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Miles SL, Holt KE, Mostowy S. Recent advances in modelling Shigella infection. Trends Microbiol 2024:S0966-842X(24)00044-1. [PMID: 38423917 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Shigella is an important human-adapted pathogen which contributes to a large global burden of diarrhoeal disease. Together with the increasing threat of antimicrobial resistance and lack of an effective vaccine, there is great urgency to identify novel therapeutics and preventatives to combat Shigella infection. In this review, we discuss the development of innovative technologies and animal models to study mechanisms underlying Shigella infection of humans. We examine recent literature introducing (i) the organ-on-chip model, and its substantial contribution towards understanding the biomechanics of Shigella infection, (ii) the zebrafish infection model, which has delivered transformative insights into the epidemiological success of clinical isolates and the innate immune response to Shigella, (iii) a pioneering oral mouse model of shigellosis, which has helped to discover new inflammasome biology and protective mechanisms against shigellosis, and (iv) the controlled human infection model, which has been effective in translating basic research into human health impact and assessing suitability of novel vaccine candidates. We consider the recent contributions of each model and discuss where the future of modelling Shigella infection lies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney L Miles
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Kathryn E Holt
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
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2
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Gabor CE, Hazen TH, Delaine-Elias BC, Rasko DA, Barry EM. Genomic, transcriptomic, and phenotypic differences among archetype Shigella flexneri strains of serotypes 2a, 3a, and 6. mSphere 2023; 8:e0040823. [PMID: 37830809 PMCID: PMC10732043 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00408-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Given the genomic diversity between S. flexneri serotypes and the paucity of data to support serotype-specific phenotypic differences, we applied in silico and in vitro functional analyses of archetype strains of 2457T (Sf2a), J17B (Sf3a), and CH060 (Sf6). These archetype strains represent the three leading S. flexneri serotypes recommended for inclusion in multivalent vaccines. Characterizing the genomic and phenotypic variation among these clinically prevalent serotypes is an important step toward understanding serotype-specific host-pathogen interactions to optimize the efficacy of multivalent vaccines and therapeutics. This study underpins the importance for further large-scale serotype-targeted analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E. Gabor
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tracy H. Hazen
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - BreOnna C. Delaine-Elias
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David A. Rasko
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eileen M. Barry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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3
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Matanza XM, Clements A. Pathogenicity and virulence of Shigella sonnei: A highly drug-resistant pathogen of increasing prevalence. Virulence 2023; 14:2280838. [PMID: 37994877 PMCID: PMC10732612 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2280838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella spp. are the causative agent of shigellosis (or bacillary dysentery), a diarrhoeal disease characterized for the bacterial invasion of gut epithelial cells. Among the 4 species included in the genus, Shigella flexneri is principally responsible for the disease in the developing world while Shigella sonnei is the main causative agent in high-income countries. Remarkably, as more countries improve their socioeconomic conditions, we observe an increase in the relative prevalence of S. sonnei. To date, the reasons behind this change in aetiology depending on economic growth are not understood. S. flexneri has been widely used as a model to study the pathogenesis of the genus, but as more research data are collected, important discrepancies with S. sonnei have come to light. In comparison to S. flexneri, S. sonnei can be differentiated in numerous aspects; it presents a characteristic O-antigen identical to that of one serogroup of the environmental bacterium Plesiomonas shigelloides, a group 4 capsule, antibacterial mechanisms to outcompete and displace gut commensal bacteria, and a poorer adaptation to an intracellular lifestyle. In addition, the World Health Organization (WHO) have recognized the significant threat posed by antibiotic-resistant strains of S. sonnei, demanding new approaches. This review gathers knowledge on what is known about S. sonnei within the context of other Shigella spp. and aims to open the door for future research on understanding the increasing spread of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xosé M. Matanza
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Abigail Clements
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Boero E, Vezzani G, Micoli F, Pizza M, Rossi O. Functional assays to evaluate antibody-mediated responses against Shigella: a review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1171213. [PMID: 37260708 PMCID: PMC10227456 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1171213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella is a major global pathogen and the etiological agent of shigellosis, a diarrheal disease that primarily affects low- and middle-income countries. Shigellosis is characterized by a complex, multistep pathogenesis during which bacteria use multiple invasion proteins to manipulate and invade the intestinal epithelium. Antibodies, especially against the O-antigen and some invasion proteins, play a protective role as titres against specific antigens inversely correlate with disease severity; however, the context of antibody action during pathogenesis remains to be elucidated, especially with Shigella being mostly an intracellular pathogen. In the absence of a correlate of protection, functional assays rebuilding salient moments of Shigella pathogenesis can improve our understanding of the role of protective antibodies in blocking infection and disease. In vitro assays are important tools to build correlates of protection. Only recently animal models to recapitulate human pathogenesis, often not in full, have been established. This review aims to discuss in vitro assays to evaluate the functionality of anti-Shigella antibodies in polyclonal sera in light of the multistep and multifaced Shigella infection process. Indeed, measurement of antibody level alone may limit the evaluation of full vaccine potential. Serum bactericidal assay (SBA), and other functional assays such as opsonophagocytic killing assays (OPKA), and adhesion/invasion inhibition assays (AIA), are instead physiologically relevant and may provide important information regarding the role played by these effector mechanisms in protective immunity. Ultimately, the review aims at providing scientists in the field with new points of view regarding the significance of functional assays of choice which may be more representative of immune-mediated protection mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Boero
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., Siena, Italy
| | - Giacomo Vezzani
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., Siena, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Pizza
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., Siena, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Omar Rossi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., Siena, Italy
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Friebel J, Schinnerling K, Weigt K, Heldt C, Fromm A, Bojarski C, Siegmund B, Epple HJ, Kikhney J, Moter A, Schneider T, Schulzke JD, Moos V, Schumann M. Uptake of Tropheryma whipplei by Intestinal Epithelia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076197. [PMID: 37047170 PMCID: PMC10094206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Tropheryma whipplei (TW) can cause different pathologies, e.g., Whipple’s disease and transient gastroenteritis. The mechanism by which the bacteria pass the intestinal epithelial barrier, and the mechanism of TW-induced gastroenteritis are currently unknown. Methods: Using ex vivo disease models comprising human duodenal mucosa exposed to TW in Ussing chambers, various intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) cultures exposed to TW and a macrophage/IEC coculture model served to characterize endocytic uptake mechanisms and barrier function. Results: TW exposed ex vivo to human small intestinal mucosae is capable of autonomously entering IECs, thereby invading the mucosa. Using dominant-negative mutants, TW uptake was shown to be dynamin- and caveolin-dependent but independent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Complementary inhibitor experiments suggested a role for the activation of the Ras/Rac1 pathway and actin polymerization. TW-invaded IECs underwent apoptosis, thereby causing an epithelial barrier defect, and were subsequently subject to phagocytosis by macrophages. Conclusions: TW enters epithelia via an actin-, dynamin-, caveolin-, and Ras-Rac1-dependent endocytosis mechanism and consecutively causes IEC apoptosis primarily in IECs invaded by multiple TW bacteria. This results in a barrier leak. Moreover, we propose that TW-packed IECs can be subject to phagocytic uptake by macrophages, thereby opening a potential entry point of TW into intestinal macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Friebel
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katina Schinnerling
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Kathleen Weigt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Heldt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Fromm
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Bojarski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Epple
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Kikhney
- Institute for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology, Biofilmcenter, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- MoKi Analytics GmbH, 12207 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Moter
- Institute for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology, Biofilmcenter, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- German Konsiliarlabor for Tropheryma whipplei, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Moter Diagnostics, 12207 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg D. Schulzke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Moos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schumann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-450-513536
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6
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Epithelial and Neutrophil Interactions and Coordinated Response to Shigella in a Human Intestinal Enteroid-Neutrophil Coculture Model. mBio 2022; 13:e0094422. [PMID: 35652591 PMCID: PMC9239269 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00944-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are recruited to the gastrointestinal mucosa in response to inflammation, injury, and infection. Here, we report the development and the characterization of an ex vivo tissue coculture model consisting of human primary intestinal enteroid monolayers and PMN, and a mechanistic interrogation of PMN-epithelial cell interaction and response to Shigella, a primary cause of childhood dysentery. Cellular adaptation and tissue integration, barrier function, PMN phenotypic and functional attributes, and innate immune responses were examined. PMN within the enteroid monolayers acquired a distinct activated/migratory phenotype that was influenced by direct epithelial cell contact as well as by molecular signals. Seeded on the basal side of the intestinal monolayer, PMN were intercalated within the epithelial cells and moved paracellularly toward the apical side. Cocultured PMN also increased basal secretion of interleukin 8 (IL-8). Shigella added to the apical surface of the monolayers evoked additional PMN phenotypic adaptations, including increased expression of cell surface markers associated with chemotaxis and cell degranulation (CD47, CD66b, and CD88). Apical Shigella infection triggered rapid transmigration of PMN to the luminal side, neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, and bacterial phagocytosis and killing. Shigella infection modulated cytokine production in the coculture; apical monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and basolateral IL-8 production were downregulated, while basolateral IL-6 secretion was increased. We demonstrated, for the first time, PMN phenotypic adaptation and mobilization and coordinated epithelial cell-PMN innate response upon Shigella infection in the human intestinal environment. The enteroid monolayer-PMN coculture represents a technical innovation for mechanistic interrogation of gastrointestinal physiology, host-microbe interaction, innate immunity, and evaluation of preventive/therapeutic tools.
