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Canè C, Gallucci N, Amoresano A, Fontanarosa C, Paduano L, De Gregorio E, Duilio A, Di Somma A. The antimicrobial peptide Temporin-L induces vesicle formation and reduces the virulence in S. aureus. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 39:101808. [PMID: 39238505 PMCID: PMC11375239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The evolution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has required the development of new antimicrobial agents and new approaches to prevent and overcome drug resistance. AntiMicrobial Peptides (AMPs) represent promising alternatives due to their rapid bactericidal activity and their broad-spectrum of action against a wide range of microorganisms. The amphibian Temporins constitute a well-known family of AMPs with high antibacterial properties against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In this paper, we evaluated the in vivo effect of Temp-L on S. aureus performing morphological studies using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) that revealed the occurrence of protrusions from the cell surface. The formation of vesicle-like structure was confirmed by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). The global effect of Temp-L on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was deeply investigated by differential proteomics leading to the identification of up-regulated proteins involved in the synthesis of the cell membrane and fatty acids, and down-regulated virulence factors. GC-MS analysis suggested a possible protective response mechanism implemented by the bacterium after treatment with Temp-L, as the synthesis of fatty acids was increased. Adhesion and invasion assays on eukaryotic cells confirmed a reduced virulence of S. aureus following treatment with Temp-L. These results suggested the targeting of virulence factors as novel strategy to replace traditional antimicrobial agents that can be used to treat infections, especially infections caused by the resistant pathogen S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Canè
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II" Via Cinthia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Noemi Gallucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II" Via Cinthia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela Amoresano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II" Via Cinthia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136, Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Fontanarosa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II" Via Cinthia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Paduano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II" Via Cinthia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Eliana De Gregorio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Duilio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II" Via Cinthia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Di Somma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II" Via Cinthia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80126, Napoli, Italy
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Tajer L, Paillart JC, Dib H, Sabatier JM, Fajloun Z, Abi Khattar Z. Molecular Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides in the Modern Era: An Updated Review. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1259. [PMID: 39065030 PMCID: PMC11279074 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a serious global health concern, resulting in a significant number of deaths annually due to infections that are resistant to treatment. Amidst this crisis, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics (ATBs). These cationic peptides, naturally produced by all kingdoms of life, play a crucial role in the innate immune system of multicellular organisms and in bacterial interspecies competition by exhibiting broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. AMPs target bacterial pathogens through multiple mechanisms, most importantly by disrupting their membranes, leading to cell lysis. However, bacterial resistance to host AMPs has emerged due to a slow co-evolutionary process between microorganisms and their hosts. Alarmingly, the development of resistance to last-resort AMPs in the treatment of MDR infections, such as colistin, is attributed to the misuse of this peptide and the high rate of horizontal genetic transfer of the corresponding resistance genes. AMP-resistant bacteria employ diverse mechanisms, including but not limited to proteolytic degradation, extracellular trapping and inactivation, active efflux, as well as complex modifications in bacterial cell wall and membrane structures. This review comprehensively examines all constitutive and inducible molecular resistance mechanisms to AMPs supported by experimental evidence described to date in bacterial pathogens. We also explore the specificity of these mechanisms toward structurally diverse AMPs to broaden and enhance their potential in developing and applying them as therapeutics for MDR bacteria. Additionally, we provide insights into the significance of AMP resistance within the context of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Tajer
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology (LBA3B), Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, Department of Cell Culture, EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon; (L.T.); (Z.F.)
| | - Jean-Christophe Paillart
- CNRS, Architecture et Réactivité de l’ARN, UPR 9002, Université de Strasbourg, 2 Allée Konrad Roentgen, F-67000 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Hanna Dib
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait;
| | - Jean-Marc Sabatier
- CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Aix-Marseille Université, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Ziad Fajloun
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology (LBA3B), Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, Department of Cell Culture, EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon; (L.T.); (Z.F.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences 3, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, Tripoli 1352, Lebanon
| | - Ziad Abi Khattar
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Kalhat, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli, Lebanon
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Lee TH, Charchar P, Separovic F, Reid GE, Yarovsky I, Aguilar MI. The intricate link between membrane lipid structure and composition and membrane structural properties in bacterial membranes. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3408-3427. [PMID: 38455013 PMCID: PMC10915831 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04523d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
It is now evident that the cell manipulates lipid composition to regulate different processes such as membrane protein insertion, assembly and function. Moreover, changes in membrane structure and properties, lipid homeostasis during growth and differentiation with associated changes in cell size and shape, and responses to external stress have been related to drug resistance across mammalian species and a range of microorganisms. While it is well known that the biomembrane is a fluid self-assembled nanostructure, the link between the lipid components and the structural properties of the lipid bilayer are not well understood. This perspective aims to address this topic with a view to a more detailed understanding of the factors that regulate bilayer structure and flexibility. We describe a selection of recent studies that address the dynamic nature of bacterial lipid diversity and membrane properties in response to stress conditions. This emerging area has important implications for a broad range of cellular processes and may open new avenues of drug design for selective cell targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzong-Hsien Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Patrick Charchar
- School of Engineering, RMIT University Melbourne Victoria 3001 Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Gavin E Reid
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Irene Yarovsky
- School of Engineering, RMIT University Melbourne Victoria 3001 Australia
| | - Marie-Isabel Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
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Anurag Anand A, Amod A, Anwar S, Sahoo AK, Sethi G, Samanta SK. A comprehensive guide on screening and selection of a suitable AMP against biofilm-forming bacteria. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023:1-20. [PMID: 38102871 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2023.2293019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Lately, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasing at an exponential rate making it important to search alternatives to antibiotics in order to combat multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial infections. Out of the several antibacterial and antibiofilm strategies being tested, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have shown to give better hopes in terms of a long-lasting solution to the problem. To select a desired AMP, it is important to make right use of available tools and databases that aid in identification, classification, and analysis of the physiochemical properties of AMPs. To identify the targets of these AMPs, it becomes crucial to understand their mode-of-action. AMPs can also be used in combination with other antibacterial and antibiofilm agents so as to achieve enhanced efficacy against bacteria and their biofilms. Due to concerns regarding toxicity, stability, and bioavailability, strategizing drug formulation at an early-stage becomes crucial. Although there are few concerns regarding development of bacterial resistance to AMPs, the evolution of resistance to AMPs occurs extremely slowly. This comprehensive review gives a deep insight into the selection of the right AMP, deciding the right target and combination strategy along with the type of formulation needed, and the possible resistance that bacteria can develop to these AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Anurag Anand
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Ayush Amod
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Sarfraz Anwar
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Amaresh Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sintu Kumar Samanta
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
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Wang Y, Shen J, Meng F, Lu Z, Lv F, Zhou L, Zhao H. Effects of monolauroyl-galactosylglycerol on membrane fatty acids and properties of Bacillus cereus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12567-4. [PMID: 37204449 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12567-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to provide new ideas for the antibacterial mechanism of monolauroyl-galactosylglycerol (MLGG) from the perspective of cell membranes. The changes in cell membrane properties of Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) CMCC 66,301 exposed to different concentrations (1 × MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration), 2 × MIC, 1 × MBC (minimum bacterial concentration)) of MLGG were evaluated. It was found that the lag phase of B. cereus cells was prolonged at low concentration MLGG (1 × MIC and 2 × MIC), while about 2 log CFU/mL reduction in B. cereus populations were observed when exposed to high concentration MLGG (1 × MBC). MLGG treated B. cereus displayed obvious membrane depolarization, while membrane permeability had no change using PI (propidium iodide) staining. Significant increase in the membrane fluidity in response to MLGG exposure occurred, which was consistent with the modification of membrane fatty acids compositions, where the relative content of straight-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) increased, while branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) decreased significantly. The decreased transition Tm value and cell surface hydrophobicity was also observed. Additionally, effect of MLGG on bacterial membrane compositions were explored at the submolecular level by infrared spectroscopy. Resistance tests of B. cereus to MLGG had demonstrated the advantages of MLGG as a bacteriostatic agent. Collectively, these studies indicate that modifying the fatty acid composition and properties of cellular membranes through MLGG exposure is crucial for inhibiting bacteria growth, providing new insights into the antimicrobial mechanisms of MLGG. KEY POINTS: • Monolauroyl-galactosylglycerol inserted into B. cereus lipid bilayer membrane • Monolauroyl-galactosylglycerol treatment caused B. cereus membrane depolarization • Monolauroyl-galactosylglycerol resulted in B. cereus membrane fatty acids alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Juan Shen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fanqiang Meng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fengxia Lv
