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Sakamoto S, Masuoka M, Usui Y, Shimizu H, Sekiya M, Miyoshi S, Nakamura Y, Urabe N, Isshiki T, Isobe K, Takai Y, Uekusa T, Kurosaki A, Homma S, Kishi K. ATS/JRS/ALAT Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Guidelines for Diagnosis of humidifier lung and summer-type hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Respir Investig 2023; 61:660-667. [PMID: 37541165 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ATS/JRS/ALAT Guidelines for the Diagnosis of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (GL for HP) were published in 2020. Humidifier lung and summer-type HP are forms of HP, but it is unclear whether they can be diagnosed using GL for HP. This study examined the level of confidence where humidifier lung and summer-type HP can be diagnosed with GL for HP. METHODS Data from 23 patients with humidifier lung and 20 patients with summer-type HP (mean age, 67.3 and 57.4 years, respectively) diagnosed between October 2012 and January 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. We evaluated high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) patterns, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) findings, exposures, and histopathological findings to determine the level of confidence where a diagnosis of HP could be made using the GL for HP. RESULTS HRCT pattern was classified as typical HP in 5 (22%) and compatible with HP in 18 (78%) patients with humidifier lung and considered as typical HP in 17 (85%) and compatible with HP in 3 (15%) patients with summer-type. The confidence level for diagnosis of HP was definite in 2 (8.7%), moderate in 14 (60.9%), and low in 7 (30.4%) patients with humidifier lung. It was definite in 12 (60%), high in 3 (15%), and moderate in 5 (25%) patients with summer-type HP. CONCLUSIONS GL for HP showed utility in diagnosing humidifier lung in many patients with a moderate to low confidence. However, there was a definite to high confidence for patients with summer-type HP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Sakamoto
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Marie Masuoka
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Usui
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshige Shimizu
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Muneyuki Sekiya
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shion Miyoshi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Nakamura
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohisa Urabe
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuma Isshiki
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Isobe
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yujiro Takai
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Uekusa
- Department of Pathology, Kanto Rosai Hospital, Nakahara-ku, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kurosaki
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Fukujuji Hospital, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakae Homma
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuma Kishi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Watanabe K, Yanagi U, Shiraishi Y, Harada K, Ogino F, Asano K. Bacterial Communities in Various Parts of Air-Conditioning Units in 17 Japanese Houses. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10112246. [PMID: 36422316 PMCID: PMC9697849 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HVAC systems have a significant impact on the indoor environment, and microbial contamination in HVAC systems has a significant effect on the indoor air quality. In this study, to gain a better understanding of the microbial contamination inside ACs, we used NGS to analyze the 16S rRNA gene of bacteria adhering to AC filters, cooling coils, fans, and air outlet surfaces. The five phyla in terms of the highest relative abundance were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. The surface of an AC filter provides a history of indoor airborne bacterial contamination, and of the 10 bacterial genera we detected with the highest abundance (in the following order: Pseudomonas > Staphylococcus > Paracoccus > Corynebacterium > Acinetobacter > Streptococcus > Methylobacterium > Enhydrobacter > Sphingomonas > Actinotignum) on the filter surface, the top 6 genera were Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, the seventh-most abundant genus adhering to the filter surface (Methylobacterium) was the second-most abundant genus on the cooling coil and fan, and the ninth-most abundant genus on the air filter (Sphingomonas) was the third-most abundant genus on the cooling coil. Various factors impact the bacterial flora inside AC units, including the location of the house, AC unit usage, and occupant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Watanabe
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 163 8677, Japan
| | - U Yanagi
- School of Architecture, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 163 8677, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-(03)-3340-1468
| | - Yoshiki Shiraishi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259 1193, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Harada
- Research & Development, Duskin Co., Ltd., Osaka 564 0043, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Ogino
- Research & Development, Duskin Co., Ltd., Osaka 564 0043, Japan
| | - Koichiro Asano
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259 1193, Japan
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3
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Johnston JD, Kruman BA, Nelson MC, Merrill RM, Graul RJ, Hoybjerg TG, Tuttle SC, Myers SJ, Cook RB, Weber KS. Differential effects of air conditioning type on residential endotoxin levels in a semi-arid climate. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:946-954. [PMID: 28141892 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Residential endotoxin exposure is associated with protective and pathogenic health outcomes. Evaporative coolers, an energy-efficient type of air conditioner used in dry climates, are a potential source of indoor endotoxins; however, this association is largely unstudied. We collected settled dust biannually from four locations in homes with evaporative coolers (n=18) and central air conditioners (n=22) in Utah County, Utah (USA), during winter (Jan-Apr) and summer (Aug-Sept), 2014. Dust samples (n=281) were analyzed by the Limulus amebocyte lysate test. Housing factors were measured by survey, and indoor temperature and relative humidity measures were collected during both seasons. Endotoxin concentrations (EU/mg) were significantly higher in homes with evaporative coolers from mattress and bedroom floor samples during both seasons. Endotoxin surface loads (EU/m2 ) were significantly higher in homes with evaporative coolers from mattress and bedroom floor samples during both seasons and in upholstered furniture during winter. For the nine significant season-by-location comparisons, EU/mg and EU/m2 were approximately three to six times greater in homes using evaporative coolers. A plausible explanation for these findings is that evaporative coolers serve as a reservoir and distribution system for Gram-negative bacteria or their cell wall components in homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Johnston
- Department of Health Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - B A Kruman
- Department of Health Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - M C Nelson
- Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - R M Merrill
- Department of Health Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - R J Graul
- Department of Health Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - T G Hoybjerg
- Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - S C Tuttle
- Department of Health Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - S J Myers
- Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - R B Cook
- Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - K S Weber
- Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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4
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Abstract
Endotoxin significantly contaminates house dust and is an enhancing factor for asthma severity. Natural exposure to endotoxin in early life could influence immune development and protect from the risk of developing atopy. This article will focus on published data showing that home environmental contamination by endotoxin can participate in chronic airways diseases, in particular asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Michel
- Clinic of Allergology and Respiratory Diseases, Saint-Pierre University Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium,
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5
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Yun A, Yang EJ, Lee YM, Chae SS, Seo HN, Park DH. Quantitative and Qualitative Estimation of Bacteria Contaminating Human Hairs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.4167/jbv.2010.40.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aram Yun
- Department of Beauty Arts, Seokyeong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Department of Beauty Arts, Seokyeong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Mi Lee
- Department of Beauty Arts, Seokyeong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seon Sook Chae
- Department of Beauty Arts, Seokyeong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ha Na Seo
- Department of Biological Engineering, Seokyeong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Doo Hyun Park
- Department of Biological Engineering, Seokyeong University, Seoul, Korea
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6
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Deacon L, Pankhurst L, Liu J, Drew GH, Hayes ET, Jackson S, Longhurst J, Longhurst P, Pollard S, Tyrrel S. Endotoxin emissions from commercial composting activities. Environ Health 2009; 8 Suppl 1:S9. [PMID: 20102594 PMCID: PMC2796505 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-8-s1-s9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes an exploratory study of endotoxin emissions and dispersal from a commercial composting facility. Replicated samples of air were taken by filtration at different locations around the facility on 10 occasions. Measurements were made of endotoxin and associated culturable microorganisms. The inflammatory response of cell cultures exposed to extracts from the filters was measured. Endotoxin was detected in elevated concentrations close to composting activities. A secondary peak, of lesser magnitude than the peak at source was detected at 100-150 m downwind of the site boundary. Unexpectedly high concentrations of endotoxin were measured at the most distant downwind sampling point. Extracted endotoxin was found to stimulate human monocytes and a human lung epithelial cell line to produce significant amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines. On a weight basis, endotoxin extracted from the composting source has a greater inflammatory cytokine inducing effect than commercial E. coli endotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Deacon
- Mouchel, No.1 Waterhouse Square, 138-142 Holborn, London, EC1N 2ST, UK
| | - Louise Pankhurst
- Centre for Resource Management and Efficiency, Sustainable Systems, School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Jian Liu
- Centre for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Gillian H Drew
- Centre for Resource Management and Efficiency, Sustainable Systems, School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Enda T Hayes
- Air Quality Management Resource Centre, University of the West of England, Bristol, Faculty of Enivronment and Technology, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Simon Jackson
- Centre for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - James Longhurst
- Air Quality Management Resource Centre, University of the West of England, Bristol, Faculty of Enivronment and Technology, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Philip Longhurst
- Centre for Resource Management and Efficiency, Sustainable Systems, School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Simon Pollard
- Centre for Resource Management and Efficiency, Sustainable Systems, School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Sean Tyrrel
- Centre for Resource Management and Efficiency, Sustainable Systems, School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
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7
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Huntington MK, Williams JF, Mackenzie CD. Endotoxin contamination in the dental surgery. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:1230-1234. [PMID: 17761488 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental waterlines contain large numbers of Gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxin, a component of such organisms, has significant health implications. Paired samples of dental unit water and the aerosols generated during dental procedures were collected, and assayed for bacteria and endotoxin levels, using heterotrophic plate counts and the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test. Consistent with published studies, the extent of bacterial contamination in the dental waters sampled for this investigation surpassed the levels associated with potable water, with counts in excess of 2.0x10(6) c.f.u. ml(-1) in some samples. Correspondingly high concentrations of endotoxin [up to 15 000 endotoxin units (EU) ml(-1)] were present in the water. A statistically significant Spearman correlation coefficient of rho=0.94 between endotoxin (EU ml(-1)) and bacterial load (c.f.u. ml(-1)) was demonstrated. All of the aerosol samples contained detectable endotoxin. Further studies of the consequences of dental endotoxin exposure, and evaluation of means to prevent exposure, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Huntington
- Department of Microbiology, B514 West Fee Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - J F Williams
- Department of Microbiology, B514 West Fee Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - C D Mackenzie
- Department of Pathology, B514 West Fee Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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8
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Harkema JR, Wagner JG. Epithelial and inflammatory responses in the airways of laboratory rats coexposed to ozone and biogenic substances: enhancement of toxicant-induced airway injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 57 Suppl 1:129-41. [PMID: 16092720 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2005.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