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Richards AF, Torres-Velez FJ, Mantis NJ. Salmonella Uptake into Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissues: Implications for Targeted Mucosal Vaccine Design and Delivery. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2410:305-324. [PMID: 34914054 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1884-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Peyer's patches are organized gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) in the small intestine and the primary route by which particulate antigens, including viruses and bacteria, are sampled by the mucosal immune system. Antigen sampling occurs through M cells, a specialized epithelial cell type located in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) that overlie Peyer's patch lymphoid follicles. While Peyer's patches play an integral role in intestinal homeostasis, they are also a gateway by which enteric pathogens, like Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm), cross the intestinal barrier. Once pathogens like STm gain access to the underlying network of mucosal dendritic cells and macrophages they can spread systemically. Thus, Peyer's patches are at the crossroads of mucosal immunity and intestinal pathogenesis. In this chapter, we provide detailed methods to assess STm entry into mouse Peyer's patch tissues. We describe Peyer's patch collection methods and provide strategies to enumerate bacterial uptake. We also detail a method for quantifying bacterial shedding from infected animals and provide an immunohistochemistry protocol for the localization of STm along the gastrointestinal tract and insight into pathogen transit in the presence of protective antibodies. While the protocols are written for STm, they are easily tailored to other enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelene F Richards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Fernando J Torres-Velez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas J Mantis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY, USA. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.
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8
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Citiulo F, Necchi F, Mancini F, Rossi O, Aruta MG, Gasperini G, Alfini R, Rondini S, Micoli F, Rappuoli R, Saul A, Martin LB. Rationalizing the design of a broad coverage Shigella vaccine based on evaluation of immunological cross-reactivity among S. flexneri serotypes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009826. [PMID: 34644291 PMCID: PMC8589205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
No vaccine to protect against an estimated 238,000 shigellosis deaths per year is widely available. S. sonnei is the most prevalent Shigella, and multiple serotypes of S. flexneri, which change regionally and globally, also cause significant disease. The leading Shigella vaccine strategies are based on the delivery of serotype specific O-antigens. A strategy to minimize the complexity of a broadly-protective Shigella vaccine is to combine components from S. sonnei with S. flexneri serotypes that induce antibodies with maximum cross-reactivity between different serotypes. We used the GMMA-technology to immunize animal models and generate antisera against 14 S. flexneri subtypes from 8 different serotypes that were tested for binding to and bactericidal activity against a panel of 11 S. flexneri bacteria lines. Some immunogens induced broadly cross-reactive antibodies that interacted with most of the S. flexneri in the panel, while others induced antibodies with narrower specificity. Most cross-reactivity could not be assigned to modifications of the O-antigen, by glucose, acetate or phosphoethanolamine, common to several of the S. flexneri serotypes. This allowed us to revisit the current dogma of cross-reactivity among S. flexneri serotypes suggesting that a broadly protective vaccine is feasible with limited number of appropriately selected components. Thus, we rationally designed a 4-component vaccine selecting GMMA from S. sonnei and S. flexneri 1b, 2a and 3a. The resulting formulation was broadly cross-reactive in mice and rabbits, inducing antibodies that killed all S. flexneri serotypes tested. This study provides the framework for a broadly-protective Shigella vaccine which needs to be verified in human trials. A strategy to optimize the composition for a broadly-protective Shigella vaccine is to combine components directed against S. sonnei with S. flexneri serotypes to induce antibody responses with the maximum cross-reactivity between different serotypes. Based on mouse and rabbit immunogenicity, we selected 4 GMMA-immunogens, derived from S. sonnei and S. flexneri 1b, 2a and 3a, able to induce antibodies that were broadly bactericidal against most epidemiologically significant S. flexneri strains in mice and rabbits. This was not predicted on the basis of O-antigen modifications conferring serotype or group specificities and allowed revisiting the dogma of cross-protection among S. flexneri serotypes. Overall, this study provides a framework for the rational design of a broadly-protective vaccine that will be evaluated in upcoming human vaccine trials. It also tackles a key issue regarding Shigella vaccine development that is balancing a sufficient number of antigenic components in the vaccine to provide adequate coverage of serotype diversity while minimizing complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Citiulo
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l. (GVGH), Siena, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Francesca Necchi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l. (GVGH), Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Mancini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l. (GVGH), Siena, Italy
| | - Omar Rossi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l. (GVGH), Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Renzo Alfini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l. (GVGH), Siena, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l. (GVGH), Siena, Italy
| | | | - Allan Saul
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l. (GVGH), Siena, Italy
| | - Laura B. Martin
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l. (GVGH), Siena, Italy
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9
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Ranganathan S, Smith EM, Foulke-Abel JD, Barry EM. Research in a time of enteroids and organoids: how the human gut model has transformed the study of enteric bacterial pathogens. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1795492. [PMID: 32795243 PMCID: PMC7524385 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1795389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric bacterial pathogens cause significant morbidity and mortality globally. Studies in tissue culture and animal models shaped our initial understanding of these host-pathogen interactions. However, intrinsic shortcomings in these models limit their application, especially in translational applications like drug screening and vaccine development. Human intestinal enteroid and organoid models overcome some limitations of existing models and advance the study of enteric pathogens. In this review, we detail the use of human enteroids and organoids to investigate the pathogenesis of invasive bacteria Shigella, Listeria, and Salmonella, and noninvasive bacteria pathogenic Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, and Vibrio cholerae. We highlight how these studies confirm previously identified mechanisms and, importantly, reveal novel ones. We also discuss the challenges for model advancement, including platform engineering to integrate environmental conditions, innate immune cells and the resident microbiome, and the potential for pre-clinical testing of recently developed antimicrobial drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridevi Ranganathan
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emily M. Smith
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer D. Foulke-Abel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eileen M. Barry
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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10
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Invasion of Epithelial Cells Is Correlated with Secretion of Biosurfactant via the Type 3 Secretion System (T3SS) of Shigella flexneri. J Pathog 2020; 2020:3062821. [PMID: 32802515 PMCID: PMC7411461 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3062821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosurfactants are amphipathic molecules produced by many microorganisms, usually bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. They possess the property of reducing the tension of the membrane interfaces. No studies have been conducted on Shigella species showing the role of biosurfactant-like molecules (BLM) in pathogenicity. The aim of this study is to assess the ability of Shigella environmental and clinical strains to produce BLM and investigate the involvement of biosurfactants in pathogenicity. Our study has shown that BLM are secreted in the extracellular medium with EI24 ranging from 80% to 100%. The secretion is depending on the type III secretion system (T3SS). Moreover, our results have shown that S. flexneri, S. boydii, and S. sonnei are able to interact with hydrophobic areas with 17.64%, 21.42%, and 22.22% hydrophobicity, respectively. BLM secretion is totally prevented due to inhibition of T3SS by 100 mM benzoic and 1.5 mg/ml salicylic acids. P. aeruginosa harboring T3SS is able to produce 100% of BLM in the presence or in the absence of both T3SS inhibitors. The secreted BLM are extractable with an organic solvent such as chloroform, and this could entirely be considered a lipopeptide or polypeptide compound. Secretion of BLM allows some Shigella strains to induce multicellular phenomena like "swarming."
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11
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Steinway SN, Saleh J, Koo BK, Delacour D, Kim DH. Human Microphysiological Models of Intestinal Tissue and Gut Microbiome. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:725. [PMID: 32850690 PMCID: PMC7411353 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a complex system responsible for nutrient absorption, digestion, secretion, and elimination of waste products that also hosts immune surveillance, the intestinal microbiome, and interfaces with the nervous system. Traditional in vitro systems cannot harness the architectural and functional complexity of the GI tract. Recent advances in organoid engineering, microfluidic organs-on-a-chip technology, and microfabrication allows us to create better in vitro models of human organs/tissues. These micro-physiological systems could integrate the numerous cell types involved in GI development and physiology, including intestinal epithelium, endothelium (vascular), nerve cells, immune cells, and their interplay/cooperativity with the microbiome. In this review, we report recent progress in developing micro-physiological models of the GI systems. We also discuss how these models could be used to study normal intestinal physiology such as nutrient absorption, digestion, and secretion as well as GI infection, inflammation, cancer, and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven N. Steinway
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jad Saleh
- Cell Adhesion and Mechanics, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Delphine Delacour
- Cell Adhesion and Mechanics, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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12
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Nakamura Y, Mimuro H, Kunisawa J, Furusawa Y, Takahashi D, Fujimura Y, Kaisho T, Kiyono H, Hase K. Microfold cell-dependent antigen transport alleviates infectious colitis by inducing antigen-specific cellular immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:679-690. [PMID: 32042052 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Infectious colitis is one of the most common health issues worldwide. Microfold (M) cells actively transport luminal antigens to gut-associated lymphoid tissue to induce IgA responses; however, it remains unknown whether M cells contribute to the induction of cellular immune responses. Here we report that M cell-dependent antigen transport plays a critical role in the induction of Th1, Th17, and Th22 responses against gut commensals in the steady state. The establishment of commensal-specific cellular immunity was a prerequisite for preventing bacterial dissemination during enteropathogenic Citrobacter rodentium infection. Therefore, M cell-null mice developed severe colitis with increased bacterial dissemination. This abnormality was associated with mucosal barrier dysfunction. These observations suggest that antigen transport by M cells may help maintain gut immune homeostasis by eliciting antigen-specific cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Nakamura
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-0011, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hitomi Mimuro
- Division of Bacteriology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), 108-8639, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute of Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), 108-8639, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Furusawa
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-0011, Japan.,Department of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-0011, Japan
| | - Yumiko Fujimura
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-0011, Japan
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), 108-8639, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Mucosal Immunology, The University of Tokyo Distinguished Professor Unit, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Chiba University-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (cMAV), University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-0011, Japan. .,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), 108-8639, Tokyo, Japan.
