1
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Graham CI, MacMartin TL, de Kievit TR, Brassinga AKC. Molecular regulation of virulence in Legionella pneumophila. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:167-195. [PMID: 37908155 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is a gram-negative bacteria found in natural and anthropogenic aquatic environments such as evaporative cooling towers, where it reproduces as an intracellular parasite of cohabiting protozoa. If L. pneumophila is aerosolized and inhaled by a susceptible person, bacteria may colonize their alveolar macrophages causing the opportunistic pneumonia Legionnaires' disease. L. pneumophila utilizes an elaborate regulatory network to control virulence processes such as the Dot/Icm Type IV secretion system and effector repertoire, responding to changing nutritional cues as their host becomes depleted. The bacteria subsequently differentiate to a transmissive state that can survive in the environment until a replacement host is encountered and colonized. In this review, we discuss the lifecycle of L. pneumophila and the molecular regulatory network that senses nutritional depletion via the stringent response, a link to stationary phase-like metabolic changes via alternative sigma factors, and two-component systems that are homologous to stress sensors in other pathogens, to regulate differentiation between the intracellular replicative phase and more transmissible states. Together, we highlight how this prototypic intracellular pathogen offers enormous potential in understanding how molecular mechanisms enable intracellular parasitism and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher I Graham
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Teassa L MacMartin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Teresa R de Kievit
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ann Karen C Brassinga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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2
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Rehman S, Antonovic AK, McIntire IE, Zheng H, Cleaver L, Adams CO, Portlock T, Richardson K, Shaw R, Oregioni A, Mastroianni G, Whittaker SBM, Kelly G, Fornili A, Cianciotto NP, Garnett JA. The Legionella collagen-like protein employs a unique binding mechanism for the recognition of host glycosaminoglycans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.10.570962. [PMID: 38106198 PMCID: PMC10723406 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.10.570962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial adhesion is a fundamental process which enables colonisation of niche environments and is key for infection. However, in Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, these processes are not well understood. The Legionella collagen-like protein (Lcl) is an extracellular peripheral membrane protein that recognises sulphated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) on the surface of eukaryotic cells, but also stimulates bacterial aggregation in response to divalent cations. Here we report the crystal structure of the Lcl C-terminal domain (Lcl-CTD) and present a model for intact Lcl. Our data reveal that Lcl-CTD forms an unusual dynamic trimer arrangement with a positively charged external surface and a negatively charged solvent exposed internal cavity. Through Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations, we show how the GAG chondroitin-4-sulphate associates with the Lcl-CTD surface via unique binding modes. Our findings show that Lcl homologs are present across both the Pseudomonadota and Fibrobacterota-Chlorobiota-Bacteroidota phyla and suggest that Lcl may represent a versatile carbohydrate binding mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Rehman
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dental, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Anna K. Antonovic
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ian E. McIntire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Huaixin Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Leanne Cleaver
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dental, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Carlton O. Adams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Theo Portlock
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dental, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Katherine Richardson
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rosie Shaw
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alain Oregioni
- The Medical Research Council Biomedical NMR Centre, the Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Giulia Mastroianni
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sara B-M. Whittaker
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Geoff Kelly
- The Medical Research Council Biomedical NMR Centre, the Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Arianna Fornili
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas P. Cianciotto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - James A. Garnett
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dental, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
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3
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Ayesha A, Chow FWN, Leung PHM. Role of Legionella pneumophila outer membrane vesicles in host-pathogen interaction. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1270123. [PMID: 37817751 PMCID: PMC10561282 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1270123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is an opportunistic intracellular pathogen that inhabits artificial water systems and can be transmitted to human hosts by contaminated aerosols. Upon inhalation, it colonizes and grows inside the alveolar macrophages and causes Legionnaires' disease. To effectively control and manage Legionnaires' disease, a deep understanding of the host-pathogen interaction is crucial. Bacterial extracellular vesicles, particularly outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have emerged as mediators of intercellular communication between bacteria and host cells. These OMVs carry a diverse cargo, including proteins, toxins, virulence factors, and nucleic acids. OMVs play a pivotal role in disease pathogenesis by helping bacteria in colonization, delivering virulence factors into host cells, and modulating host immune responses. This review highlights the role of OMVs in the context of host-pathogen interaction shedding light on the pathogenesis of L. pneumophila. Understanding the functions of OMVs and their cargo provides valuable insights into potential therapeutic targets and interventions for combating Legionnaires' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Polly Hang-Mei Leung
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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4
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Ma X, Wang L, Yang F, Li J, Guo L, Guo Y, He S. Drug sensitivity and genome-wide analysis of two strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum with different biofilm intensity. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1196747. [PMID: 37621399 PMCID: PMC10445764 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1196747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is one of the major causative agents of chronic respiratory diseases in poultry. The biofilms of MG are highly correlated to its chronic infection. However data on genes involved in biofilm formation ability are still scarse. MG strains with distinct biofilm intensity were screened by crystal violet staining morphotyped and characterized for the drug sensitivity. Two MG strains NX-01 and NX-02 showed contrasted ability to biofilm formation. The biofilm formation ability of NX-01 strain was significantly higher than that of NX-02 strain (p < 0.01). The drug sensitivity test showed that the stronger the ability of MG stain to form biofilms, the weaker its sensitivity to 17 antibiotic drugs. Moreover, putative key genes related to biofilm formation were screened by genome-wide analysis. A total of 13 genes and proteins related to biofilm formation, including ManB, oppA, oppD, PDH, eno, RelA, msbA, deoA, gapA, rpoS, Adhesin P1 precursor, S-adenosine methionine synthetase, and methionyl tRNA synthetase were identified. There were five major discrepancies between the two isolated MG strains and the five NCBI-published MG strains. These findings provide potential targets for inhibiting the formation of biofilm of MG, and lay a foundation for treating chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Ma
- Clinical Veterinary Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Li Wang
- Clinical Veterinary Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Clinical Veterinary Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jidong Li
- Clinical Veterinary Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Ningxia Xiaoming Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Yinchuan, China
| | - Yanan Guo
- Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shenghu He
- Clinical Veterinary Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
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5
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Thomas KE, Gagniuc PA, Gagniuc E. Moonlighting genes harbor antisense ORFs that encode potential membrane proteins. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12591. [PMID: 37537268 PMCID: PMC10400600 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Moonlighting genes encode for single polypeptide molecules that perform multiple and often unrelated functions. These genes occur across all domains of life. Their ubiquity and functional diversity raise many questions as to their origins, evolution, and role in the cell cycle. In this study, we present a simple bioinformatics probe that allows us to rank genes by antisense translation potential, and we show that this probe enriches, reliably, for moonlighting genes across a variety of organisms. We find that moonlighting genes harbor putative antisense open reading frames (ORFs) rich in codons for non-polar amino acids. We also find that moonlighting genes tend to co-locate with genes involved in cell wall, cell membrane, or cell envelope production. On the basis of this and other findings, we offer a model in which we propose that moonlighting gene products are likely to escape the cell through gaps in the cell wall and membrane, at wall/membrane construction sites; and we propose that antisense ORFs produce "membrane-sticky" protein products, effectively binding moonlighting-gene DNA to the cell membrane in porous areas where intensive cell-wall/cell-membrane construction is underway. This leads to high potential for escape of moonlighting proteins to the cell surface. Evolutionary and other implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul A Gagniuc
- Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Elvira Gagniuc
- Synevovet Laboratory, Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
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6
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Scheithauer L, Karagöz MS, Mayer BE, Steinert M. Protein sociology of ProA, Mip and other secreted virulence factors at the Legionella pneumophila surface. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1140688. [PMID: 36936764 PMCID: PMC10017501 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1140688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicity of L. pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, depends on an arsenal of interacting proteins. Here we describe how surface-associated and secreted virulence factors of this pathogen interact with each other or target extra- and intracellular host proteins resulting in host cell manipulation and tissue colonization. Since progress of computational methods like AlphaFold, molecular dynamics simulation, and docking allows to predict, analyze and evaluate experimental proteomic and interactomic data, we describe how the combination of these approaches generated new insights into the multifaceted "protein sociology" of the zinc metalloprotease ProA and the peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase Mip (macrophage infectivity potentiator). Both virulence factors of L. pneumophila interact with numerous proteins including bacterial flagellin (FlaA) and host collagen, and play important roles in virulence regulation, host tissue degradation and immune evasion. The recent progress in protein-ligand analyses of virulence factors suggests that machine learning will also have a beneficial impact in early stages of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Scheithauer
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mustafa Safa Karagöz
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Benjamin E. Mayer
- Computational Biology & Simulation, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Steinert
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Michael Steinert,
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7
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Yang JL, Li D, Zhan XY. Concept about the Virulence Factor of Legionella. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010074. [PMID: 36677366 PMCID: PMC9867486 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic species of Legionella can infect human alveolar macrophages through Legionella-containing aerosols to cause a disease called Legionellosis, which has two forms: a flu-like Pontiac fever and severe pneumonia named Legionnaires' disease (LD). Legionella is an opportunistic pathogen that frequently presents in aquatic environments as a biofilm or protozoa parasite. Long-term interaction and extensive co-evolution with various genera of amoebae render Legionellae pathogenic to infect humans and also generate virulence differentiation and heterogeneity. Conventionally, the proteins involved in initiating replication processes and human macrophage infections have been regarded as virulence factors and linked to pathogenicity. However, because some of the virulence factors are associated with the infection of protozoa and macrophages, it would be more accurate to classify them as survival factors rather than virulence factors. Given that the molecular basis of virulence variations among non-pathogenic, pathogenic, and highly pathogenic Legionella has not yet been elaborated from the perspective of virulence factors, a comprehensive explanation of how Legionella infects its natural hosts, protozoans, and accidental hosts, humans is essential to show a novel concept regarding the virulence factor of Legionella. In this review, we overviewed the pathogenic development of Legionella from protozoa, the function of conventional virulence factors in the infections of protozoa and macrophages, the host's innate immune system, and factors involved in regulating the host immune response, before discussing a probably new definition for the virulence factors of Legionella.