People are often concurrently exposed to more than one air pollutant whether they are in outdoor or indoor environments. Therefore, inhalation studies that are designed to examine the toxicity of coexposures to two or more airborne toxicants may be more relevant for assessing human health risks than those studies that investigate the toxic effects of only one airborne toxicant at a time. Furthermore, airborne biogenic substances such as pollens, bacteria, fungi, and microbial toxins often coexist with common air pollutants in the ambient air, and when inhaled may also cause specific adverse effects on the respiratory tract. One such biogenic substance, bacterial endotoxin, is a potent stimulus of airway inflammation and is commonly found in domestic, agricultural, and industrial settings. Little is known about the interaction of exposures to biogenic substances and common air pollutants, such as ozone or airborne particulate matter. In the last few years, we have performed a series of in vivo studies using laboratory rodents that examined how airway surface epithelial cells are altered by coexposure to ozone and a biogenic substance, either bacterial endotoxin or a commonly used experimental aeroallergen (ovalbumin). Results from these studies indicate that the ozone-induced epithelial and inflammatory responses in laboratory rodents may be markedly enhanced by coexposure to an inhaled biogenic substance. Conversely, the adverse airway alterations caused by exposure to biogenic substances may be enhanced by coexposure to ozone. The results from these initial studies have also suggested some of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the phenotypic epithelial alterations induced by these coexposures. Many more studies are needed to fully elucidate the potential risk to human health from coexposure to air pollutants and airborne biogenic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack R Harkema
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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9
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Nordness ME, Zacharisen MC, Schlueter DP, Fink JN. Occupational lung disease related to cytophaga endotoxin exposure in a nylon plant. J Occup Environ Med 2003; 45:385-92. [PMID: 12708142 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000058340.05741.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Workers at a nylon plant developed pulmonary disease with systemic symptoms. Differentiating between humidifier fever and hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is challenging. Cytophaga, an endotoxin-producing bacteria, was isolated from the plant air-conditioning system. A number of workers had systemic and pulmonary symptoms. Precipitins to Cytophaga endotoxin were identified. Several workers underwent lung biopsies demonstrating HP. Inhalation challenges with purified Cytophaga endotoxin were performed on three pairs of subjects: group 1, or employees with clinical features and biopsy consistent with HP; group 2, asymptomatic exposed workers with precipitins; and group 3, nonexposed healthy individuals. All subjects had fever and leukocytosis after inhalation challenge. Acute and/or late pulmonary function changes occurred in groups 1 and 2. Group 3 only had acute and transient pulmonary function changes. Cytophaga bacterial endotoxin is capable of inducing HP as well as humidifier fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Nordness
- Section of Allergy/Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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10
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Islam Z, Moon YS, Zhou HR, King LE, Fraker PJ, Pestka JJ. Endotoxin potentiation of trichothecene-induced lymphocyte apoptosis is mediated by up-regulation of glucocorticoids. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2002; 180:43-55. [PMID: 11922776 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2002.9374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) is quite common and may increase human susceptibility to chemical-induced tissue injury. The purpose of this study was to identify mechanisms by which LPS potentiates lymphoid tissue depletion in B6C3F1 mice exposed to the common food-borne trichothecene mycotoxin, vomitoxin (VT). As demonstrated by DNA fragmentation and flow cytometric analysis, apoptosis in thymus, Peyer's patches, and bone marrow was marked in mice 12 h after administering Escherichia coli LPS (0.1 mg/kg body wt ip) concurrently with VT (12.5 mg/kg body wt po), whereas apoptosis in control mice or mice treated with either toxin alone was minimal. Based on observed increases in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin (IL)-6 serum concentrations following LPS and VT cotreatment, the roles of these cytokines in apoptosis potentiation were assessed. Injection with rolipram, an inhibitor of TNF-alpha expression, or use of IL-6 knockout mice was ineffective at impairing thymic apoptosis induction by the toxin cotreatment, suggesting that these cytokines did not mediate LPS potentiation. Toxin cotreatment increased splenic cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression, suggesting possible involvement of prostaglandins in apoptosis. However, indomethacin, a broad spectrum inhibitor of cyclooxygenases, failed to block thymus apoptosis. Toxin cotreatment increased serum corticosterone and, furthermore, RU 486, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, significantly abrogated apoptosis in thymus, Peyer's patches, and bone marrow following LPS + VT exposure. The results presented herein and the known capacity of glucocorticoids to cause apoptosis indicate that hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis plays a key role in LPS potentiation of trichothecene-induced lymphocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahidul Islam
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1224, USA
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11
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Wesselkamper SC, Chen LC, Kleeberger SR, Gordon T. Genetic variability in the development of pulmonary tolerance to inhaled pollutants in inbred mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2001; 281:L1200-9. [PMID: 11597912 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2001.281.5.l1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
After repeated exposures, many individuals develop tolerance to the adverse health effects of inhaled pollutants. Pulmonary tolerance can be characterized as the ability of the lung to withstand the adverse actions of a toxic compound after repeated exposures. To determine whether genetic background is important to the development of pulmonary tolerance to inhaled pollutants, 11 inbred strains of mice were exposed once (1x) or for 5 consecutive days (5x) to 1.0 mg/m(3) of zinc oxide (ZnO). Development of pulmonary tolerance was assessed by measuring polymorphonuclear leukocyte and protein levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and comparing the responses of the 1x and 5x groups. Significant interstrain variation in polymorphonuclear leukocyte and protein responses was observed between the groups with 1x and 5x exposures, which indicates that genetic background has an important role in the development of pulmonary tolerance. The BALB/cByJ strain and the DBA/2J strain were the most tolerant and nontolerant, respectively. The CByD2F1/J offspring were uniformly nontolerant. The development of tolerance was also investigated in BALB/cByJ and DBA/2J mice after 1x and 5x exposure to ozone and aerosolized endotoxin. Discordance in the phenotypic pattern of pulmonary tolerance among strains after exposure to ZnO, ozone, and endotoxin suggested that different mechanisms may be responsible for the development of pulmonary tolerance to these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Wesselkamper
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987, USA
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12