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Libang Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haizhen Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Wang D, Wang G, Wang J, Zhai H, Xue X. Inhibitory effect and underlying mechanism of cinnamon and clove essential oils on Botryosphaeria dothidea and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing rots in postharvest bagging-free apple fruits. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1109028. [PMID: 36922972 PMCID: PMC10008952 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1109028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bagging-free apple is more vulnerable to postharvest disease, which severely limits the cultivation pattern transformation of the apple industry in China. This study aimed to ascertain the dominant pathogens in postharvest bagging-free apples, to evaluate the efficacy of essential oil (EO) on inhibition of fungal growth, and to further clarify the molecular mechanism of this action. By morphological characteristics and rDNA sequence analyses, Botryosphaeria dothidea (B. dothidea) and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (C. gloeosporioides) were identified as the main pathogens isolated from decayed bagging-free apples. Cinnamon and clove EO exhibited high inhibitory activities against mycelial growth both in vapor and contact phases under in vitro conditions. EO vapor at a concentration of 60 μL L-1 significantly reduced the incidence and lesion diameter of inoculated decay in vivo. Observations using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) revealed that EO changed the mycelial morphology and cellular ultrastructure and destroyed the integrity and structure of cell membranes and major organelles. Using RNA sequencing and bioinformatics, it was demonstrated that clove EO treatment impaired the cell membrane integrity and biological function via downregulating the genes involved in the membrane component and transmembrane transport. Simultaneously, a stronger binding affinity of trans-cinnamaldehyde and eugenol with CYP51 was assessed by in silico analysis, attenuating the activity of this ergosterol synthesis enzyme. Moreover, pronounced alternations in the oxidation/reduction reaction and critical materials metabolism of clove EO-treated C. gloeosporioides were also observed from transcriptomic data. Altogether, these findings contributed novel antimicrobial cellular and molecular mechanisms of EO, suggesting its potential use as a natural and useful preservative for controlling postharvest spoilage in bagging-free apples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Guiping Wang
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Jinzheng Wang
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Hao Zhai
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiaomin Xue
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai'an, China
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7
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Imaging Mass Spectrometry Reveals Complex Lipid Distributions Across Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Layers. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2022; 26:36-46. [PMID: 36388058 PMCID: PMC9641601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of biofilm-related infections, the lipidomic distributions within these biofilms is poorly understood. Here, lipidomic mapping of S. aureus biofilm cross-sections was performed to investigate heterogeneity between horizontal biofilm layers. Methods S. aureus biofilms were grown statically, embedded in a mixture of carboxymethylcellulose/gelatin, and prepared for downstream matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS). Trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) was also applied prior to mass analysis. Results Implementation of TIMS led to a ∼ threefold increase in the number of lipid species detected. Washing biofilm samples with ammonium formate (150 mM) increased signal intensity for some bacterial lipids by as much as tenfold, with minimal disruption of the biofilm structure. MALDI TIMS IMS revealed that most lipids localize primarily to a single biofilm layer, and species from the same lipid class such as cardiolipins CL(57:0) - CL(66:0) display starkly different localizations, exhibiting between 1.5 and 6.3-fold intensity differences between layers (n = 3, p < 0.03). No horizontal layers were observed within biofilms grown anaerobically, and lipids were distributed homogenously. Conclusions High spatial resolution analysis of S. aureus biofilm cross-sections by MALDI TIMS IMS revealed stark lipidomic heterogeneity between horizontal S. aureus biofilm layers demonstrating that each layer was molecularly distinct. Finally, this workflow uncovered an absence of layers in biofilms grown under anaerobic conditions, possibly indicating that oxygen contributes to the observed heterogeneity under aerobic conditions. Future applications of this workflow to study spatially localized molecular responses to antimicrobials could provide new therapeutic strategies.
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Walker LR, Marty MT. Lipid tails modulate antimicrobial peptide membrane incorporation and activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:183870. [PMID: 35077676 PMCID: PMC8818043 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.183870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Membrane disrupting antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are often amphipathic peptides that interact directly with lipid bilayers. AMPs are generally thought to interact mostly with lipid head groups, but it is less clear how the lipid alkyl chain length and saturation modulate interactions with membranes. Here, we used native mass spectrometry to measure the stoichiometry of three different AMPs-LL-37, indolicidin, and magainin-2-in lipid nanodiscs. We also measured the activity of these AMPs in unilamellar vesicle leakage assays. We found that LL-37 formed specific hexamer complexes but with different intermediates and affinities that depended on the bilayer thickness. LL-37 was also most active in lipid bilayers containing longer, unsaturated lipids. In contrast, indolicidin incorporated to a higher degree into more fluid lipid bilayers but was more active with bilayers with thinner, less fluid lipids. Finally, magainin-2 incorporated to a higher degree into bilayers with longer, unsaturated alkyl chains and showed more activity in these same conditions. Together, these data show that higher amounts of peptide incorporation generally led to higher activity and that AMPs tend to incorporate more into longer unsaturated lipid bilayers. However, the activity of AMPs was not always directly related to amount of peptide incorporated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence R Walker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States.
| | - Michael T Marty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States; Bio5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States.
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Dashtbani-Roozbehani A, Brown MH. Efflux Pump Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance by Staphylococci in Health-Related Environments: Challenges and the Quest for Inhibition. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121502. [PMID: 34943714 PMCID: PMC8698293 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing emergence of antimicrobial resistance in staphylococcal bacteria is a major health threat worldwide due to significant morbidity and mortality resulting from their associated hospital- or community-acquired infections. Dramatic decrease in the discovery of new antibiotics from the pharmaceutical industry coupled with increased use of sanitisers and disinfectants due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic can further aggravate the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Staphylococci utilise multiple mechanisms to circumvent the effects of antimicrobials. One of these resistance mechanisms is the export of antimicrobial agents through the activity of membrane-embedded multidrug efflux pump proteins. The use of efflux pump inhibitors in combination with currently approved antimicrobials is a promising strategy to potentiate their clinical efficacy against resistant strains of staphylococci, and simultaneously reduce the selection of resistant mutants. This review presents an overview of the current knowledge of staphylococcal efflux pumps, discusses their clinical impact, and summarises compounds found in the last decade from plant and synthetic origin that have the potential to be used as adjuvants to antibiotic therapy against multidrug resistant staphylococci. Critically, future high-resolution structures of staphylococcal efflux pumps could aid in design and development of safer, more target-specific and highly potent efflux pump inhibitors to progress into clinical use.
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Zhao J, Qian J, Zhuang H, Luo J, Huang M, Yan W, Zhang J. Effect of Plasma-Activated Solution Treatment on Cell Biology of Staphylococcus aureus and Quality of Fresh Lettuces. Foods 2021; 10:foods10122976. [PMID: 34945530 PMCID: PMC8701378 DOI: 10.3390/foods10122976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate effects of plasma-activated solution (PAS) on the cell biology of Staphylococcus aureus and qualities of fresh lettuce leaves. PAS was prepared by dielectric barrier discharge plasma and incubated with S. aureus for 10–30 min or with lettuces for 10 min. Effects on cell biology were evaluated with microscopic images, cell integrity, and chemical modification of cellular components. Effects on lettuce quality were estimated with the viable microbial counts, color, contents of vitamin C and chlorophyll, and surface integrity. PAS reduced S. aureus population by 4.95-log and resulted in increased cell membrane leakage. It also resulted in increased contents of reactive oxygen species in cells, C=O bonds in peptidoglycan, and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine content in cellular DNA, and reduced ratios of unsaturated/saturated fatty acids in the cell membrane. PAS treatment reduced bacterial load on fresh lettuce and had no negative effects on the quality. Data suggest that PAS can be used for the disinfection of ready-to-eat fresh vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Zhao
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Z.); (J.Q.); (W.Y.)
| | - Jing Qian
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Z.); (J.Q.); (W.Y.)