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8
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Azizan A, Alfaro AC, Jaramillo D, Venter L, Young T, Frost E, Lee K, Van Nguyen T, Kitundu E, Archer SDJ, Ericson JA, Foxwell J, Quinn O, Ragg NLC. Pathogenicity and virulence of bacterial strains associated with summer mortality in marine mussels (Perna canaliculus). FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6855225. [PMID: 36449667 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of pathogenic bacteria has emerged as a plausible key component of summer mortalities in mussels. In the current research, four bacterial isolates retrieved from moribund Greenshell࣪ mussels, Perna canaliculus, from a previous summer mortality event, were tentatively identified as Vibrio and Photobacterium species using morpho-biochemical characterization and MALDI-TOF MS and confirmed as V. celticus, P. swingsii, P. rosenbergii, and P. proteolyticum using whole genome sequencing. These isolates were utilized in a laboratory challenge where mussels were injected with cell concentrations ranging from 105 to 109 CFU/mussel. Of the investigated isolates, P. swingsii induced the highest mortality. Additionally, results from quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, focusing on known virulence genes were detected in all isolates grown under laboratory conditions. Photobacterium rosenbergii and P. swingsii showed the highest expression levels of these virulence determinants. These results indicate that Photobacterium spp. could be a significant pathogen of P. canaliculus, with possible importance during summer mortality events. By implementing screening methods to detect and monitor Photobacterium concentrations in farmed mussel populations, a better understanding of the host-pathogen relationship can be obtained, aiding the development of a resilient industry in a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awanis Azizan
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrea C Alfaro
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Diana Jaramillo
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, New Zealand PO Box 2526, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Leonie Venter
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Tim Young
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Centre for Biomedical & Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Emily Frost
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kevin Lee
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Thao Van Nguyen
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Eileen Kitundu
- Department of Food Sciences and Microbiology, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Stephen D J Archer
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jessica A Ericson
- Aquaculture Department, Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Foxwell
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, New Zealand PO Box 2526, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Oliver Quinn
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, New Zealand PO Box 2526, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Norman L C Ragg
- Aquaculture Department, Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
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Iliadi V, Staykova J, Iliadis S, Konstantinidou I, Sivykh P, Romanidou G, Vardikov DF, Cassimos D, Konstantinidis TG. Legionella pneumophila: The Journey from the Environment to the Blood. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11206126. [PMID: 36294446 PMCID: PMC9605555 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11206126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of a potentially fatal form of pneumonia in 1976 and in the annual convention of the American Legion was the first time that Legionella spp. was identified. Thereafter, the term Legionnaires’ disease (LD) was established. The infection in humans is transmitted by the inhalation of aerosols that contain the microorganisms that belong to the Legionellaceae family and the genus Legionella. The genus Legionella contains genetically heterogeneous species and serogroups. The Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (Lp1) is the most often detected strain in outbreaks of LD. The pathogenesis of LD infection initiates with the attachment of the bacterial cells to the host cells, and subsequent intracellular replication. Following invasion, Legionella spp. activates its virulence mechanisms: generation of specific compartments of Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV), and expression of genes that encode a type IV secretion system (T4SS) for the translocation of proteins. The ability of L. pneumophila to transmigrate across the lung’s epithelium barrier leads to bacteremia, spread, and invasion of many organs with subsequent manifestations, complications, and septic shock. The clinical manifestations of LD depend on the bacterial load in the aerosol, the virulence factors, and the immune status of the patient. The infection has two distinct forms: the non- pneumatic form or Pontiac fever, which is a milder febrile flu-like illness, and LD, a more severe form, which includes pneumonia. In addition, the extrapulmonary involvement of LD can include heart, brain, abdomen, and joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Iliadi
- Izhevsk State Medical Academy, Kommunarov Street 281, 426034 Izhevsk, Russia
| | - Jeni Staykova
- Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Sofia, Byalo More Str. 8, 1527 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sergios Iliadis
- Izhevsk State Medical Academy, Kommunarov Street 281, 426034 Izhevsk, Russia
| | | | - Polina Sivykh
- State Budgetary Health City Polyclinic No 2 (GBUZ GB2) of Krasnodar, Seleznev Street 4/10, 350059 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Gioulia Romanidou
- Nephrology Department, General Hospital “Sismanogleio”, 69100 Komotini, Greece
| | - Daniil F. Vardikov
- Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Tkachey Str. 70-16, 192029 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dimitrios Cassimos
- Pediatric Department, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Theocharis G. Konstantinidis
- Blood Transfusion Center, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis Dragana Campus, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2551-352005
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Heat Shock Protein 60 Is Involved in Viral Replication Complex Formation and Facilitates Foot and Mouth Virus Replication by Stabilizing Viral Nonstructural Proteins 3A and 2C. mBio 2022; 13:e0143422. [PMID: 36106732 PMCID: PMC9601101 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01434-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of viral protein homeostasis depends on the machinery of the infected host cells, giving us an insight into the interplay between host and virus. Accumulating evidence suggests that heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), as one molecular chaperone, is involved in regulating virus infection. However, the role of HSP60 during foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) replication and its specific mechanisms have not been reported. We demonstrate that HSP60 modulates the FMDV life cycle. HSP60 plays a role at the postentry stage of the viral life cycle, including RNA replication and mRNA translation; however, HSP60 does not affect viral replication of Seneca Valley virus (SVA) or encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). We found that HSP60 is involved in FMDV replication complex (RC) formation. Furthermore, our results indicate that HSP60 interacts with FMDV nonstructural proteins 3A and 2C, key elements of the viral replication complex. We also show that HSP60 regulates the stability of 3A and 2C via caspase-dependent and autophagy-lysosome-dependent degradation, thereby promoting FMDV RNA synthesis and mRNA translation mediated by the RC. Additionally, we determined that the apical domain of HSP60 is responsible for interacting with 3A and 2C. The N terminus of 3A and ATPase domain of 2C are involved in binding to HSP60. Importantly, HSP60 depletion potently reduced FMDV pathogenicity in infected mice. Altogether, this study demonstrates a specific role of HSP60 in promoting FMDV replication. Furthermore, targeting host HSP60 will help us design the FMDV-specific antiviral drugs.
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Gattuso G, Rizzo R, Lavoro A, Spoto V, Porciello G, Montagnese C, Cinà D, Cosentino A, Lombardo C, Mezzatesta ML, Salmeri M. Overview of the Clinical and Molecular Features of Legionella Pneumophila: Focus on Novel Surveillance and Diagnostic Strategies. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030370. [PMID: 35326833 PMCID: PMC8944609 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) is one of the most threatening nosocomial pathogens. The implementation of novel and more effective surveillance and diagnostic strategies is mandatory to prevent the occurrence of legionellosis outbreaks in hospital environments. On these bases, the present review is aimed to describe the main clinical and molecular features of L. pneumophila focusing attention on the latest findings on drug resistance mechanisms. In addition, a detailed description of the current guidelines for the disinfection and surveillance of the water systems is also provided. Finally, the diagnostic strategies available for the detection of Legionella spp. were critically reviewed, paying the attention to the description of the culture, serological and molecular methods as well as on the novel high-sensitive nucleic acid amplification systems, such as droplet digital PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Gattuso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.G.); (R.R.); (A.L.); (V.S.); (A.C.); (C.L.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Roberta Rizzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.G.); (R.R.); (A.L.); (V.S.); (A.C.); (C.L.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Alessandro Lavoro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.G.); (R.R.); (A.L.); (V.S.); (A.C.); (C.L.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Vincenzoleo Spoto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.G.); (R.R.); (A.L.); (V.S.); (A.C.); (C.L.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Porciello
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, National Cancer Institute IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Concetta Montagnese
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, National Cancer Institute IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Diana Cinà
- Health Management of the “Cannizzaro” Emergency Hospital of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy;
- Clinical Pathology and Clinical Molecular Biology Unit, “Garibaldi Centro” Hospital, ARNAS Garibaldi, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessia Cosentino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.G.); (R.R.); (A.L.); (V.S.); (A.C.); (C.L.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Cinzia Lombardo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.G.); (R.R.); (A.L.); (V.S.); (A.C.); (C.L.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Maria Lina Mezzatesta
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.G.); (R.R.); (A.L.); (V.S.); (A.C.); (C.L.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Mario Salmeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (G.G.); (R.R.); (A.L.); (V.S.); (A.C.); (C.L.); (M.L.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-095-478-1244
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12
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Moonlighting in Rickettsiales: Expanding Virulence Landscape. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7020032. [PMID: 35202227 PMCID: PMC8877226 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The order Rickettsiales includes species that cause a range of human diseases such as human granulocytic anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum), human monocytic ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia chaffeensis), scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi), epidemic typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii), murine typhus (R. typhi), Mediterranean spotted fever (R. conorii), or Rocky Mountain spotted fever (R. rickettsii). These diseases are gaining a new momentum given their resurgence patterns and geographical expansion due to the overall rise in temperature and other human-induced pressure, thereby remaining a major public health concern. As obligate intracellular bacteria, Rickettsiales are characterized by their small genome sizes due to reductive evolution. Many pathogens employ moonlighting/multitasking proteins as virulence factors to interfere with multiple cellular processes, in different compartments, at different times during infection, augmenting their virulence. The utilization of this multitasking phenomenon by Rickettsiales as a strategy to maximize the use of their reduced protein repertoire is an emerging theme. Here, we provide an overview of the role of various moonlighting proteins in the pathogenicity of these species. Despite the challenges that lie ahead to determine the multiple potential faces of every single protein in Rickettsiales, the available examples anticipate this multifunctionality as an essential and intrinsic feature of these obligates and should be integrated into available moonlighting repositories.
