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Wang L, Zeng Q, Hu J, Bao Z, Wang M. Proteome analysis of outer membrane vesicles from Vibrio parahaemolyticus causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 204:108082. [PMID: 38447863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
A specific strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VpAHPND) causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), leading to significant losses in shrimp aquaculture. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are naturally secreted by Gram-negative bacteria, and their significant roles in host-pathogen interactions and pathogenicity have been recognized. In the present study, OMVs were isolated from VpAHPND by differential-ultracentrifugation and used for proteomics analysis. In the Nano-HPLC-MS/MS analysis, totally 645 proteins were determined, including virulence factors, immunogenic proteins, outer membrane protein, bacterial secretory proteins, ribosomal proteins, protease, and iron regulation proteins. Furthermore, GO and KEGG annotations indicated that proteins identified in VpAHPND-OMVs are involved in metabolism, regulation of multiple biological processes, genetic information processes, immunity and more. Meanwhile, toxin proteins PirAvp and PirBvp, associated with VpAHPND pathogenicity, were also identified in the proteome of VpAHPND-OMVs. Our objective is to identify the protein composition of OMVs released by VpAHPND, analyzing the potential for cytotoxicity and immunomodulatory activity of these granule hosts. This study is crucial for understanding the roles played by bacterial-derived vesicles in the disease process, given that these vesicles carry relevant activities inherent to the bacteria that produce them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Qifan Zeng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572024, China; Hebei Xinhai Aquatic Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Cangzhou 061101, China
| | - Jingjie Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572024, China; Hebei Xinhai Aquatic Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Cangzhou 061101, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572024, China.
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Echeverría-Bugueño M, Avendaño-Herrera R. Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi produce outer membrane vesicles (OMV) that are associated with the cytotoxic effect in rainbow trout head kidney macrophages. J Fish Dis 2024; 47:e13888. [PMID: 37950508 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi is the second most important pathogen in Chilean salmon farming. This microorganism causes severe skin lesions on the body surface of farmed fish. The bacterium can also adhere to surfaces and form biofilm, survive in fish skin mucus, and possess different systems for iron acquisition. However, the virulence mechanisms are still not fully elucidated. Outer membrane vesicles (OMV) are nanostructures released by pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria during growth, but none has been described yet for T. dicentrarchi. In this study, we provide the first reported evidence of the fish pathogen T. dicentrarchi producing and releasing OMV from 24 h after incubation, increasing thereafter until 120 h. Analyses were conducted with T. dicentrarchi TdCh05, QCR29, and the type strain CECT 7612T . The OMV sizes, determined via scanning electron microscopy, ranged from 82.25 nm to 396.88 nm as per the strain and incubation time point (i.e., 24 to 120 h). SDS-PAGE revealed that the number of protein bands evidenced a drastically downward trend among the T. dicentrarchi strains. In turn, the OMV shared five proteins (i.e., 22.2, 31.9, 47.7, 56.3, and 107.1 kDa), but no protein pattern was identical. A heterogeneous amount of protein, RNA, and DNA were obtained, depending on the time at which OMV were extracted. Purified OMV were biologically active and induced a cytotoxic effect in macrophage-enriched cell cultures from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) head kidneys. This is the first step towards understanding the role that OMV could play in the pathogenesis of T. dicentrarchi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Echeverría-Bugueño
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
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Ayesha A, Chow FWN, Leung PHM. Role of Legionella pneumophila outer membrane vesicles in host-pathogen interaction. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1270123. [PMID: 37817751 PMCID: PMC10561282 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1270123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is an opportunistic intracellular pathogen that inhabits artificial water systems and can be transmitted to human hosts by contaminated aerosols. Upon inhalation, it colonizes and grows inside the alveolar macrophages and causes Legionnaires' disease. To effectively control and manage Legionnaires' disease, a deep understanding of the host-pathogen interaction is crucial. Bacterial extracellular vesicles, particularly outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have emerged as mediators of intercellular communication between bacteria and host cells. These OMVs carry a diverse cargo, including proteins, toxins, virulence factors, and nucleic acids. OMVs play a pivotal role in disease pathogenesis by helping bacteria in colonization, delivering virulence factors into host cells, and modulating host immune responses. This review highlights the role of OMVs in the context of host-pathogen interaction shedding light on the pathogenesis of L. pneumophila. Understanding the functions of OMVs and their cargo provides valuable insights into potential therapeutic targets and interventions for combating Legionnaires' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Polly Hang-Mei Leung
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Escribano MP, Balado M, Toranzo AE, Lemos ML, Magariños B. The secretome of the fish pathogen Tenacibaculum maritimum includes soluble virulence-related proteins and outer membrane vesicles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1197290. [PMID: 37360528 PMCID: PMC10288586 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1197290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenacibaculum maritimum, the etiological agent of tenacibaculosis in marine fish, constitutively secretes extracellular products (ECPs) in which protein content has not been yet comprehensively studied. In this work, the prevalence of extracellular proteolytic and lipolytic activities related to virulence was analyzed in 64 T. maritimum strains belonging to the O1-O4 serotypes. The results showed the existence of a great intra-specific heterogeneity in the enzymatic capacity, particularly within serotype O4. Thus, the secretome of a strain belonging to this serotype was characterized by analyzing the protein content of ECPs and the possible production of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Notably, the ECPs of T. maritimum SP9.1 contain a large amount of OMVs that were characterized by electron microscopy and purified. Thus, ECPs were divided into soluble (S-ECPs) and insoluble fractions (OMVs), and their protein content was analyzed by a high-throughput proteomic approach. A total of 641 proteins were identified in ECPs including some virulence-related factors, which were mainly found in one of the fractions, either OMVs or S-ECPs. Outer membrane proteins such as TonB-dependent siderophore transporters and the type IX secretion system (T9SS)-related proteins PorP, PorT, and SprA appeared to be mainly associated with OMVs. By contrast, putative virulence factors such as sialidase SiaA, chondroitinase CslA, sphingomyelinase Sph, ceramidase Cer, and collagenase Col were found only in the S-ECPs. These findings clearly demonstrate that T. maritimum releases, through surface blebbing, OMVs specifically enriched in TonB-dependent transporters and T9SS proteins. Interestingly, in vitro and in vivo assays also showed that OMVs could play a key role in virulence by promoting surface adhesion and biofilm formation and maximizing the cytotoxic effects of the ECPs. The characterization of T. maritimum secretome provides insights into ECP function and can constitute the basis for future studies aimed to elucidate the full role of OMVs in the pathogenesis of fish tenacibaculosis.
