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Nutrition and Helicobacter pylori: Host Diet and Nutritional Immunity Influence Bacterial Virulence and Disease Outcome. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016; 2016:3019362. [PMID: 27688750 PMCID: PMC5027306 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3019362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonizes the stomachs of greater than 50% of the world's human population making it arguably one of the most successful bacterial pathogens. Chronic H. pylori colonization results in gastritis in nearly all patients; however in a subset of people, persistent infection with H. pylori is associated with an increased risk for more severe disease outcomes including B-cell lymphoma of mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) and invasive adenocarcinoma. Research aimed at elucidating determinants that mediate disease progression has revealed genetic differences in both humans and H. pylori which increase the risk for developing gastric cancer. Furthermore, host diet and nutrition status have been shown to influence H. pylori-associated disease outcomes. In this review we will discuss how H. pylori is able to create a replicative niche within the hostile host environment by subverting and modifying the host-generated immune response as well as successfully competing for limited nutrients such as transition metals by deploying an arsenal of metal acquisition proteins and virulence factors. Lastly, we will discuss how micronutrient availability or alterations in the gastric microbiome may exacerbate negative disease outcomes associated with H. pylori colonization.
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Sequence and apoptotic activity of VacA cytotoxin cloned from a Helicobacter pylori Thai clinical isolate. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:398350. [PMID: 24963483 PMCID: PMC4052787 DOI: 10.1155/2014/398350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The vacuolating cytotoxin VacA produced by Helicobacter pylori induces the formation of large cytoplasmic vacuoles in host gastric epithelial cells as well as a release of cytochrome C from mitochondria resulting in cell apoptosis. Considerable sequence diversity in VacA relating to different degrees of disease severity is observed with clinical samples from a multitude of geographic places. In this study we describe expression in Escherichia coli, purification to homogeneity and in vitro assay of its apoptotic activity of a VacA toxin from a H. pylori isolate of a Thai patient with gastrointestinal lymphoma. Sequencing revealed that the deduced amino acid sequence of the cloned Thai isolate VacA is similar to H. pylori s1/m2 type strains. The percent sequence similarity to the model strain 60190 was lower due to the presence of extra amino acids in the mid (m) region. The purified VacA toxin exhibited significant apoptotic activity on both T84 and MDCK epithelial cell lines, as revealed by DAPI staining, whereby the observed activity was significantly higher on MDCK cells. These findings could relate to a modulation of VacA activity on host cells in the Thai isolate-VacA toxin that may differ from those of the model strain.
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Ozbey G, Demirel U, Aygun C, Ertas HB. Investigation of the association between clinical outcome and the cag pathogenicity-island and other virulence genes of Helicobacter pylori isolates from patients with dyspepsia in Eastern Turkey. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 44:1267-74. [PMID: 24688521 PMCID: PMC3958197 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013000400034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of our work were to determine the presence of the cag pathogenicity-island (cag PAI) and other virulence genes of Helicobacter pylori recovered from patients with gastritis and peptic ulcer, and to investigate the correlation of these virulence genes with clinical outcome. The presence of the cagA, the promoter regions of cagA, cagE, cagT, and the left end of cag-PAI (LEC), cag right junction (cagRJ), the plasticity region open reading frames (ORFs), vacA and oipA genes among 69 H. pylori isolates were determined by polymerase chain reaction. Intact cag PAI was detected in only one (1.4%) isolate. The cagA gene was identified in 52.1% and 76.2% of isolates from patients with dyspepsia (gastritis and peptic ulcer), respectively. The plasticity region ORFs i.e. JHP912 and JHP931 were predominantly detected in isolates from peptic ulcer. Less than 25% of the isolates carried other ORFs. Types I, II and III were the most commonly found among the isolates. None of the isolates possessed type Ib, 1c, IIIb, IV and V motifs. The most commonly vacA genotypes were s1am1a and s1m2 in isolates with peptic ulcer and gastritis, respectively. The results confirmed that the prevalence of oipA (Hp0638) gene was 75% and 85.7% in patients with gastritis and peptic ulcer, respectively. Furthermore, vacA s1am1a positivity was significantly related to peptic ulcer (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokben Ozbey
- Vocational School of Health Services, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Ulvi Demirel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Cem Aygun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Hasan Basri Ertas