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13
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Rey C, Chang YY, Latour-Lambert P, Varet H, Proux C, Legendre R, Coppée JY, Enninga J. Transcytosis subversion by M cell-to-enterocyte spread promotes Shigella flexneri and Listeria monocytogenes intracellular bacterial dissemination. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008446. [PMID: 32282860 PMCID: PMC7179946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfold (M) cell host-pathogen interaction studies would benefit from the visual analysis of dynamic cellular and microbial interplays. We adapted a human in vitro M cell model to physiological bacterial infections, expression of fluorescent localization reporters and long-term three-dimensional time-lapse microscopy. This approach allows following key steps of M cell infection dynamics at subcellular resolution, from the apical onset to basolateral epithelial dissemination. We focused on the intracellular pathogen Shigella flexneri, classically reported to transcytose through M cells to initiate bacillary dysentery in humans, while eliciting poorly protective immune responses. Our workflow was critical to reveal that S. flexneri develops a bimodal lifestyle within M cells leading to rapid transcytosis or delayed vacuolar rupture, followed by direct actin motility-based propagation to neighboring enterocytes. Moreover, we show that Listeria monocytogenes, another intracellular pathogen sharing a tropism for M cells, disseminates in a similar manner and evades M cell transcytosis completely. We established that actin-based M cell-to-enterocyte spread is the major dissemination pathway for both pathogens and avoids their exposure to basolateral compartments in our system. Our results challenge the notion that intracellular pathogens are readily transcytosed by M cells to inductive immune compartments in vivo, providing a potential mechanism for their ability to evade adaptive immunity. Microfold (M) epithelial cells are important for the onset of infections and induction of immune responses in many mucosal diseases. We extended a human in vitro M cell model to apical infections, expression of fluorescent host and microbial reporters and real-time fluorescence microscopy. Focusing on the human intracellular pathogen S. flexneri, responsible for bacillary dysentery, this workflow allowed us to uncover that the bacterium can subvert the immunological sampling function of M cells by promoting a cytosolic lifestyle and spreading directly to neighboring enterocytes. This mechanism was shared with the etiologic agent of listeriosis, the intracellular pathogen L. monocytogenes and allowed both pathogens to avoid exposure to underlying immune compartments. These results may provide a mechanism for the ability of intracellular pathogens to evade adaptive immunity in vivo, emphasizing the importance of advanced studies of M cell host-pathogen interactions to understand early steps of mucosal invasion and their consequences on immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Rey
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Paris, France, and Centre National de le la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3691, Paris, France
| | - Yuen-Yan Chang
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Paris, France, and Centre National de le la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3691, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Latour-Lambert
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Paris, France, and Centre National de le la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3691, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Varet
- Institut Pasteur, Transcriptome and Epigenome Platform, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, Département de Biologie Computationnelle (USR 3756 IP CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Caroline Proux
- Institut Pasteur, Transcriptome and Epigenome Platform, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Legendre
- Institut Pasteur, Transcriptome and Epigenome Platform, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, Département de Biologie Computationnelle (USR 3756 IP CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Coppée
- Institut Pasteur, Transcriptome and Epigenome Platform, Paris, France
| | - Jost Enninga
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Paris, France, and Centre National de le la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3691, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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14
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Mukhopadhyay S, Ganguli S, Chakrabarti S. <em>Shigella</em> pathogenesis: molecular and computational insights. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2020007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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15
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Amadou Amani S, Lang ML. Bacteria That Cause Enteric Diseases Stimulate Distinct Humoral Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:565648. [PMID: 33042146 PMCID: PMC7524877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.565648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial enteric pathogens individually and collectively represent a serious global health burden. Humoral immune responses following natural or experimentally-induced infections are broadly appreciated to contribute to pathogen clearance and prevention of disease recurrence. Herein, we have compared observations on humoral immune mechanisms following infection with Citrobacter rodentium, the model for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella species, Salmonella enterica species, and Clostridioides difficile. A comparison of what is known about the humoral immune responses to these pathogens reveals considerable variance in specific features of humoral immunity including establishment of high affinity, IgG class-switched memory B cell and long-lived plasma cell compartments. This article suggests that such variance could be contributory to persistent and recurrent disease.
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16
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Human Enteric Defensin 5 Promotes Shigella Infection of Macrophages. Infect Immun 2019; 88:IAI.00769-19. [PMID: 31611271 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00769-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human α-defensins are 3- to 5-kDa disulfide-bridged peptides with a multitude of antimicrobial activities and immunomodulatory functions. Recent studies show that human enteric α-defensin 5 (HD5), a host defense peptide important for intestinal homeostasis and innate immunity, aids the highly infectious enteropathogen Shigella in breaching the intestinal epithelium in vitro and in vivo Whether and how HD5 influences Shigella infection of resident macrophages following its invasion of the intestinal epithelium remain poorly understood. Here, we report that HD5 greatly promoted phagocytosis of Shigella by macrophages by targeting the bacteria to enhance bacterium-to-cell contacts in a structure- and sequence-dependent fashion. Subsequent intracellular multiplication of phagocytosed Shigella led to massive necrotic cell death and release of the bacteria. HD5-promoted phagocytosis of Shigella was independent of the status of the type 3 secretion system. Furthermore, HD5 neither inhibited nor enhanced phagosomal escape of Shigella Collectively, these findings confirm a potential pathogenic role of HD5 in Shigella infection of not only epithelial cells but also macrophages, illuminating how an enteropathogen exploits a host protective factor for virulence and infection.
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17
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Abstract
Bacterial pathogens have evolved to regulate virulence gene expression at critical points in the colonization and infection processes to successfully cause disease. The Shigella species infect the epithelial cells lining the colon to result in millions of cases of diarrhea and a significant global health burden. As antibiotic resistance rates increase, understanding the mechanisms of infection is vital to ensure successful vaccine development. Despite significant gains in our understanding of Shigella infection, it remains unknown how the bacteria initiate contact with the colonic epithelium. Most pathogens harbor multiple adherence factors to facilitate this process, but Shigella was thought to have lost the ability to produce these factors. Interestingly, we have identified conditions that mimic some features of gastrointestinal transit and that enable Shigella to express adherence structural genes. This work highlights aspects of genetic regulation for Shigella adherence factors and may have a significant impact on future vaccine development. The Shigella species are Gram-negative, facultative intracellular pathogens that invade the colonic epithelium and cause significant diarrheal disease. Despite extensive research on the pathogen, a comprehensive understanding of how Shigella initiates contact with epithelial cells remains unknown. Shigella maintains many of the same Escherichia coli adherence gene operons; however, at least one critical gene component in each operon is currently annotated as a pseudogene in reference genomes. These annotations, coupled with a lack of structures upon microscopic analysis following growth in laboratory media, have led the field to hypothesize that Shigella is unable to produce fimbriae or other traditional adherence factors. Nevertheless, our previous analyses have demonstrated that a combination of bile salts and glucose induces both biofilm formation and adherence to colonic epithelial cells. The goal of this study was to perform transcriptomic and genetic analyses to demonstrate that adherence gene operons in Shigella flexneri strain 2457T are functional, despite the gene annotations. Our results demonstrate that at least three structural genes facilitate S. flexneri 2457T adherence for epithelial cell contact and biofilm formation. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that host factors, namely, glucose and bile salts at their physiological concentrations in the small intestine, offer key environmental stimuli required for adherence factor expression in S. flexneri. This research may have a significant impact on Shigella vaccine development and further highlights the importance of utilizing in vivo-like conditions to study bacterial pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Bacterial pathogens have evolved to regulate virulence gene expression at critical points in the colonization and infection processes to successfully cause disease. The Shigella species infect the epithelial cells lining the colon to result in millions of cases of diarrhea and a significant global health burden. As antibiotic resistance rates increase, understanding the mechanisms of infection is vital to ensure successful vaccine development. Despite significant gains in our understanding of Shigella infection, it remains unknown how the bacteria initiate contact with the colonic epithelium. Most pathogens harbor multiple adherence factors to facilitate this process, but Shigella was thought to have lost the ability to produce these factors. Interestingly, we have identified conditions that mimic some features of gastrointestinal transit and that enable Shigella to express adherence structural genes. This work highlights aspects of genetic regulation for Shigella adherence factors and may have a significant impact on future vaccine development.
