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Ma X, Nugraha DK, Hiramatsu Y, Horiguchi Y. RpoN (sigma factor 54) contributes to bacterial fitness during tracheal colonization of Bordetella bronchiseptica. Microbiol Immunol 2024; 68:36-46. [PMID: 38105571 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The Gram-negative pathogenic bacterium Bordetella bronchiseptica is a respiratory pathogen closely related to Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough. Despite sharing homologous virulence factors, B. bronchiseptica infects a broad range of mammalian hosts, including some experimental animals, whereas B. pertussis is strictly adapted to humans. Therefore, B. bronchiseptica is often used as a representative model to explore the pathogenicity of Bordetella in infection experiments with laboratory animals. Although Bordetella virulence factors, including toxins and adhesins have been studied well, our recent study implied that unknown virulence factors are involved in tracheal colonization and infection. Here, we investigated bacterial genes contributing to tracheal colonization by high-throughput transposon sequencing (Tn-seq). After the screening, we picked up 151 candidate genes of various functions and found that a rpoN-deficient mutant strain was defective in tracheal colonization when co-inoculated with the wild-type strain. rpoN encodes σ54 , a sigma factor that regulates the transcription of various genes, implying its contribution to various bacterial activities. In fact, we found RpoN of B. bronchiseptica is involved in bacterial motility and initial biofilm formation. From these results, we propose that RpoN supports bacterial colonization by regulating various bacteriological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyan Ma
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Dendi K Nugraha
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Hiramatsu
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Horiguchi
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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2
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Tang J, Hu Z, Zhang J, Daroch M. Genome-scale identification and comparative analysis of transcription factors in thermophilic cyanobacteria. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:44. [PMID: 38195395 PMCID: PMC10775510 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-09969-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcription factors (TFs) in thermophilic cyanobacteria might represent a uniquely evolved gene repertoire in light of the strong selective pressure caused by hostile habitats. Understanding the molecular composition of the TF genes in thermophilic cyanobacteria will facilitate further studies regarding verifying their exact biochemical functions and genetic engineering. However, limited information is available on the TFs of thermophilic cyanobacteria. Herein, a thorough investigation and comparative analysis were performed to gain insights into the molecular composition of the TFs in 22 thermophilic cyanobacteria. RESULTS The results suggested a fascinating diversity of the TFs among these thermophiles. The abundance and type of TF genes were diversified in these genomes. The identified TFs are speculated to play various roles in biological regulations. Further comparative and evolutionary genomic analyses revealed that HGT may be associated with the genomic plasticity of TF genes in Thermostichus and Thermosynechococcus strains. Comparative analyses also indicated different pattern of TF composition between thermophiles and corresponding mesophilic reference cyanobacteria. Moreover, the identified unique TFs of thermophiles are putatively involved in various biological regulations, mainly as responses to ambient changes, may facilitating the thermophiles to survive in hot springs. CONCLUSION The findings herein shed light on the TFs of thermophilic cyanobacteria and fundamental knowledge for further research regarding thermophilic cyanobacteria with a broad potential for transcription regulations in responses to environmental fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Zhe Hu
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Food Safety Detection Key Laboratory of Sichuan, Technical Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Maurycy Daroch
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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3
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Fang F, Xue Y, Xu X, Fang D, Liu W, Zhong Y, Han J, Li Y, Tao Q, Lu R, Ma C, Kumar A, Wang D. L-glutamine protects against enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection by inhibiting bacterial virulence and enhancing host defense concurrently. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0097523. [PMID: 37815335 PMCID: PMC10714755 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00975-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The type 3 secretion system (T3SS) was obtained in many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, and it is crucial for their pathogenesis. Environmental signals were found to be involved in the expression regulation of T3SS, which was vital for successful bacterial infection in the host. Here, we discovered that L-glutamine (Gln), the most abundant amino acid in the human body, could repress enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) T3SS expression via nitrogen metabolism and therefore had potential as an antivirulence agent. Our in vitro and in vivo evidence demonstrated that Gln could decline EHEC infection by attenuating bacterial virulence and enhancing host defense simultaneously. We repurpose Gln as a potential treatment for EHEC infection accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Perinatal-Neonatal Infection, Women and Children's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedical Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yunxin Xue
