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Miao Y, Niu D, Wang Z, Wang J, Wu Z, Bao J, Jin X, Li R, Ishfaq M, Li J. Methylsulfonylmethane ameliorates inflammation via NF-κB and ERK/JNK-MAPK signaling pathway in chicken trachea and HD11 cells during Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101706. [PMID: 35121233 PMCID: PMC9024008 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is an avian pathogen that commonly causes respiratory diseases in poultry. Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is a sulfur-containing natural compound that could alleviate inflammatory injury through its excellent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, it is still unclear whether MSM prevents MG infection. The purpose of this study is to determine whether MSM has mitigative effects on MG-induced inflammatory injury in chicken and chicken like macrophages (HD11 cells). In this research, White Leghorn chickens and HD11 cells were used to build the MG-infection model. Besides, the protective effects of MSM against MG infection were evaluated by detecting MG colonization, histopathological changes, oxidative stress and inflammatory injury of trachea, and HD11 cells. The results revealed that MG infection induced inflammatory injury and oxidative stress in trachea and HD11 cells. However, MSM treatment significantly ameliorated oxidative stress, partially alleviated the abnormal morphological changes and reduced MG colonization under MG infection. Moreover, MSM reduced the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines-related genes and decreased the number of death cells under MG infection. Importantly, the protective effects of MSM were associated with suppression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK)/Jun amino terminal kinases (JNK)-mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway in trachea and HD11 cells. These results proved that MSM has protective effects on MG-induced inflammation in chicken, and supplied a better strategy for the protective intervention of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusong Miao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Dong Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Ze Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Bao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodi Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Ishfaq
- College of Computer Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, P. R. China
| | - Jichang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China.
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2
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Abstract
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The development of
lipopeptides (lipidated peptides) for vaccines
is discussed, including their role as antigens and/or adjuvants. Distinct
classes of lipopeptide architectures are covered including simple
linear and ligated constructs and lipid core peptides. The design,
synthesis, and immunological responses of the important class of glycerol-based
Toll-like receptor agonist lipopeptides such as Pam3CSK4, which contains three palmitoyl chains and a CSK4 hexapeptide sequence, and many derivatives of this model immunogenic
compound are also reviewed. Self-assembled lipopeptide structures
including spherical and worm-like micelles that have been shown to
act as vaccine agents are also described. The work discussed includes
examples of lipopeptides developed with model antigens, as well as
for immunotherapies to treat many infectious diseases including malaria,
influenza, hepatitis, COVID-19, and many others, as well as cancer
immunotherapies. Some of these have proceeded to clinical development.
The research discussed highlights the huge potential of, and diversity
of roles for, lipopeptides in contemporary and future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Hamley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
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3
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Evaluation of colonization, variable lipoprotein-based serological response, and cellular immune response of Mycoplasma hyorhinis in experimentally infected swine. Vet Microbiol 2021; 260:109162. [PMID: 34217902 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis (Mhr) is a commensal of the upper respiratory tract that can be shed by nasal secretions and transmitted by direct contact in neonatal and nursery pigs. Lesions associated with Mhr infection include polyserositis and arthritis; however, systemic Mhr disease pathogenesis is not well characterized. This study aimed to investigate the immunopathogenesis and bacterial dissemination pattern of Mhr using single and multiple inoculation approaches in a caesarian-derived colostrum-deprived (CDCD) pig model. Animals in three treatment groups were inoculated once (Mhr 1; n = 12) or four (Mhr 2; n = 8) times with Mhr or sham-inoculated (NC group; n = 3) nasally and by tonsillar painting. Inoculum consisted of a triple cloned Mhr field isolate (4.5 × 107 CFU/mL) in Friis medium. Clinical signs were evaluated daily during the study. Serum and oral fluid antibody (IgA and IgG) response and cellular immune response were assessed using a recombinant chimeric VlpA-G-based indirect ELISA and by ELISpot, respectively. The presence of Mhr in oral fluids, nasal and oropharyngeal swabs were evaluated by qPCR. At 6 wpi, pigs were euthanized and evaluated for gross lesions consistent with Mhr and bacterial colonization in tonsils by qPCR. No clinical signs or gross lesions consistent with Mhr-associated disease were observed throughout the study. For Mhr 2 group, the presence of IgA and IgG in serum and oral fluids were detected at 2 and 4 weeks post-inoculation (wpi), respectively, while in Mhr 1, only IgA was detected in oral fluids at 6 wpi. The proportion of animals shedding Mhr in nasal secretions varied from 20 to 40 % in the Mhr 1 and 62.5-100% in the Mhr 2 group. However, the proportion of animals shedding Mhr in oropharyngeal swabs was consistent through the study (60 %) in Mhr 1 and fluctuated from 20 % to 87.5 % in Mhr 2 group. The lack of clinical signs and the presence of Mhr specific humoral response and bacterial colonization indicates that the multiple inoculation experimental model may mimic subclinical natural infection in the field. In addition, the humoral and transient cellular response did not result in bacterial clearance. Based on these results, animals would have to be exposed multiple times to mount a detectable immune response.
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4
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Owen AM, Fults JB, Patil NK, Hernandez A, Bohannon JK. TLR Agonists as Mediators of Trained Immunity: Mechanistic Insight and Immunotherapeutic Potential to Combat Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 11:622614. [PMID: 33679711 PMCID: PMC7930332 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.622614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in critical care medicine, infection remains a significant problem that continues to be complicated with the challenge of antibiotic resistance. Immunocompromised patients are highly susceptible to development of severe infection which often progresses to the life-threatening condition of sepsis. Thus, immunotherapies aimed at boosting host immune defenses are highly attractive strategies to ward off infection and protect patients. Recently there has been mounting evidence that activation of the innate immune system can confer long-term functional reprogramming whereby innate leukocytes mount more robust responses upon secondary exposure to a pathogen for more efficient clearance and host protection, termed trained immunity. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are a class of agents which have been shown to trigger the phenomenon of trained immunity through metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic modifications which drive profound augmentation of antimicrobial functions. Immunomodulatory TLR agonists are also highly beneficial as vaccine adjuvants. This review provides an overview on TLR signaling and our current understanding of TLR agonists which show promise as immunotherapeutic agents for combating infection. A brief discussion on our current understanding of underlying mechanisms is also provided. Although an evolving field, TLR agonists hold strong therapeutic potential as immunomodulators and merit further investigation for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Owen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jessica B Fults
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Naeem K Patil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Antonio Hernandez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Julia K Bohannon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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5
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Hennig-Pauka I, Sudendey C, Kleinschmidt S, Ruppitsch W, Loncaric I, Spergser J. Swine Conjunctivitis Associated with a Novel Mycoplasma Species Closely Related to Mycoplasma hyorhinis. Pathogens 2020; 10:pathogens10010013. [PMID: 33375690 PMCID: PMC7824142 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjunctivitis in swine is a common finding, usually considered to be a secondary symptom of respiratory or viral systemic disease, or a result of irritation by dust or ammonia, or of local infections with Mycoplasma (M.) hyorhinis or chlamydia. In three unrelated swine farms in Germany with a high prevalence of conjunctivitis, a novel mycoplasma species, tentatively named Mycoplasma sp. 1654_15, was isolated from conjunctival swabs taken from affected pigs. Although 16S rRNA gene sequences shared highest nucleotide similarities with M. hyorhinis, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, partial rpoB sequencing, and comparative whole genome analyses indicated the identification of a novel species within genus Mycoplasma. Noticeable differences between Mycoplasma sp. 1654_15 and M. hyorhinis were the lack of a vlp locus and the presence of a myo-inositol pathway in the genome of strain 1654_15. Since myo-inositol might be used as an alternative energy source by this pathogen on the conjunctival surface, robust colonization by outcompeting other bacteria could be the consequence. In summary, abundant isolation of Mycoplasma sp. 1654_15 from the conjunctiva of affected pigs, its close relationship to M. hyorhinis, and identification of a panel of coding sequences (CDSs) potentially associated with virulence and pathogenicity suggested a local eye disease caused by a so far unknown, highly specialized mycoplasma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- Field Station for Epidemiology in Bakum, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 49456 Bakum, Germany;
