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De-Simone SG, Gomes LR, Napoleão-Pêgo P, Lechuga GC, de Pina JS, da Silva FR. Epitope Mapping of the Diphtheria Toxin and Development of an ELISA-Specific Diagnostic Assay. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:313. [PMID: 33810325 PMCID: PMC8066203 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The diphtheria toxoid antigen is a major component in pediatric and booster combination vaccines and is known to raise a protective humoral immune response upon vaccination. Although antibodies are considered critical for diphtheria protection, little is known about the antigenic determinants that maintain humoral immunity. Methods: One-hundred and twelve 15 mer peptides covering the entire sequence of diphtheria toxin (DTx) protein were prepared by SPOT synthesis. The immunoreactivity of membrane-bound peptides with sera from mice immunized with a triple DTP vaccine allowed mapping of continuous B-cell epitopes, topological studies, multiantigen peptide (MAP) synthesis, and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) development. Results: Twenty epitopes were identified, with two being in the signal peptide, five in the catalytic domain (CD), seven in the HBFT domain, and five in the receptor-binding domain (RBD). Two 17 mer (CB/Tx-2/12 and CB/DTx-4-13) derived biepitope peptides linked by a Gly-Gly spacer were chemically synthesized. The peptides were used as antigens to coat ELISA plates and assayed with human (huVS) and mice vaccinated sera (miVS) for in vitro diagnosis of diphtheria. The assay proved to be highly sensitive (99.96%) and specific (100%) for huVS and miVS and, when compared with a commercial ELISA test, demonstrated a high performance. Conclusions: Our work displayed the complete picture of the linear B cell IgG response epitope of the DTx responsible for the protective effect and demonstrated sufficient specificity and eligibility for phase IIB studies of some epitopes to develop new and fast diagnostic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Giovanni De-Simone
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Diseases Populations (INCT-IDNP), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (L.R.G.); (P.N.-P.); (G.C.L.); (J.S.d.P.); (F.R.d.S.)
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Larissa Rodrigues Gomes
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Diseases Populations (INCT-IDNP), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (L.R.G.); (P.N.-P.); (G.C.L.); (J.S.d.P.); (F.R.d.S.)
| | - Paloma Napoleão-Pêgo
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Diseases Populations (INCT-IDNP), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (L.R.G.); (P.N.-P.); (G.C.L.); (J.S.d.P.); (F.R.d.S.)
| | - Guilherme Curty Lechuga
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Diseases Populations (INCT-IDNP), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (L.R.G.); (P.N.-P.); (G.C.L.); (J.S.d.P.); (F.R.d.S.)
| | - Jorge Soares de Pina
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Diseases Populations (INCT-IDNP), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (L.R.G.); (P.N.-P.); (G.C.L.); (J.S.d.P.); (F.R.d.S.)
| | - Flavio Rocha da Silva
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Diseases Populations (INCT-IDNP), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (L.R.G.); (P.N.-P.); (G.C.L.); (J.S.d.P.); (F.R.d.S.)
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Kumar P, Sunita, Dubey KK, Shukla P. Whole-Cell Vaccine Preparation: Options and Perspectives. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2183:249-266. [PMID: 32959248 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0795-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are biological preparations to elicit a specific immune response in individuals against the targetted microorganisms. The use of vaccines has caused the near eradication of many critical diseases and has had an everlasting impact on public health at a relatively low cost. Most of the vaccines developed today are based on techniques which were developed a long time ago. In the beginning, vaccines were prepared from tissue fluids obtained from infected animals or people, but at present, the scenario has changed with the development of vaccines from live or killed whole microorganisms and toxins or using genetic engineering approaches. Considerable efforts have been made in vaccine development, but there are still many diseases that need attention, and new technologies are being developed in vaccinology to combat them. In this chapter, we discuss different approaches for vaccine development, including the properties and preparation of whole-cell vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punit Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Maharshi Dayanand University Rohtak, Rohtak, Haryana, India.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Allergology and Microbiology, Karaganda Medical University, 40 Gogol Street, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Sunita
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University Rohtak, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Kashyap Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India.