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Perinatal-Neonatal Infection, Women and Children's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedical Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xuefang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and National Institute for Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Dingli Fang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Perinatal-Neonatal Infection, Women and Children's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedical Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Weijia Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Perinatal-Neonatal Infection, Women and Children's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedical Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ying Zhong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Perinatal-Neonatal Infection, Women and Children's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedical Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jinping Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Perinatal-Neonatal Infection, Women and Children's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedical Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yunhe Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Perinatal-Neonatal Infection, Women and Children's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedical Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Qian Tao
- Department of Pathology, Women and Children's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Rong Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Perinatal-Neonatal Infection, Women and Children's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedical Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Cong Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Lishan Hospital, Anshan Central Hospital, Anshan, Liaoning Province, China
| | | | - Dai Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Perinatal-Neonatal Infection, Women and Children's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedical Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
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Arroyo-Mendoza M, Proctor A, Correa-Medina A, Brand MW, Rosas V, Wannemuehler MJ, Phillips GJ, Hinton DM. The E. coli pathobiont LF82 encodes a unique variant of σ 70 that results in specific gene expression changes and altered phenotypes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.08.523653. [PMID: 36798310 PMCID: PMC9934711 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.08.523653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
LF82, an adherent invasive Escherichia coli pathobiont, is associated with ileal Crohn's disease, an inflammatory bowel disease of unknown etiology. Although LF82 contains no virulence genes, it carries several genetic differences, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), that distinguish it from nonpathogenic E. coli. We have identified and investigated an extremely rare SNP that is within the highly conserved rpoD gene, encoding σ70, the primary sigma factor for RNA polymerase. We demonstrate that this single residue change (D445V) results in specific transcriptome and phenotypic changes that are consistent with multiple phenotypes observed in LF82, including increased antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation, modulation of motility, and increased capacity for methionine biosynthesis. Our work demonstrates that a single residue change within the bacterial primary sigma factor can lead to multiple alterations in gene expression and phenotypic changes, suggesting an underrecognized mechanism by which pathobionts and other strain variants with new phenotypes can emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Arroyo-Mendoza
- Gene Expression and Regulation Section, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, United States, 20892
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States, 50011
| | - Alexandra Proctor
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States, 50011
| | - Abraham Correa-Medina
- Gene Expression and Regulation Section, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, United States, 20892
| | - Meghan Wymore Brand
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States, 50011
| | - Virginia Rosas
- Gene Expression and Regulation Section, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, United States, 20892
| | - Michael J Wannemuehler
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States, 50011
| | - Gregory J Phillips
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States, 50011
| | - Deborah M Hinton
- Gene Expression and Regulation Section, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, United States, 20892
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Wongdee J, Piromyou P, Songwattana P, Greetatorn T, Teaumroong N, Boonkerd N, Giraud E, Nouwen N, Tittabutr P. Role of two RpoN in Bradyrhizobium sp. strain DOA9 in symbiosis and free-living growth. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1131860. [PMID: 36876109 PMCID: PMC9977809 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1131860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
RpoN is an alternative sigma factor (sigma 54) that recruits the core RNA polymerase to promoters of genes. In bacteria, RpoN has diverse physiological functions. In rhizobia, RpoN plays a key role in the transcription of nitrogen fixation (nif) genes. The Bradyrhizobium sp. DOA9 strain contains a chromosomal (c) and plasmid (p) encoded RpoN protein. We used single and double rpoN mutants and reporter strains to investigate the role of the two RpoN proteins under free-living and symbiotic conditions. We observed that the inactivation of rpoNc or rpoNp severely impacts the physiology of the bacteria under free-living conditions, such as the bacterial motility, carbon and nitrogen utilization profiles, exopolysaccharide (EPS) production, and biofilm formation. However, free-living nitrogen fixation appears to be under the primary control of RpoNc. Interestingly, drastic effects of rpoNc and rpoNp mutations were also observed during symbiosis with Aeschynomene americana. Indeed, inoculation with rpoNp, rpoNc, and double rpoN mutant strains resulted in decreases of 39, 64, and 82% in the number of nodules, respectively, as well as a reduction in nitrogen fixation efficiency and a loss of the bacterium's ability to survive intracellularly. Taken together, the results show that the chromosomal and plasmid encoded RpoN proteins in the DOA9 strain both play a pleiotropic role during free-living and symbiotic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenjira Wongdee