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18
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Bioengineered Human Organ-on-Chip Reveals Intestinal Microenvironment and Mechanical Forces Impacting Shigella Infection. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 26:435-444.e4. [PMID: 31492657 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells are constantly exposed to pathogens and mechanical forces. However, the impact of mechanical forces on infections leading to diarrheal diseases remains largely unknown. Here, we addressed whether flow and peristalsis impact the infectivity of the human pathogen Shigella within a 3D colonic epithelium using Intestine-Chip technology. Strikingly, infection is significantly increased and minimal bacterial loads are sufficient to invade enterocytes from the apical side and trigger loss of barrier integrity, thereby shifting the paradigm about early stage Shigella invasion. Shigella quickly colonizes epithelial crypt-like invaginations and demonstrates the essential role of the microenvironment. Furthermore, by modulating the mechanical forces of the microenvironment, we find that peristalsis impacts Shigella invasion. Collectively, our results reveal that Shigella leverages the intestinal microenvironment by taking advantage of the microarchitecture and mechanical forces to efficiently invade the intestine. This approach will enable molecular and mechanistic interrogation of human-restricted enteric pathogens.
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19
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Liu G, Pilla G, Tang CM. Shigella host: Pathogen interactions: Keeping bacteria in the loop. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13062. [PMID: 31134722 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Shigella spp. are Gram-negative enteric pathogens and the leading cause of bacterial dysentery worldwide. Since the discovery more than three decades ago that the large virulence plasmid of Shigella is essential for pathogenesis, our understanding of how the bacterium orchestrates inflammation and tissue destruction at the mucosal surface has been informed by studies employing the rabbit ileal loop model. Here, we outline how Phillippe Sansonetti, together with his co-workers and collaborators, exploited this model to provide a holistic view of how Shigella survives in the intestinal tract, traverses the intestinal epithelial barrier, and manipulates the host immune system to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Liu
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Giulia Pilla
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christoph M Tang
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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21
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Shigella
is a genus of Gram-negative enteropathogens that have long been, and continue to be, an important public health concern worldwide. Over the past several decades,
Shigella
spp. have also served as model pathogens in the study of bacterial pathogenesis, and
Shigella flexneri
has become one of the best-studied pathogens on a molecular, cellular, and tissue level. In the arms race between
Shigella
and the host immune system,
Shigella
has developed highly sophisticated mechanisms to subvert host cell processes in order to promote infection, escape immune detection, and prevent bacterial clearance. Here, we give an overview of
Shigella
pathogenesis while highlighting innovative techniques and methods whose application has significantly advanced our understanding of
Shigella
pathogenesis in recent years.
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Evaluating Shigella flexneri Pathogenesis in the Human Enteroid Model. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00740-18. [PMID: 30642900 PMCID: PMC6434113 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00740-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric pathogen Shigella is one of the leading causes of moderate-to-severe diarrhea and death in young children in developing countries. Transformed cell lines and animal models have been widely used to study Shigella pathogenesis. The enteric pathogen Shigella is one of the leading causes of moderate-to-severe diarrhea and death in young children in developing countries. Transformed cell lines and animal models have been widely used to study Shigella pathogenesis. In addition to altered physiology, transformed cell lines are composed of a single cell type that does not sufficiently represent the complex multicellular environment of the human colon. Most available animal models do not accurately mimic human disease. The human intestinal enteroid model, derived from LGR5+ stem cell-containing intestinal crypts from healthy subjects, represents a technological leap in human gastrointestinal system modeling and provides a more physiologically relevant system that includes multiple cell types and features of the human intestine. We established the utility of this model for studying basic aspects of Shigella pathogenesis and host responses. In this study, we show that Shigellaflexneri is capable of infecting and replicating intracellularly in human enteroids derived from different segments of the intestine. Apical invasion by S. flexneri is very limited but increases ∼10-fold when enteroids are differentiated to include M cells. Invasion via the basolateral surface was at least 2-log10 units more efficient than apical infection. Increased secretion of interleukin-8 and higher expression levels of the mucin glycoprotein Muc2 were observed in the enteroids following S. flexneri infection. The human enteroid model promises to bridge some of the gaps between traditional cell culture, animal models, and human infection.
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Zhu Y, Sun Y, Zhang N, Li F, Zhou H. Effects of dietary-fiber levels on RANK/RANKL/OPG expression in the appendix of weanling rabbits. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2019; 53:696-704. [PMID: 30928247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The dietary fiber can regulate the intestinal mucosal immunity, and the M cell is the portal for initiating mucosal immunity. We investigated the effects of dietary fiber on the transport of Escherichia coli to assess the function of microfold (M) cells in the appendix. METHOD A total of 150 New Zealand rabbits were fed three diets (high fiber (HF): 31.72%; control: 37.36%; low dietary fiber (LF): 41.84%; neutral detergent fiber (NDF). An infection model was established in vivo using E. coli containing green fluorescent protein as the indicator in appendix loops. Samples were collected before and after inoculation with indicator for 10, 30, or 60 min. The M cells number, differentiation-related genes and proteins were monitored by respectively using immunofluorescence, Q-PCR and Western-blot. RESULTS The number of M cells in HF group was significantly higher than that of LF group before and at 10 min, 30 min post injection with E.coli (P < 0.01), which has an opposite at 60 min. The number of fluorescent E. coli transported across the appendix was significantly increased in the HF group (P < 0.01) compared with the LF group at 30 min (P < 0.001); expression of RANKL gene and protein levels were no difference between HF and LF group. The variation tendency of RANK, OPG genes and proteins were consistent with the change of M cell transport indicator number in different time points. CONCLUSION Our study showed that a high-fiber diet can increase number of M cells and speed up antigen transfer under regulation of ANKL/OPG/RANK system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China.
| | - Yingchao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Nanbin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Fuchang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China.
| | - Hailiang Zhou
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
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24
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Abstract
Background Reduced intestinal microbial diversity and bacterial imbalance (dysbiosis) are seen in studies of Crohn's disease. As it is difficult to obtain biopsy samples before disease presentation, the earliest mucosal lesions in Crohn's disease, aphthous ulcers, present the best chance at assessing microbial communities at the onset of disease or a new flare. The aim of our study was to compare the microbial communities of aphthous ulcers and adjacent normal mucosa from patients with Crohn's disease with normal mucosa from controls. Results We did not observe bacterial imbalance or reduced alpha diversity in Crohn's disease aphthous ulcers and adjacent mucosa, relative to control biopsies. Bacteroides were common to all Crohn's disease and control samples, and there were no bacterial taxa unique to aphthous ulcers. The relative abundance of Faecalibacterium was not reduced in aphthous ulcers relative to control mucosa, and was not more likely to be detected in control samples. Conclusions In contrast to well-documented changes seen in late-stage Crohn's disease, microbial communities of aphthous ulcers do not display evidence of bacterial imbalance or reduced diversity. Our data suggest that dysbiosis occurs during active disease, and improves when patients are in remission.
