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Wang MY, Liu XF, Xia J, Li Y, Geng JL, Hu CJ. Vibrio vulnificus VvhA induces Th1 and Tfh cells to proliferate against Vibrio vulnificus in a mouse model of infection. Future Microbiol 2017; 12:953-965. [PMID: 28816516 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To characterize the roles of VvhA in host's acquired immune response to Vibrio vulnificus infection. MATERIALS & METHODS The recombinant VvhA fusion protein was used to immunize mice and the anti-VvhA polyclonal antibody was produced in vivo for prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy assay. The roles of VvhA in T helper (Th) cells differentiation were analyzed by vvhA-deleted mutant during the early phase of infection, while the ratio of Th2 and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells were examined in VvhA immunization. RESULTS Anti-VvhA antibody exhibited neutralization activity against V. vulnificus. Wild-type strain induced higher level of Th1 cells than the mutant, and the concentrations of IgG2a and IFN-γ were increased during the early phase of infection. The spontaneous development of Tfh was observed in immunized model, and the serum IL-21 was increased. CONCLUSION V. vulnificus VvhA elicited cellular and humoral immune responses by Th1 and Tfh cells to provide protection against VvhA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yi Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Jinan Military Region of PLA, Jinan, Shandong, 250031, PR China.,Department of Central Lab, Weihai Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Weihai, Shandong, 264200, PR China
| | - Xiao-Fei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Jinan Military Region of PLA, Jinan, Shandong, 250031, PR China
| | - Jun Xia
- Department of Medical Administration, Weihai Health & Family Planning Commission, Weihai, Shandong, 264200, PR China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Central Lab, Weihai Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Weihai, Shandong, 264200, PR China
| | - Jian-Li Geng
- Department of Central Lab, Weihai Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Weihai, Shandong, 264200, PR China
| | - Cheng-Jin Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, General Hospital of Jinan Military Region of PLA, Jinan, Shandong, 250031, PR China
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Lohith GK, Kingston JJ, Singh AK, Murali HS, Batra HV. Evaluation of recombinant leukocidin domain of VvhA exotoxin of Vibrio vulnificus as an effective toxoid in mouse model. Immunol Lett 2015; 167:47-53. [PMID: 26141623 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus hemolysin A (VvhA) is a pore forming toxin and plays an important role in the pathogenesis. The hemolytic and cytotytic property of VvhA toxin is associated with N-terminal leukocidin domain which triggers apoptotic signaling cascade in epithelial cells. The present study was undertaken to assess the protective efficacy of recombinant VvhA leukocidin domain (rL/VvhA) against VvhA toxin challenge using in vitro and in vivo assays. The rL/VvhA protein was found to be non-toxic with no significant hemolytic or cytotoxic effects. Intraperitoneal (I.P.) immunization of BALB/c mice with rL/VvhA protein elicited significantly higher specific serum antibody titer with mixed Th1/Th2 mediated immune responses. HeLa cell monolayer supplemented with anti-rL/VvhA antibodies were effectively protected (viability 86.69%) against lethal 5 LD50 toxin challenge. An effective in vitro proliferation of lymphocyte was observed upon re-stimulation of rL/VvhA primed splenocytes with formalin inactivated VvhA toxin (fVvhA). Co-expression of Th1/Th2 polarized cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-12 and IL-4), were seen in the cell culture supernatant. In contrast to sham immunized mice, rL/VvhA immunized mice demonstrated significant protection (90% survival) against native toxin challenge in vitro and in vivo infection models. These results suggested leukocidin domain of the VvhA toxin as protective immunogen for possible protection against V. vulnificus VvhA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore 570011, India
| | | | - Harsh Vardhan Batra
- Department of Microbiology, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore 570011, India.
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Hor LI, Chen CL. Cytotoxins of Vibrio vulnificus: Functions and roles in pathogenesis. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomed.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Kashimoto T. [Current status and future prospects in a pathogenic study of Vibrio vulnificus]. Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi 2010; 65:369-78. [PMID: 20808058 DOI: 10.3412/jsb.65.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashige Kashimoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Higashi, Towada-shi, Aomori
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Genistein inhibits Vibrio vulnificus adhesion and cytotoxicity to HeLa cells. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:787-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-0520-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Role of calcium/calmodulin signaling pathway in Vibrio vulnificus cytolysin-induced hyperpermeability. Microb Pathog 2009; 47:47-51. [PMID: 19447166 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial hyperpermeability, a hallmark of septicemia, is induced by stress fiber formation, which is primarily regulated by the calcium/calmodulin signaling pathway in endothelial cells. We previously reported that trifluoperazine, a calcium/calmodulin antagonist, blocks Vibrio vulnificus cytolysin (VVC) -induced lethality at in vivo animal model. The object of this study was therefore to examine whether VVC induces stress fiber formation through calcium/calmodulin signaling in endothelial cells. Here, we monitored calcium-influx after treatment of VVC using confocal microscopy in CPAE cells, pulmonary endothelial cell line. Interestingly, we found that VVC-induced dose-dependently increases of [Ca(2+)](i) in CPAE cells. Moreover, VVC-induced stress fiber formation as well as phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which was completely blocked by trifluoperazine. These results suggest that the calcium/calmodulin signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in VVC-induced hyperpermeability.