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Chen W, He Z, Ran S, Liang J, Jiang W. Proteomic study of plaque fluid in high caries and caries free children. Technol Health Care 2022; 30:337-361. [PMID: 35124610 PMCID: PMC9028618 DOI: 10.3233/thc-thc228032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The occurrence and development of caries is a complex process affected by multiple factor. OBJECTIVE: The present study was envisaged to evaluate the plaque fluid in caries free children and children with high caries, in order to establish a data set of bacterial secretion proteomics. A non-labeled quantitative technique based on two-dimensional liquid chromatography-series mass spectroscopy was employed to detect plaque fluid. Based on the proteomics data, the database search, data processing and pathway analysis illuminated the function of these proteins, and clarified the role of plaque microecology in caries occurrence and development. METHODS: The study enrolled 8 caries free (CF) children, whose decayed-missed-filled surface of teeth is 0 (dmfs = 0), and caries sensitive (CS) children, whose decayed-missed-filled surface of teeth is > 10(dmfs > 10) (3 ∼ 5 years old) for the smooth tooth plaque and the plaque in the high caries group. The plaque protein was extracted using the unlabeled quantitative technique like liquid chromatography-series mass spectrometry, using DeCyderTM MS Differential Analysis Software (version 1.0, GE Healthcare) that detected and compared the spectra, and quantified the full scanning before series mass spectroscopy. After obtaining all peptides with quantitative information, significantly differential polypeptide molecules were obtained (p< 0.05), and a metabolic pathway analysis was performed. RESULTS: We identified 1,804 peptides with quantitative information, including 39 in CF, 30 in CS, and 1,735 similarly expressing peptides. After statistical analysis, 603 statistically different expression peptide data sets were obtained, including 202 high-expressed peptides in Group CF, 33 greater than 1.5 fold peptides, 401 high-expressed in Group CS and 199 greater than 1.5 fold peptide (173 nonredundant proteins). CONCLUSION: Our study obtained the largest known dataset of the bacterial secretion protein in children with high caries, and screened the data set of high caries state. 603 peptides were statistically rich in 101 pathways, including glycolysis pyruvate acid metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, pentyl phosphate pathway, fructose mannose metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, and ABC transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixu Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyan He
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujun Ran
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingping Liang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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14
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Marques da Silva W, Seyffert N, Silva A, Azevedo V. A journey through the Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis proteome promotes insights into its functional genome. PeerJ 2022; 9:e12456. [PMID: 35036114 PMCID: PMC8710256 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is a Gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen and the etiologic agent of illnesses like caseous lymphadenitis in small ruminants, mastitis in dairy cattle, ulcerative lymphangitis in equines, and oedematous skin disease in buffalos. With the growing advance in high-throughput technologies, genomic studies have been carried out to explore the molecular basis of its virulence and pathogenicity. However, data large-scale functional genomics studies are necessary to complement genomics data and better understating the molecular basis of a given organism. Here we summarize, MS-based proteomics techniques and bioinformatics tools incorporated in genomic functional studies of C. pseudotuberculosis to discover the different patterns of protein modulation under distinct environmental conditions, and antigenic and drugs targets. Methodology In this study we performed an extensive search in Web of Science of original and relevant articles related to methods, strategy, technology, approaches, and bioinformatics tools focused on the functional study of the genome of C. pseudotuberculosis at the protein level. Results Here, we highlight the use of proteomics for understating several aspects of the physiology and pathogenesis of C. pseudotuberculosis at the protein level. The implementation and use of protocols, strategies, and proteomics approach to characterize the different subcellular fractions of the proteome of this pathogen. In addition, we have discussed the immunoproteomics, immunoinformatics and genetic tools employed to identify targets for immunoassays, drugs, and vaccines against C. pseudotuberculosis infection. Conclusion In this review, we showed that the combination of proteomics and bioinformatics studies is a suitable strategy to elucidate the functional aspects of the C. pseudotuberculosis genome. Together, all information generated from these proteomics studies allowed expanding our knowledge about factors related to the pathophysiology of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanderson Marques da Silva
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology and Molecular Biology-(INTA/CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nubia Seyffert
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Artur Silva
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center of Genomics and Systems Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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15
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Yang D, Wang S, Sun E, Chen Y, Hua L, Wang X, Zhou R, Chen H, Peng Z, Wu B. A temperate Siphoviridae bacteriophage isolate from Siberian tiger enhances the virulence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus through distinct mechanisms. Virulence 2022; 13:137-148. [PMID: 34986751 PMCID: PMC8741283 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.2022276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and worldwide spread of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pose a threat to human health. While bacteriophages are recognized as an effective alternative to treat infections caused by drug resistant pathogens, some bacteriophages in particular the temperate bacteriophage may also influence the virulence of the host bacteria in distinct ways. In this study, we isolated a bacteriophage vB_Saus_PHB21 from an epidermal sample of Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) using an MRSA strain SA14 as the indicator. Our following laboratory tests and whole genome sequencing analyses revealed that vB_Saus_PHB21 was a temperate bacteriophage belonging to the Siphoviridae family, and this bacteriophage did not contain any virulence genes. However, the integration of PHB21 genome into the host MRSA increased the bacterial capacities of cell adhesion, anti-phagocytosis, and biofilm formation. Challenge of the lysogenic strain (SA14+) caused severe mortalities in both Galleria mellonella and mouse models. Mice challenged with SA14+ showed more serious organ lesions and produced higher inflammatory cytokines (IL-8, IFN-γ and TNF-α) compared to those challenged with SA14. In mechanism, we found the integration of PHB21 genome caused the upregulated expression of many genes encoding products involved in bacterial biofilm formation, adherence to host cells, anti-phagocytosis, and virulence. This study may provide novel knowledge of “bacteria-phage-interactions” in MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Science and Technology International Research Center for Animal Disease, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Science and Technology International Research Center for Animal Disease, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Erchao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Science and Technology International Research Center for Animal Disease, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yibao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Science and Technology International Research Center for Animal Disease, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Science and Technology International Research Center for Animal Disease, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Science and Technology International Research Center for Animal Disease, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Science and Technology International Research Center for Animal Disease, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Science and Technology International Research Center for Animal Disease, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Science and Technology International Research Center for Animal Disease, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Science and Technology International Research Center for Animal Disease, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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16
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The Functional Differences between the GroEL Chaperonin of Escherichia coli and the HtpB Chaperonin of Legionella pneumophila Can Be Mapped to Specific Amino Acid Residues. Biomolecules 2021; 12:biom12010059. [PMID: 35053207 PMCID: PMC8774168 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Group I chaperonins are a highly conserved family of essential proteins that self-assemble into molecular nanoboxes that mediate the folding of cytoplasmic proteins in bacteria and organelles. GroEL, the chaperonin of Escherichia coli, is the archetype of the family. Protein folding-independent functions have been described for numerous chaperonins, including HtpB, the chaperonin of the bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila. Several protein folding-independent functions attributed to HtpB are not shared by GroEL, suggesting that differences in the amino acid (aa) sequence between these two proteins could correlate with functional differences. GroEL and HtpB differ in 137 scattered aa positions. Using the Evolutionary Trace (ET) bioinformatics method, site-directed mutagenesis, and a functional reporter test based upon a yeast-two-hybrid interaction with the eukaryotic protein ECM29, it was determined that out of those 137 aa, ten (M68, M212, S236, K298, N507 and the cluster AEHKD in positions 471-475) were involved in the interaction of HtpB with ECM29. GroEL was completely unable to interact with ECM29, but when GroEL was modified at those 10 aa positions, to display the HtpB aa, it acquired a weak ability to interact with ECM29. This constitutes proof of concept that the unique functional abilities of HtpB can be mapped to specific aa positions.
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17
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Sousa SA, Seixas AMM, Marques JMM, Leitão JH. Immunization and Immunotherapy Approaches against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia Complex Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060670. [PMID: 34207253 PMCID: PMC8234409 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infections caused by the opportunist pathogens Burkholderia cepacia complex and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are of particular concern due to their severity, their multiple antibiotic resistance, and the limited eradication efficiency of the current available treatments. New therapeutic options have been pursued, being vaccination strategies to prevent or limit these infections as a rational approach to tackle these infections. In this review, immunization and immunotherapy approaches currently available and under study against these bacterial pathogens is reviewed. Ongoing active and passive immunization clinical trials against P. aeruginosa infections is also reviewed. Novel identified bacterial targets and their possible exploitation for the development of immunization and immunotherapy strategies against P. aeruginosa and B. cepacia complex and infections are also presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia A. Sousa
- Department of Bioengineering, IBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.M.M.S.); (J.M.M.M.)
- Associate Laboratory, i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (S.A.S.); (J.H.L.); Tel.: +351-218417688 (J.H.L.)
| | - António M. M. Seixas
- Department of Bioengineering, IBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.M.M.S.); (J.M.M.M.)
- Associate Laboratory, i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana M. M. Marques
- Department of Bioengineering, IBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.M.M.S.); (J.M.M.M.)
| | - Jorge H. Leitão
- Department of Bioengineering, IBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.M.M.S.); (J.M.M.M.)
- Associate Laboratory, i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (S.A.S.); (J.H.L.); Tel.: +351-218417688 (J.H.L.)
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18
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Staton GJ, Clegg SR, Ainsworth S, Armstrong S, Carter SD, Radford AD, Darby A, Wastling J, Hall N, Evans NJ. Dissecting the molecular diversity and commonality of bovine and human treponemes identifies key survival and adhesion mechanisms. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009464. [PMID: 33780514 PMCID: PMC8049484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the first complete genomes of three cultivable treponeme species from bovine digital dermatitis (DD) skin lesions, two comparative human treponemes, considered indistinguishable from bovine DD species, and a bovine gastrointestinal (GI) treponeme isolate. Key genomic differences between bovine and human treponemes implicate microbial mechanisms that enhance knowledge of how DD, a severe disease of ruminants, has emerged into a prolific, worldwide disease. Bovine DD treponemes have additional oxidative stress genes compared to nearest human-isolated relatives, suggesting better oxidative stress tolerance, and potentially explaining how bovine strains can colonize skin surfaces. Comparison of both bovine DD and GI treponemes as well as bovine pathogenic and human non-pathogenic saprophyte Treponema phagedenis strains indicates genes encoding a five-enzyme biosynthetic pathway for production of 2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxy-d-mannuronic acid, a rare di-N-acetylated mannuronic acid sugar, as important for pathogenesis. Bovine T. phagedenis strains further differed from human strains by having unique genetic clusters including components of a type IV secretion system and a phosphate utilisation system including phoU, a gene associated with osmotic stress survival. Proteomic analyses confirmed bovine derived T. phagedenis exhibits expression of PhoU but not the putative secretion system, whilst the novel mannuronic acid pathway was expressed in near entirety across the DD treponemes. Analysis of osmotic stress response in water identified a difference between bovine and human T. phagedenis with bovine strains exhibiting enhanced survival. This novel mechanism could enable a selective advantage, allowing environmental persistence and transmission of bovine T. phagedenis. Finally, we investigated putative outer membrane protein (OMP) ortholog families across the DD treponemes and identified several families as multi-specific adhesins capable of binding extra cellular matrix (ECM) components. One bovine pathogen specific adhesin ortholog family showed considerable serodiagnostic potential with the Treponema medium representative demonstrating considerable disease specificity (91.6%). This work has shed light on treponeme host adaptation and has identified candidate molecules for future diagnostics, vaccination and therapeutic intervention. Bovine digital dermatitis (DD) is a severe infectious disease causing cattle lameness, which is now endemic in many countries across the world. This lameness results from inflamed lesions between the heel bulbs and is very painful resulting in poor animal welfare and substantially reduced production. There remains no single cure for DD and whilst topical antibiotic treatment enables some healing, lesions frequently reappear. Current evidence implicates bacteria known as Treponema in the pathogenesis of DD. Here we characterise the genomes of several bovine DD treponeme species as well as related bacteria from humans and the bovine gastrointestinal tract. Comparative analyses demonstrate that production of a novel mannuronic acid sugar is a key feature of bovine pathogens and several survival mechanisms were identified which likely enable the bovine pathogens to inhabit the skin surface and be transmitted within the farm environment. Studies investigating putative outer membrane proteins which are potential vaccine candidates identified that the majority have a role in host attachment, with one family of proteins exhibiting particular promise as serodiagnostic antigens. This increased understanding of the considered causal pathogens of bovine DD, together with the genomic and proteomic resources produced by this study should underpin future diagnostic, vaccination and therapeutics studies to combat this severe disease of ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J. Staton
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R. Clegg
- School of Life Sciences, College of Science, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Campus, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Ainsworth
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Armstrong
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart D. Carter
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Alan D. Radford
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair Darby
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Wastling
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Hall
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicholas J. Evans
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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19
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Lactobacillus Cell Surface Proteins Involved in Interaction with Mucus and Extracellular Matrix Components. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:3831-3841. [PMID: 33079206 PMCID: PMC7677277 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02243-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex microbial ecosystem where bacteria, through mutual interactions, cooperate in maintaining of wellbeing and health. Lactobacilli are among the most important constituents of human and animal intestinal microbiota and include many probiotic strains. Their presence ensures protection from invasion of pathogens, as well as stimulation of the immune system and protection of the intestinal flora, often exerted through the ability to interact with mucus and extracellular matrix components. The main factors responsible for mediating adhesion of pathogens and commensals to the gut are cell surface proteins that recognize host targets, as mucus layer and extracellular matrix proteins. In the last years, several adhesins have been reported to be involved in lactobacilli–host interaction often miming the same mechanism used by pathogens.