- Institute of Research and Development, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Pongdet Piromyou
- Institute of Research and Development, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Pongpan Songwattana
- Institute of Research and Development, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Teerana Greetatorn
- Institute of Research and Development, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Neung Teaumroong
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Nantakorn Boonkerd
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Eric Giraud
- IRD, Plant Health Institute of Montpellier, UMR-PHIM, IRD/CIRAD/INRAE/Université de Montpellier/SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Nico Nouwen
- IRD, Plant Health Institute of Montpellier, UMR-PHIM, IRD/CIRAD/INRAE/Université de Montpellier/SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Panlada Tittabutr
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
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6
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Yan J, Guo X, Li J, Li Y, Sun H, Li A, Cao B. RpoN is required for the motility and contributes to the killing ability of Plesiomonas shigelloides. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:299. [PMID: 36510135 PMCID: PMC9743648 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02722-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RpoN, also known as σ54, first reported in Escherichia coli, is a subunit of RNA polymerase that strictly controls the expression of different genes by identifying specific promoter elements. RpoN has an important regulatory function in carbon and nitrogen metabolism and participates in the regulation of flagellar synthesis, bacterial motility and virulence. However, little is known about the effect of RpoN in Plesiomonas shigelloides. RESULTS To identify pathways controlled by RpoN, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of the WT and the rpoN deletion strain was carried out for comparison. The RNA-seq results showed that RpoN regulates ~ 13.2% of the P. shigelloides transcriptome, involves amino acid transport and metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, ribosome biosynthesis, flagellar assembly and bacterial secretion system. Furthermore, we verified the results of RNA-seq using quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR, which indicated that the absence of rpoN caused downregulation of more than half of the polar and lateral flagella genes in P. shigelloides, and the ΔrpoN mutant was also non-motile and lacked flagella. In the present study, the ability of the ΔrpoN mutant to kill E. coli MG1655 was reduced by 54.6% compared with that of the WT, which was consistent with results in RNA-seq, which showed that the type II secretion system (T2SS-2) genes and the type VI secretion system (T6SS) genes were repressed. By contrast, the expression of type III secretion system genes was largely unchanged in the ΔrpoN mutant transcriptome and the ability of the ΔrpoN mutant to infect Caco-2 cells was also not significantly different compared with the WT. CONCLUSIONS We showed that RpoN is required for the motility and contributes to the killing ability of P. shigelloides and positively regulates the T6SS and T2SS-2 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Yan
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, No. 23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, No.23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, No.23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Xueqian Guo
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, No. 23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, No.23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, No.23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Jinghao Li
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, No. 23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, No.23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, No.23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Yuehua Li
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, No. 23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, No.23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, No.23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Hongmin Sun
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, No. 23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, No.23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, No.23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Ang Li
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353 China
| | - Boyang Cao
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, No.23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, No. 23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, TEDA College, Nankai University, No. 23, Hongda StreetTianjin Economic and Technological Development Area, Tianjin, 300457 China
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7
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Gelalcha BD, Brown SM, Crocker HE, Agga GE, Kerro Dego O. Regulation Mechanisms of Virulence Genes in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2022; 19:598-612. [PMID: 35921067 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is one of the most common E. coli pathotypes reported to cause several outbreaks of foodborne illnesses. EHEC is a zoonotic pathogen, and ruminants, especially cattle, are considered important reservoirs for the most common EHEC serotype, E. coli O157:H7. Humans are infected indirectly through the consumption of food (milk, meat, leafy vegetables, and fruits) and water contaminated by animal feces or direct contact with carrier animals or humans. E. coli O157:H7 is one of the most frequently reported causes of foodborne illnesses in developed countries. It employs two essential virulence mechanisms to trigger damage to the host. These are the development of attaching and effacing (AE) phenotypes on the intestinal mucosa of the host and the production of Shiga toxin (Stx) that causes hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. The AE phenotype is controlled by the pathogenicity island, the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE). The induction of both AE and Stx is under strict and highly complex regulatory mechanisms. Thus, a good understanding of these mechanisms, major proteins expressed, and environmental cues involved in the regulation of the expression of the virulence genes is vital to finding a method to control the colonization of reservoir hosts, especially cattle, and disease development in humans. This review is a concise account of the current state of knowledge of virulence gene regulation in the LEE-positive EHEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benti D Gelalcha