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Oliver C, Coronado JL, Martínez D, Kashulin-Bekkelund A, Lagos LX, Ciani E, Sanhueza-Oyarzún C, Mancilla-Nova A, Enríquez R, Winther-Larsen HC, Romero A. Outer membrane vesicles from Piscirickettsia salmonis induce the expression of inflammatory genes and production of IgM in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2023:108887. [PMID: 37290611 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Piscirickettsiosis outbreaks due to Piscirickettsia salmonis occur globally in the Chilean salmon aquaculture generating significant monetary losses in the industry. P. salmonis secretes outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) which are naturally non-replicating and highly immunogenic spherical nanoparticles. P. salmonis OMVs has been shown to induce immune response in zebrafish; however, the immune response induced by these vesicles in salmonids has not been evaluated. In this study, we inoculated Atlantic salmon with 10 and 30 μg doses of P. salmonis OMVs and took samples for 12 days. qPCR analysis indicated an inflammatory response. Thus, the inflammatory genes evaluated were up- or down-regulated at several times in liver, head kidney and spleen. In addition, the liver was the organ most immune-induced, mainly in the 30 μg-dose. Interestingly, co-expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines was evidenced by the prominent expression of il-10 at day 1 in spleen and also in head kidney on days 3, 6 and 12, while il-10 and tgf-β were up-regulated on days 3, 6 and 12 in liver. Importantly, we detected the production of IgM against proteins of P. salmonis in the serum collected from immunized fish after 14 days. Thus, 40 and 400 μg OMVs induced the production of highest IgM levels; however, no statistical difference in the immunoglobulin levels produced by these OMVs doses were detected. The current study provides evidence that OMVs released by P. salmonis induced a pro-inflammatory responses and IgM production in S. salar, while regulatory genes were induced in order to regulate their effects and achieve the balance of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Oliver
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - José Leonardo Coronado
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Danixa Martínez
- Laboratorio Institucional de Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | | | - Leidy X Lagos
- Section of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elia Ciani
- Section of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Constanza Sanhueza-Oyarzún
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alejandra Mancilla-Nova
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ricardo Enríquez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Hanne C Winther-Larsen
- Section of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0315, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Alex Romero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile.
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6
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Muñoz C, Carmona M, Luna O, Gómez FA, Cárdenas C, Flores-Herrera P, Belmonte R, Marshall SH. Serum-isolated exosomes from Piscirickettsia salmonis-infected Salmo salar specimens enclose bacterial DnaK, DnaJ and GrpE chaperones. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Martínez DP, Oliver C, Santibañez N, Coronado JL, Oyarzún-Salazar R, Enriquez R, Vargas-Chacoff L, Romero A. PAMPs of Piscirickettsia salmonis Trigger the Transcription of Genes Involved in Nutritional Immunity in a Salmon Macrophage-Like Cell Line. Front Immunol 2022; 13:849752. [PMID: 35493529 PMCID: PMC9046600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.849752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system can limit the growth of invading pathogens by depleting micronutrients at a cellular and tissue level. However, it is not known whether nutrient depletion mechanisms discriminate between living pathogens (which require nutrients) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (which do not). We stimulated SHK-1 cells with different PAMPs (outer membrane vesicles of Piscirickettsia salmonis “OMVs”, protein extract of P. salmonis “TP” and lipopolysaccharides of P. salmonis “LPS”) isolated from P. salmonis and evaluated transcriptional changes in nutritional immunity associated genes. Our experimental treatments were: Control (SHK-1 stimulated with bacterial culture medium), OMVs (SHK-1 stimulated with 1μg of outer membrane vesicles), TP (SHK-1 stimulated with 1μg of total protein extract) and LPS (SHK-1 stimulated with 1μg of lipopolysaccharides). Cells were sampled at 15-, 30-, 60- and 120-minutes post-stimulation. We detected increased transcription of zip8, zip14, irp1, irp2 and tfr1 in all three experimental conditions and increased transcription of dmt1 in cells stimulated with OMVs and TP, but not LPS. Additionally, we observed generally increased transcription of ireg-1, il-6, hamp, irp1, ft-h and ft-m in all three experimental conditions, but we also detected decreased transcription of these markers in cells stimulated with TP and LPS at specific time points. Our results demonstrate that SHK-1 cells stimulated with P. salmonis PAMPs increase transcription of markers involved in the transport, uptake, storage and regulation of micronutrients such as iron, manganese and zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danixa Pamela Martínez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de peces, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- *Correspondence: Danixa Pamela Martínez, ; Luis Vargas-Chacoff, ; Alex Romero,
| | - Cristian Oliver
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Natacha Santibañez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - José Leonardo Coronado
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ricardo Oyarzún-Salazar
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de peces, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ricardo Enriquez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Luis Vargas-Chacoff
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de peces, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems, BASE, University Austral of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- *Correspondence: Danixa Pamela Martínez, ; Luis Vargas-Chacoff, ; Alex Romero,
| | - Alex Romero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondap Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- *Correspondence: Danixa Pamela Martínez, ; Luis Vargas-Chacoff, ; Alex Romero,
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Rozas-Serri M. Why Does Piscirickettsia salmonis Break the Immunological Paradigm in Farmed Salmon? Biological Context to Understand the Relative Control of Piscirickettsiosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:856896. [PMID: 35386699 PMCID: PMC8979166 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.856896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Piscirickettsiosis (SRS) has been the most important infectious disease in Chilean salmon farming since the 1980s. It was one of the first to be described, and to date, it continues to be the main infectious cause of mortality. How can we better understand the epidemiological situation of SRS? The catch-all answer is that the Chilean salmon farming industry must fight year after year against a multifactorial disease, and apparently only the environment in Chile seems to favor the presence and persistence of Piscirickettsia salmonis. This is a fastidious, facultative intracellular bacterium that replicates in the host’s own immune cells and antigen-presenting cells and evades the adaptive cell-mediated immune response, which is why the existing vaccines are not effective in controlling it. Therefore, the Chilean salmon farming industry uses a lot of antibiotics—to control SRS—because otherwise, fish health and welfare would be significantly impaired, and a significantly higher volume of biomass would be lost per year. How can the ever-present risk of negative consequences of antibiotic use in salmon farming be balanced with the productive and economic viability of an animal production industry, as well as with the care of the aquatic environment and public health and with the sustainability of the industry? The answer that is easy, but no less true, is that we must know the enemy and how it interacts with its host. Much knowledge has been generated using this line of inquiry, however it remains insufficient. Considering the state-of-the-art summarized in this review, it can be stated that, from the point of view of fish immunology and vaccinology, we are quite far from reaching an effective and long-term solution for the control of SRS. For this reason, the aim of this critical review is to comprehensively discuss the current knowledge on the interaction between the bacteria and the host to promote the generation of more and better measures for the prevention and control of SRS.