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Kim JR, Oh DR, Cha MH, Pyo BS, Rhee JH, Choy HE, Oh WK, Kim YR. Protective effect of polygoni cuspidati radix and emodin on Vibrio vulnificus cytotoxicity and infection. J Microbiol 2008; 46:737-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-008-0232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Lee YR, Park KH, Lin ZZ, Kho YJ, Park JW, Rho HW, Koo BS, Kim HR, Song EK, Yu HN, Han MK, Lee SO, Jhee EC, Kim JS. A calcium-calmodulin antagonist blocks experimental Vibrio vulnificus cytolysin-induced lethality in an experimental mouse model. Infect Immun 2004; 72:6157-9. [PMID: 15385523 PMCID: PMC517569 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.10.6157-6159.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrated that trifluoperazine, a calcium-calmodulin antagonist, blocked the hyperpermeability induced by Vibrio vulnificus cytolysin in in vitro-modeled endothelium and prevented the deaths of mice. Furthermore, compared to tetracycline alone, tetracycline combined with trifluoperazine enhanced the survival rate of V. vulnificus-infected mice, indicating the role of the cytolysin as an important factor in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Rae Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonju, Republic of Korea
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Ran Kim Y, Haeng Rhee J. Flagellar basal body flg operon as a virulence determinant of Vibrio vulnificus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 304:405-10. [PMID: 12711330 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00613-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus, a halophilic estuarine bacterium causing a rapidly progressing fatal septicemia, is highly cytotoxic to eukaryotic cells. To identify new virulence factors associated with cytotoxicity, we constructed a mariner-based transposon (Tn Himar1) library of the highly virulent clinical isolate MO6-24/O having a double mutation in the hemolysin and protease genes. The Himar1 mutant library was extensively screened for the mutants showing decreased cytotoxicity to HeLa cells. We selected a cytotoxicity defective mutant having a Himar1 insertion in an open reading frame showing 96% identity to Vibrio parahaemolyticus FlgC, a flagella basal body rod protein. The Tn Himar1 insertion mutation also resulted in a significant decrease in motility, adhesion, cytotoxicity, and lethality to mice. This is the first report showing that flg genes, which are components of the flagellum biogenesis gene cluster, might play an important role in the virulence of V. vulnificus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ran Kim
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis, Research Institute of Vibrio Infection and Genome Research Center for Enteropathogenic Bacteria, Kwangju, Republic of Korea
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Fan JJ, Shao CP, Ho YC, Yu CK, Hor LI. Isolation and characterization of a Vibrio vulnificus mutant deficient in both extracellular metalloprotease and cytolysin. Infect Immun 2001; 69:5943-8. [PMID: 11500479 PMCID: PMC98719 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.9.5943-5948.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated a Vibrio vulnificus mutant that was deficient in both metalloprotease and cytolysin by allelic exchange. The virulence of this mutant in mice and its cytotoxicity for HEp-2 cells were comparable to those of the wild-type strain, indicating that neither factor was essential for these properties. The cytolysin, but not the protease, seemed to be important for causing damage in the alimentary tract of the mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Starks AM, Schoeb TR, Tamplin ML, Parveen S, Doyle TJ, Bomeisl PE, Escudero GM, Gulig PA. Pathogenesis of infection by clinical and environmental strains of Vibrio vulnificus in iron-dextran-treated mice. Infect Immun 2000; 68:5785-93. [PMID: 10992486 PMCID: PMC101538 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.10.5785-5793.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic pathogen that contaminates oysters harvested from the Gulf of Mexico. In humans with compromising conditions, especially excess levels of iron in plasma and tissues, consumption of contaminated seafood or exposure of wounds to contaminated water can lead to systemic infection and disfiguring skin infection with extremely high mortality. V. vulnificus-associated diseases are noted for the rapid replication of the bacteria in host tissues, with extensive tissue damage. In this study we examined the virulence attributes of three virulent clinical strains and three attenuated oyster or seawater isolates in mouse models of systemic disease. All six V. vulnificus strains caused identical skin lesions in subcutaneously (s.c.) inoculated iron dextran-treated mice in terms of numbers of recovered CFU and histopathology; however, the inocula required for identical frequency and magnitude of infection were at least 350-fold higher for the environmental strains. At lethal doses, all strains caused s. c. skin lesions with extensive edema, necrosis of proximate host cells, vasodilation, and as many as 10(8) CFU/g, especially in perivascular regions. These data suggest that the differences between these clinical and environmental strains may be related to growth in the host or susceptibility to host defenses. In non-iron dextran-treated mice, strains required 10(5)-fold-higher inocula to cause an identical disease process as with iron dextran treatment. These results demonstrate that s.c. inoculation of iron dextran-treated mice is a useful model for studying systemic disease caused by V. vulnificus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Starks