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25
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Nakamura Y, Kimura S, Hase K. M cell-dependent antigen uptake on follicle-associated epithelium for mucosal immune surveillance. Inflamm Regen 2018; 38:15. [PMID: 30186536 PMCID: PMC6120081 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-018-0072-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) covering mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue is distinct from the villous epithelium in cellular composition and functions. Interleukin-22 binding protein (IL-22BP), provided by dendritic cells at the sub-epithelial dome region, inhibits the IL-22-mediated secretion of antimicrobial peptides by the FAE. The Notch signal from stromal cells underneath the FAE diminishes goblet cell differentiation. These events dampen the mucosal barrier functions to allow luminal microorganisms to readily gain access to the luminal surface of the FAE. Furthermore, receptor activator of nucleic factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) from a certain stromal cell type induces differentiation into microfold (M) cells that specialize in antigen uptake in the mucosa. Microfold (M) cells play a key role in mucosal immune surveillance by actively transporting external antigens from the gut lumen to the lymphoid follicle. The molecular basis of antigen uptake by M cells has been gradually identified in the last decade. For example, GPI-anchored molecules (e.g., glycoprotein 2 (GP2) and cellular prion protein (PrPC)) and β1-integrin facilitate the transport of specific types of xenobiotics. The antigen transport by M cells initiates antigen-specific mucosal immune responses represented by the induction of secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA). Meanwhile, several invasive pathogens exploit M cells as a portal to establish a systemic infection. Recent findings have uncovered the molecular machinery of differentiation and functions of M cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Nakamura
- 1Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-0011 Japan.,2Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kimura
- 3Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638 Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- 1Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-0011 Japan.,4International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
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26
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Allert S, Förster TM, Svensson CM, Richardson JP, Pawlik T, Hebecker B, Rudolphi S, Juraschitz M, Schaller M, Blagojevic M, Morschhäuser J, Figge MT, Jacobsen ID, Naglik JR, Kasper L, Mogavero S, Hube B. Candida albicans-Induced Epithelial Damage Mediates Translocation through Intestinal Barriers. mBio 2018; 9:e00915-18. [PMID: 29871918 PMCID: PMC5989070 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00915-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Life-threatening systemic infections often occur due to the translocation of pathogens across the gut barrier and into the bloodstream. While the microbial and host mechanisms permitting bacterial gut translocation are well characterized, these mechanisms are still unclear for fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans, a leading cause of nosocomial fungal bloodstream infections. In this study, we dissected the cellular mechanisms of translocation of C. albicans across intestinal epithelia in vitro and identified fungal genes associated with this process. We show that fungal translocation is a dynamic process initiated by invasion and followed by cellular damage and loss of epithelial integrity. A screen of >2,000 C. albicans deletion mutants identified genes required for cellular damage of and translocation across enterocytes. Correlation analysis suggests that hypha formation, barrier damage above a minimum threshold level, and a decreased epithelial integrity are required for efficient fungal translocation. Translocation occurs predominantly via a transcellular route, which is associated with fungus-induced necrotic epithelial damage, but not apoptotic cell death. The cytolytic peptide toxin of C. albicans, candidalysin, was found to be essential for damage of enterocytes and was a key factor in subsequent fungal translocation, suggesting that transcellular translocation of C. albicans through intestinal layers is mediated by candidalysin. However, fungal invasion and low-level translocation can also occur via non-transcellular routes in a candidalysin-independent manner. This is the first study showing translocation of a human-pathogenic fungus across the intestinal barrier being mediated by a peptide toxin.IMPORTANCECandida albicans, usually a harmless fungus colonizing human mucosae, can cause lethal bloodstream infections when it manages to translocate across the intestinal epithelium. This can result from antibiotic treatment, immune dysfunction, or intestinal damage (e.g., during surgery). However, fungal processes may also contribute. In this study, we investigated the translocation process of C. albicans using in vitro cell culture models. Translocation occurs as a stepwise process starting with invasion, followed by epithelial damage and loss of epithelial integrity. The ability to secrete candidalysin, a peptide toxin deriving from the hyphal protein Ece1, is key: C. albicans hyphae, secreting candidalysin, take advantage of a necrotic weakened epithelium to translocate through the intestinal layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Allert
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Toni M Förster
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Jonathan P Richardson
- Mucosal & Salivary Biology Division, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Pawlik
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Betty Hebecker
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Sven Rudolphi
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Juraschitz
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Schaller
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mariana Blagojevic
- Mucosal & Salivary Biology Division, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim Morschhäuser
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marc Thilo Figge
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Julian R Naglik
- Mucosal & Salivary Biology Division, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lydia Kasper
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Selene Mogavero
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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The Norepinephrine Metabolite 3,4-Dihydroxymandelic Acid Is Produced by the Commensal Microbiota and Promotes Chemotaxis and Virulence Gene Expression in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00431-17. [PMID: 28717028 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00431-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a commonly occurring foodborne pathogen responsible for numerous multistate outbreaks in the United States. It is known to infect the host gastrointestinal tract, specifically, in locations associated with lymphoid tissue. These niches serve as sources of enteric neurotransmitters, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, that are known to increase virulence in several pathogens, including enterohemorrhagic E. coli The mechanisms that allow pathogens to target these niches are poorly understood. We previously reported that 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid (DHMA), a metabolite of norepinephrine produced by E. coli, is a chemoattractant for the nonpathogenic E. coli RP437 strain. Here we report that DHMA is also a chemoattractant for EHEC. In addition, DHMA induces the expression of EHEC virulence genes and increases attachment to intestinal epithelial cells in vitro in a QseC-dependent manner. We also show that DHMA is present in murine gut fecal contents and that its production requires the presence of the commensal microbiota. On the basis of its ability to both attract and induce virulence gene expression in EHEC, we propose that DHMA acts as a molecular beacon to target pathogens to their preferred sites of infection in vivo.
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Micenková L, Beňová A, Frankovičová L, Bosák J, Vrba M, Ševčíková A, Kmeťová M, Šmajs D. Human Escherichia coli isolates from hemocultures: Septicemia linked to urogenital tract infections is caused by isolates harboring more virulence genes than bacteraemia linked to other conditions. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 307:182-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Detergent Isolation Stabilizes and Activates the Shigella Type III Secretion System Translocator Protein IpaC. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2240-8. [PMID: 27297397 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Shigella rely on a type III secretion system as the primary virulence factor for invasion and colonization of human hosts. Although there are an estimated 90 million Shigella infections, annually responsible for more than 100,000 deaths worldwide, challenges isolating and stabilizing many type III secretion system proteins have prevented a full understanding of the Shigella invasion mechanism and additionally slowed progress toward a much needed Shigella vaccine. Here, we show that the non-denaturing zwitterionic detergent N, N-dimethyldodecylamine N-oxide (LDAO) and non-ionic detergent n-octyl-oligo-oxyethylene efficiently isolated the hydrophobic Shigella translocator protein IpaC from the co-purified IpaC/IpgC chaperone-bound complex. Both detergents resulted in monomeric IpaC that exhibits strong membrane binding and lysis characteristics while the chaperone-bound complex does not, suggesting that the stabilizing detergents provide a means of following IpaC "activation" in vitro. Additionally, biophysical characterization found that LDAO provides significant thermal and temporal stability to IpaC, protecting it for several days at room temperature and brief exposure to temperatures reaching 90°C. In summary, this work identified and characterized conditions that provide stable, membrane active IpaC, providing insight into key interactions with membranes and laying a strong foundation for future vaccine formulation studies taking advantage of the native immunogenicity of IpaC and the stability provided by LDAO.
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The HC, Thanh DP, Holt KE, Thomson NR, Baker S. The genomic signatures of Shigella evolution, adaptation and geographical spread. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 14:235-50. [PMID: 26923111 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Shigella spp. are some of the key pathogens responsible for the global burden of diarrhoeal disease. These facultative intracellular bacteria belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae, together with other intestinal pathogens, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. The genus Shigella comprises four different species, each consisting of several serogroups, all of which show phenotypic similarity, including invasive pathogenicity. DNA sequencing suggests that this similarity results from the convergent evolution of different Shigella spp. founders. Here, we review the evolutionary relationships between Shigella spp. and E . coli, and we highlight how the genomic plasticity of these bacteria and their acquisition of a distinctive virulence plasmid have enabled the development of such highly specialized pathogens. Furthermore, we discuss the insights that genotyping and whole-genome sequencing have provided into the phylogenetics and intercontinental spread of Shigella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chung The
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Duy Pham Thanh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Kathryn E Holt
- Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Nicholas R Thomson
- Bacterial Genomics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.,Department of Pathogen and Molecular Biology, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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31
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Bonnet M, Tran Van Nhieu G. How Shigella Utilizes Ca(2+) Jagged Edge Signals during Invasion of Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:16. [PMID: 26904514 PMCID: PMC4748038 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery invades intestinal epithelial cells using a type III secretion system (T3SS). Through the injection of type III effectors, Shigella manipulates the actin cytoskeleton to induce its internalization in epithelial cells. At early invasion stages, Shigella induces atypical Ca(2+) responses confined at entry sites allowing local cytoskeletal remodeling for bacteria engulfment. Global Ca(2+) increase in the cell triggers the opening of connexin hemichannels at the plasma membrane that releases ATP in the extracellular milieu, favoring Shigella invasion and spreading through purinergic receptor signaling. During intracellular replication, Shigella regulates inflammatory and death pathways to disseminate within the epithelium. At later stages of infection, Shigella downregulates hemichannel opening and the release of extracellular ATP to dampen inflammatory signals. To avoid premature cell death, Shigella activates cell survival by upregulating the PI3K/Akt pathway and downregulating the levels of p53. Furthermore, Shigella interferes with pro-apoptotic caspases, and orients infected cells toward a slow necrotic cell death linked to mitochondrial Ca(2+) overload. In this review, we will focus on the role of Ca(2+) responses and their regulation by Shigella during the different stages of bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariette Bonnet
- Equipe Communication Intercellulaire et Infections Microbiennes, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de FranceParis, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7241Paris, France; MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Science LettreParis, France
| | - Guy Tran Van Nhieu
- Equipe Communication Intercellulaire et Infections Microbiennes, Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie, Collège de FranceParis, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7241Paris, France; MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Science LettreParis, France
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) associated with Crohn's disease target M cells lining Peyer's patches (PPs) through the expression of long polar fimbriae (LPF) and survive macrophage killing. Invasion of PPs constitutes a way to colonize the mucosa for bacteria able to escape or resist killing of underlying immune cells. We aimed to identify new virulence factors involved in PPs colonization by AIEC. METHODS The presence of gipA (Growth in PPs) gene was determined by polymerase chain reaction. In vivo experiments were performed using CEABAC10 transgenic mice. Intramacrophagic behavior of AIEC was assessed in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and human monocyte-derived macrophages. Cytokines production was quantified by ELISA. RESULTS A higher prevalence of gipA-positive E. coli was observed in patients with Crohn's disease (27.3%) compared with controls (17.2%). Unlike non-AIEC strains, all gipA-positive AIEC strains also harbored lpfA. GipA deletion impaired AIEC translocation across M cells and their replication inside macrophages. GipA expression was induced by gastrointestinal (bile salts) and phagolysosomal (reactive oxygen species and acid pH) conditions. GipA deletion decreased lpfA mRNA level in AIEC bacteria. Survival of AIEC-ΔgipA bacteria was reduced in medium containing H2O2 or acidic pH. GipA deletion impaired AIEC colonization of PPs and dissemination to mesenteric lymph nodes in mice. CONCLUSIONS GipA is required for optimal colonization of mouse PPs and survival within macrophages by AIEC, suggesting that this factor plays a role in AIEC promotion of Crohn's disease. Detection of gipA and lpfA could be a predictor for the presence of AIEC.