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Abstract
Bacterial fish pathogens are one of the key challenges in the aquaculture industry, one of the fast-growing industries worldwide. These pathogens rely on arsenal of virulence factors such as toxins, adhesins, effectors and enzymes to promote colonization and infection. Translocation of virulence factors across the membrane to either the extracellular environment or directly into the host cells is performed by single or multiple dedicated secretion systems. These secretion systems are often key to the infection process. They can range from simple single-protein systems to complex injection needles made from dozens of subunits. Here, we review the different types of secretion systems in Gram-negative bacterial fish pathogens and describe their putative roles in pathogenicity. We find that the available information is fragmented and often descriptive, and hope that our overview will help researchers to more systematically learn from the similarities and differences between the virulence factors and secretion systems of the fish-pathogenic species described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophanit Mekasha
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dirk Linke
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Echeverría-Bugueño M, Balada C, Irgang R, Avendaño-Herrera R. Evidence for the existence of extracellular vesicles in Renibacterium salmoninarum and related cytotoxic effects on SHK-1 cells. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1015-1024. [PMID: 33683739 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in bacteria have been implicated in invasive and, through enzymes, infective processes. One Gram-positive bacterium lacking any EV research, despite having commercial impacts on the aquaculture industry, is Renibacterium salmoninarum. We addressed this gap in knowledge by utilizing scanning electron microscopy to provide the first reported evidence for the production of EVs by R. salmoninarum strain H-2. Dispersive light scattering detected that the EVs were heterogeneous in size, and the protein compositions were similar to the bacterial membrane and contained the virulent protein factors p22 and p57. The EVs additionally had a concentrated negative charge compared with R. salmoninarum H-2, as determined by Z potential. Finally, these particles seemed to play a role in host invasion in vitro in the salmon head kidney cell line, as demonstrated by the occurrence of a cytotoxic effect within the first 48 hr post-infection. Higher EV concentrations (i.e. 52.6 µg/ml) were more toxic than R. salmoninarum H-2. This information serves as a foundation to develop and test possible uses for R. salmoninarum EVs in salmon aquaculture, inspiring future advances against bacterial kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Echeverría-Bugueño
- Grupo de Espectroscopia Vibracional y Materiales Moleculares, Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Cristóbal Balada
- Laboratorio de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Rute Irgang
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigaciones Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andés Bello, Quintay, Chile
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Figueroa J, Villagrán D, Cartes C, Solis C, Nourdin-Galindo G, Haussmann D. Analysis of genes encoding for proteolytic enzymes and cytotoxic proteins as virulence factors of Piscirickettsia salmonis in SHK-1 cells. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:495-504. [PMID: 33455005 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Piscirickettsia salmonis is the causative agent of Piscirickettsiosis, a systemic disease generating high mortality rates in farmed salmon cultures of southern Chile. Proteolytic enzymes are important virulence factors since they play a key role in bacterial invasion and proliferation within the host. Bacteria growing in muscle tissues are known to secrete proteases, but no proteolytic enzymes have been described in P. salmonis to date. A battery of putative protease genes was found in the genomes and available strains of P. salmonis by bioinformatics analyses, and their identity was established through comparison with protease genes in databases. The transcript levels of five candidate genes were analysed by in vitro infection and qPCR. All strains were found to generate protease activity to varying degrees, and this was significantly increased when bacteria infected a salmon cell line. Gene expression of several types of proteases was also evidenced, with the highest levels corresponding to the type 1 secretion system (T1SS), which is also involved in the transport of haemolysin A, although transcripts with significant levels of peptidase M4 (thermolysin) and CLP protease were also found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Figueroa
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro FONDAP: Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
| | - Daniela Villagrán
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro FONDAP: Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
| | - Carlos Cartes
- Centro FONDAP: Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
| | - Camila Solis
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Denise Haussmann
- Departmento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Valdivia, Chile
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12
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Qiao W, Wang L, Luo Y, Miao J. Outer membrane vesicles mediated horizontal transfer of an aerobic denitrification gene between Escherichia coli. Biodegradation 2021; 32:435-48. [PMID: 33886019 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-021-09945-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial genetic material can be horizontally transferred between microorganisms via outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) released by bacteria. Up to now, the application of vesicle-mediated horizontal transfer of "degrading genes" in environmental remediation has not been reported. In this study, the nirS gene from an aerobic denitrification bacterium, Pseudomonas stutzeri, was enclosed in a pET28a plasmid, transformed into Escherichia coli (E. coli) DH5α and expressed in E. coli BL21. The E. coli DH5α released OMVs containing the recombination plasmid pET28a-nirS-EGFP. When compared with the free pET28a-nirS-EGFP plasmid's inability to transform, nirS in OMVs could be transferred into E. coli BL21 with the transformation frequency of 2.76 × 106 CFU/g when the dosage of OMVs was 200 µg under natural conditions, and nirS could express successfully in recipient bacteria. Furthermore, the recipient bacteria that received OMVs containing pET28a-nirS-EGFP could produce 18.16 U/mL activity of nitrite reductase.