| | | | - Sven Kleinschmidt
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Werner Ruppitsch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, 1096 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Igor Loncaric
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence:
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6
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Response of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Periodontal Tissue to LPS Depends on the Purity but Not on the LPS Source. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:8704896. [PMID: 32714091 PMCID: PMC7352132 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8704896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human periodontal ligament stromal cells (hPDLSCs) and gingival mesenchymal stromal cells (hGMSCs) are resident mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) of the periodontal tissue. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Porphyromonas gingivalis is structurally distinct from that of other Gram-negative bacteria, and earlier studies linked this structural difference to a distinct virulence activity and the ability to activate toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2), besides TLR-4 as commonly occurring upon LPS challenge. Later studies, in contrast, argue that TLR-2 activation by P. gingivalis LPS is due to lipoprotein contamination. In the present study, we aimed to define the influence of structure versus purity of P. gingivalis LPS on the immune response of hPDLSCs and hGMSCs. Cells were stimulated with commercially available "standard" P. gingivalis LPS, "ultrapure" P. gingivalis LPS, or "ultrapure" Escherichia coli LPS, and the expression of interleukin- (IL-) 8, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein- (MCP-) 1, TLR-2, and TLR-4 was evaluated. The contribution of TLR-4 to the LPS-induced response was assessed using the specific TLR-4 inhibitor TAK-242. "Standard" P. gingivalis LPS induced significantly higher IL-8, IL-6, and MCP-1 production compared to the "ultrapure" LPS preparations, with no significant difference detectable for "ultrapure" LPS from P. gingivalis and E. coli. By using TAK-242, the response of hPDLSCs and hGMSCs to "ultrapure" LPS preparations was effectively inhibited to the levels comparable to those of nonstimulated controls. In contrast, high levels of response to "standard" LPS were observed, even in the presence of TAK-242. Our data show that the response of MSCs from periodontal tissue to LPS depends more on the purity of the LPS preparation than on the LPS source. Even a small amount of contaminating lipoproteins can drastically enhance the hPDLSCs' and hGMSCs; responsiveness to P. gingivalis LPS, which might also contribute to the progression of periodontal disease.
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7
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Kornspan JD, Kosower NS, Vaisid T, Katzhandler J, Rottem S. Novel synthetic lipopeptides derived from Mycoplasma hyorhinis upregulate calpastatin in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and induce a neuroprotective effect against amyloid-β-peptide toxicity. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 367:5824629. [PMID: 32329786 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that contamination of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells by Mycoplasma hyorhinis strains NDMh and MCLD leads to increased levels of calpastatin (the endogenous, specific inhibitor of the Ca2+-dependent protease calpain), resulting in inhibition of calpain activation. We have found that the increased calpastatin level is promoted by the lipoprotein fraction (MhLpp) of the mycoplasmal membrane. Here, we present MhLpp-based novel synthetic lipopeptides that induce upregulation of calpastatin in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, leading to protection of the treated cells against Ca2+/amyloid-β-peptide toxicity. These lipopeptides present a new class of promising agents against calpain-induced cell toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Kornspan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Nechama S Kosower
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Tali Vaisid
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | | | - Shlomo Rottem
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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8
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Lu BL, Williams GM, Brimble MA. TLR2 agonists and their structure–activity relationships. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5073-5094. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00942c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We review the structure–activity relationships and synthetic studies of TLR2 agonists – important chemical targets in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L. Lu
- The School of Biological Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1010
- New Zealand
- The School of Chemical Sciences
| | - Geoffrey M. Williams
- The School of Biological Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1010
- New Zealand
- The School of Chemical Sciences
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- The School of Biological Sciences
- University of Auckland
- Auckland 1010
- New Zealand
- The School of Chemical Sciences
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9
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Trueeb BS, Braun RO, Auray G, Kuhnert P, Summerfield A. Differential innate immune responses induced by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma hyorhinis in various types of antigen presenting cells. Vet Microbiol 2019; 240:108541. [PMID: 31902489 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneumoniae is the etiological agent of enzootic pneumonia in pigs and is closely related to M. hyorhinis, which can be isolated from the healthy mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract. In rare cases it can also cause arthritis and polyserositis. Since the innate immune system is an important first line of defense and promotes adaptive immune responses, we characterized the innate immune response of various antigen presenting cells (APCs) to M. hyopneumoniae and M. hyorhinis, which differ in their pathogenicity in vivo. Porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells were infected with different multiplicities of infection (MOI) of live and inactivated porcine mycoplasmas. Both Mycoplasma species induced strong tumour necrosis factor (TNF) responses in monocytes, with a stronger activation by M. hyorhinis. This higher stimulatory activity was also confirmed for CD40 upregulation. Conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (cDC and pDC, respectively) did not or poorly respond to mycoplasmas in terms of TNF expression but more efficiently in terms of CD40 upregulation. Again, these responses were generally stronger with M. hyorhinis than with M. hyopneumoniae. Both Mycoplasma species also activated B cells in terms of CD25 upregulation, proliferation, and IgM secretion. Interestingly, while the induction of CD25 and in particular proliferation was higher with M. hyorhinis, the IgM secretion did not differ between the two species with the exception of the highest dose of M. hyopneumoniae,which appeared to suppress IgM responses. Taken together, our results provide a comparative analysis of innate immune response with different porcine APCs and demonstrate Mycoplasma species-dependent differences, which could relate to their different pathogenicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina S Trueeb
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Roman Othmar Braun
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Gaël Auray
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Kuhnert
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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10
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Li Q, Guo Z. Recent Advances in Toll Like Receptor-Targeting Glycoconjugate Vaccines. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071583. [PMID: 29966261 PMCID: PMC6100623 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many malignant cell surface carbohydrates resulting from abnormal glycosylation patterns of certain diseases can serve as antigens for the development of vaccines against these diseases. However, carbohydrate antigens are usually poorly immunogenic by themselves, thus they need to be covalently coupled with immunologically active carrier molecules to be functional. The most well established and commonly used carriers are proteins. In recent years, the use of toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands to formulate glycoconjugate vaccines has gained significant attention because TLR ligands can serve not only as carrier molecules but also as built-in adjuvants to form fully synthetic and self-adjuvanting conjugate vaccines, which have several advantages over carbohydrate-protein conjugates and formulated mixtures with external adjuvants. This article reviews recent progresses in the development of conjugate vaccines based on TLR ligands. Two major classes of TLR ligands, lipopeptides and lipid A derivatives will be covered with more focus on monophosohoryl lipid A (MPLA) and related analogs, which are TLR4 ligands demonstrated to be able to provoke T cell-dependent, adaptive immune responses. Corresponding conjugate vaccines have shown promising application potentials to multiple diseases including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjiang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 214 Leigh Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 214 Leigh Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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11
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Kowalczyk R, Harris PWR, Williams GM, Yang SH, Brimble MA. Peptide Lipidation - A Synthetic Strategy to Afford Peptide Based Therapeutics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1030:185-227. [PMID: 29081055 PMCID: PMC7121180 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-66095-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peptide and protein aberrant lipidation patterns are often involved in many diseases including cancer and neurological disorders. Peptide lipidation is also a promising strategy to improve pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of peptide-based drugs. Self-adjuvanting peptide-based vaccines commonly utilise the powerful TLR2 agonist PamnCys lipid to stimulate adjuvant activity. The chemical synthesis of lipidated peptides can be challenging hence efficient, flexible and straightforward synthetic routes to access homogeneous lipid-tagged peptides are in high demand. A new technique coined Cysteine Lipidation on a Peptide or Amino acid (CLipPA) uses a 'thiol-ene' reaction between a cysteine and a vinyl ester and offers great promise due to its simplicity, functional group compatibility and selectivity. Herein a brief review of various synthetic strategies to access lipidated peptides, focusing on synthetic methods to incorporate a PamnCys motif into peptides, is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Kowalczyk