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Wang M, Gao Z, Zhang Z, Pan L, Zhang Y. Roles of M cells in infection and mucosal vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3544-51. [PMID: 25483705 DOI: 10.4161/hv.36174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal immune system plays a crucial part in the control of infection. Exposure of humans and animals to potential pathogens generally occurs through mucosal surfaces, thus, strategies that target the mucosa seem rational and efficient vaccination measures. Vaccination through the mucosal immune system can induce effective systemic immune responses simultaneously with mucosal immunity compared with parenteral vaccination. M cells are capable of transporting luminal antigens to the underlying lymphoid tissues and can be exploited by pathogens as an entry portal to invade the host. Therefore, targeting M-cell-specific molecules might enhance antigen entry, initiate the immune response, and induce protection against mucosal pathogens. Here, we outline our understanding of the distribution and function of M cells, and summarize the advances in mucosal vaccine strategies that target M cells.
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Key Words
- ANX, Annexin; BALT, bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue
- C5aR, C5a receptor
- DCs, dendritic cells
- DENV, dengue virus
- EDIII, envelope domain III
- FAE, follicle-associated epithelium
- GALT, gut-associated lymphoid tissue
- GENALT, genital-associated lymphoid tissue
- GP2, Glycoprotein 2
- Hsp60, heat shock protein 60
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- M cells
- M cells, microfold cells
- MALT, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
- NALT, nasopharynx- or nose-associated lymphoid tissue
- OVA, ovalbumin
- OmpH, outer membrane protein H
- PP, Peyer's patches
- PRRs, pathogen recognition receptors
- PrPC, cellular prion protein
- SELEX, Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment
- SIgA secretory IgA
- TLR-4, Toll-like receptor-4
- UEA-1,Ulex europaeus agglutinin-1
- antigen
- infection
- mucosal immunity
- pσ1, reovirus surface protein σ1
- vaccine
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; National Foot-and-Mouse Disease Reference Laboratory; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute; CAAS ; Lanzhou , Gansu , China
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Albac S, Schmitz A, Lopez-Alayon C, d'Enfert C, Sautour M, Ducreux A, Labruère-Chazal C, Laue M, Holland G, Bonnin A, Dalle F. Candida albicansis able to use M cells as a portal of entry across the intestinal barrierin vitro. Cell Microbiol 2015; 18:195-210. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Albac
- UMR 1347, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; 17 Rue Sully, BP 86 510 F-21065 Dijon Cedex France
| | - Antonin Schmitz
- UMR 1347, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; 17 Rue Sully, BP 86 510 F-21065 Dijon Cedex France
| | - Carolina Lopez-Alayon
- UMR 1347, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; 17 Rue Sully, BP 86 510 F-21065 Dijon Cedex France
| | - Christophe d'Enfert
- Institut Pasteur; Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département Mycologie; Paris France
- INRA; USC 2019; Paris France
| | - Marc Sautour
- UMR 1347, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; 17 Rue Sully, BP 86 510 F-21065 Dijon Cedex France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Service de Parasitologie Mycologie; 2 Rue Angélique Ducoudray F-21070 Dijon Cedex France
| | - Amandine Ducreux
- UMR 1347, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; 17 Rue Sully, BP 86 510 F-21065 Dijon Cedex France
| | - Catherine Labruère-Chazal
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; Institut de Mathématiques de Bourgogne, UFR Sciences et Techniques; Dijon France
| | - Michael Laue
- Robert Koch-Institute; Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy; Nordufer 20 13353 Berlin Germany
| | - Gudrun Holland
- Robert Koch-Institute; Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy; Nordufer 20 13353 Berlin Germany
| | - Alain Bonnin
- UMR 1347, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; 17 Rue Sully, BP 86 510 F-21065 Dijon Cedex France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Service de Parasitologie Mycologie; 2 Rue Angélique Ducoudray F-21070 Dijon Cedex France
| | - Frederic Dalle
- UMR 1347, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; 17 Rue Sully, BP 86 510 F-21065 Dijon Cedex France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Service de Parasitologie Mycologie; 2 Rue Angélique Ducoudray F-21070 Dijon Cedex France
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Efficient norovirus and reovirus replication in the mouse intestine requires microfold (M) cells. J Virol 2014; 88:6934-43. [PMID: 24696493 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00204-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Microfold (M) cells are specialized intestinal epithelial cells that internalize particulate antigens and aid in the establishment of immune responses to enteric pathogens. M cells have also been suggested as a portal for pathogen entry into the host. While virus particles have been observed in M cells, it is not known whether viruses use M cells to initiate a productive infection. Noroviruses (NoVs) are single-stranded RNA viruses that infect host organisms via the fecal-oral route. Murine NoV (MNV) infects intestinal macrophages and dendritic cells and provides a tractable experimental system for understanding how an enteric virus overcomes the intestinal epithelial barrier to infect underlying target cells. We found that replication of two divergent MNV strains was reduced in mice depleted of M cells. Reoviruses are double-stranded RNA viruses that infect hosts via respiratory or enteric routes. In contrast to MNV, reovirus infects enterocytes in the intestine. Despite differences in cell tropism, reovirus infection was also reduced in M cell-depleted mice. These data demonstrate that M cells are required for the pathogenesis of two unrelated enteric viruses that replicate in different cell types within the intestine. IMPORTANCE To successfully infect their hosts, pathogens that infect via the gastrointestinal tract must overcome the multilayered system of host defenses. Microfold (M) cells are specialized intestinal epithelial cells that internalize particulate antigens and aid in the establishment of immune responses to enteric pathogens. Virus particles have been observed within M cells. However, it is not known whether viruses use M cells to initiate a productive infection. To address this question, we use MNV and reovirus, two enteric viruses that replicate in different cell types in the intestine, intestinal epithelial cells for reovirus and intestinal mononuclear phagocytes for MNV. Interestingly, MNV- and reovirus-infected mice depleted of M cells showed reduced viral loads in the intestine. Thus, our work demonstrates the importance of M cells in the pathogenesis of enteric viruses irrespective of the target cell type in which the virus replicates.