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Selina M Brown
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hannah E Crocker
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Getahun E Agga
- Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA
| | - Oudessa Kerro Dego
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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8
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Paquette AR, Payne SR, McKay GA, Brazeau-Henrie JT, Darnowski MG, Kammili A, Bernal F, Mah TF, Gruenheid S, Nguyen D, Boddy CN. RpoN-Based stapled peptides with improved DNA binding suppress Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:445-455. [PMID: 35647551 PMCID: PMC9020619 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00371b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stapled peptides have the ability to mimic α-helices involved in protein binding and have proved to be effective pharmacological agents for disrupting protein-protein interactions. DNA-binding proteins such as transcription factors bind their cognate DNA sequences via an α-helix interacting with the major groove of DNA. We previously developed a stapled peptide based on the bacterial alternative sigma factor RpoN capable of binding the RpoN DNA promoter sequence and inhibiting RpoN-mediated expression in Escherichia coli. We have elucidated a structure-activity relationship for DNA binding by this stapled peptide, improving DNA binding affinity constants in the high nM range. Lead peptides were shown to have low toxicity as determined by their low hemolytic activity at 100 μM and were shown to have anti-virulence activity in a Galleria mellonella model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. These findings support further preclinical development of stapled peptides as antivirulence agents targeting P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- André R. Paquette
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of OttawaOttawaONK1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Sterling R. Payne
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthFrederickMD 21702USA
| | - Geoffrey A. McKay
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontrealQuebec H4A 3J1Canada
| | | | - Micheal G. Darnowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of OttawaOttawaONK1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Anitha Kammili
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Federico Bernal
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthFrederickMD 21702USA
| | - Thien-Fah Mah
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of OttawaOttawaONK1H 8M5Canada
| | | | - Dao Nguyen
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontrealQuebec H4A 3J1Canada,Department of Medicine, McGill UniversityMontrealQuebec H4A 3J1Canada
| | - Christopher N. Boddy
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of OttawaOttawaONK1N 6N5 Canada
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9
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Bowlin MQ, Long AR, Huffines JT, Gray MJ. The role of nitrogen-responsive regulators in controlling inorganic polyphosphate synthesis in Escherichia coli. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168:001185. [PMID: 35482529 PMCID: PMC10233264 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is synthesized by bacteria under stressful environmental conditions and acts by a variety of mechanisms to promote cell survival. While the kinase that synthesizes polyP (PPK, encoded by the ppk gene) is well known, ppk transcription is not activated by environmental stress and little is understood about how environmental stress signals lead to polyP accumulation. Previous work has shown that the transcriptional regulators DksA, RpoN (σ54) and RpoE (σ24) positively regulate polyP production, but not ppk transcription, in Escherichia coli. In this work, we examine the role of the alternative sigma factor RpoN and nitrogen starvation stress response pathways in controlling polyP synthesis. We show that the RpoN enhancer binding proteins GlnG and GlrR impact polyP production, and uncover a new role for the nitrogen phosphotransferase regulator PtsN (EIIANtr) as a positive regulator of polyP production, acting upstream of DksA, downstream of RpoN and apparently independently of RpoE. However, neither these regulatory proteins nor common nitrogen metabolites appear to act directly on PPK, and the precise mechanism(s) by which polyP production is modulated after stress remain(s) unclear. Unexpectedly, we also found that the genes that impact polyP production vary depending on the composition of the rich media in which the cells were grown before exposure to polyP-inducing stress. These results constitute progress towards deciphering the regulatory networks driving polyP production under stress, and highlight the remarkable complexity of this regulation and its connections to a broad range of stress-sensing pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Q. Bowlin
- Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Abagail Renee Long
- Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Joshua T. Huffines
- Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Michael Jeffrey Gray
- Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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10