| | - Hong Zhuang
- Quality and Safety Assessment Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, 950 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA;
| | - Ji Luo
- College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China;
| | - Mingming Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China;
| | - Wenjing Yan
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Z.); (J.Q.); (W.Y.)
| | - Jianhao Zhang
- National Center of Meat Quality and Safety Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.Z.); (J.Q.); (W.Y.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Fluorescence Polarization (FP) Assay for Measuring Staphylococcus aureus Membrane Fluidity. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2341:55-68. [PMID: 34264461 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1550-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence polarization is a method to determine membrane fluidity using a hydrophobic fluorescent dye that intercalates into the fatty acid bilayer. A spectrofluorometer is used to polarize UV light as a vertical excitation beam which passes through the dye-labeled membrane where the dye fluoresces. The beams perpendicular and horizontal to the excitation light are then collected and analyzed. Membrane structural properties are largely due to the packing of the fatty acids in the lipid bilayer that determines the membrane biophysical parameters. Staphylococcus aureus contains straight-chain (SCFAs) and branched-chain (BCFAs) fatty acids in the membrane and alters the proportion of membrane fluidizing BCFAs and stabilizing SCFAs as a response to a variety of stresses. Herein, we describe a method for determination of membrane fluidity in S. aureus using diphenylhexatriene, one of the most used fluorescent dyes for this purpose.
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12
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β-Lactam-Induced Cell Envelope Adaptations, Not Solely Enhanced Daptomycin Binding, Underlie Daptomycin-β-Lactam Synergy in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0035621. [PMID: 34097478 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00356-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a serious clinical threat due to innate virulence properties, high infection rates, and the ability to develop resistance to multiple antibiotics, including the lipopeptide daptomycin (DAP). The acquisition of DAP resistance (DAP-R) in MRSA has been linked with several characteristic alterations in the cell envelope. Clinical treatment of DAP-R MRSA infections has generally involved DAP-plus-β-lactam combinations, although definable synergy of such combinations varies in a strain-dependent as well as a β-lactam-dependent manner. We investigated distinct β-lactam-induced cell envelope adaptations of nine clinically derived DAP-susceptible (DAP-S)/DAP-R strain pairs following in vitro exposure to a panel of six standard β-lactams (nafcillin, meropenem, cloxacillin, ceftriaxone, cefaclor, or cefoxitin), which differ in their penicillin-binding protein (PBP)-targeting profiles. In general, in both DAP-S and DAP-R strains, exposure to these β-lactams led to (i) a decreased positive surface charge; (ii) decreased cell membrane (CM) fluidity; (iii) increased content and delocalization of anionic phospholipids (i.e., cardiolipin), with delocalization being more pronounced in DAP-R strains; and (iv) increased DAP binding in DAP-S (but not DAP-R) strains. Collectively, these results suggest that β-lactam-induced alterations in at least three major cell envelope phenotypes (surface charge, membrane fluidity, and cardiolipin content) could underlie improved DAP activity, not mediated solely by an increase in DAP binding. (Note that for ease of presentation, we utilize the terminology "DAP-R" instead of "DAP nonsusceptibility.").
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He L, Ying L, Jingting X, Chen C, Shuntang G. Changes in the secondary structures and zeta potential of soybean peptide and its calcium complexes in different solution environments. Food Funct 2021; 12:5967-5974. [PMID: 34032239 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03478a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
To illustrate the relationship between environment hydrophobicity and soybean peptide and its calcium complexes when they are absorbed transmembrane, different solution environments (HBS buffer, TFE hydrophobic solution and cell suspension) were used to simulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic environments. In this study, soybean peptides (10-30 kDa) with a high calcium binding capacity were prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis and ultrafiltration. The results of cell experiments showed that the peptide could transport calcium into cells for absorption. Secondary structure changes of the peptide and its calcium complexes in different solution environments showed that the secondary structure of the peptide changed during the transmembrane absorption, and the contents of α-helix and β-sheet structures increased. Besides, the β-sheet structures in the peptide-calcium complexes were further converted to an α-helix structure. This conversion may be induced by the hydrophobicity of peptide solutions. In addition, when the conformation changes, the positively charged peptides in the sample will be exposed and then interact with cells, which is beneficial for the transmembrane of peptide-calcium complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu He
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China. and Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Lv Ying
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China. and Department of Food Science, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xu Jingting
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Guo Shuntang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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14
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Wang K, Qin Z, Wu S, Zhao P, Zhen C, Gao H. Antifungal Mechanism of Volatile Organic Compounds Produced by Bacillus subtilis CF-3 on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Assessed Using Omics Technology. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:5267-5278. [PMID: 33899461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is commonly used as a biocontrol bacterium owing to its strong antifungal activity, broad-spectrum inhibition, and general safety. In this study, the inhibitory effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by B. subtilis CF-3 on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, a major destructive phytopathogen of litchi anthracnose, were analyzed using proteomics and transcriptomics. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and proteins (DEPs) indicated that the inhibition of C. gloeosporioides by B. subtilis CF-3 VOCs downregulated the expression of genes related to cell membrane fluidity, cell wall integrity, energy metabolism, and production of cell wall-degrading enzymes. Particularly, those important DEGs and DEPs related to the ergosterol biosynthetic and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids are most significantly influenced. 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, a characteristic component of B. subtilis CF-3 VOCs, also showed a similar effect on C. gloeosporioides. Our results provide a theoretical basis for the potential application of B. subtilis CF-3 in the postharvest protection of fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhen Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shiyuan Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Pengyu Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chaoying Zhen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Haiyan Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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15
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Henderson PJF, Maher C, Elbourne LDH, Eijkelkamp BA, Paulsen IT, Hassan KA. Physiological Functions of Bacterial "Multidrug" Efflux Pumps. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5417-5478. [PMID: 33761243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial multidrug efflux pumps have come to prominence in human and veterinary pathogenesis because they help bacteria protect themselves against the antimicrobials used to overcome their infections. However, it is increasingly realized that many, probably most, such pumps have physiological roles that are distinct from protection of bacteria against antimicrobials administered by humans. Here we undertake a broad survey of the proteins involved, allied to detailed examples of their evolution, energetics, structures, chemical recognition, and molecular mechanisms, together with the experimental strategies that enable rapid and economical progress in understanding their true physiological roles. Once these roles are established, the knowledge can be harnessed to design more effective drugs, improve existing microbial production of drugs for clinical practice and of feedstocks for commercial exploitation, and even develop more sustainable biological processes that avoid, for example, utilization of petroleum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J F Henderson
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Maher
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Liam D H Elbourne
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, New South Wales, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney 2019, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bart A Eijkelkamp
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ian T Paulsen
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, New South Wales, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney 2019, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karl A Hassan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, New South Wales, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney 2019, New South Wales, Australia
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16
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Mahfouz S, Mansour G, Murphy DJ, Hanano A. Dioxin impacts on lipid metabolism of soil microbes: towards effective detection and bioassessment strategies. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-020-00347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDioxins are the most toxic known environmental pollutants and are mainly formed by human activities. Due to their structural stability, dioxins persist for extended periods and can be transported over long distances from their emission sources. Thus, dioxins can be accumulated to considerable levels in both human and animal food chains. Along with sediments, soils are considered the most important reservoirs of dioxins. Soil microorganisms are therefore highly exposed to dioxins, leading to a range of biological responses that can impact the diversity, genetics and functional of such microbial communities. Dioxins are very hydrophobic with a high affinity to lipidic macromolecules in exposed organisms, including microbes. This review summarizes the genetic, molecular and biochemical impacts of dioxins on the lipid metabolism of soil microbial communities and especially examines modifications in the composition and architecture of cell membranes. This will provide a useful scientific benchmark for future attempts at soil ecological risk assessment, as well as in identifying potential dioxin-specific-responsive lipid biomarkers. Finally, potential uses of lipid-sequestering microorganisms as a part of biotechnological approaches to the bio-management of environmental contamination with dioxins are discussed.