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul W R Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey M Williams
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Sung-Hyun Yang
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand. .,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
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12
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Ignacio BJ, Albin TJ, Esser-Kahn AP, Verdoes M. Toll-like Receptor Agonist Conjugation: A Chemical Perspective. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:587-603. [PMID: 29378134 PMCID: PMC10642707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are vital elements of the mammalian immune system that function by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), bridging innate and adaptive immunity. They have become a prominent therapeutic target for the treatment of infectious diseases, cancer, and allergies, with many TLR agonists currently in clinical trials or approved as immunostimulants. Numerous studies have shown that conjugation of TLR agonists to other molecules can beneficially influence their potency, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, or function. The functional properties of TLR agonist conjugates, however, are highly dependent on the ligation strategy employed. Here, we review the chemical structural requirements for effective functional TLR agonist conjugation. In addition, we provide similar analysis for those that have yet to be conjugated. Moreover, we discuss applications of covalent TLR agonist conjugation and their implications for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob J. Ignacio
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tyler J. Albin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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13
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Kaur A, Poonam P, Patil MT, Mehta SK, Salunke DB. An efficient and scalable synthesis of potent TLR2 agonistic PAM2CSK4. RSC Adv 2018; 8:9587-9596. [PMID: 35540846 PMCID: PMC9078680 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01387j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylated PAM2CSK4, a highly expensive lipopeptide with desirable aqueous solubility and a broad spectrum of cytokine/chemokine induction is a most potent dual (human and murine) Toll-Like Receptor-2 (TLR2) agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry
- Panjab University
- Chandigarh 160014
- India
| | - Poonam Poonam
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry
- Panjab University
- Chandigarh 160014
- India
| | - Madhuri T. Patil
- Department of Chemistry
- Mehr Chand Mahajan DAV College for Women
- Chandigarh 160036
- India
| | - Surinder K. Mehta
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry
- Panjab University
- Chandigarh 160014
- India
| | - Deepak B. Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry
- Panjab University
- Chandigarh 160014
- India
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14
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Cappelletti M, Lawson MJ, Chan CC, Wilburn AN, Divanovic S. Differential outcomes of TLR2 engagement in inflammation-induced preterm birth. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 103:535-543. [PMID: 29345344 PMCID: PMC6084304 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ma0717-274rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) is the leading cause of neonatal mortality worldwide. Infection and inflammation are considered main causes of PTB. Among multiple pathogens, Gram‐positive bacteria are commonly linked with induction of PTB. Although activation of innate immune responses, via TLR2 engagement, by Gram‐positive bacteria is a likely cause, whether induction of PTB depends on the potency of specific microbial components to induce Toll‐like receptor (TLR)2‐driven inflammation has not been elucidated. Here, we show that TLR2 activation by synthetic lipopeptides, Pam2Cys, and Pam3Cys specifically, variably influenced inflammation and subsequent induction of PTB. Pam2Cys challenge, compared to Pam3Cys, induced PTB and promoted significantly higher expression of inflammatory cytokines, specifically IL‐6 and IFN‐β, both in vivo and in vitro. Notably, antibody‐mediated neutralization of IL‐6 or genetic deletion of type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) was sufficient to protect from Pam2Cys‐driven PTB and to temper excessive proinflammatory cytokine production. Conversely, IFN‐β or IL‐6 was not sufficient to promote induction of PTB by Pam3Cys. In summary, our data implies a divergent function of TLR2‐activating lipopeptides in the magnitude and type of ligand‐driven inflammatory vigor in induction of PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Cappelletti
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew J Lawson
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Molecular, Cellular and Biochemical Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Calvin C Chan
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Adrienne N Wilburn
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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15
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Oosenbrug T, van de Graaff MJ, Ressing ME, van Kasteren SI. Chemical Tools for Studying TLR Signaling Dynamics. Cell Chem Biol 2017. [PMID: 28648377 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The detection of infectious pathogens is essential for the induction of antimicrobial immune responses. The innate immune system detects a wide array of microbes using a limited set of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). One family of PRRs with a central role in innate immunity are the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Upon ligation, these receptors initiate signaling pathways culminating in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and/or type I interferons (IFN-I). In recent years, it has become evident that the specific subcellular location and timing of TLR activation affect signaling outcome. The subtlety of this signaling has led to a growing demand for chemical tools that provide the ability to conditionally control TLR activation. In this review, we survey current models for TLR signaling in time and space, discuss how chemical tools have contributed to our understanding of TLR ligands, and describe how they can aid further elucidation of the dynamic aspects of TLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Oosenbrug
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, Zuid-Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Michel J van de Graaff
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, Zuid-Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike E Ressing
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, Zuid-Holland, the Netherlands.
| | - Sander I van Kasteren
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, Zuid-Holland, the Netherlands.
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16
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Nemati R, Dietz C, Anstadt E, Clark R, Smith M, Nichols F, Yao X. Simultaneous Determination of Absolute Configuration and Quantity of Lipopeptides Using Chiral Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Diastereomeric Internal Standards. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3583-3589. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Nemati
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christopher Dietz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Emily Anstadt
- Department
of Immunology and Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
| | - Robert Clark
- Department
of Immunology and Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
| | - Michael Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Frank Nichols
- Department
of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
| | - Xudong Yao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
- Institute
for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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17
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da Silva RAG, Churchward CP, Karlyshev AV, Eleftheriadou O, Snabaitis AK, Longman MR, Ryan A, Griffin R. The role of apolipoprotein N-acyl transferase, Lnt, in the lipidation of factor H binding protein of Neisseria meningitidis strain MC58 and its potential as a drug target. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 174:2247-2260. [PMID: 27784136 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The level of cell surface expression of the meningococcal vaccine antigen, Factor H binding protein (FHbp) varies between and within strains and this limits the breadth of strains that can be targeted by FHbp-based vaccines. The molecular pathway controlling expression of FHbp at the cell surface, including its lipidation, sorting to the outer membrane and export, and the potential regulation of this pathway have not been investigated until now. This knowledge will aid our evaluation of FHbp vaccines. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A meningococcal transposon library was screened by whole cell immuno-dot blotting using an anti-FHbp antibody to identify a mutant with reduced binding and the disrupted gene was determined. KEY RESULTS In a mutant with markedly reduced binding, the transposon was located in the lnt gene which encodes apolipoprotein N-acyl transferase, Lnt, responsible for the addition of the third fatty acid to apolipoproteins prior to their sorting to the outer membrane. We provide data indicating that in the Lnt mutant, FHbp is diacylated and its expression within the cell is reduced 10 fold, partly due to inhibition of transcription. Furthermore the Lnt mutant showed 64 fold and 16 fold increase in susceptibility to rifampicin and ciprofloxacin respectively. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS We speculate that the inefficient sorting of diacylated FHbp in the meningococcus results in its accumulation in the periplasm inducing an envelope stress response to down-regulate its expression. We propose Lnt as a potential novel drug target for combination therapy with antibiotics. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Drug Metabolism and Antibiotic Resistance in Micro-organisms. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A G da Silva