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Wagner JG, Hotchkiss JA, Harkema JR. Effects of ozone and endotoxin coexposure on rat airway epithelium: potentiation of toxicant-induced alterations. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2001; 109 Suppl 4:591-8. [PMID: 11544169 PMCID: PMC1240587 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.01109s4591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone is the major oxidizing component in photochemical smog and is one of the most pervasive problems to human health of the criteria air pollutants for which the National Ambient Air Quality Standards have been designated by the Clean Air Act. Although many adverse health effects of ozone exposure have been documented in both humans and laboratory animals, controversy surrounds the establishment and implementation of ozone standards set forth by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Because people are commonly exposed to more than one air pollutant at a time, studies that examine coexposures to airborne materials may be more relevant for assessing their risks to human health. Airborne biogenic substances such as pollens, spores, and bacterial products are ubiquitous in the environment, and when inhaled can cause adverse respiratory symptoms. One such biogenic agent, bacterial endotoxin, is a potent stimulus of airway inflammation and is a ubiquitous airborne contaminant commonly found in domestic, agricultural, and industrial settings. Little is known about the interaction of exposures to biogenic substances and criteria air pollutants such as ozone. In the last few years we have performed a series of studies in rodents that examined the biologic responses of the respiratory epithelium after airway exposures to both endotoxin and ozone. When exposed to ozone (0.5 ppm 8 hr/day for 3 days), Fischer rats develop lesions in the nasal transitional epithelium, whereas intranasal instillation of endotoxin (20 microg) elicits epithelial lesions in the respiratory epithelium of the nose and conducting airways. Our studies were designed to examine how exposure to one toxicant may affect the airway epithelial lesions induced by the other toxicant. We investigated the potential role of acute inflammation in the enhancement of airway epithelial lesions after exposure of these two toxicants in neutrophil-sufficient and neutrophil-deficient rodents. A summary of these results indicates that epithelial and inflammatory responses to coexposure of these two pollutants are greater than those elicited by either agent alone. Interestingly, each toxicant enhances the epithelial alterations induced by the other. Furthermore, the synergistic effects elicited by coexposure to ozone and endotoxin are mediated partly by neutrophils. These studies provided some new insights into how inhaled co-pollutants interact to initiate and promote alterations of airway epithelium. Further studies with these and other air pollutants will help define their true risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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13
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Wesselkamper SC, Chen LC, Gordon T. Development of pulmonary tolerance in mice exposed to zinc oxide fumes. Toxicol Sci 2001; 60:144-51. [PMID: 11222881 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/60.1.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As a result of repeated exposures to inhaled toxicants such as zinc oxide (ZnO), numerous individuals acquire tolerance to the exposures and display reduced symptoms. To ascertain whether tolerance is developed in an animal model, NIH-Swiss mice were exposed to 1.0 mg/m(3) ZnO for 1, 3, or 5 days (1X, 3X, or 5X), and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) and protein levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were measured. Mice acquired tolerance to neutrophil infiltration into the lungs, as total PMNs returned near baseline in 5X-exposed animals as compared to that of the 1X exposure group (1X = 2.7 +/- 0.4 x 10(4), 5X = 0.2 +/- 0.1 x 10(4), mean +/- SE, p < 0.05). Development of tolerance to changes in lavageable protein, however, was not observed (1X = 313 +/- 29 microg/ml, 5X = 684 +/- 71 microg/ml, p < 0.05). Tolerance to PMN influx did not persist following re-exposure to ZnO after 5 days of rest. In contrast to ZnO exposure, following single and repeated exposure to aerosolized endotoxin there was development of tolerance to protein in BAL (1X = 174 +/- 71 microg/ml, 5X = 166 +/- 14 microg/ml, p > 0.05), but not to PMN influx (1X = 5.5 +/- 1.7 x 10(4), 13.9 +/- 1.7 x 10(4), p < 0.05). Induction of lung metallothionein (MT) was also observed in mice exposed once or repeatedly exposed to ZnO, suggesting that MT may play a role in its molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Wesselkamper
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, New York 10987, USA
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14
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Fanucchi MV, Hotchkiss JA, Harkema JR. Endotoxin potentiates ozone-induced mucous cell metaplasia in rat nasal epithelium. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1998; 152:1-9. [PMID: 9772194 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1998.8484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
People are exposed to a combination of environmental pollutants throughout their lives. Repeated exposures of one common pollutant, ozone, have been reported to cause the development of mucous cell metaplasia in the nasal transitional epithelium (NTE) of rats. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that exposure to bacterial endotoxin, another toxicant ubiquitous to the environment, potentiates this metaplastic response in rat NTE. Rats were exposed to 0 or 0.5 ppm ozone 8 h/day for 3 days. After ozone exposure, rats were intranasally instilled with saline containing 0 or 100 micrograms endotoxin once daily for 2 days. Rats were killed 6 h or 3 days after the last intranasal instillation. Nasal tissue was processed for light microscopy and image analysis, or for isolation of total RNA. Mucous cell metaplasia was not detected in air/endotoxin-exposed rats, was observed in ozone/saline-exposed rats, and was most severe in ozone/endotoxin-exposed rats. At 6 h after instillation, amounts of intraepithelial mucosubstances (IM) were 4-fold greater in NTE of ozone/endotoxin-exposed rats as compared to controls. These IM levels were similar to those of ozone/saline-exposed rats. Mucin-specific mRNA (rMuc-5AC) levels were elevated in all treatment groups at this timepoint. At 3 days after instillation, amounts of IM in ozone/endotoxin-exposed rats were 10-fold greater than in controls and 5-fold greater than in ozone/saline-exposed rats. rMuc-5AC mRNA levels remained elevated in the ozone/endotoxin-exposed rats. Despite the fact that bacterial endotoxin alone does not cause a phenotypic change in rat NTE, it can augment the mucous cell metaplasia induced by a previous exposure to ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Fanucchi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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15
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Nightingale JA, Rogers DF, Hart LA, Kharitonov SA, Chung KF, Barnes PJ. Effect of inhaled endotoxin on induced sputum in normal, atopic, and atopic asthmatic subjects. Thorax 1998; 53:563-71. [PMID: 9797755 PMCID: PMC1745281 DOI: 10.1136/thx.53.7.