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University Rohtak, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
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3
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Shafiee F, Rabbani M, Behdani M, Jahanian-Najafabadi A. Expression and purification of truncated diphtheria toxin, DT386, in Escherichia coli: An attempt for production of a new vaccine against diphtheria. Res Pharm Sci 2016; 11:428-434. [PMID: 27920826 PMCID: PMC5122833 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.192496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to produce a recombinant protein consisting of the catalytic and translocation domains of diphtheria toxin for its later application as a vaccine candidate against Corynebacterium diphtheria. To achieve this goal, at first, the amino acid sequence of DT386 was used for prediction of T and B cell epitopes using on-line servers. The DT386 coding sequence was synthesized and subcloned into the NcoI and XhoI sites of pET28a plasmid and recombinant pET28a plasmid was used to transform Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) host cells. Afterwards, recombinant cells were selected and subjected to induction of expression by 1 mM isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside, (IPTG). Expression of the desired protein was evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting, and finally, the recombinant protein was purified using nickel affinity chromatography. The results of epitope prediction using on-line servers established the ability of DT386 for stimulation of immune system against diphtheria toxin. Restriction digestion of the recombinant plasmids using NcoI and XhoI enzymes confirmed the fidelity of cloning by producing a band of about 1200 bp. SDS-PAGE analysis following induction of expression and also purification step confirmed the expression of the desired protein by showing a band of about 45 kDa. In addition, Western blot analysis using anti-6X-His antibody confirmed the identity of the expected protein. In conclusion, in the present study we amplified and cloned the coding sequence of DT386 fragment, followed by its expression by E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells. Then, the expressed protein was purified and will be used for later studies of evaluation of its immunogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Shafiee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Mohammad Rabbani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Mahdi Behdani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Ali Jahanian-Najafabadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
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4
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Knittel D, Gadzinski A, Hua S, Denizeau J, Savatier A, de la Rochère P, Boulain JC, Amigorena S, Piaggio E, Sedlik C, Léonetti M. Heparan sulfates targeting increases MHC class I- and MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation and CD8(+) T-cell response. Vaccine 2016; 34:3093-3101. [PMID: 27154391 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfates (HS) are carbohydrate moieties of HS proteoglycans (HSPGs). They often represent alternative attachment points for proteins or microorganisms targeting receptors. HSPGs, which are ubiquitously expressed, thereby participate in numerous biological processes. We previously showed that MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation is increased when antigens are coupled to HS ligands, suggesting that HSPGs might contribute to adaptive immune responses. Here, we examined if HSPG targeting influences other aspects of immune responses. We found that coupling of an HS ligand to the antigen increases antigen presentation to CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells after antigen targeting to membrane immunoglobulins or to MHC-II molecules. Moreover, this increased stimulating capacity correlates with an enhanced CD8(+) immune response in mice. Last, animals control more effectively the growth of Ova-expressing tumour cells when they are immunized with an Ova construct targeting HSPGs and MHC-II molecules. Our results indicate that ubiquitous molecules can influence both MHC class I- and MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation and behave as co-receptors during T-cell stimulation. Moreover, they suggest that tumour-antigens endowed with the ability to target both HSPGs and MHC-II molecules could be of value to increase CD8(+) immune response and control tumour-growth, opening new perspectives for the design of highly immunogenic protein-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Knittel
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches en Immunoanalyse, Gif-Sur-Yvette F-91191, France
| | - Adeline Gadzinski
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches en Immunoanalyse, Gif-Sur-Yvette F-91191, France
| | - Stéphane Hua
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches en Immunoanalyse, Gif-Sur-Yvette F-91191, France
| | - Jordan Denizeau
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris 75005, France; INSERM, U932, Paris F-75005, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie CICBT 507, Institut Curie, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Alexandra Savatier
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches en Immunoanalyse, Gif-Sur-Yvette F-91191, France
| | - Philippe de la Rochère
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris 75005, France; INSERM, U932, Paris F-75005, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie CICBT 507, Institut Curie, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Jean-Claude Boulain
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches en Immunoanalyse, Gif-Sur-Yvette F-91191, France
| | - Sebastian Amigorena
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris 75005, France; INSERM, U932, Paris F-75005, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie CICBT 507, Institut Curie, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris 75005, France; INSERM, U932, Paris F-75005, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie CICBT 507, Institut Curie, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Christine Sedlik
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris 75005, France; INSERM, U932, Paris F-75005, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie CICBT 507, Institut Curie, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Michel Léonetti
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches en Immunoanalyse, Gif-Sur-Yvette F-91191, France.