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20
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Tsaplina O, Demidyuk I, Artamonova T, Khodorkovsky M, Khaitlina S. Cleavage of the outer membrane protein OmpX by protealysin regulates
Serratia proteamaculans
invasion. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3095-3107. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tatiana Artamonova
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University Saint‐Petersburg Russia
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21
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Oliver C, Sánchez P, Valenzuela K, Hernández M, Pontigo JP, Rauch MC, Garduño RA, Avendaño-Herrera R, Yáñez AJ. Subcellular Location of Piscirickettsia salmonis Heat Shock Protein 60 (Hsp60) Chaperone by Using Immunogold Labeling and Proteomic Analysis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8010117. [PMID: 31952216 PMCID: PMC7023422 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Piscirickettsia salmonis is the causative bacterial agent of piscirickettsiosis, a systemic fish disease that significantly impacts the Chilean salmon industry. This bacterium possesses a type IV secretion system (T4SS), several proteins of the type III secretion system (T3SS), and a single heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60/GroEL). It has been suggested that due to its high antigenicity, the P. salmonis Hsp60 could be surface-exposed, translocated across the membrane, and (or) secreted into the extracellular matrix. This study tests the hypothesis that P. salmonis Hsp60 could be located on the bacterial surface. Immunogold electron microscopy and proteomic analyses suggested that although P. salmonis Hsp60 was predominantly associated with the bacterial cell cytoplasm, Hsp60-positive spots also exist on the bacterial cell envelope. IgY antibodies against P. salmonis Hsp60 protected SHK-1 cells against infection. Several bioinformatics approaches were used to assess Hsp60 translocation by the T4SS, T3SS, and T6SS, with negative results. These data support the hypothesis that small amounts of Hsp60 must reach the bacterial cell surface in a manner probably not mediated by currently characterized secretion systems, and that they remain biologically active during P. salmonis infection, possibly mediating adherence and (or) invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Oliver
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
| | - Patricio Sánchez
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, (INCAR), Concepción 4070386, Chile;
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (J.P.P.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Karla Valenzuela
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (K.V.); (R.A.G.)
| | - Mauricio Hernández
- Austral-OMICS, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
| | - Juan Pablo Pontigo
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (J.P.P.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Maria C. Rauch
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (J.P.P.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Rafael A. Garduño
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (K.V.); (R.A.G.)
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Dartmouth Laboratory, Dartmouth, NS B3B 1Y9, Canada
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, (INCAR), Concepción 4070386, Chile;
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Viña del Mar 2531015, Chile
- Correspondence: (R.A.-H.); (A.J.Y.)
| | - Alejandro J. Yáñez
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, (INCAR), Concepción 4070386, Chile;
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Correspondence: (R.A.-H.); (A.J.Y.)
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22
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Palusinska-Szysz M, Luchowski R, Gruszecki WI, Choma A, Szuster-Ciesielska A, Lück C, Petzold M, Sroka-Bartnicka A, Kowalczyk B. The Role of Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1 Lipopolysaccharide in Host-Pathogen Interaction. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2890. [PMID: 31921066 PMCID: PMC6927915 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Legionella pneumophila TF3/1 mutant of the Corby strain, which possesses a point mutation in the active site of the O-acetyltransferase, synthesized the polysaccharide chain with a reduced degree of substitution with O-acetyl groups. The mutant did not produce a high-molecular-weight lipopolysaccharide (LPS) fraction above 12 kDa. The disturbances in LPS synthesis have an effect on the composition of other macromolecules (lipids and proteins), as indicated by differences in the infrared absorption spectra between the L. pneumophila Corby strain and its TF3/1 mutant. The wild-type strain contained less N+-CH3 and C-N groups as well as more CH3 groups than the mutant. The fatty acid composition showed that the wild type strain synthesized more branched acyl residues (a15:0, i16:0, and a17:0), a less unsaturated acid (16:1), and a straight-chain acid (18:0) than the mutant. The mutant synthesized approximately twice more a long-chain fatty acid (20:0) than the wild type. The main differences in the phospholipids between both strains were found in the classes of phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylglycerols (PG). Substantial differences in the cell surface topography of these bacteria and their nanomechanical properties were shown by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The wild type strain had no undulated surface and produced numerous vesicles. In the case of the mutant type, the vesicles were not numerous, but there were grooves on the cell surface. The average roughness of the cell surface of the mutant was approximately twofold higher than in the wild-type strain. In turn, the wild-type strain exhibited much better adhesive properties than the mutant. The kinetic study of the interaction between the L. pneumophila strains and Acanthamoeba castellanii monitored by Förster resonance energy transfer revealed a pronounced difference, i.e., almost instantaneous and highly efficient binding of the L. pneumophila Corby strain to the amoeba surface, followed by penetration into the amoeba cells. This process was clearly not as efficient in the case of the mutant. The results point to LPS and, in particular, to the length of the polysaccharide fraction as an important L. pneumophila determinant involved in the process of adhesion to the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Palusinska-Szysz
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Rafal Luchowski
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wieslaw I Gruszecki
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Adam Choma
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szuster-Ciesielska
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Christian Lück
- National Reference Laboratory for Legionella, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Markus Petzold
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Sroka-Bartnicka
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland.,Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Bozena Kowalczyk
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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23
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Mbelle NM, Osei Sekyere J, Amoako DG, Maningi NE, Modipane L, Essack SY, Feldman C. Genomic analysis of a multidrug-resistant clinical Providencia rettgeri (PR002) strain with the novel integron ln1483 and an A/C plasmid replicon. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1462:92-103. [PMID: 31549428 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Whole-genome sequence analysis was performed on a multidrug-resistant Providencia rettgeri PR002 clinical strain isolated from the urine of a hospitalized patient in Pretoria, South Africa, in 2013. The resistome, mobilome, pathogenicity island(s), as well as virulence and heavy-metal resistance genes of the isolate, were characterized using whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. PR002 had a genome assembly size of 4,832,624 bp with a GC content of 40.7%, an A/C2 plasmid replicase gene, four integrons/gene cassettes, 17 resistance genes, and several virulence and heavy metal resistance genes, confirming PR002 as a human pathogen. A novel integron, In1483, harboring the gene blaOXA-2 , was identified, with other uncharacterized class 1 integrons harboring aacA4cr and dfrA1. Aac(3')-IIa and blaSCO-1 , as well as blaPER-7 , sul2, and tet(B), were found bracketed by composite Tn3 transposons, and IS91, IS91, and IS4 family insertion sequences, respectively. PR002 was resistant to all antibiotics tested except amikacin, carbapenems, cefotaxime-clavulanate, ceftazidime-clavulanate, cefoxitin, and fosfomycin. PR002 was closely related to PR1 (USA), PRET_2032 (SPAIN), DSM_1131, and NCTC7477 clinical P. rettgeri strains, but not close enough to suggest it was imported into South Africa from other countries. Multidrug resistance in P. rettgeri is rare, particularly in clinical settings, making this case an important incident requiring urgent attention. This is also the first report of an A/C plasmid in P. rettgeri. The array, multiplicity, and diversity of resistance and virulence genes in this strain are concerning, necessitating stringent infection control, antibiotic stewardship, and periodic resistance surveillance/monitoring policies to preempt further horizontal and vertical spread of these resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nontombi Marylucy Mbelle
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Services, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - John Osei Sekyere
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Daniel Gyamfi Amoako
- Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Lesedi Modipane
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sabiha Yusuf Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Charles Feldman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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24
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Gu HJ, Sun QL, Luo JC, Zhang J, Sun L. A First Study of the Virulence Potential of a Bacillus subtilis Isolate From Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:183. [PMID: 31214515 PMCID: PMC6554283 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is the best studied Gram-positive bacterium, primarily as a model of cell differentiation and industrial exploitation. To date, little is known about the virulence of B. subtilis. In this study, we examined the virulence potential of a B. subtilis strain (G7) isolated from the Iheya North hydrothermal field of Okinawa Trough. G7 is aerobic, motile, endospore-forming, and requires NaCl for growth. The genome of G7 is composed of one circular chromosome of 4,216,133 base pairs with an average GC content of 43.72%. G7 contains 4,416 coding genes, 27.5% of which could not be annotated, and the remaining 72.5% were annotated with known or predicted functions in 25 different COG categories. Ten sets of 23S, 5S, and 16S ribosomal RNA operons, 86 tRNA and 14 sRNA genes, 50 tandem repeats, 41 mini-satellites, one microsatellite, and 42 transposons were identified in G7. Comparing to the genome of the B. subtilis wild type strain NCIB 3610T, G7 genome contains many genomic translocations, inversions, and insertions, and twice the amount of genomic Islands (GIs), with 42.5% of GI genes encoding hypothetical proteins. G7 possesses abundant putative virulence genes associated with adhesion, invasion, dissemination, anti-phagocytosis, and intracellular survival. Experimental studies showed that G7 was able to cause mortality in fish and mice following intramuscular/intraperitoneal injection, resist the killing effect of serum complement, and replicate in mouse macrophages and fish peripheral blood leukocytes. Taken together, our study indicates that G7 is a B. subtilis isolate with unique genetic features and can be lethal to vertebrate animals once being introduced into the animals by artificial means. These results provide the first insight into the potential harmfulness of deep-sea B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Jie Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing-Chang Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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25
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Pagani TD, Guimarães ACR, Waghabi MC, Corrêa PR, Kalume DE, Berrêdo-Pinho M, Degrave WM, Mendonça-Lima L. Exploring the Potential Role of Moonlighting Function of the Surface-Associated Proteins From Mycobacterium bovis BCG Moreau and Pasteur by Comparative Proteomic. Front Immunol 2019; 10:716. [PMID: 31080447 PMCID: PMC6497762 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-associated proteins from Mycobacterium bovis BCG Moreau RDJ are important components of the live Brazilian vaccine against tuberculosis. They are important targets during initial BCG vaccine stimulation and modulation of the host's immune response, especially in the bacterial-host interaction. These proteins might also be involved in cellular communication, chemical response to the environment, pathogenesis processes through mobility, colonization, and adherence to the host cell, therefore performing multiple functions. In this study, the proteomic profile of the surface-associated proteins from M. bovis BCG Moreau was compared to the BCG Pasteur reference strain. The methodology used was 2DE gel electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry techniques (MALDI-TOF/TOF), leading to the identification of 115 proteins. Of these, 24 proteins showed differential expression between the two BCG strains. Furthermore, 27 proteins previously described as displaying moonlighting function were identified, 8 of these proteins showed variation in abundance comparing BCG Moreau to Pasteur and 2 of them presented two different domain hits. Moonlighting proteins are multifunctional proteins in which two or more biological functions are fulfilled by a single polypeptide chain. Therefore, the identification of such proteins with moonlighting predicted functions can contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms unleashed by live BCG Moreau RDJ vaccine components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Duarte Pagani