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhalation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) causes an inflammatory response in the lungs. To explore this response, inflammatory indices were measured in induced sputum from atopic asthmatic patients and compared with atopic and non-atopic subjects after inhalation of LPS. METHODS The effects of inhaled LPS (60 micrograms) or placebo (0.9% saline) were examined in a randomised, double blind, crossover trial in 11 non-atopic normal subjects, seven atopic, non-asthmatic individuals, and eight atopic, asthmatic patients. Sputum was induced by inhalation of 3.5% saline before the test inhalation and again at six hours and 24 hours. Spirometry (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC)), heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature were recorded before challenge and at intervals until eight hours, and at 24 hours after challenge. RESULTS There was no change in cardiovascular parameters or spirometry with either exposure in any group. In the asthmatic patients only, inhalation of LPS caused a rise in temperature, with a peak of 0.6 degree C at seven hours, which was significantly higher than following placebo inhalation (p < 0.05). In normal subjects, LPS caused a significant rise in absolute neutrophil counts at 24 hours compared with placebo (median 1.1 x 10(6) cells/ml after LPS; median 0.2 x 10(6) cells/ml after placebo, p < 0.01), but no change in differential counts. In asthmatic patients, LPS caused a significant rise in differential neutrophil counts at six hours compared with placebo (median 88% after LPS; median 56% after placebo, p < 0.05), but no change in absolute cell counts at any time point. There was no change in neutrophil counts in the atopic subjects. There was a significant rise in sputum interleukin 8 (IL-8) concentrations in normal subjects at six hours compared with placebo (mean placebo 1.1 ng/ml; LPS 3.0 ng/ml, p < 0.05) and in asthmatics at 24 hours (mean placebo 2.0 ng/ml, LPS 6.9 ng/ml, p < 0.05). There were no changes in sputum concentrations of tumour necrosis factor alpha or granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor at any time. CONCLUSIONS Inhalation of LPS causes a neutrophilic inflammation with increases in IL-8 in both normal and asthmatic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Nightingale
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK
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16
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Saraf A, Larsson L, Burge H, Milton D. Quantification of ergosterol and 3-hydroxy fatty acids in settled house dust by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: comparison with fungal culture and determination of endotoxin by a Limulus amebocyte lysate assay. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:2554-9. [PMID: 9212406 PMCID: PMC168553 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.7.2554-2559.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ergosterol and 3-hydroxy fatty acids, chemical markers for fungal biomass and the endotoxin of gram-negative bacteria, respectively, may be useful in studies of health effects of organic dusts, including domestic house dust. This paper reports a method for the combined determination of ergosterol and 3-hydroxy fatty acids in a single dust sample and a comparison of these chemical biomarkers determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with results from fungal culture and Limulus assay. Analyses of replicate house dust samples resulted in correlations of 0.91 (ergosterol in six replicates; P < 0.01) and 0.94 (3-hydroxy fatty acids in nine replicates; P < 0.001). The amounts of ergosterol (range, 2 to 16.5 ng/mg of dust) correlated with those of total culturable fungi (range, 6 to 1,400 CFU/mg of dust) in 17 samples, (r = 0.65; P < 0.005). The amounts of endotoxin (range, 11 to 243 endotoxin units/mg of dust) measured with a modified chromogenic Limulus assay correlated with those of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) determined from 3-hydroxy fatty acid analysis of 15 samples. The correlation coefficient depended on the chain lengths of 3-hydroxy acids used to compute the LPS content. The correlation was high (r = 0.88 +/- 0.01; P < 0.001) when fatty acid chains of 10 to 14 carbon atoms were included; the correlation was much lower when hydroxy acids of 16- or 18-carbon chains were included. In conclusion, the results of the described extraction and analysis procedure for ergosterol and 3-hydroxy fatty acids are reproducible, and the results can be correlated with fungal culture and endotoxin activity of organic dust samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saraf
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Lund, Sweden
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17
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Bernstein DI, Lummus ZL, Santilli G, Siskosky J, Bernstein IL. Machine operator's lung. A hypersensitivity pneumonitis disorder associated with exposure to metalworking fluid aerosols. Chest 1995; 108:636-41. [PMID: 7656609 DOI: 10.1378/chest.108.3.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Six auto parts manufacturing workers were referred for evaluation of a 6-week history of work-related dyspnea, cough, and fatigue. Two workers also reported fever and weight loss. All six worked in a machining area where a waterbased metalworking fluid was used and recirculated under high pressure, thereby creating an aerosol. Chest radiographs revealed pulmonary interstitial infiltrates in four workers. Lung function tests showed that four workers had decreased diffusing capacity. After removal from the work area, all workers recovered. The metalworking fluid was cultured for bacteria and fungi. Isolates from broth cultures were sonicated to obtain antigen extracts. Serum precipitins to one or more of the microbial isolates were identified in all six workers but not in eight of nine nonexposed control subjects. The most frequent precipitin response (six of six workers) was against antigens of Pseudomonas fluorescens, which was cultured from the metalworking fluid. In all workers, precipitins to at least one other cultured organism were detected; these included Aspergillus niger, Staphylococcus capitas, an acid-fast Rhodococcus sp, and Bacillus pumilus. This represents the first report of hypersensitivity pneumonitis associated with industrial exposure to aerosolized metalworking fluid. Observed precipitin responses to a variety of microbial contaminants in metalworking fluid strongly suggest a causative role for microbial antigens in the induction and elicitation of this manifestation of hypersensitivity pneumonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Bernstein
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, OH, USA
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18
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Suda T, Sato A, Ida M, Gemma H, Hayakawa H, Chida K. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis associated with home ultrasonic humidifiers. Chest 1995; 107:711-7. [PMID: 7874942 DOI: 10.1378/chest.107.3.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe five patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) that was related to using home ultrasonic humidifiers. All patients had micronodular infiltrates on their chest radiograph, and their lung biopsy specimens revealed alveolitis with or without epithelioid cell granulomas. Challenge tests were performed on two patients with the humidifier water and three patients using the humidifier. All patients tested exhibited a positive response. Tests for precipitating antibodies against an extract of the humidifier water gave strongly positive reactions in all patients tested. Precipitins to Cephalosporium acremonium and Candida albicans were also present in all cases, whereas precipitins to thermophilic actinomycetes were not detected. Although cultures of the water grew a variety of fungal and bacterial organisms, thermophilic actinomycetes could not be detected. These findings suggest that thermophilic organisms may not be the causative antigens of HP associated with ultrasonic humidifiers. All five patients had an increase in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) lymphocytes that were predominantly CD4+ lymphocytes. The T helper cell count (CD4) to suppressor T cell count (CD8) ratio was significantly higher than that observed in summer-type HP, and lower than that observed in bird fancier's lung, indicating that the phenotypes of the BAL lymphocytes may vary with the type of HP.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Suda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan
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19