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A Role for the RNA Polymerase Gene Specificity Factor σ 54 in the Uniform Colony Growth of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0003122. [PMID: 35357162 PMCID: PMC9017345 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00031-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical function of a bacterial sigma (σ) factor is to determine the gene specificity of the RNA polymerase (RNAP). In several diverse bacterial species, the σ54 factor uniquely confers distinct functional and regulatory properties on the RNAP. A hallmark feature of the σ54-RNAP is the obligatory requirement for an activator ATPase to allow transcription initiation. Different activator ATPases couple diverse environmental cues to the σ54-RNAP to mediate adaptive changes in gene expression. Hence, the genes that rely upon σ54 for their transcription have a wide range of different functions suggesting that the repertoire of functions performed by genes, directly or indirectly affected by σ54, is not yet exhaustive. By comparing the growth patterns of prototypical enteropathogenic, uropathogenic, and nonpathogenic Escherichia coli strains devoid of σ54, we uncovered that the absence of σ54 results in two differently sized colonies that appear at different times specifically in the uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) strain. Notably, UPEC bacteria devoid of individual activator ATPases of the σ54-RNAP do not phenocopy the σ54 mutant strain. Thus, it seems that σ54’s role as a determinant of uniform colony appearance in UPEC bacteria represents a putative non-canonical function of σ54 in regulating genetic information flow. IMPORTANCE RNA synthesis is the first step of gene expression. The multisubunit RNA polymerase (RNAP) is the central enzyme responsible for RNA synthesis in bacteria. The dissociable sigma (σ) factor subunit directs the RNAP to different sets of genes to allow their expression in response to various cellular needs. Of the seven σ factors in Escherichia coli and related bacteria, σ54 exists in a class of its own. This study has uncovered that σ54 is a determinant of the uniform growth of uropathogenic E. coli on solid media. This finding suggests a role for this σ54 in gene regulation that extends beyond its known function as an RNAP gene specificity factor.
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11
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Liu X, Ye Y, Zhu Y, Wang L, Yuan L, Zhu J, Sun A. Involvement of RpoN in Regulating Motility, Biofilm, Resistance, and Spoilage Potential of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:641844. [PMID: 34135871 PMCID: PMC8202526 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.641844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas fluorescens is a typical spoiler of proteinaceous foods, and it is characterized by high spoilage activity. The sigma factor RpoN is a well-known regulator controlling nitrogen assimilation and virulence in many pathogens. However, its exact role in regulating the spoilage caused by P. fluorescens is unknown. Here, an in-frame deletion mutation of rpoN was constructed to investigate its global regulatory function through phenotypic and RNA-seq analysis. The results of phenotypic assays showed that the rpoN mutant was deficient in swimming motility, biofilm formation, and resistance to heat and nine antibiotics, while the mutant increased the resistance to H2O2. Moreover, the rpoN mutant markedly reduced extracellular protease and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) production in sterilized fish juice at 4°C; meanwhile, the juice with the rpoN mutant showed significantly higher sensory scores than that with the wild-type strain. To identify RpoN-controlled genes, RNA-seq-dependent transcriptomics analysis of the wild-type strain and the rpoN mutant was performed. A total of 1224 genes were significantly downregulated, and 474 genes were significantly upregulated by at least two folds at the RNA level in the rpoN mutant compared with the wild-type strain, revealing the involvement of RpoN in several cellular processes, mainly flagellar mobility, adhesion, polysaccharide metabolism, resistance, and amino acid transport and metabolism; this may contribute to the swimming motility, biofilm formation, stress and antibiotic resistance, and spoilage activities of P. fluorescens. Our results provide insights into the regulatory role of RpoN of P. fluorescens in food spoilage, which can be valuable to ensure food quality and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Ye
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lifang Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Leyang Yuan
- Zhejiang Museum of Natural History, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junli Zhu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aihua Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Parise D, Teixeira Dornelles Parise M, Pinto Gomide AC, Figueira Aburjaile F, Bentes Kato R, Salgado-Albarrán M, Tauch A, Ariston de Carvalho Azevedo V, Baumbach J. The Transcriptional Regulatory Network of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020415. [PMID: 33671149 PMCID: PMC7923171 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is a Gram-positive, facultative intracellular, pathogenic bacterium that infects several different hosts, yielding serious economic losses in livestock farming. It causes several diseases including oedematous skin disease (OSD) in buffaloes, ulcerative lymphangitis (UL) in horses, and caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) in sheep, goats and humans. Despite its economic and medical-veterinary importance, our understanding concerning this organism’s transcriptional regulatory mechanisms is still limited. Here, we review the state of the art knowledge on transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of this pathogenic species, covering regulatory interactions mediated by two-component systems, transcription factors and sigma factors. Key transcriptional regulatory players involved in virulence and pathogenicity of C. pseudotuberculosis, such as the PhoPR system and DtxR, are in the focus of this review, as these regulators are promising targets for future vaccine design and drug development. We conclude that more experimental studies are needed to further understand the regulatory repertoire of this important zoonotic pathogen, and that regulators are promising targets for future vaccine design and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doglas Parise
- Chair of Experimental Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; (M.T.D.P.); (M.S.-A.); (J.B.)