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - C P Churchward
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - A V Karlyshev
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - O Eleftheriadou
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - A K Snabaitis
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - M R Longman
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - A Ryan
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - R Griffin
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
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18
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Michaels DL, Leibowitz JA, Azaiza MT, Shil PK, Shama SM, Kutish GF, Distelhorst SL, Balish MF, May MA, Brown DR. Cellular Microbiology of Mycoplasma canis. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1785-1795. [PMID: 27045036 PMCID: PMC4907131 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01440-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma canis can infect many mammalian hosts but is best known as a commensal or opportunistic pathogen of dogs. The unexpected presence of M. canis in brains of dogs with idiopathic meningoencephalitis prompted new in vitro studies to help fill the void of basic knowledge about the organism's candidate virulence factors, the host responses that it elicits, and its potential roles in pathogenesis. Secretion of reactive oxygen species and sialidase varied quantitatively (P < 0.01) among strains of M. canis isolated from canine brain tissue or mucosal surfaces. All strains colonized the surface of canine MDCK epithelial and DH82 histiocyte cells and murine C8-D1A astrocytes. Transit through MDCK and DH82 cells was demonstrated by gentamicin protection assays and three-dimensional immunofluorescence imaging. Strains further varied (P < 0.01) in the extents to which they influenced the secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and the neuroendocrine regulatory peptide endothelin-1 by DH82 cells. Inoculation with M. canis also decreased major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) antigen expression by DH82 cells (P < 0.01), while secretion of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and complement factor H was unaffected. The basis for differences in the responses elicited by these strains was not obvious in their genome sequences. No acute cytopathic effects on any homogeneous cell line, or consistent patterns of M. canis polyvalent antigen distribution in canine meningoencephalitis case brain tissues, were apparent. Thus, while it is not likely a primary neuropathogen, M. canis has the capacity to influence meningoencephalitis through complex interactions within the multicellular and neurochemical in vivo milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina L Michaels
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Leibowitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mohammed T Azaiza
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Pollob K Shil
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Suzanne M Shama
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Gerald F Kutish
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science and Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | - Meghan A May
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine, USA
| | - Daniel R Brown
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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19
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Shimizu T. Inflammation-inducing Factors of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:414. [PMID: 27065977 PMCID: PMC4814563 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which causes mycoplasmal pneumonia in human, mainly causes pneumonia in children, although it occasionally causes disease in infants and geriatrics. Some pathogenic factors produced by M. pneumoniae, such as hydrogen peroxide and Community-Acquired Respiratory Distress Syndrome (CARDS) toxin have been well studied. However, these factors alone cannot explain this predilection. The low incidence rate of mycoplasmal pneumonia in infants and geriatrics implies that the strong inflammatory responses induced by M. pneumoniae coordinate with the pathogenic factors to induce pneumonia. However, M. pneumoniae lacks a cell wall and does not possess an inflammation-inducing endotoxin, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In M. pneumoniae, lipoproteins were identified as an inflammation-inducing factor. Lipoproteins induce inflammatory responses through Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2. Because Mycoplasma species lack a cell wall and lipoproteins anchored in the membrane are exposed, lipoproteins and TLR2 have been thought to be important for the pathogenesis of M. pneumoniae. However, recent reports suggest that M. pneumoniae also induces inflammatory responses also in a TLR2-independent manner. TLR4 and autophagy are involved in this TLR2-independent inflammation. In addition, the CARDS toxin or M. pneumoniae cytadherence induces inflammatory responses through an intracellular receptor protein complex called the inflammasome. In this review, the inflammation-inducing factors of M. pneumoniae are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shimizu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University Yamaguchi, Japan
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20
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Abstract
This Feature Article discusses several classes of lipopeptide with important biomedical applications as antimicrobial and antifungal agents, in immune therapies and in personal care applications among others. Two main classes of lipopeptide are considered: (i) bacterially-expressed lipopeptides with a cyclic peptide headgroup and (ii) linear lipopeptides (with one or more lipid chains) based on bio-derived and bio-inspired amino acid sequences with current clinical applications. The applications are briefly summarized, and the biophysical characterization of the molecules is reviewed, with a particular focus on self-assembly. For several of these types of biomolecule, the formation of micelles above a critical micelle concentration has been observed while others form bilayer structures, depending on conditions of pH and temperature. As yet, there are few studies on the possible relationship between self-assembly into structures such as micelles and bioactivity of this class of molecule although this is likely to attract further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Hamley
- Dept of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, UK.
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21
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Bumgardner EA, Kittichotirat W, Bumgarner RE, Lawrence PK. Comparative genomic analysis of seven Mycoplasma hyosynoviae strains. Microbiologyopen 2015; 4:343-359. [PMID: 25693846 PMCID: PMC4398514 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Mycoplasma hyosynoviae can result in debilitating arthritis in pigs, particularly those aged 10 weeks or older. Strategies for controlling this pathogen are becoming increasingly important due to the rise in the number of cases of arthritis that have been attributed to infection in recent years. In order to begin to develop interventions to prevent arthritis caused by M. hyosynoviae, more information regarding the specific proteins and potential virulence factors that its genome encodes was needed. However, the genome of this emerging swine pathogen had not been sequenced previously. In this report, we present a comparative analysis of the genomes of seven strains of M. hyosynoviae isolated from different locations in North America during the years 2010 to 2013. We identified several putative virulence factors that may contribute to the ability of this pathogen to adhere to host cells. Additionally, we discovered several prophage genes present within the genomes of three strains that show significant similarity to MAV1, a phage isolated from the related species, M. arthritidis. We also identified CRISPR-Cas and type III restriction and modification systems present in two strains that may contribute to their ability to defend against phage infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weerayuth Kittichotirat
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Pilot Plant, Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkhuntien, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Roger E Bumgarner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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22
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Kornspan JD, Tsur M, Tarshis M, Rottem S, Brenner T. Mycoplasma hyorhinis induces proinflammatory responses in mice lymphocytes. J Basic Microbiol 2014; 55:679-84. [PMID: 25042355 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are frequent contaminants of cultured cells, leading to alterations in cellular gene expression, protein synthesis, signal transduction, and metabolic pathways. Mycoplasma hyorhinis, the major contaminant of tissue cultures, has been implicated in a variety of diseases in swine. Most human and animal mycoplasmas remain attached to the surface of epithelial cells. Nonetheless, we have recently shown that M. hyorhinis is able to invade nonphagocytic melanoma cells. In the present study, we show by confocal laser scanning microscopy, that by exposing mice splenocytes to intact M. hyorhinis, intracellular mycoplasmas were detected. Mycoplasmal components were not detected within splenocytes after exposure to heat inactivated M. hyorhinis or to a purified M. hyorhinis lipoprotein (LPP) fraction. However, incubation of the splenocytes with intact M. hyorhinis cells, heat inactivated cells or M. hyorhinis LPP fraction induced accelerated cell proliferation and the secretion of interferon gamma and interleukin 17. Thus, M. hyorhinis and its LPPs can be added to the list of infectious agents causing direct stimulation of proinflammatory responses by mammalian lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Kornspan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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23
