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Pollard AJ, Galassini R, Rouppe van der Voort EM, Hibberd M, Booy R, Langford P, Nadel S, Ison C, Kroll JS, Poolman J, Levin M. Cellular immune responses to Neisseria meningitidis in children. Infect Immun 1999; 67:2452-63. [PMID: 10225908 PMCID: PMC115991 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.5.2452-2463.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/1998] [Accepted: 02/05/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for effective vaccines against serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis. Current experimental vaccines based on the outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of this organism provide a measure of protection in older children but have been ineffective in infants. We postulated that the inability of OMP vaccines to protect infants might be due to age-dependent defects in cellular immunity. We measured proliferation and in vitro production of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in response to meningococcal antigens by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from children convalescing from meningococcal disease and from controls. After meningococcal infection, the balance of cytokine production by PBMCs from the youngest children was skewed towards a TH1 response (low IL-10/IFN-gamma ratio), while older children produced more TH2 cytokine (higher IL-10/IFN-gamma ratio). There was a trend to higher proliferative responses by PBMCs from older children. These responses were not influenced by the presence or subtype of class 1 (PorA) OMP or by the presence of class 2/3 (PorB) or class 4 OMP. Even young infants might be expected to develop adequate cellular immune responses to serogroup B N. meningitidis vaccines if a vaccine preparation can be formulated to mimic the immune stimulus of invasive disease, which may include stimulation of TH2 cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Pollard
- Departments of Paediatrics and Infectious Diseases & Microbiology, Imperial College School of Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom.
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Colino J, Outschoorn I. Dynamics of the murine humoral immune response to Neisseria meningitis group B capsular polysaccharide. Infect Immun 1998; 66:505-13. [PMID: 9453603 PMCID: PMC107935 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.2.505-513.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunization with Neisseria meningitidis group B capsular polysaccharide (CpsB) elicited responses in adult mice that showed the typical dynamic characteristics of the response to a thymus-independent antigen, in contrast to the thymus-dependent behavior of antibody responses to CpsC. The former had a short latent period and showed a rapid increase in serum antibodies that peaked at day 5, and immunoglobulin M (IgM) was the major isotype even though IgG (mainly IgG2a and IgG2b) was also detectable. This response was of short duration, and the specific antibodies were rapidly cleared from the circulation. The secondary responses were similar in magnitude, kinetics, IgM predominance, and IgG distribution. Nevertheless, a threefold IgG increase, a correlation between IgM and IgG levels, and dose-dependent secondary responses were observed. Hyperimmunization considerably reinforced these responses: 10-fold for IgM and 300-fold for IgG. This favored isotype switch was accompanied by a progressive change in the subclass distribution to IgG3 (62%) and IgG1 (28%), along with the possible generation of B-cell memory. The results indicate that CpsB is being strictly thymus independent and suggest that unresponsiveness to purified CpsB is due to tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Colino
- Immunology Service, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Romero JD, Outschoorn IM. The immune response to the capsular polysaccharide of Neisseria meningitidis group B. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1997; 285:331-40. [PMID: 9084108 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(97)80001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J D Romero
- Department of Bacterial Diseases, Walter Reed Institute of Research, Washington, D.C., USA
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Diaz Romero J, Outschoorn IM. A comparative study of the immune response to poly-[alpha(2-->8)-N-acetyl neuraminic acid]. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1995; 371A:543-8. [PMID: 8525985 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1941-6_114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Diaz Romero
- Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Diaz Romero J, Outschoorn IM. Current status of meningococcal group B vaccine candidates: capsular or noncapsular? Clin Microbiol Rev 1994; 7:559-75. [PMID: 7834605 PMCID: PMC358341 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.7.4.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Meningococcal meningitis is a severe, life-threatening infection for which no adequate vaccine exists. Current vaccines, based on the group-specific capsular polysaccharides, provide short-term protection in adults against serogroups A and C but are ineffective in infants and do not induce protection against group B strains, the predominant cause of infection in western countries, because the purified serogroup B polysaccharide fails to elicit human bactericidal antibodies. Because of the poor immunogenicity of group B capsular polysaccharide, different noncapsular antigens have been considered for inclusion in a vaccine against this serogroup: outer membrane proteins, lipooligosaccharides, iron-regulated proteins, Lip, pili, CtrA, and the immunoglobulin A proteases. Alternatively, attempts to increase the immunogenicity of the capsular polysaccharide have been made by using noncovalent complexes with outer membrane proteins, chemical modifications, and structural analogs. Here, we review the strategies employed for the development of a vaccine for Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B; the difficulties associated with the different approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Diaz Romero
- Unidad de Respuesta Immune, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Gatewood DM, Fenwick BW, Chengappa MM. Growth-condition dependent expression of Pasteurella haemolytica A1 outer membrane proteins, capsule, and leukotoxin. Vet Microbiol 1994; 41:221-33. [PMID: 7975148 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(94)90103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pasteurella haemolytica, strain P1148 (biotype A, serotype 1) was grown under iron-rich and iron-restricted conditions both with and without serum, and the outer membrane protein (OMP), capsule, and leukotoxin production studied. OMPs were evaluated by SDS-PAGE and examined by immunoblot to identify antigens recognized by sera from P. haemolytica A1 convalescent and vaccinated cattle. Capsule production was evaluated using fluorescent antibody staining and rapid plate agglutination reaction. Leukotoxin production was measured by neutrophil 51Cr-release assay. Expression of specific OMPs, amount and antigenic character of capsule, and quantity of leukotoxin produced by P. haemolytica A1 varied in response to alterations in the growth media. Immunoblots indicated the immune response of convalescent calves differs from vaccinated calves, and convalescent calves produce antibodies to novel OMPs induced by growth in iron-restricted conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Gatewood
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
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Diaz Romero J, Outschoorn I. Selective biotinylation of Neisseria meningitidis group B capsular polysaccharide and application in an improved ELISA for the detection of specific antibodies. J Immunol Methods 1993; 160:35-47. [PMID: 8450238 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(93)90006-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A method is described for the selective biotinylation of meningococcal capsular polysaccharide from Neisseria meningitidis group B and its application to an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) to detect specific antibodies by immobilization on streptavidin-coated microtiter wells. Capsular polysaccharide from Neisseria meningitidis B has been biotinylated by specific periodate oxidation of terminal residues and condensation of the resulting aldehydes with biotin hydrazide, using a spin-column technique in the intermediate purification steps. The ELISA was optimized employing an extended reaction time between the label alkaline phosphatase and its most common substrate, p-nitrophenyl phosphate, together with evaluation of blocking agents to minimize non-specific binding. Specificity was demonstrated by a direct competitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Diaz Romero
- Servicio de Inmunologia, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia (C.N.M.V.I.S), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Hurpin CM, Carosella ED, Cazenave PA. Bactericidal activity of two IgG2a murine monoclonal antibodies with distinct fine specificities for group B Neisseria meningitidis capsular polysaccharide. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 1992; 11:677-87. [PMID: 1284118 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.1992.11.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To analyze the fine specificity of the protective IgG response for the capsule of group B Neisseria meningitidis (Men B) induced after immunization with live bacteria, two specific IgG2a monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have been generated from hyperimmunized Balb/c and NZB mice (101C11 and 30H12). They specifically recognize in direct and competitive binding assays the capsular polysaccharides of Men B and Escherichia coli k1 on condition that the length of the polysaccharidic chain is sufficient to make a conformational structure (more than 15 monomers of alpha (2-->8) linked N-acetyl neuraminic acid). They do not interact with group A and group C Neisseria meningitidis polysaccharides in ELISA. A chemical derivative of the Men B polysaccharide, the N-propionylated Men B polysaccharide, considered as mimicking a unique bactericidal epitope on the surface of Men B is recognized by 101C11 but not by 30H12. The two mAb have, in vitro, a specific bactericidal activity against live Men B which do not seem serotype specific. Moreover, the killing of Men B mediated by 30H12 can be neutralized by an anti-idiotypic mAb (216F11) generated from A/J mice, immunized with polymerized 30H12. These data show that at least two distinct bactericidal epitopes exist on the surface of the Men B capsule.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/immunology