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17
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Assoni L, Milani B, Carvalho MR, Nepomuceno LN, Waz NT, Guerra MES, Converso TR, Darrieux M. Resistance Mechanisms to Antimicrobial Peptides in Gram-Positive Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:593215. [PMID: 33193264 PMCID: PMC7609970 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.593215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the alarming increase of infections caused by pathogenic multidrug-resistant bacteria over the last decades, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been investigated as a potential treatment for those infections, directly through their lytic effect or indirectly, due to their ability to modulate the immune system. There are still concerns regarding the use of such molecules in the treatment of infections, such as cell toxicity and host factors that lead to peptide inhibition. To overcome these limitations, different approaches like peptide modification to reduce toxicity and peptide combinations to improve therapeutic efficacy are being tested. Human defense peptides consist of an important part of the innate immune system, against a myriad of potential aggressors, which have in turn developed different ways to overcome the AMPs microbicidal activities. Since the antimicrobial activity of AMPs vary between Gram-positive and Gram-negative species, so do the bacterial resistance arsenal. This review discusses the mechanisms exploited by Gram-positive bacteria to circumvent killing by antimicrobial peptides. Specifically, the most clinically relevant genera, Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp. and Gram-positive bacilli, have been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Assoni
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Barbara Milani
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Marianna Ribeiro Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Lucas Natanael Nepomuceno
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Natalha Tedeschi Waz
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Souza Guerra
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Thiago Rojas Converso
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Michelle Darrieux
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
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18
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Induction of Daptomycin Tolerance in Enterococcus faecalis by Fatty Acid Combinations. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01178-20. [PMID: 32801181 PMCID: PMC7531955 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01178-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With an increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance in the clinic, we strive to understand more about microbial defensive mechanisms. A nongenetic tolerance to the antibiotic daptomycin was discovered in Enterococcus faecalis that results in the increased survival of bacterial populations after treatment with the drug. This tolerance mechanism likely synergizes with antibiotic resistance in the clinic. Given that this tolerance phenotype is induced by incorporation of fatty acids present in the host, it can be assumed that infections by this organism require a higher dose of antibiotic for successful eradication. The mixture of fatty acids in human fluids is quite diverse, with little understanding between the interplay of fatty acid combinations and the tolerance phenotype we observe. It is crucial to understand the effects of fatty acid combinations on E. faecalis physiology if we are to suppress the tolerance physiology in the clinic. Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive bacterium that normally exists as an intestinal commensal in humans but is also a leading cause of nosocomial infections. Previous work noted that growth supplementation with serum induced tolerance to membrane-damaging agents, including the antibiotic daptomycin. Specific fatty acids found within serum could independently provide tolerance to daptomycin (protective fatty acids), yet some fatty acids found in serum did not and had negative effects on enterococcal physiology (nonprotective fatty acids). Here, we measured a wide array of physiological responses after supplementation with combinations of protective and nonprotective fatty acids to better understand how serum induces daptomycin tolerance. When cells were supplemented with either nonprotective fatty acid, palmitic acid, or stearic acid, there were marked defects in growth and morphology, but these defects were rescued upon supplementation with either protective fatty acid, oleic acid, or linoleic acid. Membrane fluidity decreased with growth in either palmitic or stearic acid alone but returned to basal levels when a protective fatty acid was supplied. Daptomycin tolerance could be induced if a protective fatty acid was provided with a nonprotective fatty acid, and some specific combinations protected as well as serum supplementation. While cell envelope charge has been associated with tolerance to daptomycin in other Gram-positive bacteria, we concluded that it does not correlate with the fatty acid-induced protection we observed. Based on these observations, we conclude that daptomycin tolerance by serum is driven by specific, protective fatty acids found within the fluid. IMPORTANCE With an increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance in the clinic, we strive to understand more about microbial defensive mechanisms. A nongenetic tolerance to the antibiotic daptomycin was discovered in Enterococcus faecalis that results in the increased survival of bacterial populations after treatment with the drug. This tolerance mechanism likely synergizes with antibiotic resistance in the clinic. Given that this tolerance phenotype is induced by incorporation of fatty acids present in the host, it can be assumed that infections by this organism require a higher dose of antibiotic for successful eradication. The mixture of fatty acids in human fluids is quite diverse, with little understanding between the interplay of fatty acid combinations and the tolerance phenotype we observe. It is crucial to understand the effects of fatty acid combinations on E. faecalis physiology if we are to suppress the tolerance physiology in the clinic.
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19
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Balatti GE, Domene C, Martini MF, Pickholz M. Differential Stability of Aurein 1.2 Pores in Model Membranes of Two Probiotic Strains. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:5142-5152. [PMID: 32815723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aurein 1.2 is an antimicrobial peptide from the skin secretion of an Australian frog. In the previous experimental work, we reported a differential action of aurein 1.2 on two probiotic strains Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (CIDCA 331) and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis (CIDCA 133). The differences found were attributed to the bilayer compositions. Cell cultures and CIDCA 331-derived liposomes showed higher susceptibility than the ones derived from the CIDCA 133 strain, leading to content leakage and structural disruption. Here, we used molecular dynamics simulations to explore these systems at the atomistic level. We hypothesize that if the antimicrobial peptides organized themselves to form a pore, it will be more stable in membranes that emulate the CIDCA 331 strain than in those of the CIDCA 133 strain. To test this hypothesis, we simulated preassembled aurein 1.2 pores embedded into bilayer models that emulate the two probiotic strains. It was found that the general behavior of the systems depends on the composition of the membrane rather than the preassemble system characteristics. Overall, it was observed that aurein 1.2 pores are more stable in the CIDCA 331 model membranes. This fact coincides with the high susceptibility of this strain against antimicrobial peptide. In contrast, in the case of the CIDCA 133 model membranes, peptides migrate to the water-lipid interphase, the pore shrinks, and the transport of water through the pore is reduced. The tendency of glycolipids to make hydrogen bonds with peptides destabilizes the pore structures. This feature is observed to a lesser extent in CIDCA 331 due to the presence of anionic lipids. Glycolipid transverse diffusion (flip-flop) between monolayers occurs in the pore surface region in all the cases considered. These findings expand our understanding of the antimicrobial peptide resistance properties of probiotic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galo E Balatti
- Departamento de Física Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 1, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina.,IFIBA, CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 1, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Carmen Domene
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, 1 South Bldg., Claverton Down, Bath BA27AY, The United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, The United Kingdom
| | - M Florencia Martini
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco, Fac. de Farmacia y Bioquímica, (Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIMEFA-CONICET), Junín 956, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Monica Pickholz
- Departamento de Física Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 1, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina.,IFIBA, CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 1, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
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20
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Mittal RP, Rana A, Jaitak V. Essential Oils: An Impending Substitute of Synthetic Antimicrobial Agents to Overcome Antimicrobial Resistance. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:605-624. [PMID: 30378496 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666181031122917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an emerging problem in the world that has a significant impact on our society. AMR made conventional drugs futile against microorganisms and diseases untreatable. Plant-derived medicines are considered to be safe alternatives as compared to synthetic drugs. Active ingredients and the mixtures of these natural medicines have been used for centuries, due to their easy availability, low cost, and negligible side effects. Essential oils (EOs) are the secondary metabolites that are produced by aromatic plants to protect them from microorganisms. However, these EOs and their constituents have shown good fighting potential against drug-resistant pathogens. These oils have been proved extremely effective antimicrobial agents in comparison to antibiotics. Also, the combination of synthetic drugs with EOs or their components improve their efficacy. So, EOs can be established as an alternative to synthetic antimicrobial agents to eradicate tough form of infectious microorganisms. EO's can interact with multiple target sites, like the destruction of cytoplasm membrane or inhibition of protein synthesis and efflux pump, etc. The purpose of this review is to provide information about the antimicrobial activity of EOs attained from different plants, their combination with synthetic antimicrobials. In addition, mechanism of antimicrobial activity of several EOs and their constituents was reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajinder Pal Mittal
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
| | - Abhilash Rana
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
| | - Vikas Jaitak
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
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21
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Kossakowska-Zwierucho M, Szewczyk G, Sarna T, Nakonieczna J. Farnesol potentiates photodynamic inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus with the use of red light-activated porphyrin TMPyP. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2020; 206:111863. [PMID: 32224392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) or antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a method based on the use of a photosensitizer, light of a proper wavelength and oxygen, which combined together leads to an oxidative stress and killing of target cells. PDI can be applied towards various pathogenic bacteria independently on their antibiotic resistance profile. Optimization of photodynamic treatment to eradicate the widest range of human pathogens remains challenging despite the availability of numerous photosensitizing compounds. Therefore, a search for molecules that could act as adjuvants potentiating antibacterial photoinactivation is of high scientific and clinical importance. Here we propose farnesol (FRN), a well described sesquiterpene, as a potent adjuvant of PDI, which specifically sensitizes Staphylococcus aureus to 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin tetratosylate (TMPyP) upon red light irradiation. Interestingly, the observed potentiation strongly depends on the presence of light. Analysis of this combined action of FRN and TMPyP, however, showed no influence of farnesol on TMPyP photochemical properties, i.e. the amount of reactive oxygen species that were produced by TMPyP in the presence of FRN. The accumulation rate of TMPyP in Staphylococcus aureus cells did not change, as well as the influence of staphyloxanthin inhibition. The precise mechanism of observed sensitization is unclear and probably involves specific molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kossakowska-Zwierucho