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina R Guimarães
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana C Waghabi
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paloma Rezende Corrêa
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dário Eluan Kalume
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Unidade de Espectrometria de Massas e Proteômica, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Berrêdo-Pinho
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wim Maurits Degrave
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leila Mendonça-Lima
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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26
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Yu Y, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Liao M, Rong X, Li B, Wang K, Chen J, Zhang H. Complete Genome Sequence of Photobacterium damselae Subsp. damselae Strain SSPD1601 Isolated from Deep-Sea Cage-Cultured Sebastes schlegelii with Septic Skin Ulcer. Int J Genomics 2019; 2019:4242653. [PMID: 31093490 PMCID: PMC6481104 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4242653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae (PDD) is a Gram-negative bacterium that can infect a variety of aquatic organisms and humans. Based on an epidemiological investigation conducted over the past 3 years, PDD is one of the most important pathogens causing septic skin ulcer in deep-sea cage-cultured Sebastes schlegelii in the Huang-Bohai Sea area and present throughout the year with high abundance. To further understand the pathogenicity of this species, the pathogenic properties and genome of PDD strain SSPD1601 were analyzed. The results revealed that PDD strain SSPD1601 is a rod-shaped cell with a single polar flagellum, and the clinical symptoms were replicated during artificial infection. The SSPD1601 genome consists of two chromosomes and two plasmids, totaling 4,252,294 bp with 3,751 coding sequences (CDSs), 196 tRNA genes, and 47 rRNA genes. Common virulence factors including flagellin, Fur, RstB, hcpA, OMPs, htpB-Hsp60, VasK, and vgrG were found in strain SSPD1601. Furthermore, SSPD1601 is a pPHDD1-negative strain containing the hemolysin gene hlyAch and three putative hemolysins (emrA, yoaF, and VPA0226), which are likely responsible for the pathogenicity of SSPD1601. The phylogenetic analysis revealed SSPD1601 to be most closely related to Phdp Wu-1. In addition, the antibiotic resistance phenotype indicated that SSPD1601 was not sensitive to ceftazidime, pipemidic, streptomycin, cefalexin, bacitracin, cefoperazone sodium, acetylspiramycin, clarithromycin, amikacin, gentamycin, kanamycin, oxacillin, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, but only the bacitracin resistance gene bacA was detected based on Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database. These results expand our understanding of PDD, setting the stage for further studies of its pathogenesis and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yingeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Meijie Liao
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaojun Rong
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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27
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Ekundayo TC, Okoh AI. Pathogenomics of Virulence Traits of Plesiomonas shigelloides That Were Deemed Inconclusive by Traditional Experimental Approaches. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3077. [PMID: 30627119 PMCID: PMC6309461 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major challenges of modern medicine includes the failure of conventional protocols to characterize the pathogenicity of emerging pathogens. This is particularly apparent in the case of Plesiomonas shigelloides. Although a number of infections have been linked to this microorganism, experimental evidence of its virulence factors (VFs), obtained by traditional approaches, is somewhat inconclusive. Hence, it remains unclear whether P. shigelloides is a true or opportunistic one. In the current study, four publicly available whole-genome sequences of P. shigelloides (GN7, NCTC10360, 302-73, and LS1) were profiled using bioinformatics platforms to determine the putative candidate VFs to characterize the bacterial pathogenicity. Overall, 134 unique open reading frames (ORFs) were identified that were homologous or orthologous to virulence genes identified in other pathogens. Of these, 52.24% (70/134) were jointly shared by the strains. The numbers of strain-specific virulence traits were 4 in LS1; 7 in NCTC10360; 10 in 302-73; and 15 in GN7. The pathogenicity islands (PAIs) common to all the strains accounted for 24.07% ORFs. The numbers of PAIs exclusive to each strain were 8 in 302-73; 11 in NCTC10360; 14 in GN7; and 18 in LS1. A PAI encoding Vibrio cholerae ToxR-activated gene d protein was specific to 302-73, GN7, and NCTC10360 strains. Out of 33 antibiotic multi-resistance genes identified, 16 (48.48%) genes were intrinsic to all strains. Further, 17 (22.08%) of 77 antibiotic resistance islands were found in all the strains. Out of 23 identified distinct insertion sequences, 13 were only harbored by strain LS1. The number of intact prophages identified in the strains was 1 in GN7; 2 in 302-73; and 2 in NCTC10360. Further, 1 CRISPR element was identified in LS1; 2 in NCTC10360; and 8 in 302-73. Fifteen (78.95%) of 19 secretion systems and secretion effector variants were identified in all the strains. In conclusion, certain P. shigelloides strains might possess VFs associated with gastroenteritis and extraintestinal infections. However, the role of host factors in the onset of infections should not be undermined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope C. Ekundayo
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Nigeria
| | - Anthony I. Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
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28
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Bethke J, Yáñez AJ, Avendaño-Herrera R. Comparative Genomic Analysis of Two Chilean Renibacterium salmoninarum Isolates and the Type Strain ATCC 33209T. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:1816-1822. [PMID: 29982426 PMCID: PMC6057502 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Renibacterium salmoninarum, a slow-growing facultative intracellular pathogen belonging to the high C + G content Actinobacteria phylum, is the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease, a progressive granulomatous infection affecting salmonids worldwide. This Gram-positive bacterium has existed in the Chilean salmonid industry for >30 years, but little or no information is available regarding the virulence mechanisms and genomic characteristics of Chilean isolates. In this study, the genomes of two Chilean isolates (H-2 and DJ2R) were sequenced, and a search was conducted for genes and proteins involved in virulence and pathogenicity, and we compare with the type strain ATCC 33209 T genome. The genome sizes of H-2 and DJ2R are 3,155,332 bp and 3,155,228 bp, respectively. They genomes presented six ribosomal RNA, 46 transcription RNA, and 25 noncodingRNA, and both had the same 56.27% G + C content described for the type strain ATCC 33209 T. A total of 3,522 and 3,527 coding sequences were found for H-2 and DJ2R, respectively. Meanwhile, the ATCC 33209 T type strain had 3,519 coding sequences. The in silico genome analysis revealed a genes related to tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, iron transport and others metabolic pathway. Also, the data indicated that R salmoninarum may have a variety of possible virulence-factor and antibiotic-resistance strategies. Interestingly, many of genes had high identities with Mycobacterium species, a known pathogenic Actinobacteria bacterium. In summary, this study provides the first insights into and initial steps towards understanding the molecular basis of antibiotic resistance, virulence mechanisms and host/environment adaptation in two Chilean R. salmoninarum isolates that contain proteins of which were similar to those of Mycobacterium. Furthermore, important information is presented that could facilitate the development of preventive and treatment measures against R. salmoninarum in Chile and worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorn Bethke
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Alejandro J Yáñez
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Viña del Mar, Chile.,Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Viña del Mar, Chile.,Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
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29
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Jeffery C. Intracellular proteins moonlighting as bacterial adhesion factors. AIMS Microbiol 2018; 4:362-376. [PMID: 31294221 PMCID: PMC6604927 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2018.2.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic and commensal, or probiotic, bacteria employ adhesins on the cell surface to attach to and interact with the host. Dozens of the adhesins that play key roles in binding to host cells or extracellular matrix were originally identified as intracellular chaperones or enzymes in glycolysis or other central metabolic pathways. Proteins that have two very different functions, often in two different subcellular locations, are referred to as moonlighting proteins. The intracellular/surface moonlighting proteins do not contain signal sequences for secretion or known sequence motifs for binding to the cell surface, so in most cases is not known how these proteins are secreted or how they become attached to the cell surface. A secretion system in which a large portion of the pool of each protein remains inside the cell while some of the pool of the protein is partitioned to the cell surface has not been identified. This may involve a novel version of a known secretion system or it may involve a novel secretion system. Understanding the processes by which intracellular/cell surface moonlighting proteins are targeted to the cell surface could provide novel protein targets for the development of small molecules that block secretion and/or association with the cell surface and could serve as lead compounds for the development of novel antibacterial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Jeffery
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S Ashland Ave, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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30
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Carkaci D, Højholt K, Nielsen XC, Dargis R, Rasmussen S, Skovgaard O, Fuursted K, Andersen PS, Stegger M, Christensen JJ. Genomic characterization, phylogenetic analysis, and identification of virulence factors in Aerococcus sanguinicola and Aerococcus urinae strains isolated from infection episodes. Microb Pathog 2017; 112:327-340. [PMID: 28943151 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aerococcus sanguinicola and Aerococcus urinae are emerging pathogens in clinical settings mostly being causative agents of urinary tract infections (UTIs), urogenic sepsis and more seldomly complicated infective endocarditis (IE). Limited knowledge exists concerning the pathogenicity of these two species. Eight clinical A. sanguinicola (isolated from 2009 to 2015) and 40 clinical A. urinae (isolated from 1984 to 2015) strains from episodes of UTIs, bacteremia, and IE were whole-genome sequenced (WGS) to analyze genomic diversity and characterization of virulence genes involved in the bacterial pathogenicity. A. sanguinicola genome sizes were 2.06-2.12 Mb with 47.4-47.6% GC-contents, and 1783-1905 genes were predicted whereof 1170 were core-genes. In case of A. urinae strains, the genome sizes were 1.93-2.44 Mb with 41.6-42.6% GC-contents, and 1708-2256 genes of which 907 were core-genes. Marked differences were observed within A. urinae strains with respect to the average genome sizes, number and sequence identity of core-genes, proteome conservations, phylogenetic analysis, and putative capsular polysaccharide (CPS) loci sequences. Strains of A. sanguinicola showed high degree of homology. Phylogenetic analyses showed the 40 A. urinae strains formed two clusters according to two time periods: 1984-2004 strains and 2010-2015 strains. Genes that were homologs to virulence genes associated with bacterial adhesion and antiphagocytosis were identified by aligning A. sanguinicola and A. urinae pan- and core-genes against Virulence Factors of Bacterial Pathogens (VFDB). Bacterial adherence associated gene homologs were present in genomes of A. sanguinicola (htpB, fbpA, lmb, and ilpA) and A. urinae (htpB, lap, lmb, fbp54, and ilpA). Fifteen and 11-16 CPS gene homologs were identified in genomes of A. sanguinicola and A. urinae strains, respectively. Analysis of these genes identified one type of putative CPS locus within all A. sanguinicola strains. In A. urinae genomes, five different CPS loci types were identified with variations in CPS locus sizes, genetic content, and structural organization. In conclusion, this is the first study dealing with WGS and comparative genomics of clinical A. sanguinicola and A. urinae strains from episodes of UTIs, bacteremia, and IE. Gene homologs associated with antiphagocytosis and bacterial adherence were identified and genetic variability was observed within A. urinae genomes. These findings contribute with important knowledge and basis for future molecular and experimental pathogenicity study of UTIs, bacteremia, and IE causing A. sanguinicola and A. urinae strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Carkaci
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark; Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Microbiology & Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Katrine Højholt
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark; Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | | | - Rimtas Dargis
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark.