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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4
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Sánchez-Zauco NA, Torres J, Pérez-Figueroa GE, Álvarez-Arellano L, Camorlinga-Ponce M, Gómez A, Giono-Cerezo S, Maldonado-Bernal C. Impact of cagPAI and T4SS on the inflammatory response of human neutrophils to Helicobacter pylori infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64623. [PMID: 23755130 PMCID: PMC3670914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori contains a pathogenicity island, cagPAI, with genes homologous to components of the type IV secretion system (T4SS) of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The T4SS components assemble a structure that transfers CagA protein and peptidoglycan into host epithelial cells, causing the increased release of interleukin 8 (IL8) from the cells. The Toll-like receptors on neutrophils recognize H. pylori, initiating signaling pathways that enhance the activation of NF-κB. However, the roles of cagPAI and T4SS in the inflammatory response of neutrophils are unknown. We evaluated the participation of cagPAI and T4SS in the response of human neutrophils to H. pylori infection. Neutrophils were isolated from the blood of healthy donors and infected with H. pylori cagPAI(+), cagPAI(-), and cagPAI mutant strains virB4 (-) and virD4 (-). Whereas cagPAI(+) strain 26695 induced the greatest IL8 production, a proinflammatory response, cagPAI(-) strain 8822 induced the greatest IL10 production, an anti-inflammatory response. In contrast, the virB4 (-) and virD4 (-) mutant strains produced significantly more of the two proinflammatory cytokines IL1β and tumor necrosis factor αthan the cagPAI(+) strain 26695. We observed that H. pylori downregulated the expression of TLRs 2 and 5 but upregulated TLR9 expression in a cagPAI and T4SS-independent manner. These results show for the first time that the response of human neutrophils to H. pylori may vary from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory response, depending on cagPAI and the integrity of T4SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Angélica Sánchez-Zauco
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, SS. Mexico City, México
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS. Mexico City, México
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología Médica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-IPN, Mexico City, México
| | - Javier Torres
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS. Mexico City, México
| | - Gloria Erandi Pérez-Figueroa
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, SS. Mexico City, México
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS. Mexico City, México
| | - Lourdes Álvarez-Arellano
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM. Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Margarita Camorlinga-Ponce
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS. Mexico City, México
| | - Alejandro Gómez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS. Mexico City, México
| | - Silvia Giono-Cerezo
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología Médica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-IPN, Mexico City, México
| | - Carmen Maldonado-Bernal
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, SS. Mexico City, México
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5
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Rizzato C, Torres J, Plummer M, Muñoz N, Franceschi S, Camorlinga-Ponce M, Fuentes-Pananá EM, Canzian F, Kato I. Variations in Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin-associated genes and their influence in progression to gastric cancer: implications for prevention. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29605. [PMID: 22235308 PMCID: PMC3250449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (HP) is a bacterium that colonizes the human stomach and can establish a long-term infection of the gastric mucosa. Persistent Hp infection often induces gastritis and is associated with the development of peptic ulcer disease, atrophic gastritis, and gastric adenocarcinoma. Virulent HP isolates harbor the cag (cytotoxin-associated genes) pathogenicity island (cagPAI), a 40 kb stretch of DNA that encodes components of a type IV secretion system (T4SS). This T4SS forms a pilus for the injection of virulence factors into host target cells, such as the CagA oncoprotein. We analyzed the genetic variability in cagA and other selected genes of the HP cagPAI (cagC, cagE, cagL, cagT, cagV and cag Gamma) using DNA extracted from frozen gastric biopsies or from clinical isolates. Study subjects were 95 cagA+ patients that were histologically diagnosed with chronic gastritis or gastric cancer in Venezuela and Mexico, areas with high prevalence of Hp infection. Sequencing reactions were carried out by both Sanger and next-generation pyrosequencing (454 Roche) methods. We found a total of 381 variants with unambiguous calls observed in at least 10% of the originally tested samples and reference strains. We compared the frequencies of these genetic variants between gastric cancer and chronic gastritis cases. Twenty-six SNPs (11 non-synonymous and 14 synonymous) showed statistically significant differences (P<0.05), and two SNPs, in position 1039 and 1041 of cagE, showed a highly significant association with cancer (p-value = 2.07×10⁻⁶), and the variant codon was located in the VirB3 homology domain of Agrobacterium. The results of this study may provide preliminary information to target antibiotic treatment to high-risk individuals, if effects of these variants are confirmed in further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Torres
- Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) Pediatria, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martyn Plummer
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Nubia Muñoz
- National Cancer Institute of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | | | - Margarita Camorlinga-Ponce
- Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) Pediatria, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ezequiel M. Fuentes-Pananá
- Unidad de Investigacion en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) Pediatria, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Ikuko Kato
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Backert S, Tegtmeyer N. the versatility of the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin vacA in signal transduction and molecular crosstalk. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:69-92. [PMID: 22069547 PMCID: PMC3206623 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
By modulating important properties of eukaryotic cells, many bacterial protein toxins highjack host signalling pathways to create a suitable niche for the pathogen to colonize and persist. Helicobacter pylori VacA is paradigm of pore-forming toxins which contributes to the pathogenesis of peptic ulceration. Several cellular receptors have been described for VacA, which exert different effects on epithelial and immune cells. The crystal structure of VacA p55 subunit might be important for elucidating details of receptor interaction and pore formation. Here we discuss the multiple signalling activities of this important toxin and the molecular crosstalk between VacA and other virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Backert
- Ardmore House, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, Belfield Campus, University College Dublin, Dublin-4, Ireland.
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Nazareth H, Genagon SA, Russo TA. Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli survives within neutrophils. Infect Immun 2007; 75:2776-85. [PMID: 17296761 PMCID: PMC1932911 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01095-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) strains are common causes of a variety of clinical syndromes, including urinary tract infections, abdominal infections, nosocomial pneumonia, neonatal meningitis, and sepsis. ExPEC strains are extracellular bacterial pathogens; therefore, the innate immune response (e.g., professional phagocytes) plays a crucial role in the host defense against them. Studies using the model ExPEC strain CP9 demonstrated that it is relatively resistant to neutrophil-mediated bactericidal activity. Although this could be due to resistance to phagocytosis, the ability of CP9 to survive the intracellular killing mechanisms of neutrophils is another possibility. Using a variation of the intracellular invasion assay, we studied the survival of CP9 within peripheral blood-derived human neutrophils. Our results indicated that CP9 did survive within human neutrophils, but we were unable to demonstrate that intracellular replication occurred. This finding was not unique to CP9, since when a conservative assessment of survival was used, four of six additional ExPEC strains, but not an E. coli laboratory strain, were also capable of survival within neutrophils. Initial studies in which we began to decipher the mechanisms by which CP9 is able to successfully survive intracellular neutrophil-mediated bactericidal activity demonstrated that CP9 was at least partially susceptible to the neutrophil oxidative burst. Therefore, absolute resistance to the oxidative burst is not a mechanism by which ExPEC survives within neutrophils. In addition, electron microscopy studies showed that CP9 appeared to be present in phagosomes within neutrophils. Therefore, avoidance of phagosomal uptake or subsequent escape from the phagosome does not appear to be a mechanism that contributes to CP9's survival. These findings suggest that survival of ExPEC within neutrophils may be an important virulence mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Nazareth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 3435 Main Street, Biomedical Research Building, Room 141, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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8
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Petersson C, Forsberg M, Aspholm M, Olfat FO, Forslund T, Borén T, Magnusson KE. Helicobacter pylori SabA adhesin evokes a strong inflammatory response in human neutrophils which is down-regulated by the neutrophil-activating protein. Med Microbiol Immunol 2006; 195:195-206. [PMID: 16758245 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-006-0018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human pathogen Helicobacter pylori expresses two dominant adhesins; the Lewis b blood group antigen binding adhesin, BabA, and the sialic acid-binding adhesin, SabA. These adhesins recognize specific carbohydrate moieties of the gastric epithelium, i.e. the Lewis b antigen, Le(b), and the sialyl-Lewis x antigen, sLe(x), respectively, which promote infection and inflammatory