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Szewczyk
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Nakonieczna
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
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22
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Kohler C, Proctor RA, Bayer AS, Yeaman MR, Lalk M, Engelmann S, Mishra NN. Proteomic and Membrane Lipid Correlates of Reduced Host Defense Peptide. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8040169. [PMID: 31569354 PMCID: PMC6963496 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously described a transposon mutant in Staphylococcus aureus strain SH1000 that exhibited reduced susceptibility to cationic thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal proteins (tPMPs). The transposon insertion site was mapped to the gene snoD, the staphylococcal nuo orthologue. Hence, further studies have been performed to understand how this mutation impacts susceptibility to tPMP, by comparing proteomics profiling and membrane lipid analyses of the parent vs. mutant strains. Surprisingly, the mutant showed differential regulation of only a single protein when cultivated aerobically (FadB), and only a small number of proteins under anaerobic growth conditions (AdhE, DapE, Ddh, Ald1, IlvA1, AgrA, Rot, SA2366, and SA2367). Corresponding to FadB impact on lipid remodeling, membrane fatty acid analyses showed that the snoD mutant contained more short chain anteiso-, but fewer short chain iso-branched chain fatty acids under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions vs. the parental strain. Based upon these proteomic and membrane compositional data, a hypothetical “network” model was developed to explain the impact of the snoD mutation upon tPMP susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kohler
- Universität Greifswald, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Molekularbiologie,17487 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Richard A Proctor
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Arnold S Bayer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Torrance, CA 90502, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael R Yeaman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
| | - Michael Lalk
- University Greifswald, Institute of Biochemistry, 17487 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Susanne Engelmann
- Universität Greifswald, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Molekularbiologie,17487 Greifswald, Germany.
- Institute for Microbiology, Technical University Braunschweig, Institute for Microbiology, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
- Helmholtz Center for Infectious Research, Microbial Proteomics, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Nagendra N Mishra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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23
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Zhou M, Li P, Wu S, Zhao P, Gao H. Bacillus subtilis CF-3 Volatile Organic Compounds Inhibit Monilinia fructicola Growth in Peach Fruit. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1804. [PMID: 31440224 PMCID: PMC6692483 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by Bacillus subtilis CF-3 in inhibiting Monilinia fructicola in vitro and in vivo. In the in vitro experiments, the effect of VOCs on the growth of the pathogenic fungi was explored by using plate enthalpy test; mycelial morphology was studied by scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy; and fatty acid contents in the cell membrane were assessed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results indicated that treatment with benzothiazole and CF-3 for 24 h, in the form of a fermentation broth (24hFB), significantly inhibited the germination of fungal spores, modified hyphal and cell morphology, and decreased the cell membrane fluidity and integrity. In the in vivo experiments, the effect of VOCs on the defense mechanism of peach fruit toward M. fructicola was studied, and we found that benzothiazole and CF-3 24hFB inhibited the activity of the pathogenic enzymes (pectinase, cellulase) secreted by M. fructicola to reduce the decomposition of plant tissues, activate the antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) in the fruit to eliminate excessive reactive oxygen species in order to reduce plant cell damage, and trigger the disease-resistant enzymes (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chitinases, and β-1,3-glucanase) to enhance the resistance of peach fruit to M. fructicola and inhibit its growth. This study suggests that CF-3 VOCs could activate disease-resistant enzymes to prevent the invasion of pathogenic fungi and induce resistance in peach, thereby providing a theoretical basis for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minshun Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Shanghai, China
| | - Peizhong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyuan Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengyu Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Shanghai, China
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24
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Zhou W, Wang Z, Mo H, Zhao Y, Li H, Zhang H, Hu L, Zhou X. Thymol Mediates Bactericidal Activity against Staphylococcus aureus by Targeting an Aldo-Keto Reductase and Consequent Depletion of NADPH. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:8382-8392. [PMID: 31271032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen that can cause life-threatening infections. Treatment of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus infection needs effective antibacterial agents. Thymol, a generally recognized safe natural compound, has potential as an alternative to treat S. aureus infections. However, the targets and mechanisms of action of thymol were not fully understood. Bioinformatics analysis showed that IolS, a predicted aldo-keto reductase (AKR) in S. aureus, could be a potential target of thymol. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) analysis demonstrated that thymol directly binds IolS and amino acid residues (Y30 and L33) are essential for such binding. Deletion of IolS or mutation of Y30A and L33A reduced the bactericidal activity of thymol at the concentration of 200 μg/mL, suggesting that thymol mediates bactericidal activity via binding with IolS. Biochemical analysis showed that addition of thymol significantly increased AKR activity of IolS from 1.6 ± 0.1 to 2.4 ± 0.2 U (p < 0.05). The content of NADPH within S. aureus cells decreased significantly from 105 ± 5 to 72 ± 3 pmol/108 cells (p < 0.05) following thymol treatment at the concentration of 200 μg/mL. Importantly, addition of NADPH could alleviate the bactericidal effect of thymol on S. aureus, indicating that the depletion of NADPH is responsible for thymol-mediated bactericidal activity. Overall, these results demonstrated that thymol could directly bind IolS and increase its AKR activity, leading to the depletion of NADPH and bactericidal effect. AKR activity of IolS could be a promising target for the development of new antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- School of Food Science , Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang 453003 , Henan China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Food Science , Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang 453003 , Henan China
| | - Haizhen Mo
- School of Food Science , Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang 453003 , Henan China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- School of Food Science , Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang 453003 , Henan China
| | - Hongbo Li
- School of Food Science , Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang 453003 , Henan China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Food Science , Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang 453003 , Henan China
| | - Liangbin Hu
- School of Food Science , Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang 453003 , Henan China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science , University of Connecticut , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
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Zhao P, Li P, Wu S, Zhou M, Zhi R, Gao H. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from Bacillus subtilis CF-3 reduce anthracnose and elicit active defense responses in harvested litchi fruits. AMB Express 2019; 9:119. [PMID: 31352537 PMCID: PMC6661035 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0841-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by Bacillus subtilis CF-3 on the growth and development of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and evaluated the elicitation of active defense responses in harvested litchi fruits. In vitro experiments were conducted to explore the bacteriostatic effect of VOCs in inhibiting pathogenic fungi by means of plate enthalpy test, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and CF-3 24-h fermentation broth (24hFB) can significantly inhibit the germination of fungal spores, disrupt hyphal and cell morphology, and decrease cell membrane fluidity and integrity, resulting in the changes of indexes. In addition, the bacteriostasis of VOCs in the defensive ability of litchi fruits to C. gloeosporioides was studied, and it was shown that 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and CF-3 24hFB can inhibit the activity of the pathogenic enzymes (pectinase and cellulase) secreted by C. gloeosporioides to reduce the decomposition of plant tissues, activate antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) in the fruit to eliminate excessive reactive oxygen species in fruits in order to reduce plant cell damage and activate disease resistance enzymes (phenylalanineammonialyase, chitinases, β-1,3-glucanase) to enhance the resistance of litchi fruits to C. gloeosporioides and inhibit its growth. This study investigated the bacteriostasis of VOCs in inhibiting C. gloeosporioides and inducing the resistance of litchi fruits, providing a theoretical basis for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Peizhong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyuan Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Minshun Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruicong Zhi
- School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haiyan Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
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Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Related to Persistent Endovascular Infection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8020071. [PMID: 31146412 PMCID: PMC6627527 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia (PB) represents an important subset of S. aureus infection and correlates with poor clinical outcomes. MRSA isolates from patients with PB differ significantly from those of resolving bacteremia (RB) with regard to several in vitro phenotypic and genotypic profiles. For instance, PB strains exhibit less susceptibility to cationic host defense peptides and vancomycin (VAN) killing under in vivo-like conditions, greater damage to endothelial cells, thicker biofilm formation, altered growth rates, early activation of many global virulence regulons (e.g., sigB, sarA, sae and agr) and higher expression of purine biosynthesis genes (e.g., purF) than RB strains. Importantly, PB strains are significantly more resistant to VAN treatment in experimental infective endocarditis as compared to RB strains, despite similar VAN minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in vitro. Here, we review relevant phenotypic and genotypic characteristics related to the PB outcome. These and future insights may improve our understanding of the specific mechanism(s) contributing to the PB outcome, and aid in the development of novel therapeutic and preventative measures against this life-threatening infection.