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Burrell R. MICROBIOLOGIC AGENTS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8561(22)00743-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Walters M, Milton D, Larsson L, Ford T. Airborne environmental endotoxin: a cross-validation of sampling and analysis techniques. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994; 60:996-1005. [PMID: 8161191 PMCID: PMC201423 DOI: 10.1128/aem.60.3.996-1005.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A standard method for measurement of airborne environmental endotoxin was developed and field tested in a fiberglass insulation-manufacturing facility. This method involved sampling with a capillary-pore membrane filter, extraction in buffer using a sonication bath, and analysis by the kinetic-Limulus assay with resistant-parallel-line estimation (KLARE). Cross-validation of the extraction and assay method was performed by comparison with methanolysis of samples followed by 3-hydroxy fatty acid (3-OHFA) analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Direct methanolysis of filter samples and methanolysis of buffer extracts of the filters yielded similar 3-OHFA content (P = 0.72); the average difference was 2.1%. Analysis of buffer extracts for endotoxin content by the KLARE method and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for 3-OHFA content produced similar results (P = 0.23); the average difference was 0.88%. The source of endotoxin was gram-negative bacteria growing in recycled washwater used to clean the insulation-manufacturing equipment. The endotoxin and bacteria become airborne during spray cleaning operations. The types of 3-OHFAs in bacteria cultured from the washwater, present in the washwater and in the air, were similar. Virtually all of the bacteria cultured from air and water were gram negative composed mostly of two species, Deleya aesta and Acinetobacter johnsonii. Airborne countable bacteria correlated well with endotoxin (r2 = 0.64). Replicate sampling showed that results with the standard sampling, extraction, and Limulus assay by the KLARE method were highly reproducible (95% confidence interval for endotoxin measurement +/- 0.28 log10). These results demonstrate the accuracy, precision, and sensitivity of the standard procedure proposed for airborne environmental endotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Walters
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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21
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Mamolen M, Lewis DM, Blanchet MA, Satink FJ, Vogt RL. Investigation of an outbreak of "humidifier fever" in a print shop. Am J Ind Med 1993; 23:483-90. [PMID: 8503466 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.4700230311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of "humidifier fever" affected 16 (57%) of 28 workers in a print shop. The most common symptoms were myalgia, chills or subjective fever, and cough. Illness began 5-13 hours after entering the workplace, and lasted 2-24 hours. A humidifier in use the day of the outbreak was found to be contaminated with fungi, amebae, and Gram-negative bacteria. The risk of illness was highest for those who had been on the job 3 months before the outbreak, a time when the humidifier was in constant use. Serologic studies of print shop workers showed positive reactions to extracts of organisms isolated from the humidifier, but could neither distinguish ill from well workers, nor identify causative organisms. The presence of endotoxin-producing bacteria and the clinical syndrome are consistent with an organic dust toxic syndrome. Previous exposure appeared to be the major risk factor for illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mamolen
- Division of Field Epidemiology, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA
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22
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Buttner MP, Stetzenbach LD. Monitoring airborne fungal spores in an experimental indoor environment to evaluate sampling methods and the effects of human activity on air sampling. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:219-26. [PMID: 8439150 PMCID: PMC202081 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.1.219-226.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobiological monitoring was conducted in an experimental room to aid in the development of standardized sampling protocols for airborne microorganisms in the indoor environment. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the relative efficiencies of selected sampling methods for the retrieval of airborne fungal spores and to determine the effect of human activity on air sampling. Dry aerosols containing known concentrations of Penicillium chrysogenum spores were generated, and air samples were taken by using Andersen six-stage, Surface Air System, Burkard, and depositional samplers. The Andersen and Burkard samplers retrieved the highest numbers of spores compared with the measurement standard, an aerodynamic particle sizer located inside the room. Data from paired samplers demonstrated that the Andersen sampler had the highest levels of sensitivity and repeatability. With a carpet as the source of P. chrysogenum spores, the effects of human activity (walking or vacuuming near the sampling site) on air sampling were also examined. Air samples were taken under undisturbed conditions and after human activity in the room. Human activity resulted in retrieval of significantly higher concentrations of airborne spores. Surface sampling of the carpet revealed moderate to heavy contamination despite relatively low airborne counts. Therefore, in certain situations, air sampling without concomitant surface sampling may not adequately reflect the level of microbial contamination in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Buttner
- Harry Reid Center for Environmental Studies, University of Nevada, Las Vegas 89154-4009
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23
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Harkema JR, Hotchkiss JA. In vivo effects of endotoxin on intraepithelial mucosubstances in rat pulmonary airways. Quantitative histochemistry. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1992; 141:307-17. [PMID: 1497089 PMCID: PMC1886614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria-induced bronchopneumonias are often characterized by an influx of neutrophils and excess mucus in pulmonary airways. This study determined how endotoxin, a component of gram-negative bacteria and a potent inflammatory agent, affects the ultrastructure of the mucociliary apparatus and the amount of stored intraepithelial mucosubstances in the main axial airways within the lung. Rats were intranasally instilled, once a day for 3 days, with endotoxin or saline (controls). Animals were sacrificed 1, 2, or 7 days after the last instillation. Microdissected intrapulmonary axial airways (generations 8-11) from the right caudal lobes of infusion-fixed lungs were processed for light and electron microscopy. Morphometric techniques were used to determine the volume densities (Vs) of histochemically stained intraepithelial mucosubstances and numerical densities of airway epithelial cells. There were marked increases, compared with controls, in the amount of intraepithelial mucosubstances in the intrapulmonary axial airways at generations 8 and 11 in the right caudal lobes from endotoxin-instilled rats sacrificed 1, 2, and 7 days after the last instillation. There were significantly greater numbers of surface epithelial cells per length of basal lamina (i.e., hyperplasia) in endotoxin-exposed airways compared with airways from controls. This endotoxin-induced hyperplasia was due primarily to an increase in the number of mucus-secretory cells, which in endotoxin-exposed epithelium were columnar and contained numerous, large confluent, electronlucent, secretory granules composed of acidic and neutral glycoproteins. In contrast, secretory cells in airway epithelium from controls were cuboidal and contained small discrete, electron-dense, granules composed of only neutral glycoproteins. The numbers of ciliated cells and basal cells were similar in both control and endotoxin-exposed epithelium. Only endotoxin-exposed epithelium, however, contained atypical epithelial cells with numerous basal bodies, few cilia, and few apical secretory granules. These results indicate that repeated airway instillations of endotoxin induce an increase in the amount of intraepithelial mucosubstances, secretory cell hyperplasia, and excess luminal mucus in pulmonary airways. Therefore, endotoxin released from gram-negative bacteria may be partially responsible for the structural alterations, in the airway surface epithelium, which result in the excess luminal mucus observed in bacteria-induced bronchopneumonias.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Harkema