processes in the gastroduodenal tract. To assess the contribution of each of BabA, SabA and the neutrophil activating protein (HP-NAP) in a local inflammation, we investigated the traits of H. pylori mutants in their capacity to interact with and stimulate human neutrophils. We thence found that the SabA adhesin was not only the key inducer of oxidative metabolism (Unemo et al. J Biol Chem 280:15390-15397, 2005), but also essential in phagocytosis induction, as evaluated by flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy and luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence. The napA deletion resulted in enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species and impaired adherence to the host cells. In conclusion, the SabA adhesin stimulates human neutrophils through selectin-mimicry. Interestingly, HP-NAP modulates the oxidative burst, which could tune the impact of the H. pylori infection for establishment of balanced and chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Petersson
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
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9
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Kranzer K, Söllner L, Aigner M, Lehn N, Deml L, Rehli M, Schneider-Brachert W. Impact of Helicobacter pylori virulence factors and compounds on activation and maturation of human dendritic cells. Infect Immun 2005; 73:4180-9. [PMID: 15972508 PMCID: PMC1168582 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.7.4180-4189.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we and others have shown that Helicobacter pylori induces dendritic cell (DC) activation and maturation. However, the impact of virulence factors on the interplay between DCs and H. pylori remains elusive. Therefore, we investigated the contribution of cag pathogenicity island (PAI) and VacA status on cytokine release and up-regulation of costimulatory molecules in H. pylori-treated DCs. In addition, to characterize the stimulatory capacity of H. pylori compounds in more detail, we studied the effect of formalin-inactivated and sonicated H. pylori, as well as secreted H. pylori molecules, on DCs. Incubation of DCs with viable or formalin-inactivated H. pylori induced comparable secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). In contrast, IL-12 and IL-1beta release was significantly reduced in DCs treated with sonicated bacteria and secreted bacterial molecules. Treatment of sonicated H. pylori preparations with polymyxin B resulted in a significant reduction of IL-8 and IL-6 secretion, suggesting that H. pylori-derived lipopolysaccharide at least partially contributes to activation of immature DCs. In addition, the capacity of H. pylori-pulsed DCs to activate allogeneic T cells was not affected by cag PAI and VacA. Pretreatment of DC with cytochalasin D significantly inhibited secretion of IL-12, IL-1beta, and TNF, indicating that phagocytosis of H. pylori contributes to maximal activation of DCs. Taken together, our results suggest that DC activation and maturation, as well as DC-mediated T-cell activation, are independent of the cag PAI and VacA status of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kranzer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Matysiak-Budnik T, Heyman M, Mégraud F. [Gastric permeability and Helicobacter pylori]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 28:444-54. [PMID: 15243317 DOI: 10.1016/s0399-8320(04)94954-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Matysiak-Budnik
- INSERM EMI-0212, Faculté de Médecine Necker-Enfants Malades, 156, rue de Vaugirard, 75015, Paris.
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Bétis F, Brest P, Hofman V, Guignot J, Kansau I, Rossi B, Servin A, Hofman P. Afa/Dr diffusely adhering Escherichia coli infection in T84 cell monolayers induces increased neutrophil transepithelial migration, which in turn promotes cytokine-dependent upregulation of decay-accelerating factor (CD55), the receptor for Afa/Dr adhesins. Infect Immun 2003; 71:1774-83. [PMID: 12654791 PMCID: PMC152057 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.4.1774-1783.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2002] [Revised: 10/23/2002] [Accepted: 01/03/2003] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are inflammatory bowel diseases thought to involve strains of Escherichia coli. We report here that two wild-type Afa/Dr diffusely adhering E. coli (DAEC) strains, C1845 and IH11128, which harbor the fimbrial F1845 adhesin and the Dr hemagglutinin, respectively, and the E. coli laboratory strain HB101, transformed with the pSSS1 plasmid to produce Afa/Dr F1845 adhesin, all induced interleukin-8 (IL-8) production and transepithelial migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) in polarized monolayers of the human intestinal cell line T84 grown on semipermeable filters. We observed that after PMNL migration, expression of decay-accelerating factor (DAF, or CD55), the brush border-associated receptor for Afa/Dr adhesins, was strongly enhanced, increasing the adhesion of Afa/Dr DAEC bacteria. When examining the mechanism by which DAF expression was enhanced, we observed that the PMNL transepithelial migration induced epithelial synthesis of tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-1beta, which in turn promoted the upregulation of DAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fréderic Bétis