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Ciumac D, Gong H, Hu X, Lu JR. Membrane targeting cationic antimicrobial peptides. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 537:163-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Myszka K, Leja K, Majcher M. A current opinion on the antimicrobial importance of popular pepper essential oil and its application in food industry. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2018.1511482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Myszka
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Leja
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Majcher
- Department of Food Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Ma Z, Lasek-Nesselquist E, Lu J, Schneider R, Shah R, Oliva G, Pata J, McDonough K, Pai MP, Rose WE, Sakoulas G, Malik M. Characterization of genetic changes associated with daptomycin nonsusceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198366. [PMID: 29879195 PMCID: PMC5991675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive use of daptomycin (DAP) for treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in the last decade has led to the emergence of DAP non-susceptible (DNS) Staphylococcus aureus strains. A better understanding of the molecular changes underlying DAP-non-susceptibility is required for early diagnosis and intervention with alternate combination therapies. The phenotypic changes associated with DNS strains have been well established. However, the genotypic changes—especially the kinetics of expression of the genes responsible for DAP-non-susceptibility are not well understood. In this study, we used three clinically derived isogenic pairs of DAP-susceptible (DAP-S) and DNS S. aureus strains to study gene expression profiles with the objective of identifying the potential genotypic changes associated with DAP-nonsusceptibility. We determined the expression profiles of genes involved in cell membrane (CM) charge, autolysis, cell wall (CW) synthesis, and penicillin binding proteins in DAP-S and DNS isogenic pairs. Our results demonstrate characteristic expression profiles for mprF, dltABCD, vraS, femB, and pbp2a genes, which are common to all the DNS S. aureus strains tested. Whole genome sequencing of DAP-S and DNS clinical isolates of S. aureus showed non-synonymous mutations in all DNS strains in genes involved in CM charge, CM composition, CW thickness and CW composition. To conclude, this study unravels some of the complex molecular changes involved in the development of DAP-nonsusceptibility by demonstrating distinct differences in gene expression profiles and mutations in the DNS S. aureus strains. This knowledge will aid in rapid identification of DNS S. aureus in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Ma
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Erica Lasek-Nesselquist
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Jackson Lu
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Ryan Schneider
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Riddhi Shah
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - George Oliva
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Janice Pata
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Kathleen McDonough
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Manjunath P. Pai
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Warren E. Rose
- Universtiy of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Pharmacy, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - George Sakoulas
- Center for Immunity, Infection & Inflammation, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Meenakshi Malik
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Phospholipid composition of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli influences its susceptibility against antimicrobial peptide apidaecin 1b. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 90:316-323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Singh VK, Sirobhushanam S, Ring RP, Singh S, Gatto C, Wilkinson BJ. Roles of pyruvate dehydrogenase and branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase in branched-chain membrane fatty acid levels and associated functions in Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:570-578. [PMID: 29498620 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Membrane fluidity to a large extent is governed by the presence of branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs). Branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BKD) is the key enzyme in BCFA synthesis. A Staphylococcus aureus BKD-deficient strain still produced substantial levels of BCFAs. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) with structural similarity to BKD has been speculated to contribute to BCFAs in S. aureus. METHODOLOGY This study was carried out using BKD-, PDH- and BKD : PDH-deficient derivatives of methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain JE2. Differences in growth kinetics were evaluated spectrophotometrically, membrane BCFAs using gas chromatography and membrane fluidity by fluorescence polarization. Carotenoid levels were estimated by measuring A465 of methanol extracts from 48 h cultures. MIC values were determined by broth microdilution.Results/Key findings. BCFAs made up 50 % of membrane fatty acids in wild-type but only 31 % in the BKD-deficient mutant. BCFA level was ~80 % in the PDH-deficient strain and 38 % in the BKD : PDH-deficient strain. BKD-deficient mutant showed decreased membrane fluidity, the PDH-deficient mutant showed increased membrane fluidity. The BKD- and PDH-deficient strains grew slower and the BKD : PDH-deficient strain grew slowest at 37 °C. However at 20 °C, the BKD- and BKD : PDH-deficient strains grew only a little followed by autolysis of these cells. The BKD-deficient strain produced higher levels of staphyloxanthin. The PDH-deficient and BKD : PDH-deficient strains produced very little staphyloxanthin. The BKD-deficient strain showed increased susceptibility to daptomycin. CONCLUSION The BCFA composition of the cell membrane in S. aureus seems to significantly impact cell growth, membrane fluidity and resistance to daptomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet K Singh
- Microbiology & Immunology, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA
| | - Sirisha Sirobhushanam
- Microbiology Group, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, USA
| | - Robert P Ring
- Microbiology & Immunology, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA
| | - Saumya Singh
- Microbiology & Immunology, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA
| | - Craig Gatto
- Microbiology Group, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, USA
| | - Brian J Wilkinson
- Microbiology Group, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, USA
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Lee TH, Sani MA, Overall S, Separovic F, Aguilar MI. Effect of phosphatidylcholine bilayer thickness and molecular order on the binding of the antimicrobial peptide maculatin 1.1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:300-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Combination Antibiotic Exposure Selectively Alters the Development of Vancomycin Intermediate Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.02100-17. [PMID: 29158272 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02100-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) treated with vancomycin (VAN) is associated with reduced VAN susceptibility and treatment failure. VAN combination therapy is one strategy to improve response, but comprehensive assessments of combinations to prevent resistance are limited. This study identifies optimal combinations to prevent the emergence of VAN-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA). Two standard MRSA and two heterogeneous VISA (hVISA) strains were exposed for 28 days in vitro to VAN alone, VAN with cefazolin (CFZ), fosfomycin, gentamicin, meropenem, rifampin, piperacillin-tazobactam (TZP), or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. In addition to VAN susceptibility testing, cell wall thickness (CWT), carotenoid content, and membrane fluidity were determined for Mu3. VAN plus any β-lactam limited the VAN MIC increase to 1 to 4 mg/liter throughout the 28-day exposure, with CFZ and TZP being the most effective agents (VAN MIC = 1 to 2 mg/liter). Similar MIC trends occurred with the lipo-/glycopeptide agents daptomycin and telavancin, where β-lactam combinations with VAN prevented MIC increases to these agents as well. Combinations with non-β-lactams were ineffective in preventing VAN MIC increases with VAN MICs of 4 to 16 mg/liter emerging during weeks 2 to 4 of treatment. VAN plus β-lactam decreased CWT significantly, whereas VAN plus other antibiotics significantly increased the CWT. No correlation was observed between carotenoid content or membrane fluidity and antibiotic exposure. Only the combination exposures of VAN plus β-lactam suppress the development of VISA. Rational selection of VAN plus β-lactam should be further explored as a long-term combination treatment of MRSA infections due to their ability to suppress VAN resistance.