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13
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González-Stegmaier R, Peña A, Villarroel-Espíndola F, Aguila P, Oliver C, MacLeod-Carey D, Rozas-Serri M, Enriquez R, Figueroa J. Full recombinant flagellin B from Vibrio anguillarum (rFLA) and its recombinant D1 domain (rND1) promote a pro-inflammatory state and improve vaccination against P. salmonis in Atlantic salmon (S. salar). Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 117:103988. [PMID: 33359361 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flagellin is the major component of the flagellum, and a ligand for Toll-like receptor 5. As reported, recombinant flagellin (rFLA) from Vibrio anguillarum and its D1 domain (rND1) are able to promote in vitro an upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) macrophages. This study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo stimulatory/adjuvant effect for rFLA and rND1 during P. salmonis vaccination in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). We demonstrated that rFLA and rND1 are molecules able to generate an acute upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, IL-12β), allowing the expression of genes associated with T-cell activation (IL-2, CD4, CD8β), and differentiation (IFNγ, IL-4/13, T-bet, Eomes, GATA3), in a differential manner, tissue/time dependent way. Altogether, our results suggest that rFLA and rND1 are valid candidates to be used as an immuno-stimulant or adjuvants with existing vaccines in farmed salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana González-Stegmaier
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Peces, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratorio Medicina Traslacional. Instituto Clínico Oncológico. Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Andrea Peña
- Laboratorio Pathovet Ltda, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Franz Villarroel-Espíndola
- Laboratorio Medicina Traslacional. Instituto Clínico Oncológico. Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Aguila
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Cristian Oliver
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Desmond MacLeod-Carey
- Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Facultad de Ingeniería, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Polymers and Macromolecules Center, El Llano Subercaseaux, 2801, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Ricardo Enriquez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Patología Acuática, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jaime Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Peces, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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14
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Pontigo JP, Espinoza C, Hernandez M, Nourdin G, Oliver C, Avendaño-Herrera R, Figueroa J, Rauch C, Troncoso JM, Vargas-Chacoff L, Yáñez AJ. Protein-Based Vaccine Protect Against Piscirickettsia salmonis in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar). Front Immunol 2021; 12:602689. [PMID: 33679740 PMCID: PMC7927424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.602689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective and economical vaccine against the Piscirickettsia salmonis pathogen is needed for sustainable salmon farming and to reduce disease-related economic losses. Consequently, the aquaculture industry urgently needs to investigate efficient prophylactic measures. Three protein-based vaccine prototypes against Piscirickettsia salmonis were prepared from a highly pathogenic Chilean isolate. Only one vaccine effectively protected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), in correlation with the induction of Piscirickettsia-specific IgM antibodies and a high induction of transcripts encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., Il-1β and TNF-α). In addition, we studied the proteome fraction protein of P. salmonis strain Austral-005 using multidimensional protein identification technology. The analyzes identified 87 proteins of different subcellular origins, such as the cytoplasmic and membrane compartment, where many of them have virulence functions. The other two prototypes activated only the innate immune responses, but did not protect Salmo salar against P. salmonis. These results suggest that the knowledge of the formulation of vaccines based on P. salmonis proteins is useful as an effective therapy, this demonstrates the importance of the different research tools to improve the study of the different immune responses, resistance to diseases in the Atlantic salmon. We suggest that this vaccine can help prevent widespread infection by P. salmonis, in addition to being able to be used as a booster after a primary vaccine to maintain high levels of circulating protective antibodies, greatly helping to reduce the economic losses caused by the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Pontigo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Medicina Veterianaria, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Carla Espinoza
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Mauricio Hernandez
- Proteogenomics Laboratory, Molecular Epidemiology for Life of Science reseArch (MELISA) Institute, San Pedro de Paz, Chile
| | - Guillermo Nourdin
- Proteogenomics Laboratory, Molecular Epidemiology for Life of Science reseArch (MELISA) Institute, San Pedro de Paz, Chile
| | - Cristian Oliver
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Acuática, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rubén Avendaño-Herrera
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile.,Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuaticos y Biotecnologia Acuicola, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Jaime Figueroa
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
| | - Cecilia Rauch
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Luis Vargas-Chacoff
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alejandro J Yáñez
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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15
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Santibañez N, Vega M, Pérez T, Yáñez A, González-Stegmaier R, Figueroa J, Enríquez R, Oliver C, Romero A. Biofilm Produced In Vitro by Piscirickettsia salmonis Generates Differential Cytotoxicity Levels and Expression Patterns of Immune Genes in the Atlantic Salmon Cell Line SHK-1. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1609. [PMID: 33092013 PMCID: PMC7594049 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Piscirickettsia salmonis is the causative agent of Piscirickettsiosis, an infectious disease with a high economic impact on the Chilean salmonid aquaculture industry. This bacterium produces biofilm as a potential resistance and persistence strategy against stressful environmental stimuli. However, the in vitro culture conditions that modulate biofilm formation as well as the effect of sessile bacteria on virulence and immune gene expression in host cells have not been described for P. salmonis. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the biofilm formation by P. salmonis isolates under several NaCl and iron concentrations and to evaluate the virulence of planktonic and sessile bacteria, together with the immune gene expression induced by these bacterial conditions in an Atlantic salmon macrophage cell line. Our results showed that NaCl and Fe significantly increased biofilm production in the LF-89 type strain and EM-90-like isolates. Additionally, the planktonic EM-90 isolate and sessile LF-89 generated the highest virulence levels, associated with differential expression of il-1β, il-8, nf-κb, and iκb-α genes in SHK-1 cells. These results suggest that there is no single virulence pattern or gene expression profile induced by the planktonic or sessile condition of P. salmonis, which are dependent on each strain and bacterial condition used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Santibañez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (N.S.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (R.G.-S.); (R.E.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4070386, Chile; (A.Y.); (J.F.)
| | - Matías Vega
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (N.S.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (R.G.-S.); (R.E.)
| | - Tatiana Pérez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (N.S.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (R.G.-S.); (R.E.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4070386, Chile; (A.Y.); (J.F.)
| | - Alejandro Yáñez
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4070386, Chile; (A.Y.); (J.F.)
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Roxana González-Stegmaier
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (N.S.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (R.G.-S.); (R.E.)
| | - Jaime Figueroa
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4070386, Chile; (A.Y.); (J.F.)