- Unité INSERM 36, IFR 50, Faculté de Médecine, avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice Cédex 02, France
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12
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Bétis F, Brest P, Hofman V, Guignot J, Bernet-Camard MF, Rossi B, Servin A, Hofman P. The Afa/Dr adhesins of diffusely adhering Escherichia coli stimulate interleukin-8 secretion, activate mitogen-activated protein kinases, and promote polymorphonuclear transepithelial migration in T84 polarized epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2003; 71:1068-74. [PMID: 12595416 PMCID: PMC148852 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.3.1068-1074.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2002] [Revised: 10/31/2002] [Accepted: 12/10/2002] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Afa/Dr diffusely adhering Escherichia coli (Afa/Dr DAEC) strains cause symptomatic urinary tract and intestinal infections. The proinflammatory effects of Afa/Dr DAEC strains in vitro have been not investigated to date. In the present study, we used confluent polarized monolayers of intestinal cell line T84 to evaluate the consequences of epithelial infection by Afa/Dr DAEC strains in terms of proinflammatory response. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) migration across the epithelial barrier was induced after incubation of the T84 monolayers with the wild-type Afa/Dr DAEC strain C1845 harboring the fimbrial F1845 adhesin and strain IH11128 harboring the Dr hemagglutinin, and the E. coli laboratory strain HB101 was transformed with the pSSS1 plasmid, producing Afa/Dr F1845 adhesin. PMNL migrations were correlated with a basolateral secretion of interleukin-8 by T84 cells and were abolished after incubation of epithelial cells with an anti-decay accelerating factor (DAF) antibody that recognized the short consensus repeat 3 domain of DAF (monoclonal antibody 1H4). Moreover, Afa/Dr DAEC strains induced tyrosine phosphorylation of several T84 proteins and activated the mitogen-activated protein kinases (ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein, P38, and Jun-C kinases). These data demonstrated for the first time that, in vitro, Afa/Dr DAEC strains exert a proinflammatory signal in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Cottet S, Corthésy-Theulaz I, Spertini F, Corthésy B. Microaerophilic conditions permit to mimic in vitro events occurring during in vivo Helicobacter pylori infection and to identify Rho/Ras-associated proteins in cellular signaling. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:33978-86. [PMID: 12058029 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m201726200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular dissection of the mechanisms underlying Helicobacter pylori infection suffers from the lack of in vitro systems mimicking in vivo observations. A system was developed whereby human epithelial cells (Caco-2) grown as polarized monolayers and bacteria can communicate with each other under culture conditions optimal for each partner. Caco-2 cells grown on filter supports were inserted in a vertical position into diffusion chambers equilibrated with air and 5% CO(2) at their basolateral surface (aerophilic conditions) and 5% CO(2), 5% O(2), 90% N(2) (microaerophilic conditions) in the apical compartment. Remarkably, the epithelial polarized layer was stable under these asymmetric culture conditions for at least 24 h, and the presence of Caco-2 cells was necessary to maintain H. pylori growth. In contrast to previous studies conducted with non-polarized Caco-2 cells and other cell lines kept under aerophilic conditions, we found H. pylori-dependent stimulation of cytokine secretion (MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), GRO-alpha (growth-regulated oncogene-alpha), RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted)). This correlated with nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB p50 and p65 subunits. Tyrosine phosphorylation of nine cellular proteins was induced or enhanced; we identified p120(RasGAP), p190(RhoGAP), p62dok (downstream of tyrosine kinases), and cortactin as H. pylori-inducible targets. Moreover, reduction of H. pylori urease expression was observed in adherent bacteria as compared with bacteria in suspension. In addition to mimicking several observations seen in the inflamed gastric mucosa, the novel in vitro system was allowed to underscore complex cellular events not seen in classical in vitro analyses of microaerophilic bacteria-epithelial cell cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Cottet
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, R & D Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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Kim JM, Kim JS, Jung HC, Song IS, Kim CY. Up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide in Helicobacter pylori-infected human gastric epithelial cells: possible role of interferon-gamma in polarized nitric oxide secretion. Helicobacter 2002; 7:116-28. [PMID: 11966872 DOI: 10.1046/j.1083-4389.2002.00068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) generated by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is known to be an important modulator of the mucosal inflammatory response. In this study, we questioned whether Helicobacter pylori infection could up-regulate the epithelial cell inducible NOS (iNOS) gene expression and whether NO production could show polarity that can be regulated by immune mediators. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human gastric epithelial cell lines were infected with H. pylori, and the iNOS mRNA expression was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR. NO production was assayed by determining nitrite/nitrate levels in culture supernatants. To determine the polarity of NO secretion by the H. pylori-infected epithelial cells, Caco-2 cells were cultured as polarized monolayers in transwell chambers, and NO production was measured. RESULTS iNOS mRNA levels were significantly up-regulated in the cells infected with H. pylori, and expression of iNOS protein was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Increased NO production in the gastric epithelial cells was seen as early as 18 hours postinfection, and reached maximal levels by 24 hours postinfection. The specific MAP kinase inhibitors decreased H. pylori-induced iNOS and NO up-regulation. After H. pylori infection of polarized epithelial cells, NO was released predominantly into the apical compartment, and IL-8 was released predominantly into basolateral compartment. The addition of IFN-gamma to H. pylori-infected polarized epithelial cells showed a synergistically higher apical and basolateral NO release. CONCLUSION These results suggest that apical NO production mediated by MAP kinase in H. pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells may influence the bacteria and basolateral production of NO and IL-8 may play a role in the tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Mogg Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 133-791, Korea
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15
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Abstract
Many pathogens must surmount an epithelial cell barrier in order to establish an infection. While much has been learned about the interaction of bacterial pathogens with cultured epithelial cells, the influence of cell polarity on these events has only recently been appreciated. This review outlines bacterial-host epithelial cell interactions in the context of the distinct apical and basolateral surfaces of the polarized epithelium that lines the lumens of our organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Kazmierczak
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0654, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is known to be the cause of most gastric diseases, including both peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. In the absence of eradication, infection tends to be lifelong and the immune response ineffective in clearing the bacteria. A number of groups have investigated whether the immune clearance of infection can be achieved through a vaccination strategy, but to date, the results have been inconclusive. In fact, in most cases of natural infection, the host immune response leads to a chronic inflammation within the gastric mucosa that actually promotes the development of atrophy and neoplasia. In most cases, eradication of the organism leads to resolution of inflammation, which in many instances can result in reduction in atrophy and gastric cancer risk. This finding suggests that even at late stages, cancer progression is dependent, to a large extent, on infection/immune response. Work from a number of laboratories has led to the hypothesis that T-cells and the Th1 immune response, governed largely by host genetic factors, are strongly associated with the H. pylori-mediated induction of atrophy and cancer. Interleukin-1beta appears to be a particularly important cytokine that inhibits acid secretion and increases serum gastrin levels, factors strongly associated with cancer induction. The induction by H. pylori of cytokines and chemokines and growth-related genes is mediated by the MAPK and NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Recent studies have shown that NF-kappaB is activated through a NF-kappaB-inducing kinase/p21-activated kinase 1 pathway. H. pylori can also promote cellular apoptosis through a number of mechanisms, the most important of which is upregulation of the Fas/FasL pathway. Finally, understanding of H. pylori pathogenesis has been broadened and deepened by the application of genomics and proteomics to the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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17
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Fullner KJ, Lencer WI, Mekalanos JJ. Vibrio cholerae-induced cellular responses of polarized T84 intestinal epithelial cells are dependent on production of cholera toxin and the RTX toxin. Infect Immun 2001; 69:6310-7. [PMID: 11553575 PMCID: PMC98766 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.10.6310-6317.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the utility of in vitro-polarized intestinal cell monolayers for modeling Vibrio cholerae-host cell interactions, we added live V. cholerae bacteria to the apical surfaces of polarized T84 cell monolayers and monitored changes in electrical properties. We found that both classical and El Tor strains produce cholera toxin after addition to the monolayer, but induction is most likely due to medium components rather than bacterium-cell interactions. We also found that the RTX toxin is produced by El Tor strains. This toxin caused a loss of the barrier function of the paracellular tight junction that was measured as a decrease in transepithelial resistance. This decrease occurred when bacteria were added to either the apical or basolateral surfaces, indicating that the RTX toxin receptor is expressed on both surfaces. These results are discussed with regard to the applicability of the polarized T84 cell monolayers as an in vitro model of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Fullner