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute, Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185
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24
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de Jong DM, Pate JL, Kirkland TN, Taylor CE, Baker PJ, Takayama K. Lipopolysaccharidelike immunological properties of cell wall glycoproteins isolated from Cytophaga johnsonae. Infect Immun 1991; 59:2631-7. [PMID: 1855983 PMCID: PMC258066 DOI: 10.1128/iai.59.8.2631-2637.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoproteins (GP) previously shown to be involved in the gliding motility of Cytophaga johnsonae were examined for biological activities characteristic of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These integral membrane proteins activated 70Z/3 pre-B cells to synthesize immunoglobulin M, induced B cells to synthesize non-antigen-specific polyclonal immunoglobulin, induced macrophages to produce tumor necrosis factor, and modulated the antibody response to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide in the absence of thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes. Except for the GP activity in the 70Z/3 assay, all activities of the GP were comparable to or greater than those of LPS. No LPS was detected in the preparations of GP used or in the phenol-water extracts of C. johnsonae. The mechanism by which these GP exerted their biological activities was distinct from that of LPS, since LPS-resistant C3H/HeJ mice responded to GP. Furthermore, biologically inactive diphosphoryl lipid A obtained from nontoxic LPS of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides (an analog of toxic lipid A), which is an antagonist of LPS, did not block the induction of tumor necrosis factor by GP in macrophages. These results showed that the cell surface GP from C. johnsonae are potent LPS-like activators of B cells and macrophages. We suggest that these GP might be good candidates for use in developing an effective adjuvant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M de Jong
- Department of Bacteriology, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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25
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Harkema JR, Hotchkiss JA. In vivo effects of endotoxin on nasal epithelial mucosubstances: quantitative histochemistry. Exp Lung Res 1991; 17:743-61. [PMID: 1935834 DOI: 10.3109/01902149109062876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Airway inflammation induced by gram-negative bacteria is often characterized by an influx of neutrophils and hypersecretion of mucus. The purpose of this study was to determine how endotoxin, a component of gram-negative bacteria and a chemotaxinogen for neutrophils, affects the amount of stored intraepithelial mucosubstances in the rat nasal airway. Rats were intranasally instilled, once a day for 3 days, with endotoxin or saline (controls). Before the first and third instillation, half of the animals were depleted of circulating blood neutrophils by administering a rabbit anti-rat neutrophil antiserum. Rats were sacrificed 6 or 24 h after the last instillation. Nasal tissues were processed for light microscopy and histochemical detection of stored intraepithelial mucosubstances. The numbers of nasal epithelial cells and intraepithelial neutrophils per millimeter of basal lamina in the anterior nasal septum and the amounts of intraepithelial mucosubstances in the same nasal tissue were determined by image analysis. We did not observe a neutrophil influx in the nasal tissues of neutrophil-depleted rats at 6 or 24 h after the last endotoxin instillation; however, we did observe a significant increase in intraepithelial mucosubstances, compared to saline-instilled controls. In contrast, nonneutrophil-depleted animals had a marked neutrophilic influx and a concomitant decrease in stored mucosubstances, compared to saline-instilled controls. There was no significant difference in the number of nasal epithelial cells per millimeter of basal lamina among any of the experimental groups. These results indicate (1) that endotoxin induces an increase in the amount of intraepithelial mucosubstances only when intraepithelial neutrophils are absent, and (2) that the endotoxin-induced, neutrophil influx probably triggers mucous hypersecretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Harkema
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185
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26
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Brooks BO, Utter GM, DeBroy JA, Schimke RD. Indoor air pollution: an edifice complex. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY. CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 1991; 29:315-74. [PMID: 1920571 DOI: 10.3109/15563659109000363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The collision of escalating technological sophistication and surging environmental awareness has caused the reexamination of many societal paradigms. Horror stories about lethal chemical exposures involving isolated cases of ignorance, carelessness or greed have caused the public to demand constant vigilance to prevent exposure to potentially hazardous substances. Accordingly, much time and resource has been expanded by the U.S. government and citizens to abate and prevent air and water pollution. While these efforts have met with measurable success, there is increasing public concern about a new generation of pollution-related human illness in office, home and transportation environments. New instances of Sick Building Syndrome or Building Related Illness are reported daily by the popular press. Human health effects such as cancer, infectious disease, allergy and irritation have been ascribed to indoor air pollution. The clinical aspects of indoor air pollution are often discounted by consulting engineers and industrial hygienists involved in indoor air quality. Physicians and clinically-trained scientists have received a "Macedonian call" to sift clinical relevance from the emotional aspects of indoor air quality problems. Point sources of pollutants, associated human health effects, and problem solving approaches associated with indoor air pollution are described. Regulatory and litigational aspects of indoor air pollution are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B O Brooks
- Health Effects Research Department, IBM Corporation Boulder, Colorado 80302
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27
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Hauck R, Baur X. [Various forms of humidifier lung]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1990; 68:512-7. [PMID: 2197493 DOI: 10.1007/bf01648244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and immunological investigations of 15 workers in a repro-printing house revealed a prevalence of 7% for the occurrence of humidifier-lung. Serological sensitization to humidifier water and fungi respectively was found in 73%, fragmentary symptoms in 53%. In comparison to smokers, elevated antibody levels occurred more frequently in nonsmokers (33% vs. 100%). The results are supposed to reflect subclinical stages of disease, but they are not yet of a definite predictive value. Reduction of microorganisms in humidifiers seems to be essential for the prevention of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hauck