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Ricardo Enríquez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (N.S.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (R.G.-S.); (R.E.)
| | - Cristian Oliver
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (N.S.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (R.G.-S.); (R.E.)
| | - Alex Romero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (N.S.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (R.G.-S.); (R.E.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4070386, Chile; (A.Y.); (J.F.)
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16
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Echeverría-Bugueño M, Espinosa-Lemunao R, Irgang R, Avendaño-Herrera R. Identification and characterization of outer membrane vesicles from the fish pathogen Vibrio ordalii. J Fish Dis 2020; 43:621-629. [PMID: 32293041 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vibriosis outbreaks due to Vibrio ordalii occur globally, but Chilean salmon aquaculture, in particular, has suffered significant monetary losses in the last 15 years. Little is known about the virulence mechanisms employed by V. ordalii. However, most Vibrio pathogens (e.g., Vibrio anguillarum, a very close taxonomic species) present outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that are released extracellularly and implicated in the delivery of virulence factors to host cells. This study provides the first reported evidence of the fish pathogen V. ordalii producing and releasing OMVs under normal growth conditions. Analyses were conducted with the V. ordalii strain Vo-LM-18 and the type strain ATCC 33509T . For comparative purposes, the reference strain V. anguillarum ATCC 43307 was employed. The average size for the three Vibrio strains was 0.215 ± 0.6 µm (via scanning electron microscopy) or between 0.19 and 1.8 µm (via dynamic light scattering), with each bacterium presenting a wide range. SDS-PAGE revealed similarities in OMV patterns, but neither total nor external proteins were identical. Comparing V. ordalii ATCC 33509T and Vo-LM-18, bands were most evident in the total proteins, and the greatest degree of similarity in OMV profiles was between 37 and 50 kDa. The purified OMVs demonstrated haemolytic enzyme activity, which could play a role during V. ordalii infection. These data represent an initial step towards gaining new insights into this virulence factor, of which a lot is known in other pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Echeverría-Bugueño
- Grupo de Espectroscopia Vibracional y Materiales Moleculares, Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuicola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Espinosa-Lemunao
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuicola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Rute Irgang
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuicola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuicola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
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17
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Flores-Kossack C, Montero R, Köllner B, Maisey K. Chilean aquaculture and the new challenges: Pathogens, immune response, vaccination and fish diversification. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 98:52-67. [PMID: 31899356 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In Chile, the salmon and trout farmed fishing industries have rapidly grown during the last years, becoming one of the most important economic sources for the country. However, infectious diseases caused by bacteria, virus, mycoses and parasites, result in losses of up to 700 million dollars per year for the Chilean aquaculture production with the consequent increase of antibiotic and antiparasitic usage. After 30 years of its first appearance, the main salmon health problem is still the salmonid rickettsial septicaemia (SRS), which together with other disease outbreaks, reveal that vaccines do not provide acceptable levels of long-lasting immune protection in the field. On the other hand, due to the large dependence of the industry on salmonids production, the Chilean government promoted the Aquaculture diversification program by 2009, which includes new species such as Merluccius australis, Cilus gilberti and Genypterus chilensis, however, specific research regarding the immune system and vaccine development are issues that still need to be addressed and must be considered as important as the farm production technologies for new fish species. Based on the experience acquired from the salmonid fish farming, should be mandatory an effort to study the immune system of the new species to develop knowledge for vaccination approaches, aiming to protect these aquaculture species before diseases outbreaks may occur. This review focuses on the current status of the Chilean aquaculture industry, the challenges related to emerging and re-emerging microbial pathogens on salmonid fish farming, and the resulting needs in the development of immune protection by rational designed vaccines. We also discussed about what we have learn from 25 years of salmonid researches and what can be applied to the new Chilean farmed species on immunology and vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Flores-Kossack
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Comparativa, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Montero
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - B Köllner
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - K Maisey
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Comparativa, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
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18
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Oliver C, Sánchez P, Valenzuela K, Hernández M, Pontigo JP, Rauch MC, Garduño RA, Avendaño-Herrera R, Yáñez AJ. Subcellular Location of Piscirickettsia salmonis Heat Shock Protein 60 (Hsp60) Chaperone by Using Immunogold Labeling and Proteomic Analysis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8010117. [PMID: 31952216 PMCID: PMC7023422 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Piscirickettsia salmonis is the causative bacterial agent of piscirickettsiosis, a systemic fish disease that significantly impacts the Chilean salmon industry. This bacterium possesses a type IV secretion system (T4SS), several proteins of the type III secretion system (T3SS), and a single heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60/GroEL). It has been suggested that due to its high antigenicity, the P. salmonis Hsp60 could be surface-exposed, translocated across the membrane, and (or) secreted into the extracellular matrix. This study tests the hypothesis that P. salmonis Hsp60 could be located on the bacterial surface. Immunogold electron microscopy and proteomic analyses suggested that although P. salmonis Hsp60 was predominantly associated with the bacterial cell cytoplasm, Hsp60-positive spots also exist on the bacterial cell envelope. IgY antibodies against P. salmonis Hsp60 protected SHK-1 cells against infection. Several bioinformatics approaches were used to assess Hsp60 translocation by the T4SS, T3SS, and T6SS, with negative results. These data support the hypothesis that small amounts of Hsp60 must reach the bacterial cell surface in a manner probably not mediated by currently characterized secretion systems, and that they remain biologically active during P. salmonis infection, possibly mediating adherence and (or) invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Oliver
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
| | - Patricio Sánchez
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, (INCAR), Concepción 4070386, Chile;
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (J.P.P.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Karla Valenzuela
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (K.V.); (R.A.G.)
| | - Mauricio Hernández
- Austral-OMICS, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
| | - Juan Pablo Pontigo
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (J.P.P.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Maria C. Rauch
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (J.P.P.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Rafael A. Garduño
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (K.V.); (R.A.G.)
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Dartmouth Laboratory, Dartmouth, NS B3B 1Y9, Canada
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, (INCAR), Concepción 4070386, Chile;
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Viña del Mar 2531015, Chile
- Correspondence: (R.A.-H.); (A.J.Y.)
| | - Alejandro J. Yáñez
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, (INCAR), Concepción 4070386, Chile;
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Correspondence: (R.A.-H.); (A.J.Y.)