| | - Simon Rasmussen
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Ole Skovgaard
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Kurt Fuursted
- Department of Microbiology & Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Paal Skytt Andersen
- Department of Microbiology & Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Microbiology & Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jens Jørgen Christensen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Hoppe J, Ünal CM, Thiem S, Grimpe L, Goldmann T, Gaßler N, Richter M, Shevchuk O, Steinert M. PilY1 Promotes Legionella pneumophila Infection of Human Lung Tissue Explants and Contributes to Bacterial Adhesion, Host Cell Invasion, and Twitching Motility. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:63. [PMID: 28326293 PMCID: PMC5339237 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionnaires' disease is an acute fibrinopurulent pneumonia. During infection Legionella pneumophila adheres to the alveolar lining and replicates intracellularly within recruited macrophages. Here we provide a sequence and domain composition analysis of the L. pneumophila PilY1 protein, which has a high homology to PilY1 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PilY1 proteins of both pathogens contain a von Willebrand factor A (vWFa) and a C-terminal PilY domain. Using cellular fractionation, we assigned the L. pneumophila PilY1 as an outer membrane protein that is only expressed during the transmissive stationary growth phase. PilY1 contributes to infection of human lung tissue explants (HLTEs). A detailed analysis using THP-1 macrophages and A549 lung epithelial cells revealed that this contribution is due to multiple effects depending on host cell type. Deletion of PilY1 resulted in a lower replication rate in THP-1 macrophages but not in A549 cells. Further on, adhesion to THP-1 macrophages and A549 epithelial cells was decreased. Additionally, the invasion into non-phagocytic A549 epithelial cells was drastically reduced when PilY1 was absent. Complementation variants of a PilY1-negative mutant revealed that the C-terminal PilY domain is essential for restoring the wild type phenotype in adhesion, while the putatively mechanosensitive vWFa domain facilitates invasion into non-phagocytic cells. Since PilY1 also promotes twitching motility of L. pneumophila, we discuss the putative contribution of this newly described virulence factor for bacterial dissemination within infected lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hoppe
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Can M Ünal
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Thiem
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Louisa Grimpe
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Torsten Goldmann
- Pathology of the University Hospital of Lübeck and the Leibniz Research CenterBorstel, Germany; Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung ResearchBorstel, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Gaßler
- Institut für Pathologie, Klinikum Braunschweig Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Olga Shevchuk
- Center for Proteomics, University of Rijeka Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Michael Steinert
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweig, Germany; Helmholtz Center for Infection ResearchBraunschweig, Germany
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Hui YW, Narayanan K, Dykes GA. Control of Attachment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia to Surfaces by Shear Force. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2016; 88:2040-2046. [PMID: 26704787 DOI: 10.2175/106143016x14504669767292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of physical shearing on the attachment of six Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains and six Burkholderia cepacia strains to glass, stainless steel, polystyrene and Teflon® was determined. A significant (p < 0.05) decrease in hydrophobicity was apparent for all P. aeruginosa strains (17-36%) and B. cepacia, MS 5 (20%) after shearing. A significant (p < 0.05) decrease in attachment of some P. aeruginosa (0.2-0.5 log CFU/cm2) and B. cepacia (0.2-0.4 log CFU/cm2) strains to some surface types was apparent after shearing. Significant (p < 0.05) correlation was observed for both numbers of flagellated cells and hydrophobicity against attachment to glass, stainless steel and polystyrene for P. aeruginosa while only hydrophobicity showed significant correlation against the same surfaces for B. cepacia. Scanning electron microscopy and protein analysis showed that shearing removed surface proteins from the cells and may have led to the observed changes in hydrophobicity and attachment to abiotic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yew Woh Hui
- School of Science, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46150 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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33
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Bravo C, Martinez V. Whole-genome comparative analysis of the pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis. Vet Microbiol 2016; 196:36-43. [PMID: 27939153 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis is the etiological agent of piscirickettsiosis, the most important bacterial disease that affects the Chilean salmon industry. Despite its importance, little is known regarding the biology of the pathogen. In this study, recently published sequencing data was used in order to characterize the genome of P. salmonis, defining groups of genes associated with bacterial processes such as, invasion and intracellular survival. Moreover, one Chilean P. salmonis isolate, which is known to be virulent at in vitro and in vivo assays, was sequenced, assembled, annotated and functionally characterized. Whole-genome comparisons between public P. salmonis isolates confirmed the existence of two different genogroups associated with the LF-89 and EM-90 strains, and the bacterial pan and core genome were defined. Additionally, differences were observed at the genomic level between the P. salmonis reference strain and a Norwegian isolate, which is known to produce milder piscirickettsiosis outbreaks. Finally, candidate genes for invasion and intracellular survival were chosen from phylogenetically related bacteria, and annotated in P. salmonis using comparative genomics. These results showed the presence of several genes that might be related to bacterial pathogenesis, for example those of the type III, IV and VI secretion systems, in which some amino acidic differences within both genogroups and the Norwegian isolate were established. Altogether, these results will be relevant for understanding the host-pathogen interaction and further studies, aimed at generating new disease control strategies, should be devised using this information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Bravo
- FAVET-INBIOGEN, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Avda. Santa Rosa, 11735, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Victor Martinez
- FAVET-INBIOGEN, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Avda. Santa Rosa, 11735, Santiago, Chile.
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Khodr A, Kay E, Gomez-Valero L, Ginevra C, Doublet P, Buchrieser C, Jarraud S. Molecular epidemiology, phylogeny and evolution of Legionella. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 43:108-22. [PMID: 27180896 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Legionella are opportunistic pathogens that develop in aquatic environments where they multiply in protozoa. When infected aerosols reach the human respiratory tract they may accidentally infect the alveolar macrophages leading to a severe pneumonia called Legionnaires' disease (LD). The ability of Legionella to survive within host-cells is strictly dependent on the Dot/Icm Type 4 Secretion System that translocates a large repertoire of effectors into the host cell cytosol. Although Legionella is a large genus comprising nearly 60 species that are worldwide distributed, only about half of them have been involved in LD cases. Strikingly, the species Legionella pneumophila alone is responsible for 90% of all LD cases. The present review summarizes the molecular approaches that are used for L. pneumophila genotyping with a major focus on the contribution of whole genome sequencing (WGS) to the investigation of local L. pneumophila outbreaks and global epidemiology studies. We report the newest knowledge regarding the phylogeny and the evolution of Legionella and then focus on virulence evolution of those Legionella species that are known to have the capacity to infect humans. Finally, we discuss the evolutionary forces and adaptation mechanisms acting on the Dot/Icm system itself as well as the role of mobile genetic elements (MGE) encoding T4ASSs and of gene duplications in the evolution of Legionella and its adaptation to different hosts and lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khodr
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires, France; CNRS, UMR 3525, 28, Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - E Kay
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR 5308, Université Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69008, France
| | - L Gomez-Valero
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires, France; CNRS, UMR 3525, 28, Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - C Ginevra
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR 5308, Université Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69008, France; French National Reference Center of Legionella, Institut des agents infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - P Doublet
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR 5308, Université Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69008, France
| | - C Buchrieser
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires, France; CNRS, UMR 3525, 28, Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - S Jarraud
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR 5308, Université Lyon 1, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69008, France; French National Reference Center of Legionella, Institut des agents infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Carnielli CM, Artier J, de Oliveira JCF, Novo-Mansur MTM. Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri surface proteome by 2D-DIGE: Ferric enterobactin receptor and other outer membrane proteins potentially involved in citric host interaction. J Proteomics 2016; 151:251-263. [PMID: 27180281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (XAC) is the causative agent of citrus canker, a disease of great economic impact around the world. Understanding the role of proteins on XAC cellular surface can provide new insights on pathogen-plant interaction. Surface proteome was performed in XAC grown in vivo (infectious) and in vitro (non-infectious) conditions, by labeling intact cells followed by cellular lysis and direct 2D-DIGE analysis. Seventy-nine differential spots were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Highest relative abundance for in vivo condition was observed for spots containing DnaK protein, 60kDa chaperonin, conserved hypothetical proteins, malate dehydrogenase, phosphomannose isomerase, and ferric enterobactin receptors. Elongation factor Tu, OmpA-related proteins, Oar proteins and some Ton-B dependent receptors were found in spots decreased in vivo. Some proteins identified on XAC's surface in infectious condition and predicted to be cytoplasmic, such as DnaK and 60KDa chaperonin, have also been previously found at cellular surface in other microorganisms. This is the first study on XAC surface proteome and results point to mediation of molecular chaperones in XAC-citrus interaction. The approach utilized here can be applied to other pathogen-host interaction systems and help to achieve new insights in bacterial pathogenicity toward promising targets of biotechnological interest. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This research provides new insights for current knowledge of the Xanthomonas sp. pathogenicity. For the first time the 2D-DIGE approach was applied on intact cells to find surface proteins involved in the pathogen-plant interaction. Results point to the involvement of new surface/outer membrane proteins in the interaction between XAC and its citrus host and can provide potential targets of biotechnological interest for citrus canker control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Moretto Carnielli
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Artier
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Julio Cezar Franco de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Interações Microbianas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa Marques Novo-Mansur
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Abstract
After many years in the family Vibrionaceae, the genus Plesiomonas, represented by a single species, P. shigelloides, currently resides in the family Enterobacteriaceae, although its most appropriate phylogenetic position may yet to be determined. Common environmental reservoirs for plesiomonads include freshwater ecosystems and estuaries and inhabitants of these aquatic environs. Long suspected as being an etiologic agent of bacterial gastroenteritis, convincing evidence supporting this conclusion has accumulated over the past 2 decades in the form of a series of foodborne outbreaks solely or partially attributable to P. shigelloides. The prevalence of P. shigelloides enteritis varies considerably, with higher rates reported from Southeast Asia and Africa and lower numbers from North America and Europe. Reasons for these differences may include hygiene conditions, dietary habits, regional occupations, or other unknown factors. Other human illnesses caused by P. shigelloides include septicemia and central nervous system disease, eye infections, and a variety of miscellaneous ailments. For years, recognizable virulence factors potentially associated with P. shigelloides pathogenicity were lacking; however, several good candidates now have been reported, including a cytotoxic hemolysin, iron acquisition systems, and lipopolysaccharide. While P. shigelloides is easy to identify biochemically, it is often overlooked in stool samples due to its smaller colony size or relatively low prevalence in gastrointestinal samples. However, one FDA-approved PCR-based culture-independent diagnostic test system to detect multiple enteropathogens (FilmArray) includes P. shigelloides on its panel. Plesiomonads produce β-lactamases but are typically susceptible to many first-line antimicrobial agents, including quinolones and carbapenems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Janda
- Kern County Public Health Laboratory, Department of Public Health Services, Bakersfield, California, USA
| | - Sharon L Abbott
- Microbial Diseases Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Christopher J McIver
- Microbiology Department (SEALS), St. George Hospital, Kogarah, and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia
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37
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Oliver C, Valenzuela K, Hernández M, Sandoval R, Haro RE, Avendaño-Herrera R, Cárcamo JG, Villar MT, Artigues A, Garduño R, Yáñez AJ. Characterization and pathogenic role of outer membrane vesicles produced by the fish pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis under in vitro conditions. Vet Microbiol 2016; 184:94-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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38
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Wang W, Jeffery CJ. An analysis of surface proteomics results reveals novel candidates for intracellular/surface moonlighting proteins in bacteria. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:1420-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00550g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dozens of intracellular proteins have a second function on the cell surface, referred to as “intracellular/surface moonlighting proteins”. An analysis of the results of 22 cell surface proteomics studies was performed to address whether the hundreds of intracellular proteins found on the cell surface could be candidates for being additional intracellular/surface moonlighting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangfei Wang
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Illinois at Chicago
- Chicago
- USA
| | - Constance J. Jeffery
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Illinois at Chicago
- Chicago
- USA
- Department of Biological Sciences
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39
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Kim SM, Jeong Y, Sohn JW, Kim MJ. Multiplex real-time PCR assay for Legionella species. Mol Cell Probes 2015; 29:414-419. [PMID: 26327358 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (sg1) accounts for the majority of infections in humans, but other Legionella species are also associated with human disease. In this study, a new SYBR Green I-based multiplex real-time PCR assay in a single reaction was developed to allow the rapid detection and differentiation of Legionella species by targeting specific gene sequences. Candidate target genes were selected, and primer sets were designed by referring to comparative genomic hybridization data of Legionella species. The Legionella species-specific groES primer set successfully detected all 30 Legionella strains tested. The xcpX and rfbA primers specifically detected L. pneumophila sg1-15 and L. pneumophila sg1, respectively. In addition, this assay was validated by testing clinical samples and isolates. In conclusion, this novel multiplex real-time PCR assay might be a useful diagnostic tool for the rapid detection and differentiation of Legionella species in both clinical and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Min Kim
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoojung Jeong