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In Vitro activity of novel glycopolymer against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191522. [PMID: 29342216 PMCID: PMC5771624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is a serious threat to public health. Progress in developing new therapeutics is being outpaced by antibiotic resistance development, and alternative agents that rapidly permeabilize bacteria hold tremendous potential for treating MDR infections. A new class of glycopolymers includes polycationic poly-N (acetyl, arginyl) glucosamine (PAAG) is under development as an alternative to traditional antibiotic strategies to treat MRSA infections. This study demonstrates the antibacterial activity of PAAG against clinical isolates of methicillin and mupirocin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Multidrug-resistant S. aureus was rapidly killed by PAAG, which completely eradicated 88% (15/17) of all tested strains (6-log reduction in CFU) in ≤ 12-hours at doses that are non-toxic to mammalian cells. PAAG also sensitized all the clinical MRSA strains (17/17) to oxacillin as demonstrated by the observed reduction in the oxacillin MIC to below the antibiotic resistance breakpoint. The effect of PAAG and standard antibiotics including vancomycin, oxacillin, mupirocin and bacitracin on MRSA permeability was studied by measuring propidium iodide (PI) uptake by bacterial cells. Antimicrobial resistance studies showed that S. aureus developed resistance to PAAG at a rate slower than to mupirocin but similar to bacitracin. PAAG was observed to resensitize drug-resistant S. aureus strains sampled from passage 13 and 20 of the multi-passage resistance study, reducing MICs of mupirocin and bacitracin below their clinical sensitivity breakpoints. This class of bacterial permeabilizing glycopolymers may provide a new tool in the battle against multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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D’asta F, Halstead F, Harrison P, Zecchi Orlandini S, Moiemen N, Lord J. The contribution of leucocytes to the antimicrobial activity of platelet-rich plasma preparations: A systematic review. Platelets 2017; 29:9-20. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2017.1317731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica D’asta
- Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Burns Centre, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham, UK
| | - Fenella Halstead
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research, CentreQueen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul Harrison
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research, CentreQueen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sandra Zecchi Orlandini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Naiem Moiemen
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research, CentreQueen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
- The Scar Free Foundation Centre for Burns Research, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Janet Lord
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research, CentreQueen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Perturbations of Phosphatidate Cytidylyltransferase (CdsA) Mediate Daptomycin Resistance in Streptococcus mitis/oralis by a Novel Mechanism. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.02435-16. [PMID: 28115347 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02435-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mitis/oralis is an important pathogen, causing life-threatening infections such as endocarditis and severe sepsis in immunocompromised patients. The β-lactam antibiotics are the usual therapy of choice for this organism, but their effectiveness is threatened by the frequent emergence of resistance. The lipopeptide daptomycin (DAP) has been suggested for therapy against such resistant S. mitis/oralis strains due to its in vitro bactericidal activity and demonstrated efficacy against other Gram-positive pathogens. Unlike other bacteria, however, S. mitis/oralis has the unique ability to rapidly develop stable, high-level resistance to DAP upon exposure to the drug both in vivo and in vitro Using isogenic DAP-susceptible and DAP-resistant S. mitis/oralis strain pairs, we describe a mechanism of resistance to both DAP and cationic antimicrobial peptides that involves loss-of-function mutations in cdsA (encoding a phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase). CdsA catalyzes the synthesis of cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol, an essential phospholipid intermediate for the production of membrane phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin. DAP-resistant S. mitis/oralis strains demonstrated a total disappearance of phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, and anionic phospholipid microdomains from membranes. In addition, these strains exhibited cross-resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides from human neutrophils (i.e., hNP-1). Interestingly, CdsA-mediated changes in phospholipid metabolism were associated with DAP hyperaccumulation in a small subset of the bacterial population, without any binding by the remaining larger population. Our results indicate that CdsA is the major mediator of high-level DAP resistance in S. mitis/oralis and suggest a novel mechanism of bacterial survival against attack by antimicrobial peptides of both innate and exogenous origins.
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Blodkamp S, Kadlec K, Gutsmann T, Quiblier C, Naim HY, Schwarz S, von Köckritz-Blickwede M. Effects of SecDF on the antimicrobial functions of cathelicidins against Staphylococcus aureus. Vet Microbiol 2017; 200:52-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kang KM, Mishra NN, Park KT, Lee GY, Park YH, Bayer AS, Yang SJ. Phenotypic and genotypic correlates of daptomycin-resistant methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates. J Microbiol 2017; 55:153-159. [PMID: 28120188 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-017-6509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Daptomycin (DAP) has potent activity in vitro and in vivo against both methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. DAP-resistance (DAP-R) in S. aureus has been mainly observed in MRSA strains, and has been linked to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the mprF gene leading to altered cell membrane (CM) phospholipid (PL) profiles, enhanced positive surface charge, and changes in CM fluidity. The current study was designed to delineate whether these same genotypic and phenotypic perturbations are demonstrated in clinically-derived DAP-R MSSA strains. We used three isogenic DAP-susceptible (DAP-S)/DAP-R strainpairs and compared: (i) presence of mprF SNPs, (ii) temporal expression profiles of the two key determinants (mprF and dltABCD) of net positive surface charge, (iii) increased production of mprF-dependent lysinylated-phosphatidylglycerol (L-PG), (iv) positive surface charge assays, and (v) susceptibility to cationic host defense peptides (HDPs) of neutrophil and platelet origins. Similar to prior data in MRSA, DAP-R (vs DAP-S) MSSA strains exhibited hallmark hot-spot SNPs in mprF, enhanced and dysregulated expression of both mprF and dltA, L-PG overproduction, HDP resistance and enhanced positive surface charge profiles. However, in contrast to most DAP-R MRSA strains, there were no changes in CM fluidity seen. Thus, charge repulsion via mprF-and dlt-mediated enhancement of positive surface charge may be the main mechanism to explain DAP-R in MSSA strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Mi Kang
- School of Bioresources and Bioscience, Chung-Ang University, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Nagendra N Mishra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.,The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kun Taek Park
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Yong Lee
- School of Bioresources and Bioscience, Chung-Ang University, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Park
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Arnold S Bayer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.,The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Soo-Jin Yang
- School of Bioresources and Bioscience, Chung-Ang University, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also known as host defense peptides, are small naturally occurring microbicidal molecules produced by the host innate immune response that function as a first line of defense to kill pathogenic microorganisms by inducing deleterious cell membrane damage. AMPs also possess signaling and chemoattractant activities and can modulate the innate immune response to enhance protective immunity or suppress inflammation. Human pathogens have evolved defense molecules and strategies to counter and survive the AMPs released by host immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages. Here, we review the various mechanisms used by human bacterial pathogens to resist AMP-mediated killing, including surface charge modification, active efflux, alteration of membrane fluidity, inactivation by proteolytic digestion, and entrapment by surface proteins and polysaccharides. Enhanced understanding of AMP resistance at the molecular level may offer insight into the mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis and augment the discovery of novel therapeutic targets and drug design for the treatment of recalcitrant multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.
