the peripheral, placental and cord samples, respectively, the FC (MSP2) allele was detected in only the 6 (20.6) placental samples. Multi-clonal infection was detected in 10 (34.4), 27 (58.6) and 3 (11.1) (P < 0.001) of the maternal placental and cord samples, respectively. Conclusion Compared with the peripheral and cord samples, placental samples had a higher prevalence of submicroscopic parasitaemia. MSP1 alleles were predominant in the cord, while MSP2 alleles were predominant in the placental samples, which had a significant higher multiplicity of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maha E Osman
- Commission for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering National Centre for Research, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Nahla M Shamseldin
- Commission for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering National Centre for Research, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Ishag Adam
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, P. O. Box 102, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
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Hussein MR, Nassar MI, Kamel NA, Osman ME, Georguis MN. Analysis of fibronectin expression in the bilharzial granulomas and of laminin in the transformed urothelium in schistosoma haematobium infested patients. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 4:676-8. [PMID: 15970682 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.4.6.1765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The bilharzial granulomas and urothelial transformation are common findings in Schistosoma haematobium infested patients. We hypothesize that the distribution of extrinsic (fibronectin, FN) and intrinsic basement membrane (BM) proteins (laminin, LN) is altered during the evolution of these lesions. METHODS To test this hypothesis, 70 cystectomy specimens, entailing variable associations of normal and dysplastic urothelium (all cases), and bilharzial granulomas were examined for FN and LN protein expression. RESULTS The biharzial granulomas were formed of admixture of CD3+T cells, CD68+histiocytes and CD220B cells. The CD3+T cells and and CD68+histiocytes were the predominant cell populations. Increased deposition of FN occurred with the evolution from cellular (loose fibrillary network, 20 cases) to fibrocellualr (dense fibrillary network, 30 cases) to fibrotic (tight conglomerates, 20 cases) granulomas. Alternatively, BM staining for LN was linear and continuous underlying normal and metaplastic urothelium. In dysplastic urothelium (20 cases), it showed breaks in continuity. CONCLUSIONS Alterations of FN and LN occur during the development of the bilharzial granuloma and urothelial transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Hussein
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University Hospitals, Assiut, Egypt.
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Abstract
Acrylamide is a toxic, cancer-causing, industrial chemical used primarily in the preparation of polyacrylamide, which is used principally in water and wastewater treatment and in pulp and paper processing. A significant source of dietary acrylamide is foods cooked at high temperature. Till recently, only known human health effect is neurotoxicity at relatively high doses occurring through occupational exposures. Numerous gaps in knowledge concerning the formation, dietary exposure, and potential for adverse health risks of acrylamide were identified, and the resulting recommendations called for additional research on these topics. Hence the objective of this study was to assess the effects of dietary acrylamide at different doses on tissues and blood of Wistar rats. The results showed no evidence of carcinogenic effect of acrylamide on any of the vital organs, but the main features were growth depression and pathological changes on the liver, kidneys and intestines sufficient to impose significant haematological changes. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v7i1.8018 International Journal of Life Sciences 7(1): 2013; 21-25
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Adam O, Makkawi T, Kannan A, Osman ME. Seroprevalence of rubella among pregnant women in Khartoum state, Sudan. East Mediterr Health J 2013; 19:812-815. [PMID: 24313044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Rubella vaccine is not included in the Sudanese national immunization programme, and data on prevalence of rubella among women of childbearing age are inadequate. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the seroprevalence of rubella among pregnant women in Khartoum state, Sudan. A total of 500 pregnant women who visited 7 antenatal clinics from November 2008 to March 2009 were examined for the presence of rubella IgG antibodies using ELISA. Rubella IgG antibodies were detected in 95.1% (95% Cl: 93.2%-97.0%) of women. This seroprevalence was significantly associated with education level, but not with age, residence area, occupation or parity. We presume this high seroprevalence indicates a high circulation of wild rubella virus in Khartoum state. Similar studies in other Sudanese states would be important for informing a decision to introduce rubella vaccine to Sudan.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Adam
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Commission for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, National Centre for Research, Khartoum, Sudan.