- Institute of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Wook Sohn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ja Kim
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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40
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Du XJ, Han R, Li P, Wang S. Comparative proteomic analysis of Cronobacter sakazakii isolates with different virulences. J Proteomics 2015; 128:344-51. [PMID: 26327241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cronobacter is a genus of widespread, opportunistic, foodborne pathogens that can result in serious illnesses in at-risk infants because of their immature immunity and high dependence on powdered formula, which is one of the foods most often contaminated by this pathogen. However, limited information is available regarding the pathogenesis and the specific virulence factors of this species. In this study, the virulences of 42 Cronobacter sakazakii isolates were analyzed by infecting neonatal SD rats. A comparison of the typing patterns of the isolates enabled groups with close relationships but that exhibited distinct pathogenesis to be identified. Among these groups, 2 strains belonging to the same group but showing distinct virulences were selected, and 2-DE was applied to identify differentially expressed proteins, focusing on virulence-related proteins. A total of 111 protein spots were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS), and 89 were successfully identified. Further analysis suggested that at least 11 of these proteins may be involved in the pathogenesis of this pathogen. Real-time PCR was carried out to further confirm the differential expression pattern of the genes, and the results indicated that the mRNA expression levels were consistent with the protein expression levels. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The virulence factors and pathogenesis of Cronobacter are largely unknown. In combination with animal toxicological experiments and subtyping results of C. sakazakii, comparative proteomics analysis was performed to comprehensively evaluate the differentially expressed proteins of two isolates that exhibited distinct virulence but were closely related. These procedures made it possible to identify the virulence-related of factors of Cronobacter. Among the 89 total identified proteins, at least 11 show virulence-related potential. This work provides comprehensive candidates for the further investigation of the pathogenesis of Cronobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-jun Du
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ran Han
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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41
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Dwivedi P, Alam SI, Kumar O, Kumar RB. Comparative analysis of extractable proteins from Clostridium perfringens type A and type C strains showing varying degree of virulence. Anaerobe 2015; 35:77-91. [PMID: 26238688 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The prevailing scenario of bioterrorism warrants development of medical countermeasures with expanded coverage of select agents. Clostridium perfringens is a pathogen of medical, veterinary and military importance, and has been listed as Validated Biological Agent. We employed 2DE-MS approach to identify a total of 134 unique proteins (529 protein spot features) from the extractable proteome of four type A and type C strains. Proteins showing altered expression under host-simulated conditions from virulent type A strain (ATCC13124) were also elucidated. Significant among the differentially expressed proteins were elongation factor, molecular chaperones, ribosomal proteins, carbamoyl phosphate synthase, clpB protein, choloylglycine hydrolase, phosphopyruvate hydratase, and trigger factor. Predictive elucidation, of putative virulence associated proteins and sequence conservation pattern of selected candidates, was carried out using homologous proteins from other bacterial select agents to screen for the commonality of putative antigenic determinants. Pathogens (17 select agents) were observed to form three discrete clusters; composition of I and II being consistent in most of the phylogenetic reconstructions. This work provides a basis for further validation of putative candidate proteins as prophylactic agents and for their ability to provide protection against clusters of pathogenic select bacterial agents; aimed at mitigating the shadows of biothreat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratistha Dwivedi
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Syed Imteyaz Alam
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior 474002, India.
| | - Om Kumar
- Defence Research and Development Organisation, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Bhushan Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior 474002, India
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42
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Cahill BK, Seeley KW, Gutel D, Ellis TN. Klebsiella pneumoniae O antigen loss alters the outer membrane protein composition and the selective packaging of proteins into secreted outer membrane vesicles. Microbiol Res 2015; 180:1-10. [PMID: 26505306 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a nosocomial pathogen which naturally secretes lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cell envelope associated proteins into the environment through the production of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). The loss of the LPS O antigen has been demonstrated in other bacterial species to significantly alter the composition of OMVs. Therefore, this study aimed to comprehensively analyze the impact of O antigen loss on the sub-proteomes of both the outer membrane and secreted OMVs from K. pneumoniae. As determined by LC-MS/MS, OMVs were highly enriched with outer membrane proteins involved in cell wall, membrane, and envelope biogenesis as compared to the source cellular outer membrane. Deletion of wbbO, the enzyme responsible for O antigen attachment to LPS, decreased but did not eliminate this enrichment effect. Additionally, loss of O antigen resulted in OMVs with increased numbers of proteins involved in post-translational modification, protein turnover, and chaperones as compared to secreted vesicles from the wild type. This alteration of OMV composition may be a compensatory mechanism to deal with envelope stress. This comprehensive analysis confirms the highly distinct protein composition of OMVs as compared to their source membrane, and provides evidence for a selective sorting mechanism that involves LPS polysaccharides. These data support the hypothesis that modifications to LPS alters both the mechanics of protein sorting and the contents of secreted OMVs and significantly impacts the protein composition of the outer membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethaney K Cahill
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Kent W Seeley
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovation, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Dedra Gutel
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Terri N Ellis
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States.
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Hellinga JR, Garduño RA, Kormish JD, Tanner JR, Khan D, Buchko K, Jimenez C, Pinette MM, Brassinga AKC. Identification of vacuoles containing extraintestinal differentiated forms of Legionella pneumophila in colonized Caenorhabditis elegans soil nematodes. Microbiologyopen 2015; 4:660-81. [PMID: 26131925 PMCID: PMC4554460 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila, a causative agent of Legionnaires’ disease, is a facultative intracellular parasite of freshwater protozoa. Legionella pneumophila features a unique developmental network that involves several developmental forms including the infectious cyst forms. Reservoirs of L. pneumophila include natural and man-made freshwater systems; however, recent studies have shown that isolates of L. pneumophila can also be obtained directly from garden potting soil suggesting the presence of an additional reservoir. A previous study employing the metazoan Caenorhabditis elegans, a member of the Rhabditidae family of free-living soil nematodes, demonstrated that the intestinal lumen can be colonized with L. pneumophila. While both replicative forms and differentiated forms were observed in C. elegans, these morphologically distinct forms were initially observed to be restricted to the intestinal lumen. Using live DIC imaging coupled with focused transmission electron microscopy analyses, we report here that L. pneumophila is able to invade and establish Legionella-containing vacuoles (LCVs) in the intestinal cells. In addition, LCVs containing replicative and differentiated cyst forms were observed in the pseudocoelomic cavity and gonadal tissue of nematodes colonized with L. pneumophila. Furthermore, establishment of LCVs in the gonadal tissue was Dot/Icm dependent and required the presence of the endocytic factor RME-1 to gain access to maturing oocytes. Our findings are novel as this is the first report, to our knowledge, of extraintestinal LCVs containing L. pneumophila cyst forms in C. elegans tissues, highlighting the potential of soil-dwelling nematodes as an alternate environmental reservoir for L. pneumophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline R Hellinga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
| | - Rafael A Garduño
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 1X5.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 1X5
| | - Jay D Kormish
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
| | - Jennifer R Tanner
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
| | - Deirdre Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
| | - Kristyn Buchko
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
| | - Celine Jimenez
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
| | - Mathieu M Pinette
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
| | - Ann Karen C Brassinga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
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Amblee V, Jeffery CJ. Physical Features of Intracellular Proteins that Moonlight on the Cell Surface. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130575. [PMID: 26110848 PMCID: PMC4481411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Moonlighting proteins comprise a subset of multifunctional proteins that perform two or more biochemical functions that are not due to gene fusions, multiple splice variants, proteolytic fragments, or promiscuous enzyme activities. The project described herein focuses on a sub-set of moonlighting proteins that have a canonical biochemical function inside the cell and perform a second biochemical function on the cell surface in at least one species. The goal of this project is to consider the biophysical features of these moonlighting proteins to determine whether they have shared characteristics or defining features that might suggest why these particular proteins were adopted for a second function on the cell surface, or if these proteins resemble typical intracellular proteins. The latter might suggest that many other normally intracellular proteins found on the cell surface might also be moonlighting in this fashion. We have identified 30 types of proteins that have different functions inside the cell and on the cell surface. Some of these proteins are found to moonlight on the surface of multiple species, sometimes with different extracellular functions in different species, so there are a total of 98 proteins in the study set. Although a variety of intracellular proteins (enzymes, chaperones, etc.) are observed to be re-used on the cell surface, for the most part, these proteins were found to have physical characteristics typical of intracellular proteins. Many other intracellular proteins have also been found on the surface of bacterial pathogens and other organisms in proteomics experiments. It is quite possible that many of those proteins also have a moonlighting function on the cell surface. The increasing number and variety of known moonlighting proteins suggest that there may be more moonlighting proteins than previously thought, and moonlighting might be a common feature of many more proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishak Amblee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, MC567, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607, United States of America
| | - Constance J. Jeffery
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, MC567, 900 S. Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Moumène A, Marcelino I, Ventosa M, Gros O, Lefrançois T, Vachiéry N, Meyer DF, Coelho AV. Proteomic profiling of the outer membrane fraction of the obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen Ehrlichia ruminantium. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116758. [PMID: 25710494 PMCID: PMC4339577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Gram-negative bacteria play a crucial role in virulence and pathogenesis. Identification of these proteins represents an important goal for bacterial proteomics, because it aids in vaccine development. Here, we have developed such an approach for Ehrlichia ruminantium, the obligate intracellular bacterium that causes heartwater. A preliminary whole proteome analysis of elementary bodies, the extracellular infectious form of the bacterium, had been performed previously, but information is limited about OMPs in this organism and about their role in the protective immune response. Identification of OMPs is also essential for understanding Ehrlichia's OM architecture, and how the bacterium interacts with the host cell environment. First, we developed an OMP extraction method using the ionic detergent sarkosyl, which enriched the OM fraction. Second, proteins were separated via one-dimensional electrophoresis, and digested peptides were analyzed via nano-liquid chromatographic separation coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MALDI-TOF/TOF). Of 46 unique proteins identified in the OM fraction, 18 (39%) were OMPs, including 8 proteins involved in cell structure and biogenesis, 4 in transport/virulence, 1 porin, and 5 proteins of unknown function. These experimental data were compared to the predicted subcellular localization of the entire E. ruminantium proteome, using three different algorithms. This work represents the most complete proteome characterization of the OM fraction in Ehrlichia spp. The study indicates that suitable subcellular fractionation experiments combined with straightforward computational analysis approaches are powerful for determining the predominant subcellular localization of the experimentally observed proteins. We identified proteins potentially involved in E. ruminantium pathogenesis, which are good novel targets for candidate vaccines. Thus, combining bioinformatics and proteomics, we discovered new OMPs for E. ruminantium that are valuable data for those investigating new vaccines against this organism. In summary, we provide both pioneering data and novel insights into the pathogenesis of this obligate intracellular bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Moumène
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Site de Duclos, Prise d’eau, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
- INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, F-34398, Montpellier, France
- Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, 97159, Pointe-à-Pitre cedex, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Isabel Marcelino
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Miguel Ventosa
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Olivier Gros
- Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, UMR7138 UPMC-CNRS, Equipe Biologie de la Mangrove, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Département de Biologie, BP 592, 97159, Pointe-à-Pitre cedex, Guadeloupe, France
| | | | - Nathalie Vachiéry
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Site de Duclos, Prise d’eau, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
- INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, F-34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Damien F. Meyer
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Site de Duclos, Prise d’eau, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
- INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, F-34398, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Ana V. Coelho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
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46
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Actinomyces naeslundii GroEL-dependent initial attachment and biofilm formation in a flow cell system. J Microbiol Methods 2014; 109:160-6. [PMID: 25555820 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Actinomyces naeslundii is an early colonizer with important roles in the development of the oral biofilm. The effects of butyric acid, one of short chain fatty acids in A. naeslundii biofilm formation was observed using a flow cell system with Tryptic soy broth without dextrose and with 0.25% sucrose (TSB sucrose). Significant biofilms were established involving live and dead cells in TSB sucrose with 60mM butyric acid but not in concentrations of 6, 30, 40, and 50mM. Biofilm formation failed in 60mM sodium butyrate but biofilm level in 60mM sodium butyrate (pH4.7) adjusted with hydrochloric acid as 60mM butyric media (pH4.7) was similar to biofilm levels in 60mM butyric acid. Therefore, butyric acid and low pH are required for significant biofilm formation in the flow cell. To determine the mechanism of biofilm formation, we investigated initial A. naeslundii colonization in various conditions and effects of anti-GroEL antibody. The initial colonization was observed in the 60mM butyric acid condition and anti-GroEL antibody inhibited the initial colonization. In conclusion, we established a new biofilm formation model in which butyric acid induces GroEL-dependent initial colonization of A. naeslundii resulting in significant biofilm formation in a flow system.