- Pneumologische Abteilung, Medizinische Klinik I, Universität München
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28
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Baur X, Behr J, Dewair M, Ehret W, Fruhmann G, Vogelmeier C, Weiss W, Zinkernagel V. Humidifier lung and humidifier fever. Lung 1988; 166:113-24. [PMID: 3130530 DOI: 10.1007/bf02714035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to evaluate clinical diagnoses in symptomatic persons exposed to aerosols from humidifiers or air conditioners. In addition, we tried to identify the causative antigens. Results of clinical investigations, including inhalation challenge tests, demonstrated a typical hypersensitivity pneumonitis (humidifier lung) in 9 persons and isolated systemic symptoms without significant changes in lung function and chest x-rays (humidifier fever) in 3 persons. Microbiological studies revealed a variety of fungi and bacteria in the water supplies of humidifiers and air conditioners at patients' workplaces. The detection of 4 members of the order Sphaeropsidales (Deuteromycotina), not previously associated with humidifier-induced diseases, is of special interest. By means of an improved polystyrene tube-immunoradiometric assay, high concentrations of IgG antibodies against extracts prepared from water of patients' humidifier systems were found in all cases. In addition, patients demonstrated low concentrations of IgG antibodies against thermophilic Actinomycetes, and usually also against various fungi, such as Alternaria tenuis, Aureobasidium pullulans, Penicillium notatum, Aspergilli, and fungi of the order Sphaeropsidales, which were isolated and cultured from humidifier water supplies. The much higher concentrations of antibodies against humidifier/air conditioner water extracts seem to result from sensitization to a variety of antigens from different fungi and bacteria. For in vivo and in vitro diagnostic tests in humidifier-induced lung diseases, we especially recommend using extracts from water systems installed at the corresponding workplaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Baur
- Pneumologische Abteilung, Medizinische Klinik 1, Universität Müchen, Federal Republic of Germany
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29
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Stricker WE, Layton JE, Homburger HA, Katzmann JA, Swanson MC, Hyatt RE, Reed CE. Immunologic response to aerosols of affinity-purified antigen in hypersensitivity pneumonitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1986; 78:411-6. [PMID: 3760400 DOI: 10.1016/0091-6749(86)90026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
On epidemiologic grounds, respirable particles from chilled-water air-conditioning systems in textile production plants have been implicated as a cause of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. We have purified the antigen from scum growing in this chilled water by antibody-affinity chromatography by use of IgG isolated from a pool of serum obtained from three workers with disease. Two patients with the disease, three coworkers without the disease, and two unexposed control subjects inhaled a dose of the purified antigen approximately equivalent to that amount calculated to be inhaled during an 8-hour work shift. Both workers with disease experienced fever, malaise, cough, and dyspnea 6 to 8 hours after the aerosol challenge. In these two patients the exposure evoked a transient decrease in circulating lymphocytes, predominantly T cells. Before challenge the patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells demonstrated a blastogenic response to the antigen. The responding cells had disappeared from the circulation 24 hours after the challenge. Seventy-two hours after the challenge, mononuclear cells that were producing large amounts of specific IgG antibody appeared in the circulation. We conclude that the same antigen(s) that react with IgG antibody produced an acute episode of the disease, that specific antigen-recognition cells disappear from the peripheral blood after exposure to the antigen (presumably because they are attracted to the lung), and that antibody-forming cells appear in the peripheral blood approximately 2 days after a challenge. These antigen-specific reactions of circulating mononuclear cells may be specific for the disease, but studies on a larger number of cases are needed to be certain.
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Willoughby WF, Willoughby JB, Gerberick GF. Polyclonal activators in pulmonary immune disease. CLINICAL REVIEWS IN ALLERGY 1985; 3:197-216. [PMID: 2985229 DOI: 10.1007/bf02992983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Liebert CA, Hood MA, Deck FH, Bishop K, Flaherty DK. Isolation and characterization of a new Cytophaga species implicated in a work-related lung disease. Appl Environ Microbiol 1984; 48:936-43. [PMID: 6508308 PMCID: PMC241654 DOI: 10.1128/aem.48.5.936-943.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A yellow-pigmented, gram-negative, gliding bacterium isolated from an industrial water spray air humidification system was implicated as a causative agent in several occurrences of lung disease with hypersensitivity pneumonitis-like symptoms. The bacterium, designated WF-164, lacked microcysts or fruiting bodies and had a DNA base composition of 34.8 mol% of guanine plus cytosine. Gliding, flexing, nonflagellated cells measuring 0.3 by 3.5 to 8.9 micron were observed by using light and electron microscopy. Tests to determine utilization of selected carbohydrates revealed an amylolitic, chitinoclastic, noncellulytic bacterium. A number of additional biochemical and physiological tests were performed. DNA homology studies detected a 77.8% similarity to Cytophaga aquatilis (ATCC 29551). Comparisons of cellular fatty acid and carbohydrate contents of isolate WF-164 with a Flexibacter sp., several Cytophaga spp., and Flavobacterium reference strains revealed similar patterns to that of C. aquatilis. On the basis of these characteristics, isolate WF-164 was identified as a new Cytophaga sp.
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Flaherty DK, Deck FH, Hood MA, Liebert C, Singleton F, Winzenburger P, Bishop K, Smith LR, Bynum LM, Witmer WB. A Cytophaga species endotoxin as a putative agent of occupation-related lung disease. Infect Immun 1984; 43:213-6. [PMID: 6360896 PMCID: PMC263412 DOI: 10.1128/iai.43.1.213-216.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A previous study suggested that a biologically active bacterial endotoxin was a putative agent of lung disease in a textile-producing facility. The endotoxin was isolated from the biomass growing in a chilled-water spray air humidification system. The bacterial flora of the air humidification system were isolated and taxonomically identified to the genus level. By using indirect immunofluorescence assays, a serologically reactive Cytophaga species was identified. A serologically reactive, biologically active (Limulus assay) endotoxin was purified from phenol extracts of the Cytophaga species. The endotoxin contained sugars, hexosamines, and lipids identical to those found in the humidifier biomass endotoxin. All subjects with biopsy-proven and suspected lung disease had antibodies directed toward the purified Cytophaga endotoxin. The data suggest that the Cytophaga endotoxin is the putative agent of lung disease in the textile facility.
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