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19
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Sánchez P, Oliver C, Hernández M, Cortés M, Cecilia Rauch M, Valenzuela K, Garduño RA, Avendaño-Herrera R, Yáñez AJ. In vitro genomic and proteomic evidence of a type IV pili-like structure in the fish pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 365:5050058. [PMID: 29986002 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Piscirickettsia salmonis is an intracellular γ-proteobacteria and the etiological agent of piscirickettsiosis, which causes massive economic losses in the Chilean salmon industry. The type IV pili (T4P) play an important role in adherence to host cell surfaces and bacterial pathogenicity. T4P contains a variable number of components, as predicted in P. salmonis genomes. However, no studies have determined if P. salmonis possesses T4P. The aims of this investigation were to identify T4P components in the P. salmonis type strain LF-89T, evaluate respective transcript expressions, and analyze the main putative T4P proteins using bioinformatics and proteomic approaches. Two main clusters of P. salmonis T4P genes were found. Expression of the pilA gene was upregulated at 4 h post-infection (hpi), while pilQ was upregulated 4 days post-infection. At 16 hpi, pilB and pilD were strongly upregulated. The PilA amino acid sequence analysis showed a conserved N-terminal domain and sequence motifs critical for T4P biosynthesis. MudPIT analysis revealed PilA in the P. salmonis LF-89T proteome, and TEM showed pili-like filamentous structures on the P. salmonis surface. These results strongly suggest the presence of a T4P-like structure in P. salmonis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4070007, Chile
| | - Cristian Oliver
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4070007, Chile.,Universidad Andrés Bello, Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Viña del Mar 8370146, Chile
| | - Mauricio Hernández
- Austral-OMICS, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Marcos Cortés
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4070007, Chile
| | - María Cecilia Rauch
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Karla Valenzuela
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Rafael A Garduño
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.,Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Dartmouth Laboratory, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B3B 1Y9, Canada
| | - Rubén Avendaño-Herrera
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4070007, Chile.,Universidad Andrés Bello, Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Viña del Mar 8370146, Chile
| | - Alejandro J Yáñez
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4070007, Chile.,Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
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20
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Soto-Dávila M, Hossain A, Chakraborty S, Rise ML, Santander J. Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida Early Infection and Immune Response of Atlantic Cod ( Gadus morhua L.) Primary Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1237. [PMID: 31231379 PMCID: PMC6559310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to other teleosts, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) has an expanded repertoire of MHC-I and TLR components, but lacks the MHC-II, the invariant chain/CD74, and CD4+ T cell response, essential for production of antibodies and prevention of bacterial infectious diseases. The mechanisms by which G. morhua fight bacterial infections are not well understood. Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is a recurrent pathogen in cultured and wild fish, and has been reported in Atlantic cod. Macrophages are some of the first responders to bacterial infection and the link between innate and adaptive immune response. Here, we evaluated the viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cell morphology, and gene expression of cod primary macrophages in response to A. salmonicida infection. We found that A. salmonicida infects cod primary macrophages without killing the cod cells. Likewise, infected Atlantic cod macrophages up-regulated key genes involved in the inflammatory response (e.g., IL-1β and IL-8) and bacterial recognition (e.g., BPI/LBP). Nevertheless, our results showed a down-regulation of genes related to antimicrobial peptide and ROS production, suggesting that A. salmonicida utilizes its virulence mechanisms to control and prevent macrophage anti-bacterial activity. Our results also indicate that Atlantic cod has a basal ROS production in non-infected cells, and this was not increased after contact with A. salmonicida. Transmission electron microscopy results showed that A. salmonicida was able to infect the macrophages in a high number, and release outer membrane vesicles (OMV) during intracellular infection. These results suggest that Atlantic cod macrophage innate immunity is able to detect A. salmonicida and trigger an anti-inflammatory response, however A. salmonicida controls the cell immune response to prevent bacterial clearance, during early infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Soto-Dávila
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Ahmed Hossain
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Setu Chakraborty
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Ocean Science Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Javier Santander
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Lab, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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21
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Avila-Calderón ED, Otero-Olarra JE, Flores-Romo L, Peralta H, Aguilera-Arreola MG, Morales-García MR, Calderón-Amador J, Medina-Chávez O, Donis-Maturano L, Ruiz-Palma MDS, Contreras-Rodríguez A. The Outer Membrane Vesicles of Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC ® 7966 TM: A Proteomic Analysis and Effect on Host Cells. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2765. [PMID: 30519218 PMCID: PMC6250952 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria release outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) into the extracellular environment. OMVs have been studied extensively in bacterial pathogens, however, information related with the composition of Aeromonas hydrophila OMVs is missing. In this study we analyzed the composition of purified OMVs from A. hydrophila ATCC® 7966TM by proteomics. Also we studied the effect of OMVs on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Vesicles were grown in agar plates and then purified through ultracentrifugation steps. Purified vesicles showed an average diameter of 90-170 nm. Moreover, 211 unique proteins were found in OMVs from A. hydrophila; some of them are well-known as virulence factors such as: haemolysin Ahh1, RtxA toxin, extracellular lipase, HcpA protein, among others. OMVs from A. hydrophila ATCC® 7966TM induced lymphocyte activation and apoptosis in monocytes, as well as over-expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This work contributed to the knowledge of the composition of the vesicles of A. hydrophila ATCC® 7966TM and their interaction with the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Daniel Avila-Calderón
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Erick Otero-Olarra
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Flores-Romo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Humberto Peralta
- Programa de Genómica Funcional de Procariotes, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Ma. Guadalupe Aguilera-Arreola
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Juana Calderón-Amador
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Olin Medina-Chávez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Donis-Maturano
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Mexico
| | - María del Socorro Ruiz-Palma
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- División Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Tecnológica de Tecámac, Tecámac, Mexico
| | - Araceli Contreras-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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22
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Flores-Herrera P, Arredondo-Zelada O, Marshall SH, Gómez FA. Selection and validation of reliable housekeeping genes to evaluate Piscirickettsia salmonis gene expression. Infect Genet Evol 2018; 63:151-157. [PMID: 29860100 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Piscirickettsia salmonis is a highly aggressive facultative intracellular bacterium that challenges the sustainability of Chilean salmon production. Due to the limited knowledge of its biology, there is a need to identify key molecular markers that could help define the pathogenic potential of this bacterium. We think a model system should be implemented that efficiently evaluates the expression of putative bacterial markers by using validated, stable, and highly specific housekeeping genes to properly select target genes, which could lead to identifying those responsible for infection and disease induction in naturally infected fish. Here, we selected a set of validated reference or housekeeping genes for RT-qPCR expression analyses of P. salmonis under different growth and stress conditions, including an in vitro infection kinetic. After a thorough screening, we selected sdhA as the most reliable housekeeping gene able to represent stable and highly specific host reference genes for RT-qPCR-driven P. salmonis analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Flores-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Universidad 330 Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Oscar Arredondo-Zelada
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Universidad 330 Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Sergio H Marshall
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Universidad 330 Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Fernando A Gómez
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Universidad 330 Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile.