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Hammad AY, Osman ME, Abdelgadir WS. Effects of Acrylamide Toxicity on Growth Performance and Serobiochemisty of Wistar Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.19026/bjpt.4.5396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abdel Hameed AA, Khoder MI, Ibrahim YH, Saeed Y, Osman ME, Ghanem S. Study on some factors affecting survivability of airborne fungi. Sci Total Environ 2012; 414:696-700. [PMID: 22137479 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of some air pollutants and meteorological parameters on the survivability of airborne fungi. Fungi were collected by using a slit impactor sampler calibrated to draw 20 L/min, for 3 min. Nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), particulate matter (PM), relative humidity (RH %), temperature (T °C) and wind speed (WS) were also measured. Air samples were taken during the period from March 2006 to February 2007. Fungal concentrations ranged between 45 and 451 CFU/m(3) with an annual mean concentration of 216 CFU/m(3). The lowest fungal concentration was found in the summer, however the highest one was found in the autumn. NO(2,) SO(2) and PM averaged 83.66 μg/m(3), 67.01 μg/m(3), and 237.69 μg/m(3), respectively. T °C was positively and negatively correlated with Aspergillus (P = 0.000) and Penicillium (P = 0.007), respectively. RH% was positively correlated with total fungi (P = 0.001), Aspergillus (P = 0.002) and Cladosporium (P = 0.047). Multiple regression analysis showed that T °C and RH% were the most predicted variants. Non-significant correlations were found between fungal concentrations and air pollutants. Meteorological parameters were the critical factors affecting fungal survivability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Abdel Hameed
- Air Pollution Dept, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Ibrahium AM, Kheir MM, Osman ME, Khalil IF, Alifrangis M, Elmardi KA, Malik EM, Adam I. Efficacies of artesunate plus either sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine or amodiaquine, for the treatment of uncomplicated, Plasmodium falciparum malaria in eastern Sudan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2007; 101:15-21. [PMID: 17244406 DOI: 10.1179/136485907x156924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is increasingly being adopted as the first-line treatment for malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. In September-November 2005, in New Halfa, eastern Sudan, the efficacy of artesunate-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (AS-SP) for the treatment of uncomplicated, Plasmodium falciparum was compared with that of artesunate-amodiaquine (AS-AQ). The artesunate was given at 4 mg/kg. day on days 0-2, with either a single dose of SP (25 mg sulfadoxine/kg) given on day 0, or AQ, at 10 mg/kg. day, given on days 0-2. Eighty-two of the patients treated (40 given AS-SP and 42 given AS-AQ) completed the 28 days of follow-up. On day 3 all the patients were afebrile and only one patient, in the AS-AQ group, was still parasitaemic. AS-SP appeared slightly more efficacious than AS-AQ but the differences were not statistically significant. Only one patient (2.5%) given AS-SP but four (9.5%) of those given AS-AQ were initially considered to be late treatment and parasitological failures, with all other patients showing an adequate treatment response. The PCR-corrected frequencies of cure were 97.5% for AS-SP and 95.2% for AS-AQ (P>0.05). No gametocytaemias were observed during the follow-up and, although mild adverse effects (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness and/or rash) were detected in 14 patients, they occurred at the same frequency in each treatment arm. It therefore appears that the AS-SP and AS-AQ combinations were both effective and safe for the treatment of uncomplicated, P. falciparum malaria in eastern Sudan.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Ibrahium
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan
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Adam I, Magzoub M, Osman ME, Khalil IF, Alifrangis M, Elmardi KA. A fixed-dose 24-hour regimen of artesunate plus sulfamethoxypyrazine-pyrimethamine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in eastern Sudan. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2006; 5:18. [PMID: 16934158 PMCID: PMC1560156 DOI: 10.1186/1476-0711-5-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Artemisinin-based combination therapy is increasingly being adopted as first-line antimalarial therapy. The choice of appropriate therapy depends on efficacy, cost, side effects, and simplicity of administration. Methods the efficacy of fixed co-formulated (f) artesunate-sulfamethoxypyrazine-pyrimethamine (AS+SMP f) administered at time intervals of 12 hours for a 24-hour therapy was compared with the efficacy of the same drug given as a loose combination (AS+SMP l) with a dose interval of 24 hours for 3 days for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in eastern Sudan. Results seventy-three patients (39 and 34 in the fixed and the loose regimen of AS+SMP respectively) completed the 28-days of follow-up. On day 3; all patients in both groups were a parasitaemic but one patient in the fixed group of AS+SMP f was still febrile. Polymerase chain reaction genotyping adjusted cure rates on day 28 were 92.3% and 97.1% (P > 0.05) for the fixed and loose combination of AS+SMP respectively. Three (4.1%) patients (one in the fixed and two patients in the loose group of AS+SMP) in the study suffered drug-related adverse effects. Gametocytaemia was not detected during follow-up in any of the patients. Conclusion both regimens of AS+SMP were effective and safe for the treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in eastern Sudan. Due to its simplicity, the fixed dose one-day treatment regimen may improve compliance and therefore may be the preferred choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishag Adam