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Akazawa T, Ohashi T, Nakajima H, Nishizawa Y, Kodama K, Sugiura K, Inaba T, Inoue N. Development of a dendritic cell-targeting lipopeptide as an immunoadjuvant that inhibits tumor growth without inducing local inflammation. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:2847-56. [PMID: 24789268 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Materials used for the past 30 years as immunoadjuvants induce suboptimal antitumor immune responses and often cause undesirable local inflammation. Some bacterial lipopeptides that act as Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 ligands activate immune cells as immunoadjuvants and induce antitumor effects. Here, we developed a new dendritic cell (DC)-targeting lipopeptide, h11c (P2C-ATPEDNGRSFS), which uses the CD11c-binding sequence of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 to selectively and efficiently activate DCs but not other immune cells. Although the h11c lipopeptide activated DCs similarly to an artificial lipopeptide, P2C-SKKKK (P2CSK4), via TLR2 in vitro, h11c induced more effective tumor inhibition than P2CSK4 at low doses in vivo with tumor antigens. Even without tumor antigens, h11c lipopeptide significantly inhibited tumor growth and induced tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells. P2CSK4 was retained subcutaneously at the vaccination site and induced severe local inflammation in in vivo experiments. In contrast, h11c was not retained at the vaccination site and was transported into the tumor within 24 hr. The recruitment of DCs into the tumor was induced by h11c more effectively, while P2CSK4 induced the accumulation of neutrophils leading to severe inflammation at the vaccination site. Because CD11b+ cells, but not CD11c+ cells, produced neutrophil chemotactic factors such as macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 in response to stimulation with TLR2 ligands, the DC-targeting lipopeptide h11c induced less MIP-2 production by splenocytes than P2CSK4. In this study, we succeeded in developing a novel immunoadjuvant, h11c, which effectively induces antitumor activity without adverse effects such as local inflammation via the selective activation of DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Akazawa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan
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24
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Cytadherence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae induces inflammatory responses through autophagy and toll-like receptor 4. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3076-86. [PMID: 24799628 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01961-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes pneumonia, tracheobronchitis, pharyngitis, and asthma in humans. The pathogenesis of M. pneumoniae infection is attributed to excessive immune responses. We previously demonstrated that M. pneumoniae lipoproteins induced inflammatory responses through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). In the present study, we demonstrated that M. pneumoniae induced strong inflammatory responses in macrophages derived from TLR2 knockout (KO) mice. Cytokine production in TLR2 KO macrophages was increased compared with that in the macrophages of wild-type (WT) mice. Heat-killed, antibiotic-treated, and overgrown M. pneumoniae failed to induce inflammatory responses in TLR2 KO macrophages. 3-Methyladenine and chloroquine, inhibitors of autophagy, decreased the induction of inflammatory responses in TLR2 KO macrophages. These inflammatory responses were also inhibited in macrophages treated with the TLR4 inhibitor VIPER and those obtained from TLR2 and TLR4 (TLR2/4) double-KO mice. Two mutants that lacked the ability to induce inflammatory responses in TLR2 KO macrophages were obtained by transposon mutagenesis. The transposons were inserted in atpC encoding an ATP synthase F0F1 ε subunit and F10_orf750 encoding hypothetical protein MPN333. These mutants showed deficiencies in cytadherence. These results suggest that cytadherence of M. pneumoniae induces inflammatory responses through TLR4 and autophagy.
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25
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Zaman M, Toth I. Immunostimulation by synthetic lipopeptide-based vaccine candidates: structure-activity relationships. Front Immunol 2013; 4:318. [PMID: 24130558 PMCID: PMC3793171 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide-based vaccines offer several advantages over conventional whole organism or protein approaches by offering improved purity and specificity in inducing immune response. However, peptides alone are generally non-immunogenic. Concerns remain about the toxicity of adjuvants which are critical for immunogenicity of synthetic peptides. The use of lipopeptides in peptide vaccines is currently under intensive investigation because potent immune responses can be generated without the use of adjuvant (thus are self-adjuvanting). Several lipopeptides derived from microbial origin, and their synthetic versions or simpler fatty acid moieties impart this self-adjuvanting activity by signaling via Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Engagement of this innate immune receptor on antigen-presenting cell leads to the initiation and development of potent immune responses. Therefore optimization of lipopeptides to enhance TLR2-mediated activation is a promising strategy for vaccine development. Considerable structure-activity relationships that determine TLR2 binding and consequent stimulation of innate immune responses have been investigated for a range of lipopeptides. In this mini review we address the development of lipopeptide vaccines, mechanism of TLR2 recognition, and immune activation. An overview is provided of the best studied lipopeptide vaccine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehfuz Zaman
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, QLD , Australia
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26
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Huynh AS, Chung WJ, Cho HI, Moberg VE, Celis E, Morse DL, Vagner J. Novel toll-like receptor 2 ligands for targeted pancreatic cancer imaging and immunotherapy. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9751-62. [PMID: 23098072 DOI: 10.1021/jm301002f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is a target for immune system stimulation during cancer immunotherapy and a cell-surface marker for pancreatic cancer. To develop targeted agents for cancer imaging and therapy, we designed, synthesized, and characterized 13 novel, fully synthetic high affinity TLR2 agonists. Analogue 10 had the highest agonist activity (NF-κB functional assay, EC(50) = 20 nM) and binding affinity (competitive binding assay, K(i) = 25 nM). As an immune adjuvant, compound 10 stimulated the immune system in vivo by generation and persistence of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells indicating its potential use in cancer immunotherapy. After conjugation of near-infrared dye to 10, agonist activity (EC(50) = 34 nM) and binding affinity (K(i) = 11 nM) were retained in 13. Fluorescence signal was present in TLR2 expressing pancreatic tumor xenografts 24 h after injection of 13, while an excess of unlabeled ligand blocked 13 from binding to the tumor, resulting in significantly decreased signal (p < 0.001) demonstrating in vivo selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Shanks Huynh
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
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27
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Nakayama H, Kurokawa K, Lee BL. Lipoproteins in bacteria: structures and biosynthetic pathways. FEBS J 2012; 279:4247-68. [PMID: 23094979 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial lipoproteins are characterized by the presence of a conserved N-terminal lipid-modified cysteine residue that allows the hydrophilic protein to anchor onto bacterial cell membranes. These proteins play important roles in a wide variety of bacterial physiological processes, including virulence, and induce innate immune reactions by functioning as ligands of the mammalian Toll-like receptor 2. We review recent advances in our understanding of bacterial lipoprotein structure, biosynthesis and structure-function relationships between bacterial lipoproteins and Toll-like receptor 2. Notably, 40 years after the first report of the triacyl structure of Braun's lipoprotein in Escherichia coli, recent intensive MS-based analyses have led to the discovery of three new lipidated structures of lipoproteins in monoderm bacteria: the lyso, N-acetyl and peptidyl forms. Moreover, the bacterial lipoprotein structure is considered to be constant in each bacterium; however, lipoprotein structures in Staphylococcus aureus vary between the diacyl and triacyl forms depending on the environmental conditions. Thus, the lipidation state of bacterial lipoproteins, particularly in monoderm bacteria, is more complex than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nakayama
- Biomolecular Characterization Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
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28
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Overview and outlook of Toll-like receptor ligand–antigen conjugate vaccines. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:749-60. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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29
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Environment-mediated accumulation of diacyl lipoproteins over their triacyl counterparts in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:3299-306. [PMID: 22467779 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00314-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipoproteins are believed to exist in only one specific lipid-modified structure, such as the diacyl form or the triacyl form, in each bacterium. In the case of Staphylococcus aureus, recent extensive matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry analysis revealed that S. aureus lipoproteins exist in the α-aminoacylated triacyl form. Here, we discovered conditions that induce the accumulation of diacyl lipoproteins that lack α-aminoacylation in S. aureus. The accumulation of diacyl lipoproteins required a combination of conditions, including acidic pH and a post-logarithmic-growth phase. High temperatures and high salt concentrations additively accelerated the accumulation of the diacyl lipoprotein form. Following a post-logarithmic-growth phase where S. aureus MW2 cells were grown at pH 6, SitC lipoprotein was found almost exclusively in its diacyl structure rather than in its triacyl structure. This is the first report showing that the environment mediates lipid-modified structural alterations of bacterial lipoproteins.