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23
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Segovia C, Arias-Carrasco R, Yañez AJ, Maracaja-Coutinho V, Santander J. Core non-coding RNAs of Piscirickettsia salmonis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197206. [PMID: 29768466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Piscirickettsia salmonis, a fastidious Gram-negative intracellular facultative bacterium, is the causative agent o Piscirickettsiosis. P. salmonis has broad host range with a nearly worldwide distribution, causing significant mortality. The molecular regulatory mechanisms of P. salmonis pathogenesis are relatively unknown, mainly due to its difficult in vitro culture and genomic differences between genogroups. Bacterial non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are important post-transcriptional regulators of bacterial physiology and virulence that are predominantly transcribed from intergenic regions (trans-acting) or antisense strand of open reading frames (cis-acting). The repertoire of ncRNAs present in the genome of P. salmonis and its possible role in bacterial physiology and pathogenesis are unknown. Here, we predicted and analyzed the core ncRNAs of P. salmonis base on structure and correlate this prediction to RNA sequencing data. We identified a total of 69 ncRNA classes related to tRNAs, rRNA, thermoregulators, antitoxins, ribozymes, riboswitches, miRNAs and antisense-RNAs. Among these ncRNAs, 29 classes of ncRNAs are shared between all P. salmonis genomes, constituting the core ncRNAs of P. salmonis. The ncRNA core of P. salmonis could serve to develop diagnostic tools and explore the role of ncRNA in fish pathogenesis.
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24
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Díaz S, Rojas ME, Galleguillos M, Maturana C, Smith PI, Cifuentes F, Contreras I, Smith PA. Apoptosis inhibition of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) peritoneal macrophages by Piscirickettsia salmonis. J Fish Dis 2017; 40:1895-1902. [PMID: 28699666 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To improve the understanding of the piscirickettsiosis pathogenesis, the in vivo apoptosis modulation of peritoneal macrophages and lymphocytes was studied in juvenile Salmo salar intraperitoneally injected with Piscirickettsia salmonis. Five fish were sampled at post-exposure days 1, 5, 8 (preclinical), 20 (clinical) and 40 (post-clinical period of the disease), and the leucocytes of their coelomic washings were analysed by flow cytometry (using the JC-1 cationic dye), TUNEL and cytology to detect apoptotic cells. A selective and temporal pattern of apoptosis modulation by P. salmonis infection was observed. Apoptosis in lymphocytes was not affected, whereas it was inhibited in macrophages but only during the preclinical stage of the induced piscirickettsiosis. Hence, it is postulated that P. salmonis inhibits macrophage apoptosis at the beginning of the disease development to survive, multiply and probably be transported inside these phagocytes; once this process is complete, macrophage apoptosis is no longer inhibited, thus facilitating the exit of the bacteria from the infected cells for continuing their life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Díaz
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M E Rojas
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Galleguillos
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - P I Smith
- Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - F Cifuentes
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - P A Smith
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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25
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Oliver C, Hernández MA, Tandberg JI, Valenzuela KN, Lagos LX, Haro RE, Sánchez P, Ruiz PA, Sanhueza-Oyarzún C, Cortés MA, Villar MT, Artigues A, Winther-Larsen HC, Avendaño-Herrera R, Yáñez AJ. The Proteome of Biologically Active Membrane Vesicles from Piscirickettsia salmonis LF-89 Type Strain Identifies Plasmid-Encoded Putative Toxins. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:420. [PMID: 29034215 PMCID: PMC5625009 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Piscirickettsia salmonis is the predominant bacterial pathogen affecting the Chilean salmonid industry. This bacterium is the etiological agent of piscirickettsiosis, a significant fish disease. Membrane vesicles (MVs) released by P. salmonis deliver several virulence factors to host cells. To improve on existing knowledge for the pathogenicity-associated functions of P. salmonis MVs, we studied the proteome of purified MVs from the P. salmonis LF-89 type strain using multidimensional protein identification technology. Initially, the cytotoxicity of different MV concentration purified from P. salmonis LF-89 was confirmed in an in vivo adult zebrafish infection model. The cumulative mortality of zebrafish injected with MVs showed a dose-dependent pattern. Analyses identified 452 proteins of different subcellular origins; most of them were associated with the cytoplasmic compartment and were mainly related to key functions for pathogen survival. Interestingly, previously unidentified putative virulence-related proteins were identified in P. salmonis MVs, such as outer membrane porin F and hemolysin. Additionally, five amino acid sequences corresponding to the Bordetella pertussis toxin subunit 1 and two amino acid sequences corresponding to the heat-labile enterotoxin alpha chain of Escherichia coli were located in the P. salmonis MV proteome. Curiously, these putative toxins were located in a plasmid region of P. salmonis LF-89. Based on the identified proteins, we propose that the protein composition of P. salmonis LF-89 MVs could reflect total protein characteristics of this P. salmonis type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Oliver
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mauricio A Hernández
- Austral-OMICS, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Julia I Tandberg
- Center of Integrative Microbiology and Evolution, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karla N Valenzuela
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Leidy X Lagos
- Center of Integrative Microbiology and Evolution, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ronie E Haro
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Patricio Sánchez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pamela A Ruiz
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile
| | - Constanza Sanhueza-Oyarzún
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile
| | - Marcos A Cortés
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile
| | - María T Villar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Antonio Artigues
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Hanne C Winther-Larsen
- Center of Integrative Microbiology and Evolution, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alejandro J Yáñez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile.,Austral-OMICS, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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26