- Faculty of medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan
- The Academy of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | | | - Insaf F Khalil
- Department of International Health, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Medical Parasitology (CMP), Copenhagen
| | - Michael Alifrangis
- Department of International Health, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Medical Parasitology (CMP), Copenhagen
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Schunk M, Kumma WP, Miranda IB, Osman ME, Roewer S, Alano A, Löscher T, Bienzle U, Mockenhaupt FP. High prevalence of drug-resistance mutations in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in southern Ethiopia. Malar J 2006; 5:54. [PMID: 16817953 PMCID: PMC1524791 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-5-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Ethiopia, malaria is caused by both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Drug resistance of P. falciparum to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) and chloroquine (CQ) is frequent and intense in some areas. METHODS In 100 patients with uncomplicated malaria from Dilla, southern Ethiopia, P. falciparum dhfr and dhps mutations as well as P. vivax dhfr polymorphisms associated with resistance to SP and P. falciparum pfcrt and pfmdr1 mutations conferring CQ resistance were assessed. RESULTS P. falciparum and P. vivax were observed in 69% and 31% of the patients, respectively. Pfdhfr triple mutations and pfdhfr/pfdhps quintuple mutations occurred in 87% and 86% of P. falciparum isolates, respectively. Pfcrt T76 was seen in all and pfmdr1 Y86 in 81% of P. falciparum. The P. vivax dhfr core mutations N117 and R58 were present in 94% and 74%, respectively. CONCLUSION These data point to an extraordinarily high frequency of drug-resistance mutations in both P. falciparum and P. vivax in southern Ethiopia, and strongly support that both SP and CQ are inadequate drugs for this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Schunk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University of Munich, Leopoldstraße 5, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Wondimagegn P Kumma
- Dilla College of Teachers Education and Health Sciences, Debub University, PO Box 419, Awassa, Ethiopia
| | - Isabel Barreto Miranda
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University of Munich, Leopoldstraße 5, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Maha E Osman
- Malaria Research Centre (MalRC), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Spandauer Damm 130, 14050 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Roewer
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Spandauer Damm 130, 14050 Berlin, Germany
| | - Abraham Alano
- Dilla College of Teachers Education and Health Sciences, Debub University, PO Box 419, Awassa, Ethiopia
| | - Thomas Löscher
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University of Munich, Leopoldstraße 5, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Bienzle
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Spandauer Damm 130, 14050 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank P Mockenhaupt
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Spandauer Damm 130, 14050 Berlin, Germany
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Osman ME, Mockenhaupt FP, Bienzle U, Elbashir MI, Giha HA. Field-based evidence for linkage of mutations associated with chloroquine (pfcrt/pfmdr1) and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (pfdhfr/pfdhps) resistance and for the fitness cost of multiple mutations in P. falciparum. Infect Genet Evol 2006; 7:52-9. [PMID: 16690361 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Revised: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum pfcrt gene on chromosome 7 and possibly mutations in pfmdr1 on chromosome 5 have a role in conferring resistance against chloroquine (CQ), as do mutations of pfdhfr on chromosome 4 and pfdhps on chromosome 8 in terms of resistance against sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP). The additive role of multiple mutations in the development of resistance to each drug suggests a non-random occurrence. In this study, parasite isolates were obtained from 50 patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria from rural Eastern Sudan, an endemic setting with minimal overlap of infection. The parasite isolates were genotyped for detection of 12 alleles in CQ and SP resistance genes. Our main findings were: (1) the frequency of mutant alleles, pfcrt K76T, pfmdr1 N86Y, pfdhfr N51I, pfdhfr S108N, pfdhps K540E and pfdhps A581G were; 0.90, 0.86, 0.84, 0.84, 0.80 and 0.20, respectively. (2) No mutations were detected for the pfdhfr loci A16V, C59R and I164L, and for pfdhps loci S436A, A437G and A613S. (3) There was a statistically significant association between the mutations in: (i) the CQ resistance (CQR) genes, pfcrt T76 and pfmdr1 Y86 (P< or =0.001), (ii) the SP resistance (SPR) genes, pfdhfr I51, pfdhfr N108 and pfdhps E540 (P< or =0.001-0.04) and (iii) the CQ "i" and SP "ii" resistance genes (P=0.001) 4. The fitness cost of multiple mutations was revealed by a significantly reduced parasite density of isolates bearing the mutant alleles (P=0.048). However, the significantly higher gametocyte carriage rate among isolates with resistance mutations (P=0.001) is possibly an evolutionary mechanism for survival of mutant parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha E Osman
- Malaria Research Centre (MalRC), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, PO Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan