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Endersen L, O'Mahony J, Hill C, Ross RP, McAuliffe O, Coffey A. Phage Therapy in the Food Industry. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2014; 5:327-49. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030713-092415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Endersen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland; , ,
| | - Jim O'Mahony
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland; , ,
| | - Colin Hill
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre and Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland;
| | - R. Paul Ross
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre and Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland;
- Biotechnology Department, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Teagasc, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland; ,
| | - Olivia McAuliffe
- Biotechnology Department, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Teagasc, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland; ,
| | - Aidan Coffey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland; , ,
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Pfefferle PI, Renz H. The mucosal microbiome in shaping health and disease. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2014; 6:11. [PMID: 24592323 PMCID: PMC3914505 DOI: 10.12703/p6-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
More than 300 years after Antonie van Leeuwenhoek gave the first description of microbes that colonize human body surfaces, the re-discovery of this multifaceted microbial world within our bodies has challenged our principal view on microbes. Novel sequencing techniques provide a plethora of (meta)genomic data, which elucidate the unique properties of mircobiota in different subjects. Moreover, the variety of metabolic and immunologic interactions between the mircobiota and the host's epithelial surfaces has challenged the paradigm of a unidirectional interplay between a given pathogen and the host's immune defense. The newly discovered mechanisms that underlie the symbiosis between the host, specific colonizers, and the mircobiota as a whole indicate that this colonization is more than a friendly coexistence. In fact, it represents a complex ecosystem with implications for the human metabolic homeostasis and immune tolerance. The resilience of the mircobiota and the capability to maintain a well-established equilibrium between symbionts and potential pathogens seem to be determining factors in shaping health or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Ina Pfefferle
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics Philipps University Marburg, Biomedical Research CentreHans-Meerweinstr. 2, 35043 MarburgGermany
- University of Gießen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Lung Center for Lung Research (DZL)
| | - Harald Renz
- University of Gießen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Lung Center for Lung Research (DZL)
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps University Marburg, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg GmbH, Campus MarburgBaldingerstrasse 33, 35043 Marburg
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Schmutz C, Ahrné E, Kasper CA, Tschon T, Sorg I, Dreier RF, Schmidt A, Arrieumerlou C. Systems-level overview of host protein phosphorylation during Shigella flexneri infection revealed by phosphoproteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:2952-68. [PMID: 23828894 PMCID: PMC3790303 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.029918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteroinvasive bacterium Shigella flexneri invades the intestinal epithelium of humans. During infection, several injected effector proteins promote bacterial internalization, and interfere with multiple host cell responses. To obtain a systems-level overview of host signaling during infection, we analyzed the global dynamics of protein phosphorylation by liquid chromatography-tandem MS and identified several hundred of proteins undergoing a phosphorylation change during the first hours of infection. Functional bioinformatic analysis revealed that they were mostly related to the cytoskeleton, transcription, signal transduction, and cell cycle. Fuzzy c-means clustering identified six temporal profiles of phosphorylation and a functional module composed of ATM-phosphorylated proteins related to genotoxic stress. Pathway enrichment analysis defined mTOR as the most overrepresented pathway. We showed that mTOR complex 1 and 2 were required for S6 kinase and AKT activation, respectively. Comparison with a published phosphoproteome of Salmonella typhimurium-infected cells revealed a large subset of coregulated phosphoproteins. Finally, we showed that S. flexneri effector OspF affected the phosphorylation of several hundred proteins, thereby demonstrating the wide-reaching impact of a single bacterial effector on the host signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schmutz
- From the ‡Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Erik Ahrné
- From the ‡Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph A. Kasper
- From the ‡Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Therese Tschon
- From the ‡Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Sorg
- From the ‡Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland F. Dreier
- From the ‡Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Schmidt
- From the ‡Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cécile Arrieumerlou
- From the ‡Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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39
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Effects of dietary fiber and starch levels on the non-specific immune response of growing rabbits. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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40
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Yang JY, Lee SN, Chang SY, Ko HJ, Ryu S, Kweon MN. A mouse model of shigellosis by intraperitoneal infection. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:203-15. [PMID: 23904297 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In human and nonhuman primates, Shigella spp. cause bacillary dysentery by invading colon epithelium and promoting a strong inflammatory response; however, adult mice are resistant to oral Shigella infection. In this study, intraperitoneal challenge with virulent S. flexneri 2a (YSH6000) resulted in diarrhea and severe body weight loss in adult B6 mice. Of note, virulent S. flexneri 2a could invade and colonize not only systemic tissues but also the serosa and lamina propria region of the large intestine. In addition, epithelial shedding, barrier integrity, and goblet cell hyperplasia were found in the large intestine by 24 hours post-intraperitoneal Shigella infection. Of note, predominant expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were found in the large intestine after intraperitoneal challenge. Monocytes played a critical role in attenuating diarrhea and in providing protective efficacy against intraperitoneal Shigella infection. Most importantly, mice prevaccinated with attenuated S. flexneri 2a (SC602) strain were protected against intraperitoneal challenge with YSH6000. When taken together, these findings show that intraperitoneal challenge with virulent S. flexneri 2a can provoke bacillary dysentery and severe pathogenesis in adult mice. This model may be helpful for understanding the induction mechanism of bacillary dysentery and for evaluating Shigella vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Young Yang
- Mucosal Immunology Section, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul
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Samet A, Sledzińska A, Krawczyk B, Hellmann A, Nowicki S, Kur J, Nowicki B. Leukemia and risk of recurrent Escherichia coli bacteremia: genotyping implicates E. coli translocation from the colon to the bloodstream. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 32:1393-400. [PMID: 23649557 PMCID: PMC3824565 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-1886-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In patients with leukemia, the portal(s) and reasons for the persistence of an Escherichia coli recurrent bacteremia remain unclear. Adult Hematology Clinic (AHC) databases at the State Clinical Hospital in Gdańsk were reviewed to evaluate the frequency of E. coli bacteremia between 2002 and 2005. Blood and bowel E. coli strains were obtained and the genetic relatedness of the strains was analyzed. The rate of E. coli bacteremia per 1,000 admissions at the AHC was higher (85.0) than in the other clinics of the hospital (2.9), p < 0.001. A higher mortality was observed in patients with a history of E. coli versus non-E. coli bacteremia [30/95 (31 %) vs. 53/430 (12 %), p < 0.001]; 72.8 % of patients with leukemia had an unknown source of bacteremia. In 2005, 6 out of 25 (24 %) patients with leukemia had ≥2 episodes of E. coli-positive blood cultures. These gastrointestinal E. coli isolates were replaced within 3–8 weeks with a new E. coli H genotype. A recurrent episode of bacteremia was usually caused by an infection with a transient E. coli H genotype identical to that found in the subject’s bowel. Consistent with the definition of bowel/blood translocation, the bowel appeared to be a portal for E. coli in these subjects and, hence, a clear source for their recurring bacteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Samet
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Medicine, Gdańsk, Poland
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42
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Tonry JH, Popov SG, Narayanan A, Kashanchi F, Hakami RM, Carpenter C, Bailey C, Chung MC. In vivo murine and in vitro M-like cell models of gastrointestinal anthrax. Microbes Infect 2012; 15:37-44. [PMID: 23108317 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax and is acquired by three routes of infection: inhalational, gastrointestinal and cutaneous. Gastrointestinal (GI) anthrax is rare, but can rapidly result in severe, systemic disease that is fatal in 25%-60% of cases. Disease mechanisms of GI anthrax remain unclear due to limited numbers of clinical cases and the lack of experimental animal models. Here, we developed an in vivo murine model of GI anthrax where spore survival was maximized through the neutralization of stomach acid followed by an intragastric administration of a thiabendazole paste spore formulation. Infected mice showed a dose-dependent mortality rate and pathological features closely mimicking human GI anthrax. Since Peyer's patches in the murine intestine are the primary sites of B. anthracis growth, we developed a human M (microfold)-like-cell model using a Caco-2/Raji B-cell co-culturing system to study invasive mechanisms of GI anthrax across the intestinal epithelium. Translocation of B. anthracis spores was higher in M-like cells than Caco-2 monolayers, suggesting that M-like cells may serve as an initial entry site for spores. Here, we developed an in vivo murine model of GI anthrax and an in vitro M-like cell model that could be used to further our knowledge of GI anthrax pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Tonry
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, 10650 Pyramid Place, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
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Valdivia J, Real F, Acosta F, Acosta B, Déniz S, Ramos-Vivas J, Elaamri F, Padilla D. Interaction of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis with ovine cells in vitro. Vet Pathol 2012; 50:318-23. [PMID: 22732360 DOI: 10.1177/0300985812452579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Caseous lymphadenitis is an infectious and contagious disease caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, with a worldwide distribution and high prevalence in small ruminant populations. This disease causes significant economic loss in small ruminants through reduced meat, wool, and milk production. C. pseudotuberculosis can also affect horses, domestic and wild large ruminants, swine, and man. It is considered an occupational zoonosis for humans. As part of in vitro investigations of the pathogenesis of C. pseudotuberculosis, this study analyzed its capacity to adhere to and invade the FLK-BLV-044 cell line, derived from ovine embryonic kidney cells. C. pseudotuberculosis showed a measurable capacity to adhere to and invade this cell line with no significant differences between the four strains assessed. The incubation of the cell line at 4ºC, pre-incubation with sugars, complete and heat inactivated antiserum, and heat-killed and ultraviolet-killed bacteria produced a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the invasion efficiency or inability to invade the cell line. Plate counting and fluorescence studies showed intracellular bacteria for up to 6 days. Non-phagocytic cells may therefore act as a suitable environment for C. pseudotuberculosis survival and play a role in the spread of infection and/or maintenance of a carrier state.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Valdivia