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Elkind E, Vaisid T, Kornspan JD, Barnoy S, Rottem S, Kosower NS. Calpastatin upregulation in Mycoplasma hyorhinis-infected cells is promoted by the mycoplasma lipoproteins via the NF-κB pathway. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:840-51. [PMID: 22288381 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01760.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis frequently contaminates cultured cells, with effects on synthetic and metabolic pathways. We demonstrated for the first time that contamination of cells by a strain of M. hyorhinis (NDMh) results in increased levels of calpastatin (the endogenous inhibitor of the ubiquitous Ca(2+) -dependent protease calpain). We now show that the calpastatin upregulation by NDMh in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells resides in the NDMh lipoprotein fraction (LPP), via the NF-κB transcription pathway. NF-κB activation requires dissociation of the cytoplasmic NF-κB/IκB complex followed by NF-κB translocation to the nucleus. NDMh-LPP induced translocation of the NF-κB RelA subunit to the nucleus and upregulated calpastatin. RelA translocation and calpastatin elevation were prevented when dissociation of the NF-κB/IκB complex was inhibited either by transfection with the non-phosphorylatable IκB mutant ΔNIκBα, or by using PS1145, an inhibitor of the IκB kinase (IKK complex). Increased calpastatin levels attenuate calpain-related amyloid-β-peptide and Ca(2+) -toxicity (these are central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease). LPP-induced elevation of calpastatin provides an example of effects on non-inflammatory intracellular proteins, the outcome being significant alterations in host cell functions. Since calpastatin level is important in the control of calpain activity, mycoplasmal LPP may be of interest in treating some pathological processes involving excessive calpain activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Elkind
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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Browning GF, Marenda MS, Noormohammadi AH, Markham PF. The central role of lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of mycoplasmoses. Vet Microbiol 2011; 153:44-50. [PMID: 21684094 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are a diverse group of pathogens responsible for disease in a wide range of animal species. In recent years there have been considerable advances in knowledge of the proteins and structures involved in adherence in some mycoplasmas, but understanding of the biochemical functions and roles in virulence of another central feature of mycoplasmas, their lipoproteins, continues to develop. The aim of this review is to examine current knowledge of the roles of lipoproteins in the pathogenicity and the evolution of virulence in those mycoplasmas causing disease in domestic animals. Those lipoproteins that have been characterised have roles in adherence, in transport of nutrients into the mycoplasma cell, and in enzymatic interactions with the host. Furthermore they appear to play a prominent role in both inducing the host immune response to infection and in facilitating evasion of this response, particularly through the generation of dramatic levels of antigenic variation on the cell surface. Recent genomic comparisons of several pathogenic mycoplasmas have identified a further level of interaction between lipoproteins and pathogenicity. In several pathogens large scale horizontal gene transfer between distantly related mycoplasma species has resulted in the acquisition of a large number of genes, including those encoding lipoproteins thought to play a role in virulence, by one mycoplasma from another inhabiting the same host species. The interactions between these horizontally transferred genes, their new mycoplasma host and the animal that it infects may be an important contributing factor in the pathogenesis of some mycoplasmoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Serebryakova MV, Demina IA, Galyamina MA, Kondratov IG, Ladygina VG, Govorun VM. The acylation state of surface lipoproteins of mollicute Acholeplasma laidlawii. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:22769-76. [PMID: 21540185 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.231316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acylation of the N-terminal Cys residue is an essential, ubiquitous, and uniquely bacterial posttranslational modification that allows anchoring of proteins to the lipid membrane. In gram-negative bacteria, acylation proceeds through three sequential steps requiring lipoprotein diacylglyceryltransferase, lipoprotein signal peptidase, and finally lipoprotein N-acyltransferase. The apparent lack of genes coding for recognizable homologs of lipoprotein N-acyltransferase in gram-positive bacteria and Mollicutes suggests that the final step of the protein acylation process may be absent in these organisms. In this work, we monitored the acylation state of eight major lipoproteins of the mollicute Acholeplasma laidlawii using a combination of standard two-dimensional gel electrophoresis protein separation, blotting to nitrocellulose membranes, and MALDI-MS identification of modified N-terminal tryptic peptides. We show that for each A. laidlawii lipoprotein studied a third fatty acid in an amide linkage on the N-terminal Cys residue is present, whereas diacylated species were not detected. The result thus proves that A. laidlawii encodes a lipoprotein N-acyltransferase activity. We hypothesize that N-acyltransferases encoded by genes non-homologous to N-acyltransferases of gram-negative bacteria are also present in other mollicutes and gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Serebryakova
- Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow 119992, Russia.
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Sawahata R, Shime H, Yamazaki S, Inoue N, Akazawa T, Fujimoto Y, Fukase K, Matsumoto M, Seya T. Failure of mycoplasma lipoprotein MALP-2 to induce NK cell activation through dendritic cell TLR2. Microbes Infect 2011; 13:350-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Elkind E, Rechnitzer H, Vaisid T, Kornspan JD, Barnoy S, Rottem S, Kosower NS. Mycoplasma hyorhinis upregulates calpastatin and inhibits calpain-dependent proteolysis in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Spanedda MV, Heurtault B, Weidner S, Baehr C, Boeglin E, Beyrath J, Milosevic S, Bourel-Bonnet L, Fournel S, Frisch B. Novel powerful water-soluble lipid immunoadjuvants inducing mouse dendritic cell maturation and B cell proliferation using TLR2 pathway. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:1869-72. [PMID: 20172719 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Four novel water-soluble lipid immunoadjuvants were designed, synthesized and characterized by MS and NMR. They all induce mouse dendritic cell maturation and B cell proliferation. We demonstrate that in spite of the chemical modification, the four compounds remain TLR2 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vittoria Spanedda
- Equipe de Biovectorologie, Laboratoire de Conception et Application des Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch Cedex, France
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Zeng W, Eriksson E, Chua B, Grollo L, Jackson DC. Structural requirement for the agonist activity of the TLR2 ligand Pam2Cys. Amino Acids 2010; 39:471-80. [PMID: 20091415 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0463-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic lipopeptides have demonstrated great potential as a vaccine strategy for eliciting cellular and humoral immunity. One of the most potent lipid moieties used is S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl]cysteine (Pam2Cys). Pam2Cys binds to and activates dendritic cells by engagement of Toll like receptor 2 (TLR 2). In this study, we have investigated the structural requirement of the agonist activity of Pam2Cys by varying the three structural elements of the core structure S-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-cysteine namely (1) the alpha-amino group of the cysteine residue (2) the sulphur atom of the cysteine residue and (3) the 2,3-dihydroxypropyl moiety. Four novel analogues of Pam2Cys were made and each of these analogues were incorporated into vaccine constructs and examined for immunogenicity. Our results demonstrate that (1) the potency of the peptide vaccine is least affected by removal of the amino group (2) substitution of the sulphur atom with an amide bond leads to significant reduction of biological activity (3) removal of the amino group and at the same time substitution of the sulphur with an amide bond significantly decreases the biological activity (4) in the two analogues in which the sulphur atom is replaced with an amide bond the analogue containing the 1,3-dihydroxypropyl moiety demonstrates higher activity than the one which contains 2,3-dihydroxypropyl. In conclusion, the results demonstrate strict structural requirements for agonist activity of the TLR2 ligand Pam2Cys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguang Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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Toll-like receptor 2/6 stimulation promotes angiogenesis via GM-CSF as a potential strategy for immune defense and tissue regeneration. Blood 2010; 115:2543-52. [PMID: 20056792 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-05-224402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known primarily as pathogen recognition receptors of the innate immunity, initiating inflammatory pathways to organize the immune defense. More recently, an involvement of TLRs in various physiologic and pathologic processes has been reported. Because many of these processes implicate angiogenesis, we here elucidated the role of a TLR2/6-dependent pathway on angiogenesis using the TLR2/6 agonist macrophage-activating lipopeptide of 2 kDa (MALP-2), a common bacterial lipopeptide. In vivo and in vitro Matrigel assays demonstrated that MALP-2 promoted angiogenesis in a TLR2/6-dependent manner. Moreover, MALP-2 induced endothelial cell proliferation and migration and a strong secretion of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). GM-CSF release in response to MALP-2 from isolated vascular segments was completely prevented when the endothelium was removed. MALP-2 containing Matrigel implants exhibited vascular structures as well as CD45(+) cells. MALP-2 induced migration of leukocytes and likewise GM-CSF release, particularly from the monocyte population. Inhibition of GM-CSF by siRNA or antibodies suppressed MALP-2-induced angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. These results clearly identified a TLR2/6-dependent induction of angiogenesis by the bacterial lipopeptide MALP-2, which is mediated by GM-CSF. This might represent a general mechanism to enhance or restore blood flow and recruit immune cells for pathogen defense and tissue regeneration.