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Tandberg J, Oliver C, Lagos L, Gaarder M, Yáñez AJ, Ropstad E, Winther-Larsen HC. Membrane vesicles from Piscirickettsia salmonis induce protective immunity and reduce development of salmonid rickettsial septicemia in an adult zebrafish model. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 67:189-198. [PMID: 28600194 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Infections caused by the facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis remains an unsolved problem for the aquaculture as no efficient treatments have been developed. As a result, substantial amounts of antibiotic have been used to limit salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS) disease outbreaks. The antibiotic usage has not reduced the occurrence, but lead to an increase in resistant strains, underlining the need for new treatment strategies. P. salmonis produce membrane vesicles (MVs); small spherical structures know to contain a variety of bacterial components, including proteins, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), DNA and RNA. MVs mimics' in many aspects their mother cell, and has been reported as alternative vaccine candidates. Here, MVs from P. salmonis was isolated and evaluated as a vaccine candidate against SRS in an adult zebrafish infection model. When zebrafish was immunized with MVs they were protected from subsequent challenge with a lethal dose of P. salmonis. Histological analysis showed a reduced bacterial load upon challenge in the MV immunized group, and the mRNA expression levels of several immune related genes altered, including mpeg1.1, tnfα, il1b, il10 and il6. The MVs induced the secretion of IgM upon immunization, indicating an immunogenic effect of the vesicles. Taken together, the data demonstrate a vaccine potential of MVs against P. salmonis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tandberg
- Center of Integrative Microbiology and Evolution, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cristian Oliver
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Biological Science, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
| | - Leidy Lagos
- Center of Integrative Microbiology and Evolution, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mona Gaarder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alejandro J Yáñez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile; Austral-OMICS, Faculty of Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Erik Ropstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanne C Winther-Larsen
- Center of Integrative Microbiology and Evolution, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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27
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Evensen Ø. Immunization Strategies against Piscirickettsia salmonis Infections: Review of Vaccination Approaches and Modalities and Their Associated Immune Response Profiles. Front Immunol 2016; 7:482. [PMID: 27917172 PMCID: PMC5114462 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS) is a serious, infectious disease in Chilean salmon farming caused by Piscirickettsia salmonis, causing heavy losses to the salmonid industry. P. salmonis belongs to the Gammaproteobacteria, order Thiotrichales. SRS was first described in Chile in 1989, and infection with P. salmonis has since been described from a high number of fish species and in several geographic regions globally. P. salmonis infection of salmonids causes multifocal, necrotic areas of internal organs such as liver, kidney, and spleen. Histologically and immunologically, the tissue response is the formation of granulomas, often with central suppuration. The exact sequence of infection is not known, but bacteria likely gain access to internal organs through mucosal surfaces and when infected, fish carry bacteria in macrophages. It has not been fully determined if the bacterium resides in the cytosol or “hide” within vesicular structures intracellularly, although there are indications that in vitro infection results in actin reorganization and formation of actin-coated vesicle within which the bacterium resides. Protection against lethal challenge is well documented in lab scale experiments, but protection from vaccination has proven more difficult to attain long term under field conditions. Current vaccination protocols include whole cell, inactivated and adjuvanted vaccines for injection for primary immunization followed by oral boost where timing of boost delivery is followed by measuring circulating antibody levels against the pathogen. Documentation also exist that there is correlation between antibody titers and protection against mortality. Future vaccination regimes will likely also include live-attenuated vaccines or other technologies such as DNA vaccination. So far, there is no documentation available for live vaccines and, for DNA vaccines, studies have been unsuccessful under laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Evensen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Oslo , Norway
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28
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Tandberg JI, Lagos LX, Langlete P, Berger E, Rishovd AL, Roos N, Varkey D, Paulsen IT, Winther-Larsen HC. Comparative Analysis of Membrane Vesicles from Three Piscirickettsia salmonis Isolates Reveals Differences in Vesicle Characteristics. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165099. [PMID: 27764198 PMCID: PMC5072724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane vesicles (MVs) are spherical particles naturally released from the membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Bacterial MV production is associated with a range of phenotypes including biofilm formation, horizontal gene transfer, toxin delivery, modulation of host immune responses and virulence. This study reports comparative profiling of MVs from bacterial strains isolated from three widely disperse geographical areas. Mass spectrometry identified 119, 159 and 142 proteins in MVs from three different strains of Piscirickettsia salmonis isolated from salmonids in Chile (LF-89), Norway (NVI 5692) and Canada (NVI 5892), respectively. MV comparison revealed several strain-specific differences related to higher virulence capability for LF-89 MVs, both in vivo and in vitro, and stronger similarities between the NVI 5692 and NVI 5892 MV proteome. The MVs were similar in size and appearance as analyzed by electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The MVs from all three strains were internalized by both commercial and primary immune cell cultures, which suggest a potential role of the MVs in the bacterium’s utilization of leukocytes. When MVs were injected into an adult zebrafish infection model, an upregulation of several pro-inflammatory genes were observed in spleen and kidney, indicating a modulating effect on the immune system. The present study is the first comparative analysis of P. salmonis derived MVs, highlighting strain-specific vesicle characteristics. The results further illustrate that the MV proteome from one bacterial strain is not representative of all bacterial strains within one species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia I. Tandberg
- Center of Integrative Microbiology and Evolution, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leidy X. Lagos
- Center of Integrative Microbiology and Evolution, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Petter Langlete
- Center of Integrative Microbiology and Evolution, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva Berger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne-Lise Rishovd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Norbert Roos
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Deepa Varkey
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian T. Paulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hanne C. Winther-Larsen
- Center of Integrative Microbiology and Evolution, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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29
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Maisey K, Montero R, Christodoulides M. Vaccines for piscirickettsiosis (salmonid rickettsial septicaemia, SRS): the Chile perspective. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 16:215-228. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1244483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Maisey
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Comparativa, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ruth Montero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Comparativa, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Myron Christodoulides
- Neisseria Research, Molecular Microbiology, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
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