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (A.C.P.G.); (R.B.K.); (V.A.d.C.A.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Mariana Teixeira Dornelles Parise
- Chair of Experimental Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; (M.T.D.P.); (M.S.-A.); (J.B.)
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (A.C.P.G.); (R.B.K.); (V.A.d.C.A.)
| | - Anne Cybelle Pinto Gomide
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (A.C.P.G.); (R.B.K.); (V.A.d.C.A.)
| | | | - Rodrigo Bentes Kato
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (A.C.P.G.); (R.B.K.); (V.A.d.C.A.)
| | - Marisol Salgado-Albarrán
- Chair of Experimental Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; (M.T.D.P.); (M.S.-A.); (J.B.)
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Cuajimalpa, Mexico City 05348, Mexico
| | - Andreas Tauch
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany;
| | - Vasco Ariston de Carvalho Azevedo
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (A.C.P.G.); (R.B.K.); (V.A.d.C.A.)
| | - Jan Baumbach
- Chair of Experimental Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; (M.T.D.P.); (M.S.-A.); (J.B.)
- Computational BioMedicine lab, Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
- Chair of Computational Systems Biology, University of Hamburg, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Interactions between DksA and Stress-Responsive Alternative Sigma Factors Control Inorganic Polyphosphate Accumulation in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:JB.00133-20. [PMID: 32341074 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00133-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria synthesize inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) in response to a variety of different stress conditions. polyP protects bacteria by acting as a protein-stabilizing chaperone, metal chelator, or regulator of protein function, among other mechanisms. However, little is known about how stress signals are transmitted in the cell to lead to increased polyP accumulation. Previous work in the model enterobacterium Escherichia coli has indicated that the RNA polymerase-binding regulatory protein DksA is required for polyP synthesis in response to nutrient limitation stress. In this work, I set out to characterize the role of DksA in polyP regulation in more detail. I found that overexpression of DksA increases cellular polyP content (explaining the long-mysterious phenotype of dksA overexpression rescuing growth of a dnaK mutant at high temperatures) and characterized the roles of known functional residues of DksA in this process, finding that binding to RNA polymerase is required but that none of the other functions of DksA appear to be necessary. Transcriptomics revealed genome-wide transcriptional changes upon nutrient limitation, many of which were affected by DksA, and follow-up experiments identified complex interactions between DksA and the stress-sensing alternative sigma factors FliA, RpoN, and RpoE that impact polyP production, indicating that regulation of polyP synthesis is deeply entwined in the multifactorial stress response network of E. coli IMPORTANCE Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is an evolutionarily ancient, widely conserved biopolymer required for stress resistance and pathogenesis in diverse bacteria, but we do not understand how its synthesis is regulated. In this work, I gained new insights into this process by characterizing the role of the transcriptional regulator DksA in polyP regulation in Escherichia coli and identifying previously unknown links between polyP synthesis and the stress-responsive alternative sigma factors FliA, RpoN, and RpoE.