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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18
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Le'Negrate G, Ricci V, Hofman V, Mograbi B, Hofman P, Rossi B. Epithelial intestinal cell apoptosis induced by Helicobacter pylori depends on expression of the cag pathogenicity island phenotype. Infect Immun 2001; 69:5001-9. [PMID: 11447179 PMCID: PMC98593 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.8.5001-5009.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2001] [Accepted: 05/10/2001] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori has been shown to induce chronic active gastritis and peptic ulcer and may contribute to the development of duodenal ulcer. Previous studies have shown that H. pylori mediates apoptosis of gastric epithelial cells via a Fas-dependent pathway. However, evidence for the induction of such a mechanism in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) by H. pylori infection has not been demonstrated yet. This study was performed (i) to ascertain that H. pylori can induce IEC apoptosis; (ii) to delineate the role of the cag pathogenicity island (PAI), cagE, and vacA gene products in this process; and (iii) to verify whether the Fas-dependent pathway is involved in this phenomenon. When T84 cells were exposed to VacA(+)/cag PAI(+) H. pylori strains (CCUG 17874 and 60190), they exhibited apoptosis hallmarks as assessed by morphological studies, as well as annexin V and 3,3'-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide staining. In contrast, few or no apoptotic features could be detected after incubation with an isogenic mutant of strain 60190 in which the cagE gene was disrupted (60190:C(-) strain) or with a VacA(-)/cag PAI(-) H. pylori strain (G21). In addition, activation of caspase-3 during infection with VacA(+)/cag PAI(+) H. pylori strains was inhibited by pretreatment of IEC with an antagonistic anti-Fas antibody (ZB4). Taken together, these findings indicate that H. pylori triggers apoptosis in IEC via a Fas-dependent pathway following a process that depends on the expression of the cag PAI.
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19
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Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of Helicobacter pylori-phagocyte interactions indicate that these organisms actively modulate phagocyte function in order to retard phagocytosis, while simultaneously inducing a strong respiratory burst. The central players in this dynamic include H. pylori neutrophil activating protein and factors that are associated with the cag pathogenicity island type IV secretion apparatus. Additionally, catalase, alkyl hydroperoxide reductase, and factors that are unique to type I strains allow bacteria to resist phagocytic killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Allen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and the Inflammation Program, University of Iowa and the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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Hofman V, Ricci V, Mograbi B, Brest P, Luciano F, Boquet P, Rossi B, Auberger P, Hofman P. Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide hinders polymorphonuclear leucocyte apoptosis. J Transl Med 2001; 81:375-84. [PMID: 11310830 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A prominent histologic feature of Helicobacter pylori infection is a dense infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) in gastric mucosa. H. pylori lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been recognized as a primary virulence factor evoking acute mucosal inflammatory reaction. Previous works have shown that H. pylori LPS immunologic activities are lower than those of enterobacterial LPS. However, the effect of H. pylori LPS on spontaneous PMNL apoptosis, and mechanisms by which this H. pylori LPS may promote PMNL survival remain to be established. In this study, we investigated, by both morphologic and biochemical approaches, the action of H. pylori LPS on PMNL apoptosis in vitro, using broth culture filtrates (BCF) of H. pylori strains with different genotypes. We found that BCF from H. pylori caused a significant delay in spontaneous PMNL apoptosis and this delay was independent of the VacA, cag pathogenicity island and urease status. We demonstrated that LPS in BCF is responsible for this effect because it was abrogated by the LPS antagonist B287 (a synthetic analog of Rhodobactersphaeroides lipid A). Moreover, BCF from H. pylori induced P42/44MAP kinase activation in PMNL. Similar results were obtained with BCF of an Escherichia coli strain. Taken together these data suggest that longer survival of PMNL induced by H. pylori LPS may increase gastric epithelium injury in H. pylori-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Hofman
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie-Pathologique, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
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