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Simerska P, Moyle PM, Toth I. Modern lipid-, carbohydrate-, and peptide-based delivery systems for peptide, vaccine, and gene products. Med Res Rev 2009; 31:520-47. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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39
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Invasion of melanoma cells by Mycoplasma hyorhinis: enhancement by protease treatment. Infect Immun 2009; 78:611-7. [PMID: 19917715 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01017-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis (strain MCLD) was recently isolated from a melanoma cell culture. Growth of MCLD was considerably improved by 24 serial passages in a modified Hayflick's mycoplasma medium. Transmission electron microscopy showed that MCLD exhibits a polymorphic appearance, with ovoid or elongated cells frequently harboring an electron-dense core at one of the poles. Adherence of M. hyorhinis to melanoma cells followed saturation kinetics. Furthermore, although M. hyorhinis has been considered to remain attached to the surface of the host cells, we show for the first time, qualitatively by confocal laser scanning microscopy and quantitatively by a gentamicin resistance assay, that MCLD is able to invade melanoma cells. The ingested mycoplasmas were randomly distributed in the cytoplasm, tending to concentrate near the plasma membrane. Both adherence to and invasion of melanoma cells by M. hyorhinis strain MCLD were dramatically enhanced by mild proteolytic digestion with proteinase K (2.5 microg/mg cell protein for 2.5 min at 37 degrees C) that affected the surface-exposed proteins of this organism, mainly the major 47-kDa lipoprotein. We suggest that the intracellular location of M. hyorhinis strain MCLD is a privileged niche, which may explain the survival of M. hyorhinis in tissue cultures. The enhanced binding to and invasion of melanoma cells by protease treatment may be due to either the activation or the enhanced exposure of an adhesin(s) on the mycoplasmal cell surface.
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Li YZ, Ho YP, Chen ST, Chiou TW, Li ZS, Shiuan D. Proteomic comparative analysis of pathogenic strain 232 and avirulent strain J of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2009; 74:215-20. [PMID: 19267678 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297909020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is an important pathogen of pigs causing enzootic pneumonia of swine. The pathogen remains largely enigmatic as far as the host-pathogen interactions are concerned. In the present study, the protein profiles of two strains of M. hyopneumoniae were compared by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The results indicate that the major adhesin P97, the 50-kDa protein derived from P159 adhesin, and the 43-kDa cleavage product of P102 are expressed at much higher levels in the pathogenic strain 232. In contrast, the avirulent strain J switches its focus to metabolism and expresses more glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in gluconeogenesis and lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and phosphate acetyltransferase in the pyruvate metabolism pathway. We speculate that the avirulent strain may have developed better capabilities to cope with the rich environment during repeated inoculations. Simultaneously, the capability to infect host cells may become less important so that the adhesion-related protein genes are down-regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Zuo Li
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC
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41
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He Y, Barker SJ, MacDonald AJ, Yu Y, Cao L, Li J, Parhar R, Heck S, Hartmann S, Golenbock DT, Jiang S, Libri NA, Semper AE, Rosenberg WM, Lustigman S. Recombinant Ov-ASP-1, a Th1-biased protein adjuvant derived from the helminth Onchocerca volvulus, can directly bind and activate antigen-presenting cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4005-16. [PMID: 19299698 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0800531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that rOv-ASP-1, a recombinant Onchocerca volvulus activation associated protein-1, was a potent adjuvant for recombinant protein or synthetic peptide-based Ags. In this study, we further evaluated the adjuvanticity of rOv-ASP-1 and explored its mechanism of action. Consistently, recombinant full-length spike protein of SARS-CoV or its receptor-binding domain in the presence of rOv-ASP-1 could effectively induce a mixed but Th1-skewed immune response in immunized mice. It appears that rOv-ASP-1 primarily bound to the APCs among human PBMCs and triggered Th1-biased proinflammatory cytokine production probably via the activation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and the TLR, TLR2, and TLR4, thus suggesting that rOv-ASP-1 is a novel potent innate adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxian He
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Abstract
Mycoplasmas, the smallest free-living, self-replicating bacteria with diameters of 200 to 800 nm, have been reported to be associated with human diseases. It is well known that the mycoplasma lipoprotein/peptide is able to modulate the host immune system, whose N-terminal structure is an important factor in inducing immunity and distinguishing Toll-like receptors (TLRs). However, there is still no clear elucidation about the pathogenic mechanism of mycoplasma lipoprotein/peptide and the signaling pathway. Some researchers have focused on understanding the structures of these proteins and the relationships between their structure and biological function. This review provides an update on the research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-ling Zuo
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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McGreal EP. Structural basis of pattern recognition by innate immune molecules. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 653:139-61. [PMID: 19799117 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0901-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the innate immune system as a first line defence against pathogenic challenge has long been recognised. Over the last decade the identity of many of the key molecules mediating innate host defence have been clarified and a model of self/ nonself discrimination by families of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) has emerged. Although a large amount of information is now available concerning the action of these innate immune molecules at the level of the cell and organism, little is known about the molecular interface between pathogens and innate immune recognition molecules. In this chapter the molecular basis for innate immune discrimination of a wide variety of pathogen derived molecules is discussed in the context of the emerging literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamon P McGreal
- Department of Child Health, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
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Mycoplasma genitalium-encoded MG309 activates NF-kappaB via Toll-like receptors 2 and 6 to elicit proinflammatory cytokine secretion from human genital epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2008; 77:1175-81. [PMID: 19103762 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00845-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma genitalium has been implicated in several important reproductive tract syndromes in women, including pelvic inflammatory disease, cervicitis, and tubal factor infertility. The mechanisms of immune activation are unclear, and we sought to determine whether M. genitalium was capable of activating innate immune responses through ligation of highly expressed Toll-like receptors (TLR) of the genital tract. Using HEK293 cells expressing specific human TLR, viable M. genitalium and the recombinant C-terminal portion of the immunogenic protein MG309 (rMG309c) were shown to activate NF-kappaB via TLR2/6. These data provided a putative mechanism for activation of the innate response in genital tissues. Genital epithelial cells (EC) are the first responders to sexually transmitted pathogens and express high levels of TLR2 and -6. Following exposure to purified rMG309c, vaginal and ecto- and endocervical EC secreted proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8. Vaginal EC were less responsive than cervical EC. The capacity of rMG309c to bind TLR2/6 and elicit inflammation was sensitive to proteinase K digestion and independent of traditional N-terminal lipoylation. Furthermore, the immunostimulatory capacity of rMG309c was localized specifically to a 91-amino-acid subfragment of the recombinant protein, suggesting that TLR activation is likely amino acid based. Together, these data indicated that human vaginal and cervical EC are immunologically responsive to M. genitalium and to purified rMG309c via highly expressed TLR of the genital tract. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms for activation of acute-phase inflammatory responses and suggest that M. genitalium colonization of reproductive tract tissues may result in inflammatory sequelae.