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Adam I, Osman ME, Elghzali G, Ahmed GI, Gustafssons LL, Elbashir MI. Efficacies of chloroquine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and quinine in the treatment of uncomplicated, Plasmodium falciparum malaria in eastern Sudan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2005; 98:661-6. [PMID: 15509420 DOI: 10.1179/000349804225021514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The efficacies of several antimalarial drugs in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria were compared, during an open, randomized trial, in New Halfa, eastern Sudan. The 96 patients who completed the 28 days of follow-up were treated with chloroquine (N = 26), sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (N = 38) or quinine (N = 32). No treatment failures were observed among the patients given sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. Only 23.1% of the patients given chloroquine showed adequate clinical response, however, the rest showing early (15.4%) or, more frequently, late (61.5%) treatment failure. In terms of parasitological failure, 54.1% of the patients given chloroquine showed early RI resistance, 7.7% showed late RI, and 15.1% showed RIII. Most (90.6%) of the patients treated with quinine had adequate treatment responses, the rest having late treatment failures (and late RI). The frequency of treatment failure was significantly higher, however, among the patients given chloroquine than in the quinine-treatment arm. The present results and those of earlier investigations indicate that the problem of chloroquine resistance is worsening in eastern Sudan, and that the use of chloroquine as the first-line drug for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in this area is now compromised. The response to quinine may also be faltering.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Adam
- New Halfa Teaching Hospital, P.O. Box 61, New Halfa, Sudan.
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el-Hendawy HH, Osman ME, Sorour NM. Characterization of two antagonistic strains ofRahnella aquatilis isolated from soil in egypt. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2003; 48:799-804. [PMID: 15058195 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to obtain biological control agents for controlling bacterial spot of cucumber, over 250 bacterial strains were isolated from agricultural soil samples, collected from different localities in Giza Governorate (Egypt) and screened for in vitro antibiosis towards Xanthomonas campestris. Only 2 strains showed antagonistic activity. They and their culture filtrates restricted the growth of a number of G- and G(+)-indicator bacteria. On Chrome Azurol S agar, both strains exhibited a marked siderophore production. Biolog plates identified these strains as Rahnella aquatilis. Their characteristics were studied and compared with literature data on R. aquatilis. This antagonistic bacterium has not been previously isolated in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H el-Hendawy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
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15
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Elnaiem DEA, Mukhawi AM, Hassan MM, Osman ME, Osman OF, Abdeen MS, Abdel Raheems MA. Factors affecting variations in exposure to infections by Leishmania donovani in eastern Sudan. East Mediterr Health J 2003; 9:827-36. [PMID: 15748079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A cross-sectional survey was carried out in Gedaref state, eastern Sudan to investigate the prevalence of positive leishmanin skin tests and environmental factors related to Leishmania donovani infection. A total of 3835 people living in 11 villages in 3 regions were screened. Soil types and tree densities were determined in 33 villages inhabited by 44 different tribes. The highest rates of positive skin tests were in Rahad region (33.9%), Atbara (21.6%) and Gedaref (10.6%), with an average of 21.1% for the state. Risk of infection by L. donovani varied significantly between different tribes. Higher densities of Acacia and Balanites spp. trees were in Masaleet villages, suggesting that the relatively high risk of L. donovani exposure in this tribe is due to environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E A Elnaiem
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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16
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Elnaiem DEA, Schorscher J, Bendall A, Obsomer V, Osman ME, Mekkawi AM, Connor SJ, Ashford RW, Thomson MC. Risk mapping of visceral leishmaniasis: the role of local variation in rainfall and altitude on the presence and incidence of kala-azar in eastern Sudan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003; 68:10-7. [PMID: 12556141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector-borne disease highly influenced by environmental factors. A model was developed for mapping the distribution and incidence of VL in Gedaref State, eastern Sudan, in relation to different environmental factors. Geographical information systems (GIS) were used to extract and map regression results for environmental variables of 190 villages in Gedaref State, including rainfall, vegetation status, soil type, altitude, distance from river, topography, wetness indexes, and average rainfall estimates. VL incidence in each village was calculated from hospital records. By use of logistic and linear multivariate regression analyses, models were developed to determine which environmental factors explain variability in VL presence and incidence. We found that average rainfall and the altitude were the best predictors of VL incidence. The resulting models were mapped by GIS software predicting both VL presence or absence and incidence at any locality in Gedaref State. The results are discussed in relation to VL control.