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0266, USA
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Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is capable of causing severe and often fatal infections in susceptible individuals. It causes two distinct disease syndromes, a primary septicemia and necrotizing wound infections. This review discusses the interaction of environmental conditions, host factors, and bacterial virulence determinants that contribute to the epidemiology and pathogenesis of V. vulnificus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Strom
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
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Horré R, Marklein G, Schaal KP. Vibrio vulnificus, an emerging human pathogen. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1996; 284:273-84. [PMID: 8837388 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(96)80103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Horré
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Bonn, Germany
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Devi SJ, Hayat U, Frasch CE, Kreger AS, Morris JG. Capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines of carbotype 1 Vibrio vulnificus: construction, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy in a murine model. Infect Immun 1995; 63:2906-11. [PMID: 7622211 PMCID: PMC173395 DOI: 10.1128/iai.63.8.2906-2911.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus causes septicemia and wound infections in immunocompromised humans. The capsular polysaccharide of Vibrio vulnificus (VvPS) is critical for virulence. We synthesized conjugate vaccines of carbotype 1 VvPS under conditions and in formulations suitable for human use. Purified VvPS was conjugated to tetanus toxoid (TT) or to inactivated V. vulnificus cytolysin or elastase by two different schemes. All conjugates elicited elevated anticapsular immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM and antiprotein IgG responses in mice compared with saline placebo. The conjugates prepared through caboxyl activation of VvPS (VvPS-TTa, VvPS-cytolysin, and VvPS-elastase) were more immunogenic than the one prepared through hydroxyl activation (VvPS-TTb). The protective efficacy of conjugated and unconjugated formulations of VvPS and that of protein carriers were evaluated in a mouse septicemia model. Eighty percent of mice actively immunized with VvPS-TTa vaccine survived challenge with carbotype 1 V. vulnificus, while VvPS-cytolysin and VvPS-elastase conjugates conferred 44 and 40% protection, respectively. Control mice immunized with VvPS, cytolysin, or elastase alone, or saline only, showed 70 to 100% mortality. VvPS-TTa vaccine is nontoxic, immunogenic, and protective in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Devi
- Division of Bacterial Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies specific for V. vulnificus cytolysin detected the toxin in an extract of skin lesions and in serum from mice showing local and systemic V. vulnificus disease after subcutaneous injection of the bacterium. The cytolysin also was detected in skin lesions by an indirect immunofluorescence procedure using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Our findings provide direct evidence that the cytolysin is produced in vivo during the development of the disease process, and this observation is consistent with the hypothesis that the toxin is involved in the pathogenesis of V. vulnificus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Gray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27103
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Massad G, Simpson LM, Oliver J. Isolation and characterization of hemolysin mutants ofVibrio vulnificus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1988.tb03195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Chakraborty T, Huhle B, Hof H, Bergbauer H, Goebel W. Marker exchange mutagenesis of the aerolysin determinant in Aeromonas hydrophila demonstrates the role of aerolysin in A. hydrophila-associated systemic infections. Infect Immun 1987; 55:2274-80. [PMID: 3305370 PMCID: PMC260690 DOI: 10.1128/iai.55.9.2274-2280.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here on the isolation of isogenic strains of Aeromonas hydrophila AB3 deleted for a segment of the aerolysin gene. All aer mutants obtained lacked the 49-kilodalton aerolysin gene product and were neither hemolytic for blood erythrocytes nor cytotoxic for Chinese hamster ovary tissue culture cells. One such mutant, AB3-5, was used in a mouse toxicity model to evaluate the role of aerolysin in the pathogenesis of A. hydrophila infections. The strain had a 50% lethal dose (LD50) of greater than 10(9) as compared with the parental strain which had an LD50 of 5 X 10(7). Reintegration of the deleted segment into AB3-5 resulted in an LD50 of 6 X 10(7) cells for this revertant. Furthermore, all mice injected with a sublethal dose of the parental strains developed necrotic lesions; this was never obtained with the aerolysin-deficient strain AB3-5. More importantly, specific neutralizing antibody to aerolysin was detected in mice surviving A. hydrophila infection, demonstrating that aerolysin is produced during the course of systemic A. hydrophila infections.
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Morris J, Wright AC, Simpson LM, Wood PK, Johnson DE, Oliver JD. Virulence ofVibrio vulnificus: association with utilization of transferrin-bound iron, and lack of correlation with levels of cytotoxin or protease production. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb01982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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