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigen-Antibody Reactions
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacterial Capsules
- Binding, Competitive
- Carbohydrate Conformation
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epitopes/immunology
- Escherichia coli/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred A/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C/immunology
- Mice, Inbred NZB/immunology
- Mice, Nude/immunology
- Neisseria meningitidis/immunology
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Hurpin
- Immunology Research Department, Pasteur Mérieux Sérums et Vaccins, Marcy l'Etoile, France
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Lifely MR, Rogers MV, Esdaile J, Payne M, Tite JP. Murine cross-reactive T-cell epitopes of Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane proteins. Vaccine 1992; 10:159-63. [PMID: 1373016 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(92)90005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Five non-covalent vaccines of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) complexed to capsular polysaccharide were prepared from Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B strains. Each vaccine contained distinct serotype (class 2/3) and subtype (class 1) OMPs. The cross-reactivity of the T-cell response to the meningococcal vaccine-associated proteins was examined in an in vitro T-cell proliferative assay, following antigenic priming of mice with one of these vaccines (MB6:P1.6) or with its purified class 1 (subtype P1.6) and class 2 (serotype 6) proteins. Cross-reactive T-cell epitopes were found in all five vaccine preparations on both the class 1 and class 2/3 OMPs. Priming of mice with the subtype P1.6 N-terminal peptide led to a significant but small increase in T-cell proliferation with the MB6:P1.6 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Lifely
- Department of Cell Biology, Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham, Kent, UK
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Lifely MR, Esdaile J. Specificity of the immune response to the group B polysaccharide of Neisseria meningitidis. Immunol Suppl 1991; 74:490-6. [PMID: 1722773 PMCID: PMC1384645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and polyclonal sera of murine, human and equine origin, of IgM isotype and with specificity for Neisseria meningitidis group B polysaccharide, an alpha(2----8)-linked homopolymer of sialic acid, were examined for their antigenic and biological specificities. The nature of the antigenic determinants on B polysaccharide was investigated using a series of N-acyl derivatives of B polysaccharide, two sialic acid polymers containing alpha(2----9)-linkages and a series of polynucleotides. The panel of antibodies recognized an array of unrelated antigenic determinants on the B polysaccharide, despite its structural simplicity, and all but one were highly effective in an in vitro bactericidal assay and/or in an in vivo murine passive protection model. There was no evidence that B polysaccharide induced antibody capable of blocking biological activity (blocking antibody).
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Lifely
- Department of Experimental Immunobiology, Wellcome Biotech, Beckenham, Kent, U.K
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Fournier J. Réponse immunitaire aux polyosides méningococciques. Med Mal Infect 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(05)80037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Levenson VI, Egorova TP. Polysaccharide nature of O antigen in protective ribosomal preparations from Shigella: experimental evidence and implications for the ribosomal vaccine concept. Res Microbiol 1990; 141:707-20. [PMID: 1704638 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2508(90)90065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Shigella ribosomal vaccine (SRV) was previously shown to be highly active in induction of mucosal and systemic O-antibody response and protection against Shigella infection in guinea pigs and monkeys. In this study, the O-specific component (OSC) was isolated from the SRV by affinity chromatography using rabbit O antibodies coupled to CNBr-Sepharose. The results of the reaction with carbocyanine dye as well as chemical data show that ribosomal OSC is devoid of lipid A and KDO, which are characteristic of classical LPS. The comparison of OSC with various LPS-related substances led to the conclusion that ribosomal OSC is similar to and probably identical with cytoplasmic O polysaccharide (L hapten), an O-side-chain polymer which accumulates in cytoplasm. It is hypothesized that the extremely high immunogenicity of SRV depends on a cooperative action of OSC, representing an epitope-specific part of the vaccine, and a ribosomal particle which serves as a vector, providing amplification of the immunogenic effect. The data obtained indicate the presence of a non-covalent link between the two components of the ribosomal vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- V I Levenson
- Department of Bacterial Vaccines, Gabrichevsky Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow
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