- Institute of Animal Health IUSA, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
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44
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Faherty CS, Redman JC, Rasko DA, Barry EM, Nataro JP. Shigella flexneri effectors OspE1 and OspE2 mediate induced adherence to the colonic epithelium following bile salts exposure. Mol Microbiol 2012; 85:107-21. [PMID: 22571618 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Shigella flexneri is a Gram-negative pathogen that invades the colonic epithelium. While invasion has been thoroughly investigated, it is unknown how Shigella first attaches to the epithelium. Previous literature suggests that Shigella utilizes adhesins that are induced by environmental signals, including bile salts, encountered in the small intestine prior to invasion. We hypothesized that bile would induce adherence factors to facilitate attachment to colonic epithelial cells. To test our hypothesis, S. flexneri strain 2457T was subcultured in media containing bile salts, and the ability of the bacteria to adhere to the apical surface of polarized T84 epithelial cells was measured. We observed a significant increase in adherence, which was absent in a virulence plasmid-cured strain and a type-III secretion system mutant. Microarray expression analysis indicated that the ospE1/ospE2 genes were induced in the presence of bile, and bile-induced adherence was lost in a ΔospE1/ΔospE2 mutant. Further studies demonstrated that the OspE1/OspE2 proteins were localized to the bacterial outer membrane following exposure to bile salts. The data presented are the first demonstration that the OspE1/OspE2 proteins promote initial adherence to the intestinal epithelium. The adhesins required for Shigella attachment to the colonic epithelium may serve as ideal targets for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Faherty
- Department of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Saeed A, Johansson D, Sandström G, Abd H. Temperature Depended Role of Shigella flexneri Invasion Plasmid on the Interaction with Acanthamoeba castellanii. Int J Microbiol 2012; 2012:917031. [PMID: 22518151 PMCID: PMC3299343 DOI: 10.1155/2012/917031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri is a Gram-negative bacterium causing the diarrhoeal disease shigellosis in humans. The virulence genes required for invasion are clustered on a large 220 kb plasmid encoding type three secretion system (TTSS) apparatus and virulence factors such as adhesions and invasion plasmid antigens (Ipa). The bacterium is transmitted by contaminated food, water, or from person to person. Acanthamoebae are free-living amoebae (FLA) which are found in diverse environments and isolated from various water sources. Different bacteria interact differently with FLA since Francisella tularensis, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella sonnei, and S. dysenteriae are able to grow inside A. castellanii. In contrast, Pseudomonas aeruginosa induces both necrosis and apoptosis to kill A. castellanii. The aim of this study is to examine the role of invasion plasmid of S. flexneri on the interaction with A. castellanii at two different temperatures. A. castellanii in the absence or presence of wild type, IpaB mutant, or plasmid-cured strain S. flexneri was cultured at 30°C and 37°C and the interaction was analysed by viable count of both bacteria and amoebae, electron microscopy, flow cytometry, and statistical analysis. The outcome of the interaction was depended on the temperature since the growth of A. castellanii was inhibited at 30°C, and A. castellanii was killed by invasion plasmid mediated necrosis at 37°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Saeed
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Johansson
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Sandström
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hadi Abd
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
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Mantis NJ, Rol N, Corthésy B. Secretory IgA's complex roles in immunity and mucosal homeostasis in the gut. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:603-11. [PMID: 21975936 PMCID: PMC3774538 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2011.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 768] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Secretory IgA (SIgA) serves as the first line of defense in protecting the intestinal epithelium from enteric toxins and pathogenic microorganisms. Through a process known as immune exclusion, SIgA promotes the clearance of antigens and pathogenic microorganisms from the intestinal lumen by blocking their access to epithelial receptors, entrapping them in mucus, and facilitating their removal by peristaltic and mucociliary activities. In addition, SIgA functions in mucosal immunity and intestinal homeostasis through mechanisms that have only recently been revealed. In just the past several years, SIgA has been identified as having the capacity to directly quench bacterial virulence factors, influence composition of the intestinal microbiota by Fab-dependent and Fab-independent mechanisms, promote retro-transport of antigens across the intestinal epithelium to dendritic cell subsets in gut-associated lymphoid tissue, and, finally, to downregulate proinflammatory responses normally associated with the uptake of highly pathogenic bacteria and potentially allergenic antigens. This review summarizes the intrinsic biological activities now associated with SIgA and their relationships with immunity and intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Mantis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208,Biomedical Sciences Program, University at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY 12201,To whom correspondence should be addressed: and
| | | | - Blaise Corthésy
- R&D Laboratory of the Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland,To whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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Bando SY, Moreno ACR, Albuquerque JAT, Amhaz JMK, Moreira-Filho CA, Martinez MB. Expression of bacterial virulence factors and cytokines during in vitro macrophage infection by enteroinvasive Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri: a comparative study. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 105:786-91. [PMID: 20944993 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000600009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) and Shigella spp cause bacillary dysentery in humans by invading and multiplying within epithelial cells of the colonic mucosa. Although EIEC and Shigella share many genetic and biochemical similarities, the illness caused by Shigella is more severe. Thus, genomic and structure-function molecular studies on the biological interactions of these invasive enterobacteria with eukaryotic cells have focused on Shigella rather than EIEC. Here we comparatively studied the interactions of EIEC and of Shigella flexneri with cultured J774 macrophage-like cells. We evaluated several phenotypes: (i) bacterial escape from macrophages after phagocytosis, (ii) macrophage death induced by EIEC and S. flexneri, (iii) macrophage cytokine expression in response to infection and (iv) expression of plasmidial (pINV) virulence genes. The results showed that S. flexneri caused macrophage killing earlier and more intensely than EIEC. Both pathogens induced significant macrophage production of TNF, IL-1 and IL-10 after 7 h of infection. Transcription levels of the gene invasion plasmid antigen-C were lower in EIEC than in S. flexneri throughout the course of the infection; this could explain the diminished virulence of EIEC compared to S. flexneri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Y Bando
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Chassaing B, Rolhion N, de Vallée A, Salim SY, Prorok-Hamon M, Neut C, Campbell BJ, Söderholm JD, Hugot JP, Colombel JF, Darfeuille-Michaud A. Crohn disease--associated adherent-invasive E. coli bacteria target mouse and human Peyer's patches via long polar fimbriae. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:966-75. [PMID: 21339647 DOI: 10.1172/jci44632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn disease (CD) is a multifactorial disease in which an abnormal immune response in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract leads to chronic inflammation. The small intestine, particularly the ileum, of patients with CD is colonized by adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC)--a pathogenic group of E. coli able to adhere to and invade intestinal epithelial cells. As the earliest inflammatory lesions are microscopic erosions of the epithelium lining the Peyer's patches (PPs), we investigated the ability of AIEC bacteria to interact with PPs and the virulence factors involved. We found that AIEC bacteria could interact with mouse and human PPs via long polar fimbriae (LPF). An LPF-negative AIEC mutant was highly impaired in its ability to interact with mouse and human PPs and to translocate across monolayers of M cells, specialized epithelial cells at the surface of PPs. The prevalence of AIEC strains harboring the lpf operon was markedly higher in CD patients compared with controls. In addition, increased numbers of AIEC, but not LPF-deficient AIEC, bacteria were found interacting with PPs from Nod2(-/-) mice compared with WT mice. In conclusion, we have identified LPF as a key factor for AIEC to target PPs. This could be the missing link between AIEC colonization and the presence of early lesions in the PPs of CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Chassaing
- Clermont Université, Université Auvergne, JE2526, USC INRA 2018, Clermont-Ferrand, Auvergne, France
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Raja SB, Murali MR, Kumar NK, Devaraj SN. Isolation and partial characterisation of a novel lectin from Aegle marmelos fruit and its effect on adherence and invasion of Shigellae to HT29 cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16231. [PMID: 21283697 PMCID: PMC3025011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins are a class of ubiquitous proteins/glycoproteins that are abundantly found in nature. Lectins have unique carbohydrate binding property and hence have been exploited as drugs against various infectious diseases. We have isolated one such novel lectin from the fruit pulp of Aegle marmelos. The isolated lectin was partially characterised and its effect against Shigella dysenteriae infection was evaluated. The isolated lectin was found to be a dimeric protein with N-acetylgalactosamine, mannose and sialic acid binding specificity. The effect of Aegle marmelos fruit lectin on the adherence of Shigella dysenteriae to human colonic epithelial cells (HT29 cells) was evaluated by Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay and invasion was analysed. The protective nature of the Aegle marmelos fruit lectin was assessed by analyzing apoptosis through dual staining method. Aegle marmelos fruit lectin significantly inhibited hemagglutination activity of Shigella and its minimum inhibitory concentration is 0.625 µg/well. Further, at this concentration lectin inhibited Shigella dysenteriae adherence and invasion of HT29 cells and protects the HT29 cells from Shigella dysenteriae induced apoptosis. To conclude, isolated lectin dimeric protein with N-acetylgalactosamine, Mannose and sialic acid binding specificity and inhibits adherence and invasion of Shigellae to HT29 cells thus, protects the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniya Bharathi Raja
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Malliga Raman Murali
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Nirmal Kasinathan Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
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50
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Intestinal epithelial cells and their role in innate mucosal immunity. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 343:5-12. [PMID: 21104188 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal surfaces of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts are covered by a layer of epithelial cells that are responsible for sensing and promoting a host immune response in order to establish the limits not only for commensal microorganisms but also for foreign organisms or particles. This is a remarkable task as the human body represents a composite of about 10 trillion human-self cells plus non-self cells from autochthonous or indigenous microbes that outnumber human cells 10:1. Hence, the homeostasis of epithelial cells that line mucosal surfaces relies on a fine-tuned immune system that patrols the boundaries between human and microbial cells. In the case of the intestine, the epithelial layer is composed of at least six epithelial cell lineages that act as a physiological barrier in addition to aiding digestion and the absorption of nutrients, water and electrolytes. In this review, we highlight the immense role of the intestinal epithelium in coordinating the mucosal innate immune response.
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