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Menzies AR, Osman ME, Malik AA, Baldwin TC. A comparison of the physicochemical and immunological properties of the plant gum exudates of Acacia senegal (gum arabic) and Acacia seyal (gum tahla). Food Addit Contam 1996; 13:991-9. [PMID: 8950118 DOI: 10.1080/02652039609374485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The physiochemical and immunological properties of three Sudanese gum arabic samples and four gum tahla samples (two Sudanese, one West African and one Tanzanian--Acacia seyal var. seyal) were compared. The optical rotation (ca -30 degrees) and rhamnose (12-14%), arabinose (24-29%), galactose (36-42%), glucuronic acid (16-17%), nitrogen (0.327-0.365%) and protein (2.16-2.41%) contents of the gum arabic samples were consistent with the FAO (1990) specification for Acacia gum. In contrast the gum tahla samples had positive [alpha]D values (+45 degrees to +54 degrees), lower rhamnose (3-4%) and higher arabinose (41-45%) contents and lower nitrogen (0.147-0.175%), and hence protein (0.97-1.15%), contents. All of the gum arabic samples precipitated with beta-glucosyl Yariv reagent and hence were shown to contain arabinogalactan-protein(s) (AGPs), whereas in all but one of the gum tahla samples AGPs were not detected. The strong interaction of gum tahla with a monoclonal antibody known to recognize arabinose residues present in AGPs and arabinogalactans (AGs) was consistent with the observed higher levels of arabinose present in the gum tahla samples relative to the gum arabic samples. The data presented confirm that there are a number of physicochemical and structural differences between gum arabic (A. senegal gum) and gum tahla (A. seyal gum), and that a quick and simple immunological technique (immunodot blots) using an antiAGP/AG monoclonal antibody (MAC 207) could be used to screen for the presence of gum tahla in gum arabic consignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Menzies
- Research Division, North East Wales Institute, Clwyd, UK
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18
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al-Mofada SM, Osman ME, Kides E, al-Momen AK, al Herbish AS, al-Mobaireek K. Risk of thrombocytopenia in the infants of mothers with idiopathic thrombocytopenia. Am J Perinatol 1994; 11:423-6. [PMID: 7857435 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-994611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-nine of 27,662 pregnant women had autoimmune thrombocytopenia at the time of delivery at King Khalid University Hospital over 6 years starting June 1986. Twenty-six had idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), gave birth to 33 infants, of which 22 were by spontaneous vaginal delivery, eight by lower segment cesarean section, and two by forceps. Fourteen (44%) of the 32 living infants had platelets less than 150 x 10(9)/L and four (12.5%) had severe thrombocytopenia (platelets less than 50 x 10(9)/L). The mothers' platelets of less than 50 x 10(9)/L at delivery were found to be predictive of thrombocytopenia in their infants (P < 0.027), compared with mothers' platelet of more than 50 x 10(9)/L. Maternal treatment with prednisone did not seem to have significant effect on infants' platelets (P < 0.89). All infants with severe thrombocytopenia (less than 50 x 10(9)/L) at birth had ultrasound done and were found to be normal. We conclude that: (1) steroid given to pregnant women with ITP does not increase infants' platelet counts, (2) severe thrombocytopenia in the mothers (platelet counts less than 50 x 10(9)/L) is highly predictive of thrombocytopenia in their infants; (3) cesarean section should be limited to the mother with severe thrombocytopenia if fetal scalp platelets are less than 50 x 10(9)/L.
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MESH Headings
- Delivery, Obstetric/methods
- Female
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Platelet Count/drug effects
- Prednisolone/therapeutic use
- Prednisone/therapeutic use
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic/blood
- Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic/drug therapy
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/blood
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/complications
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/drug therapy
- Retrospective Studies
- Risk Factors
- Thrombocytopenia/congenital
- Thrombocytopenia/etiology
- Thrombocytopenia/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- S M al-Mofada
- Department of Paediatrics, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Osman ME. The 1980 AIA Honor Awards: a hospital achieves rare levels of design and amenity. AIA J 1980; 69:214-9. [PMID: 10247035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Osman ME. The 1980 AIA Honor Awards: 'calm excellence' in a retirement housing complex. AIA J 1980; 69:220-2. [PMID: 10247036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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