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Kossakowska-Zwierucho M, Kaźmierkiewicz R, Bielawski KP, Nakonieczna J. Factors Determining Staphylococcus aureus Susceptibility to Photoantimicrobial Chemotherapy: RsbU Activity, Staphyloxanthin Level, and Membrane Fluidity. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1141. [PMID: 27486456 PMCID: PMC4949386 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoantimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) constitutes a particular type of stress condition, in which bacterial cells induce a pleiotropic and as yet unexplored effect. In light of this, the key master regulators are of putative significance to the overall phototoxic outcome. In Staphylococcus aureus, the alternative sigma factor σB controls the expression of genes involved in the response to environmental stress. We show that aberration of any sigB operon genes in S. aureus USA300 isogenic mutants causes a pronounced sensitization (>5 log10 reduction in CFU drop) to PACT with selected photosensitizers, namely protoporphyrin diarginate, zinc phthalocyanine and rose bengal. This effect is partly due to aberration-coupled staphyloxanthin synthesis inhibition. We identified frequent mutations in RsbU, a σB activator, in PACT-vulnerable clinical isolates of S. aureus, resulting in σB activity impairment. Locations of significant changes in protein structure (IS256 insertion, early STOP codon occurrence, substitutions A230T and A276D) were shown in a theoretical model of S. aureus RsbU. As a phenotypic hallmark of PACT-vulnerable S. aureus strains, we observed an increased fluidity of bacterial cell membrane, which is a result of staphyloxanthin content and other yet unidentified factors. Our research indicates σB as a promising target of adjunctive antimicrobial therapy and suggests that enhanced cell membrane fluidity may be an adjuvant strategy in PACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kossakowska-Zwierucho
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk Gdansk, Poland
| | - Rajmund Kaźmierkiewicz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Systems Simulation, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof P Bielawski
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna Nakonieczna
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk Gdansk, Poland
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41
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Common Mechanism of Cross-Resistance Development in Pathogenic Bacteria Bacillus cereus Against Alamethicin and Pediocin Involves Alteration in Lipid Composition. Curr Microbiol 2016; 73:534-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Fang Y, Blair H, Zhong R, Sun H, Zhou D. Optimizing the freezing rate for ovine semen cryopreservation: Phospholipid profiles and functions of the plasma membrane and quality and fertilization of spermatozoa. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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43
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Joo HS, Fu CI, Otto M. Bacterial strategies of resistance to antimicrobial peptides. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150292. [PMID: 27160595 PMCID: PMC4874390 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a key component of the host's innate immune system, targeting invasive and colonizing bacteria. For successful survival and colonization of the host, bacteria have a series of mechanisms to interfere with AMP activity, and AMP resistance is intimately connected with the virulence potential of bacterial pathogens. In particular, because AMPs are considered as potential novel antimicrobial drugs, it is vital to understand bacterial AMP resistance mechanisms. This review gives a comparative overview of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strategies of resistance to various AMPs, such as repulsion or sequestration by bacterial surface structures, alteration of membrane charge or fluidity, degradation and removal by efflux pumps.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evolutionary ecology of arthropod antimicrobial peptides'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwang-Soo Joo
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), US National Institutes of Health (NIH), 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chih-Iung Fu
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), US National Institutes of Health (NIH), 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), US National Institutes of Health (NIH), 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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44
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Joo HS, Fu CI, Otto M. Bacterial strategies of resistance to antimicrobial peptides. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016. [PMID: 27160595 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0292.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a key component of the host's innate immune system, targeting invasive and colonizing bacteria. For successful survival and colonization of the host, bacteria have a series of mechanisms to interfere with AMP activity, and AMP resistance is intimately connected with the virulence potential of bacterial pathogens. In particular, because AMPs are considered as potential novel antimicrobial drugs, it is vital to understand bacterial AMP resistance mechanisms. This review gives a comparative overview of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strategies of resistance to various AMPs, such as repulsion or sequestration by bacterial surface structures, alteration of membrane charge or fluidity, degradation and removal by efflux pumps.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evolutionary ecology of arthropod antimicrobial peptides'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwang-Soo Joo
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), US National Institutes of Health (NIH), 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chih-Iung Fu
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), US National Institutes of Health (NIH), 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), US National Institutes of Health (NIH), 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Andersson D, Hughes D, Kubicek-Sutherland J. Mechanisms and consequences of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial peptides. Drug Resist Updat 2016; 26:43-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mousavi F, Bojko B, Bessonneau V, Pawliszyn J. Cinnamaldehyde Characterization as an Antibacterial Agent toward E. coli Metabolic Profile Using 96-Blade Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled to Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:963-75. [PMID: 26811002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mousavi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Barbara Bojko
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department
of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy,
Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Vincent Bessonneau
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Lather P, Mohanty AK, Jha P, Garsa AK. Contribution of Cell Surface Hydrophobicity in the Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus against Antimicrobial Agents. Biochem Res Int 2016; 2016:1091290. [PMID: 26966577 PMCID: PMC4761388 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1091290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is found in a wide variety of habitats, including human skin, where many strains are commensals that may be clinically significant or contaminants of food. To determine the physiological characteristics of resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus against pediocin, a class IIa bacteriocin, a resistant strain was compared with wild type in order to investigate the contribution of hydrophobicity to this resistance. Additional clumping of resistant strain relative to wild type in light microscopy was considered as an elementary evidence of resistance attainment. A delay in log phase attainment was observed in resistant strain compared to the wild type strain. A significant increase in cell surface hydrophobicity was detected for resistant strain in both hexadecane and xylene indicating the contribution of cell surface hydrophobicity as adaptive reaction against antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Lather
- Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - A. K. Mohanty
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Pankaj Jha
- Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Anita Kumari Garsa
- Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
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Photoinactivation of Staphylococcus aureus using protoporphyrin IX: the role of haem-regulated transporter HrtA. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:1393-1405. [PMID: 26631186 PMCID: PMC4717162 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Light- and photosensitiser-based antimicrobial photodynamic therapy is a very promising approach to the control of microbial infections. How the phenotypic features of a microorganism affect its response to photosensitiser-based photokilling represents an area of substantial research interest. To understand the mechanisms governing the phenomenon of a strain-dependent response to photodynamic inactivation (PDI), we analysed the possible role of the membrane-located haem transporter HrtA in Staphylococcus aureus. We used a S. aureus strains with an inactivated component of the haem-regulated transporter, HrtA, along with its wild-type counterpart to determine differences in PDI outcome and photosensitiser uptake between the studied isogenic strains. We observed that a lack of HrtA protein potentiates the phototoxic effect towards S. aureus but only when extracellular protoporphyrin IX is used. The observed effect may depend on the function of the HrtA transporter but is likely to result from changed membrane properties following the absence of the protein in the membrane. This indicates that disturbing the membrane properties is an attractive method for improving the efficacy of the photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms.
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Frequency and Distribution of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms within mprF in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates and Their Role in Cross-Resistance to Daptomycin and Host Defense Antimicrobial Peptides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:4930-7. [PMID: 26055370 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00970-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MprF is responsible for the lysinylation of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) to synthesize the positively charged phospholipid (PL) species, lysyl-PG (L-PG). It has been proposed that the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the mprF open reading frame (ORF) are associated with a gain-in-function phenotype in terms of daptomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. (Note that although the official term is daptomycin nonsusceptibility, we use the term daptomycin resistance in this paper for ease of presentation.) Using 22 daptomycin-susceptible (DAP(s))/daptomycin-resistant (DAP(r)) clinical methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain pairs, we assessed (i) the frequencies and distribution of putative mprF gain-in-function SNPs, (ii) the relationships of the SNPs to both daptomycin resistance and cross-resistance to the prototypical endovascular host defense peptide (HDP) thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein (tPMP), and (iii) the impact of mprF SNPs on positive surface charge phenotype and modifications of membrane PL profiles. Most of the mprF SNPs identified in our DAP(r) strains were clustered within the two MprF loci, (i) the central bifunctional domain and (ii) the C-terminal synthase domain. Moreover, we were able to correlate the presence and location of mprF SNPs in DAP(r) strains with HDP cross-resistance, positive surface charge, and L-PG profiles. Although DAP(r) strains with mprF SNPs in the bifunctional domain showed higher resistance to tPMPs than DAP(r) strains with SNPs in the synthase domain, this relationship was not observed in positive surface charge assays. These results demonstrated that both charge-mediated and -unrelated mechanisms are involved in DAP resistance and HDP cross-resistance in S. aureus.
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Nuri R, Shprung T, Shai Y. Defensive remodeling: How bacterial surface properties and biofilm formation promote resistance to antimicrobial peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:3089-100. [PMID: 26051126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance bacteria are a major concern worldwide. These pathogens cannot be treated with conventional antibiotics and thus alternative therapeutic agents are needed. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered to be good candidates for this purpose. Most AMPs are short and positively charged amphipathic peptides, which are found in all known forms of life. AMPs are known to kill bacteria by binding to the negatively charged bacterial surface, and in most cases cause membrane disruption. Resistance toward AMPs can be developed, by modification of bacterial surface molecules, secretion of protective material and up-regulation or elimination of specific proteins. Because of the general mechanisms of attachment and action of AMPs, bacterial resistance to AMPs often involves biophysical and biochemical changes such as surface rigidity, cell wall thickness, surface charge, as well as membrane and cell wall modification. Here we focus on the biophysical, surface and surrounding changes that bacteria undergo in acquiring resistance to AMPs. In addition we discuss the question of whether bacterial resistance to administered AMPs might compromise our innate immunity to endogenous AMPs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reut Nuri
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tal Shprung
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yechiel Shai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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