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Knittel D, Savatier A, Upert G, Lortat-Jacob H, Léonetti M. Acidosis increases MHC class II-restricted presentation of a protein endowed with a pH-dependent heparan sulfate-binding ability. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3601-11. [PMID: 25754736 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are ubiquitously expressed molecules that participate in numerous biological processes. We previously showed that HSPGs expressed on the surface of APCs can serve as receptors for a hybrid protein containing an HS ligand and an Ag, which leads to more efficient stimulation of Th cells. To investigate whether such behavior is shared by proteins with inherent HS-binding ability, we looked for proteins endowed with this characteristic. We found that diphtheria toxin and its nontoxic mutant, called CRM197, can interact with HS. However, we observed that their binding ability is higher at pH 6 than at pH 7.4. Therefore, as extracellular acidosis occurs during infection by various micro-organisms, we assessed whether HS-binding capacity affects MHC class II-restricted presentation at different pHs. We first observed that pH decrease allows CRM197 binding to HSPG-expressing cells, including APCs. Then, we showed that this interaction enhances Ag uptake and presentation to Th cells. Lastly, we observed that pH decrease does not affect processing and presentation abilities of the APCs. Our findings show that acidic pH causes an HSPG-mediated uptake and an enhancement of T cell stimulation of Ags with the inherent ability to bind HSPGs pH-dependently. Furthermore, they suggest that proteins from micro-organisms with this binding characteristic might be supported more efficiently by the adaptive immune system when acidosis is triggered during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Knittel
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche en Immunoanalyse, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alexandra Savatier
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche en Immunoanalyse, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Grégory Upert
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Laboratoire de Toxinologie Moléculaire et Biotechnologies, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugues Lortat-Jacob
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France; and Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Michel Léonetti
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche en Immunoanalyse, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France;
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Khrustaleva TA, Khrustalev VV, Barkovsky EV, Kolodkina VL, Astapov AA. Structural and antigenic features of the synthetic SF23 peptide corresponding to the receptor binding fragment of diphtheria toxin. Mol Immunol 2014; 63:235-44. [PMID: 25062832 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The SF23 peptide corresponding to the receptor binding fragment of diphtheria toxin (residues 508-530) has been synthesized. This fragment forming a protruding beta hairpin has been chosen because it is the less mutable B-cell epitope. Affine chromatography and ELISA show that antibodies from the sera of persons infected by toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae and those immunized by diphtheria toxoid are able to bind the synthetic SF23 peptide. There are antibodies recognizing the SF23 peptide in the serum of horses hyperimmunized with diphtheria toxoid. Analysis of circular dichroism spectra show formation of beta hairpin by the peptide. Taken together, the results showed that the structure of the less mutable epitope of C. diphtheriae toxin was reproduced by the short SF23 peptide. Since antibodies against that epitope should block its interactions with cellular receptor (heparin-binding epidermal growth factor), the SF23 peptide can be considered as a promising candidate for synthetic vaccine development. Fluorescence quenching studies showed the existence of chloride and phosphate binding sites on the SF23 molecule. Phosphate containing adjuvants (aluminum hydroxyphosphate or aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate) are recommended to increase the SF23 immunogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Aleksandrovna Khrustaleva
- Regulatory Proteins and Peptides Laboratory, Institute of Physiology of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Academicheskaya 28, Minsk, Belarus
| | | | | | - Valentina Leonidovna Kolodkina
- Laboratory of Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Republican Research and Practical Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Filimonova 23, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Anatoly Archipovich Astapov
- Department of Child Infectious Diseases, Belarusian State Medical University, Dzerzinskogo 83, Minsk, Belarus
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Soria-Guerra RE, Rosales-Mendoza S, Moreno-Fierros L, López-Revilla R, Alpuche-Solís AG. Oral immunogenicity of tomato-derived sDPT polypeptide containing Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Bordetella pertussis and Clostridium tetani exotoxin epitopes. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:417-424. [PMID: 21188384 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0973-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