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A CpxR-Regulated zapD Gene Involved in Biofilm Formation of Uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00207-20. [PMID: 32284373 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00207-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteus mirabilis, a frequent uropathogen, forms extensive biofilms on catheters that are infamously difficult to treat. To explore the mechanisms of biofilm formation by P. mirabilis, we performed in vivo transposon mutagenesis. A mutant with impaired biofilm formation was isolated. The mutant was found to have Tn5 inserted in the zapD gene, encoding an outer membrane protein of the putative type 1 secretion system ZapBCD. zapBCD and its upstream zapA gene, encoding a protease, constitute an operon under the control of CpxR, a two-component regulator. The cpxR mutant and zapA mutant strains also had a biofilm-forming defect. CpxR positively regulates the promoter activities of zapABCD, cpxP, and cpxR An electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that CpxR binds zapA promoter DNA. The loss of zapD reduced CpxR-regulated gene expression of cpxR, zapA, cpxP, and mrpA, the mannose-resistant Proteus-like (MR/P) fimbrial major subunit gene. The restoration of biofilm formation in the zapD mutant with a CpxR-expressing plasmid reinforces the idea that CpxR-mediated gene expression contributes to zapD-involved biofilm formation. In trans expression of zapBCD from a zapBCD-expressing plasmid also reestablished the biofilm formation ability of the cpxR mutant to a certain level. The zapD and cpxR mutants had significantly lower protease activity, adhesion, and autoaggregation ability and production of exopolysaccharides and extracellular DNA (eDNA) than did the wild type. Finally, we identified copper as a signal for CpxR to increase biofilm formation. The loss of cpxR or zapD abolished the copper-mediated biofilm upshift. CpxR was required for copper-induced expression of zapA and cpxR Taken together, these data highlight the important role of CpxR-regulated zapD in biofilm formation and the underlying mechanisms in P. mirabilis.
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15
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Hengge R. Linking bacterial growth, survival, and multicellularity - small signaling molecules as triggers and drivers. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 55:57-66. [PMID: 32244175 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An overarching theme of cellular regulation in bacteria arises from the trade-off between growth and stress resilience. In addition, the formation of biofilms contributes to stress survival, since these dense multicellular aggregates, in which cells are embedded in an extracellular matrix of self-produced polymers, represent a self-constructed protective and homeostatic 'niche'. As shown here for the model bacterium Escherichia coli, the inverse coordination of bacterial growth with survival and the transition to multicellularity is achieved by a highly integrated regulatory network with several sigma subunits of RNA polymerase and a small number of transcriptional hubs as central players. By conveying information about the actual (micro)environments, nucleotide second messengers such as cAMP, (p)ppGpp, and in particular c-di-GMP are the key triggers and drivers that promote either growth or stress resistance and organized multicellularity in a world of limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regine Hengge
- Institut für Biologie/Mikrobiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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16
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Boël G, Danot O, de Lorenzo V, Danchin A. Omnipresent Maxwell's demons orchestrate information management in living cells. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 12:210-242. [PMID: 30806035 PMCID: PMC6389857 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of synthetic biology calls for accurate understanding of the critical functions that allow construction and operation of a living cell. Besides coding for ubiquitous structures, minimal genomes encode a wealth of functions that dissipate energy in an unanticipated way. Analysis of these functions shows that they are meant to manage information under conditions when discrimination of substrates in a noisy background is preferred over a simple recognition process. We show here that many of these functions, including transporters and the ribosome construction machinery, behave as would behave a material implementation of the information‐managing agent theorized by Maxwell almost 150 years ago and commonly known as Maxwell's demon (MxD). A core gene set encoding these functions belongs to the minimal genome required to allow the construction of an autonomous cell. These MxDs allow the cell to perform computations in an energy‐efficient way that is vastly better than our contemporary computers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Boël
- UMR 8261 CNRS-University Paris Diderot, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Danot
- Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Victor de Lorenzo
- Molecular Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Systems Biology Programme, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, C/Darwin n° 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, España
| | - Antoine Danchin
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.,The School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Kashing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong University, 21, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, SAR Hong Kong
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17
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An Introduction to the Structure and Function of the Catalytic Core Enzyme of Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase. EcoSal Plus 2019; 8. [PMID: 30109846 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0004-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
RNA polymerase (RNAP) is the essential enzyme responsible for transcribing genetic information stored in DNA to RNA. Understanding the structure and function of RNAP is important for those who study basic principles in gene expression, such as the mechanism of transcription and its regulation, as well as translational sciences such as antibiotic development. With over a half-century of investigations, there is a wealth of information available on the structure and function of Escherichia coli RNAP. This review introduces the structural features of E. coli RNAP, organized by subunit, giving information on the function, location, and conservation of these features to early stage investigators who have just started their research of E. coli RNAP.
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