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Ron M, Gorelick-Ashkenazi A, Levisohn S, Nir-Paz R, Geary SJ, Tulman E, Lysnyansky I, Yogev D. Mycoplasma gallisepticum in vivo induced antigens expressed during infection in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2014; 175:265-74. [PMID: 25575879 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Until now only a few genes encoding virulence factors have been characterized in the avian pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum. In order to identify candidate targets associated with infection we applied an immunoscreening technique-in vivo induced antigen technology (IVIAT)-to detect immunogens of M. gallisepticum strain Rlow expressed preferentially during in vivo infection. We identified 13 in vivo-induced (IVI) proteins that correspond to different functional categories including: previously reported putative virulence factors (GapA, PlpA, Hlp3, VlhA 1.07 and VlhA 4.01), transport (PotE, MGA_0241 and 0654), translation (L2, L23, ValS), chaperone (GroEL) and a protein with unknown function (MGA_0042). To validate the in vivo antigenic reactivity, 10 IVI proteins were tested by Western blot analysis using serum samples collected from chickens experimentally (with strain Rlow) and naturally (outbreaks, N=3) infected with M. gallisepticum. All IVI proteins tested were immunogenic. To corroborate these results, we tested expression of IVI genes in chickens experimentally infected with M. gallisepticum Rlow, and in MRC-5 human lung fibroblasts cell culture by using relative real time reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR). With the exception of MGA_0338, all six genes tested (MGA_1199, 0042, 0654, 0712, 0928 and 0241) were upregulated at least at one time point during experimental infection (2-4 week post-infection). In contrast, the expression of seven out of eight IVI genes (MGA_1199, 0152, 0338, 0042, 0654, 0712, 0928) were downregulated in MRC-5 cell culture at both 2 and 4h PI; MGA_0241 was upregulated 2h PI. Our data suggest that the identified IVI antigens may have important roles in the pathogenesis of M. gallisepticum infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merav Ron
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, The Hebrew University-Haddassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Anna Gorelick-Ashkenazi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, The Hebrew University-Haddassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Sharon Levisohn
- Mycoplasma Unit, Department of Avian and Aquatic Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Ran Nir-Paz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Steven J Geary
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science and the Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Edan Tulman
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science and the Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Inna Lysnyansky
- Mycoplasma Unit, Department of Avian and Aquatic Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - David Yogev
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, The Hebrew University-Haddassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Rieu A, Aoudia N, Jego G, Chluba J, Yousfi N, Briandet R, Deschamps J, Gasquet B, Monedero V, Garrido C, Guzzo J. The biofilm mode of life boosts the anti-inflammatory properties of Lactobacillus. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:1836-53. [PMID: 25052472 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The predominant form of life for microorganisms in their natural habitats is the biofilm mode of growth. The adherence and colonization of probiotic bacteria are considered as essential factors for their immunoregulatory function in the host. Here, we show that Lactobacillus casei ATCC334 adheres to and colonizes the gut of zebrafish larvae. The abundance of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the recruitment of macrophages were low when inflammation was induced in probiotic-fed animals, suggesting that these bacteria have anti-inflammatory properties. We treated human macrophage-differentiated monocytic THP-1 cells with supernatants of L. casei ATCC334 grown in either biofilm or planktonic cultures. TNF-α production was suppressed and the NF-κB pathway was inhibited only in the presence of supernatants from biofilms. We identified GroEL as the biofilm supernatant compound responsible, at least partially, for this anti-inflammatory effect. Gradual immunodepletion of GroEL demonstrated that the abundance of GroEL and TNF-α were inversely correlated. We confirmed that biofilm development in other Lactobacillus species affects the immune response. The biofilms supernatants of these species also contained large amounts of GroEL. Thus, our results demonstrate that the biofilm enhances the immunomodulatory effects of Lactobacillus sp. and that secreted GroEL is involved in this beneficial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Rieu
- UMR A PAM Université de Bourgogne-AgroSup Dijon - équipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress, 21000, Dijon, France
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Seidman D, Ojogun N, Walker NJ, Mastronunzio J, Kahlon A, Hebert KS, Karandashova S, Miller DP, Tegels BK, Marconi RT, Fikrig E, Borjesson DL, Carlyon JA. Anaplasma phagocytophilum surface protein AipA mediates invasion of mammalian host cells. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:1133-45. [PMID: 24612118 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum, which causes granulocytic anaplasmosis in humans and animals, is a tick-transmitted obligate intracellular bacterium that mediates its own uptake into neutrophils and non-phagocytic cells. Invasins of obligate intracellular pathogens are attractive targets for protecting against or curing infection because blocking the internalization step prevents survival of these organisms. The complement of A. phagocytophilum invasins is incompletely defined. Here, we report the significance of a novel A. phagocytophilum invasion protein, AipA. A. phagocytophilum induced aipA expression during transmission feeding of infected ticks on mice. The bacterium upregulated aipA transcription when it transitioned from its non-infectious reticulate cell morphotype to its infectious dense-cored morphotype during infection of HL-60 cells. AipA localized to the bacterial surface and was expressed during in vivo infection. Of the AipA regions predicted to be surface-exposed, only residues 1 to 87 (AipA1-87 ) were found to be essential for host cell invasion. Recombinant AipA1-87 protein bound to and competitively inhibited A. phagocytophilum infection of mammalian cells. Antiserum specific for AipA1-87 , but not other AipA regions, antagonized infection. Additional blocking experiments using peptide-specific antisera narrowed down the AipA invasion domain to residues 9 to 21. An antisera combination targeting AipA1-87 together with two other A. phagocytophilum invasins, OmpA and Asp14, nearly abolished infection of host cells. This study identifies AipA as an A. phagocytophilum surface protein that is critical for infection, demarcates its invasion domain, and establishes a rationale for targeting multiple invasins to protect against granulocytic anaplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Seidman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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50
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Shinoy M, Dennehy R, Coleman L, Carberry S, Schaffer K, Callaghan M, Doyle S, McClean S. Immunoproteomic analysis of proteins expressed by two related pathogens, Burkholderia multivorans and Burkholderia cenocepacia, during human infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80796. [PMID: 24260482 PMCID: PMC3829912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that causes chronic infections in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). It is a highly antibiotic resistant organism and Bcc infections are rarely cleared from patients, once they are colonized. The two most clinically relevant species within Bcc are Burkholderia cenocepacia and Burkholderia multivorans. The virulence of these pathogens has not been fully elucidated and the virulence proteins expressed during human infection have not been identified to date. Furthermore, given its antibiotic resistance, prevention of infection with a prophylactic vaccine may represent a better alternative than eradication of an existing infection. We have compared the immunoproteome of two strains each from these two species of Bcc, with the aim of identifying immunogenic proteins which are common to both species. Fourteen immunoreactive proteins were exclusive to both B. cenocepacia strains, while 15 were exclusive to B. multivorans. A total of 15 proteins were immunogenic across both species. DNA-directed RNA polymerase, GroEL, 38kDa porin and elongation factor-Tu were immunoreactive proteins expressed by all four strains examined. Many proteins which were immunoreactive in both species, warrant further investigations in order to aid in the elucidation of the mechanisms of pathogenesis of this difficult organism. In addition, identification of some of these could also allow the development of protective vaccines which may prevent colonisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minu Shinoy
- Centre of Microbial Host Interactions, ITT Dublin, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ruth Dennehy
- Centre of Microbial Host Interactions, ITT Dublin, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre of Applied Science for Health, ITT Dublin, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorraine Coleman
- Centre of Microbial Host Interactions, ITT Dublin, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre of Applied Science for Health, ITT Dublin, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen Carberry
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co Kildare, Ireland
| | - Kirsten Schaffer
- Department of Microbiology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Máire Callaghan
- Centre of Microbial Host Interactions, ITT Dublin, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre of Applied Science for Health, ITT Dublin, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sean Doyle
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co Kildare, Ireland
| | - Siobhán McClean
- Centre of Microbial Host Interactions, ITT Dublin, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre of Applied Science for Health, ITT Dublin, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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