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Shimizu T, Kida Y, Kuwano K. Ureaplasma parvum lipoproteins, including MB antigen, activate NF-{kappa}B through TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2008; 154:1318-1325. [PMID: 18451040 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/016212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ureaplasma species (Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum) are commonly isolated pathogens from the female reproductive tract and are associated with perinatal diseases in humans. Inappropriate induction of inflammatory responses may be involved in the occurrence of such diseases; however, pathogenic agents that induce the inflammatory response have not been identified in ureaplasmas. In this study, we examined the involvement of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the activation of the immune response by U. parvum lipoproteins, as well as the U. parvum components responsible for nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation. The Triton X-114 (TX-114) detergent phase of U. parvum was found to induce NF-kappaB through TLR2. The active components of the TX-114 detergent phase were lipoproteins, such as multiple banded (MB) antigen, UU012 and UU016 of U. parvum. The activation of NF-kappaB by these lipoproteins was inhibited by dominant negative (DN) constructs of TLR1 and DN TLR6. Thus, the lipoproteins from U. parvum were found to activate NF-kappaB through TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6. Furthermore, these lipoproteins possessed an ability to induce tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in mouse peritoneal macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shimizu
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Infectious Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kida
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Infectious Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Koichi Kuwano
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Infectious Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
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A triacylated lipoprotein from Mycoplasma genitalium activates NF-kappaB through Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) and TLR2. Infect Immun 2008; 76:3672-8. [PMID: 18474641 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00257-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma genitalium is a sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen that causes nongonococcal chlamydia-negative urethritis, mucopurulent cervicitis, endometritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and tubal factor infertility in humans. However, pathogenic agents that induce inflammatory responses have not been identified in M. genitalium. In this study, we examined the involvement of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in activation of the immune response by a lipoprotein from M. genitalium and their active component responsible for NF-kappaB activation. The Triton X-114 detergent phase of M. genitalium was found to induce NF-kappaB through TLR2. The active component of the Triton X-114 detergent phase was a lipoprotein precursor, MG149. The activation of NF-kappaB by MG149 was inhibited by a dominant negative (DN) construct of TLR1 but not by a DN construct of TLR6. These results indicate that the activation of NF-kappaB by MG149 is dependent on TLR1 and TLR2. A synthetic lipopeptide derived from MG149 containing three acyl chains also induced NF-kappaB through TLR1 and TLR2. Thus, the results show that MG149, a triacylated lipoprotein from M. genitalium, activates NF-kappaB through TLR1 and TLR2.
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47
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Mohammed J, Frasca S, Cecchini K, Rood D, Nyaoke AC, Geary SJ, Silbart LK. Chemokine and cytokine gene expression profiles in chickens inoculated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains Rlow or GT5. Vaccine 2007; 25:8611-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Schmidt J, Welsch T, Jäger D, Mühlradt PF, Büchler MW, Märten A. Intratumoural injection of the toll-like receptor-2/6 agonist 'macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2' in patients with pancreatic carcinoma: a phase I/II trial. Br J Cancer 2007; 97:598-604. [PMID: 17667928 PMCID: PMC2360370 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This phase I/II trial examined safety and efficacy of the toll-like receptor 2/6 agonist MALP-2 in combination with gemcitabine in patients with incompletely resectable pancreas carcinomas. MALP-2 is a toll-like receptor 2/6 agonist, acts as an immunological adjuvant, and has been described recently to prolong survival in a mouse model of an orthotopic, syngeneic pancreas tumour. Male and female patients with incompletely resectable pancreas carcinomas were eligible while those with R0 or R1 resections or with peritoneal carcinosis were excluded. Ten patients were injected intratumourally during surgery with 20-30 microg MALP-2 followed by postoperative chemotherapy. Samples were taken from peripheral blood and wound secretion, and assayed for cell content, cytokine and CRP levels, and NK activity. An MALP-2 dose of 20 microg was well tolerated. Clear signs of local MALP-2 effects were presented by the influx of lymphocytes and monocytes in wound secretions, and abolishment of inhibition of NK activity. The actual mean survival is 17.1+/-4.2 months; the median survival being 9.3 months. Two patients are still alive after 31 months. Up to 20 microg MALP-2 was well tolerated, and no systemic side effects were noted. The mean survival of 17.1 months is remarkably high.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schmidt
- Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - T Welsch
- Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - D Jäger
- National Centre for Tumour Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - P F Mühlradt
- Wound Healing Research Group, BioTec Gründerzentrum, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - M W Büchler
- Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - A Märten
- Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- National Centre for Tumour Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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Shimizu T, Kida Y, Kuwano K. Triacylated lipoproteins derived from Mycoplasma pneumoniae activate nuclear factor-kappaB through toll-like receptors 1 and 2. Immunology 2007; 121:473-83. [PMID: 17433078 PMCID: PMC2265974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is considered to be in part attributed to excessive immune responses. Recently, a mycoplasma lipoprotein has been shown to induce nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation through toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1), TLR2 and TLR6. In this study, we examined the ability of lipoproteins from M. pneumoniae to activate NF-kappaB through TLR1- and TLR2-dependent, but TLR6-independent, pathways, and the active components responsible for the NF-kappaB activation through the TLR6-independent pathway were identified. The active lipoproteins were found to be MPN611 and MPN162 of M. pneumoniae (designated N-ALP1 and N-ALP2, respectively). Purified N-ALP1 and N-ALP2 from M. pneumoniae and triacylated partial synthetic lipopeptides of N-ALP1 and N-ALP2 augmented the levels of NF-kappaB induction through TLR1- and TLR2-dependent pathways, whereas diacylated partial synthetic lipopeptides of N-ALP1 and N-ALP2 activated NF-kappaB through TLR1-, TLR2- and TLR6-dependent pathways. These data suggest that N-ALP1 and N-ALP2 would be triacylated lipoproteins. The activity of N-ALP1 and N-ALP2 was decreased with a pretreatment of lipoprotein lipase, and partially decreased by protease treatment, indicating that the lipid moiety of N-ALP1 and N-ALP2 is critical for the NF-kappaB activation. Thus, triacylated lipoproteins derived from M. pneumoniae might activate NF-kappaB through TLR1 and TLR2, but not TLR6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shimizu
- Department of Bacteriology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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Goo SY, Han YS, Kim WH, Lee KH, Park SJ. Vibrio vulnificus IlpA-induced cytokine production is mediated by Toll-like receptor 2. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:27647-58. [PMID: 17640874 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701876200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a pathogenic bacterium causing primary septicemia, which follows a classical septic shock pathway, including an overwhelming inflammatory cytokine response. In this study, we identified a putative lipoprotein of V. vulnificus, encoded by the ilpA gene, as one of the surface proteins that specifically reacted with the antibodies raised against outer membrane proteins of V. vulnificus. Using a mutant V. vulnificus in which its ilpA gene was knocked out, we found that IlpA is important in the production of interferon-gamma in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 is also induced by the recombinant IlpA (rIlpA) in human monocytes. Lipidation of the rIlpA was observed by in vivo labeling in Escherichia coli. Experiments using the mutant IlpA, which is unable to be modified by lipidation, indicate that the lipid moiety of this protein has an essential property for cytokine production in human cells. Pretreatment of monocytes with antibodies against Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) inhibited production of both tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6. The role of TLR2 in IlpA-induced cytokine production was confirmed by an in vitro assay, in which only the TLR2-expressing cells showed a dramatic induction of nuclear factor-kappaB activity by rIlpA. In addition, rIlpA treatment resulted in induction of TLR2 transcription in human cells. In comparison with the wild type V. vulnificus, the ilpA mutant showed a reduced mortality in mice. These results demonstrate that IlpA of V. vulnificus functions as an immunostimulant to human cells via TLR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Young Goo
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
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