DPT vaccine, designed to immunize against diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus, has been shown to be effective in humans. Nevertheless, dissatisfaction with the whole-cell preparations is due to the reactogenicity, which has to lead to the development of new safer formulations. Previously, we described the expression in tomato of a plant-optimized synthetic gene encoding the recombinant polypeptide sDPT, containing mainly immunoprotective epitopes of the diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus exotoxins and two adjuvants. In this study, we examined whether the ingestion of tomato-derived sDPT protein induces specific antibodies in mice after three weekly doses scheme. A positive group immunized with DPT toxoids was included. Specific antibody levels were assessed in serum, gut and lung. Sera tested for IgG antibody response to pertussis, tetanus and diphtheria toxin showed responses to the foreign antigens; interestingly, the response to diphtheria epitope was similar to those observed in the positive group. We found higher IgG1 than IgG2a responses in serum. A modest IgG response was observed in the tracheopulmonary fluid. High response of IgA against tetanus toxin was evident in gut, which was statistically comparable to that obtained in the positive group. The levels of response in these groups were higher than those in mice that received wild-type tomato. These findings support the concept of using transgenic tomatoes expressing sDPT polypeptide as model for edible vaccine against diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Soria-Guerra
- División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, 78216 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
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El Hage T, Decottignies P, Authier F. Endosomal proteolysis of diphtheria toxin without toxin translocation into the cytosol of rat liver in vivo. FEBS J 2008; 275:1708-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Soria-Guerra RE, Rosales-Mendoza S, Márquez-Mercado C, López-Revilla R, Castillo-Collazo R, Alpuche-Solís AG. Transgenic tomatoes express an antigenic polypeptide containing epitopes of the diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus exotoxins, encoded by a synthetic gene. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2007; 26:961-8. [PMID: 17619922 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-007-0306-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Revised: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A current priority of vaccinology is the development of multicomponent vaccines that protect against several pathogens. The diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccine prevents the symptoms of three serious and often fatal diseases due to the exotoxins produced by Corynebacterium diphteriae, Bordetella pertussis and Clostridium tetani. We are attempting to develop an edible DPT multicomponent vaccine in plants, based on the fusion of protective exotoxin epitopes encoded by synthetic genes. By means of Agrobacterium mediated transformation we generated transgenic tomatoes with a plant-optimised synthetic gene encoding a novel polypeptide containing two adjuvant and six DPT immunoprotective exotoxin epitopes joined by peptide linkers. In transformed tomato plants, integration of the synthetic DPT (sDPT) gene detected by PCR was confirmed by Southern blot, and specific transcripts of the expected molecular size were detected by RT-PCR. Expression of the putative polypeptide encoded by the sDPT gene was detected by immunoassay with specific antibodies to the diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus exotoxins. The sDPT gene is therefore integrated, transcribed and translated as the expected recombinant sDPT multiepitope polypeptide in transgenic tomatoes that constitute a potential edible vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Elena Soria-Guerra
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, 78216 San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
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10
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Huang QL, Chen C, Chen YZ, Gong CG, Cao L, Wang J, Hua ZC. Application to immunoassays of the fusion protein between protein ZZ and enhanced green fluorescent protein. J Immunol Methods 2006; 309:130-8. [PMID: 16445935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Revised: 10/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) from Aequorea victoria was fused to the C terminal region of protein ZZ, an artificial synthetic IgG Fc fragment binding protein derived from tandem repeats of the B domain of protein A. The ZZ-EGFP fusion protein was expressed in Escherichia coli with a His(6) tag and purified in high yield by one-step Ni(2+) chelating affinity chromatography. It was then used in the immunoblot analysis of GST and TNFalpha as well as in immunofluorescent assays of 293T cells transfected with IRF3, an interferon regulatory factor which localized in cytoplasm without virus infection. The fusion protein also performed effectively in FACS analysis of surface integrin beta3 subunit on 293 T cells. The chimeric protein bound various antibodies from different animal sources, directed against a variety of proteins. Thus, ZZ-EGFP showed broad promise in potential immunological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Lai Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
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Huang QL, Chen C, Chen YZ, Gong CG, Wang J, Hua ZC. Fusion protein between protein ZZ and red fluorescent protein DsRed and its application to immunoassays. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2006; 43:121-7. [PMID: 16218907 DOI: 10.1042/ba20050136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a red fluorescent protein (DsRed) from the coral Discosoma was fused to the C-terminus of protein ZZ, a synthetic artificial IgG-Fc-fragment-binding protein derived from the B-domain of staphylococcal Protein A. The chimaeric protein, tagged with six histidine residues at the N-terminus, was expressed in Escherichia coli and easily purified by one-step Ni2+-chelating affinity chromatography. Its fluorescence and IgG-binding activities were validated using fluorescence-spectrum analysis, ELISA and dot-blot analysis. Furthermore, in subsequent dot-blotting immunoanalysis of glutathione S-transferase and tumour necrosis factor-alpha, and immunofluorescent microscopy assay of interferon regulatory factor 3, the chimaeric protein enabled effective detection of target molecules. Compared with fluorescence-conjugated antibodies, ZZ-DsRed is less susceptible to photobleaching and easy to produce. In addition, unlike HRP (horseradish peroxidase)-conjugated antibodies, using ZZ-DsRed needs no addition of a chromogenic reagent. Our results indicate that ZZ-DsRed shows a wide and promising application potential in immunological detection as a substitute for fluorescent or HRP-conjugated anti-IgGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Lai Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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Chenal A, Nizard P, Gillet D. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DIPHTHERIA TOXIN: FROM PATHOLOGY TO ENGINEERING. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1081/txr-120014408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Ricciardi A, le Du MH, Khayati M, Dajas F, Boulain JC, Menez A, Ducancel F. Do structural deviations between toxins adopting the same fold reflect functional differences? J Biol Chem 2000; 275:18302-10. [PMID: 10849442 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.24.18302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-finger proteins form a structurally related family of compounds that exhibit a great variety of biological properties. To address the question of the prediction of functional areas on their surfaces, we tentatively conferred the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of fasciculins on a short-chain curaremimetic toxin. For this purpose, we assimilated the three-dimensional structure of fasciculin 2 with the one of toxin alpha. This comparison revealed that the tips of the first and second loops, together with the C terminus residue, deviated most. A first recombinant fasciculin/toxin alpha chimera was designed by transferring loop 1 in its entirety together with the tip of loop 2 of fasciculin 2 into the toxin alpha scaffold. A second chimera (rChII) was obtained by adding the point Asn-61 --> Tyr substitution. Comparison of functional and structural properties of both chimeras show that rChII can accommodate the imposed modifications and displays nearly all the acetylcholinesterase-blocking activities of fasciculins. The three-dimensional structure of rChII demonstrates that rChII adopts a typical three-fingered fold with structural features of both parent toxins. Taken together, these results emphasize the great structural flexibility and functional adaptability of that fold and confirm that structural deviations between fasciculins and short-chain neurotoxins do indeed reflect functional diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ricciardi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biologicas, Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay 11600, France
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Fromen-Romano C, Drevet P, Robert A, Ménez A, Léonetti M. Recombinant Staphylococcus strains as live vectors for the induction of neutralizing anti-diphtheria toxin antisera. Infect Immun 1999; 67:5007-11. [PMID: 10496871 PMCID: PMC96846 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.10.5007-5011.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated whether the nonpathogenic gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus xylosus and S. carnosus can display a whole domain of a toxic protein on their surface and if such vectors are suitable for immunization of BALB/c mice. The nucleotide sequence encoding the receptor-binding domain (DTR; amino acids 382 to 535) of diphtheria toxin (DT) was inserted into plasmids pSE'mp18ABPXM and pSPPmABPXM, which were designed to display heterologous proteins on S. xylosus and S. carnosus cell surfaces, respectively. Western blot analysis of the resulting bacterial lysates indicates that DTR is produced by each expression system. However, analysis of rabbit anti-DTR antisera binding to the transformed live bacteria shows that DTR is not displayed on the surface of S. xylosus cells whereas it is efficiently exposed on S. carnosus. A significant anti-DT antibody response was raised in BALB/c mice immunized intraperitoneally with S. carnosus displaying DTR, and the antisera abolished DT cytotoxicity on Vero cells. Thus, only S. carnosus can display a whole domain of a toxic protein and represents a potential vector for humoral vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fromen-Romano
- CEA, Département d'Ingénierie et d'Etudes des Protéines (DIEP), Centre d'Etude de Saclay, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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15
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Orr N, Galen JE, Levine MM. Expression and immunogenicity of a mutant diphtheria toxin molecule, CRM(197), and its fragments in Salmonella typhi vaccine strain CVD 908-htrA. Infect Immun 1999; 67:4290-4. [PMID: 10417208 PMCID: PMC96741 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.8.4290-4294.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutant diphtheria toxin molecule CRM(197) and fragments thereof were expressed in attenuated Salmonella typhi CVD 908-htrA, and the constructs were tested for their ability to induce serum antitoxin. Initially, expressed proteins were insoluble, and the constructs failed to induce neutralizing antitoxin. Soluble CRM(197) was expressed at low levels by utilizing the hemolysin A secretion system from Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Orr
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Medicine, Division of Geographic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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