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Ma Z, Yu S, Cheng K, Miao Y, Xu Y, Hu R, Zheng W, Yi J, Zhang H, Li R, Li Z, Wang Y, Chen C. Nucleomodulin BspJ as an effector promotes the colonization of Brucella abortus in the host. J Vet Sci 2021; 23:e8. [PMID: 34841746 PMCID: PMC8799945 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.21224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucella infection induces brucellosis, a zoonotic disease. The intracellular circulation process and virulence of Brucella mainly depend on its type IV secretion system (T4SS) expressing secretory effectors. Secreted protein BspJ is a nucleomodulin of Brucella that invades the host cell nucleus. BspJ mediates host energy synthesis and apoptosis through interaction with proteins. However, the mechanism of BspJ as it affects the intracellular survival of Brucella remains to be clarified. OBJECTIVES To verify the functions of nucleomodulin BspJ in Brucella's intracellular infection cycles. METHODS Constructed Brucella abortus BspJ gene deletion strain (B. abortus ΔBspJ) and complement strain (B. abortus pBspJ) and studied their roles in the proliferation of Brucella both in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS BspJ gene deletion reduced the survival and intracellular proliferation of Brucella at the replicating Brucella-containing vacuoles (rBCV) stage. Compared with the parent strain, the colonization ability of the bacteria in mice was significantly reduced, causing less inflammatory infiltration and pathological damage. We also found that the knockout of BspJ altered the secretion of cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-1β, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ) in host cells and in mice to affect the intracellular survival of Brucella. CONCLUSIONS BspJ is extremely important for the circulatory proliferation of Brucella in the host, and it may be involved in a previously unknown mechanism of Brucella's intracellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongchen Ma
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shuifa Yu
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kejian Cheng
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yuhe Miao
- Fujian Sunvet Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Nanping 354100, Fujian, China
| | - Yimei Xu
- Xinjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi 830002, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ruirui Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jihai Yi
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ruirui Li
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, Henan, China
| | - Yong Wang
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China.
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Ma Z, Yu S, Cheng K, Miao Y, Xu Y, Hu R, Zheng W, Yi J, Zhang H, Li R, Li Z, Wang Y, Chen C. Nucleomodulin BspJ as an effector promotes the colonization of Brucella abortus in the host. J Vet Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongchen Ma
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shuifa Yu
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kejian Cheng
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yuhe Miao
- Fujian Sunvet Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Nanping 354100, Fujian, China
| | - Yimei Xu
- Xinjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi 830002, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ruirui Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jihai Yi
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ruirui Li
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, Henan, China
| | - Yong Wang
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- International Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of High Incidence Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in Western China, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
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Mukaida N, Sasaki SI, Baba T. CCL4 Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1231:23-32. [PMID: 32060843 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36667-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CCL4, a CC chemokine, previously known as macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β, has diverse effects on various types of immune and nonimmune cells by the virtue of its interaction with its specific receptor, CCR5, in collaboration with related but distinct CC chemokines such as CCL3 and CCL5, which can also bind CCR5. Several lines of evidence indicate that CCL4 can promote tumor development and progression by recruiting regulatory T cells and pro-tumorigenic macrophages, and acting on other resident cells present in the tumor microenvironment, such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells, to facilitate their pro-tumorigenic capacities. These observations suggest the potential efficacy of CCR5 antagonists for cancer treatment. On the contrary, under some situations, CCL4 can enhance tumor immunity by recruiting cytolytic lymphocytes and macrophages with phagocytic ability. Thus, presently, the clinical application of CCR5 antagonists warrants more detailed analysis of the role of CCL4 and other CCR5-binding chemokines in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Mukaida
- Division of Molecular Bioregulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - So-Ichiro Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Bioregulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Baba
- Division of Molecular Bioregulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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An Autoimmune Disease-Associated Risk Variant in the TNFAIP3 Gene Plays a Protective Role in Brucellosis That Is Mediated by the NF-κB Signaling Pathway. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:JCM.01363-17. [PMID: 29343543 PMCID: PMC5869838 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01363-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring functional variants (rs148314165 and rs200820567, collectively referred to as TT>A) reduce the expression of the tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3) gene, a negative regulator of NF-κB signaling, and predispose individuals to autoimmune disease. In this analysis, we conducted a genetic association study of the TT>A variants in 1,209 controls and 150 patients with brucellosis, an infectious disease, and further assessed the role of the variants in brucellosis. Our data demonstrated that the TT>A variants were correlated with cases of brucellosis (P = 0.002; odds ratio [OR] = 0.34) and with individuals who had a positive serum agglutination test (SAT) result (titer of >1/160) (P = 4.2 × 10−6; OR = 0.23). A functional study demonstrated that brucellosis patients carrying the protective allele (A) showed significantly lower expression levels of the TNFAIP3 gene in their peripheral blood mononuclear cells and showed increased NF-κB signaling. Monocytes from individuals carrying the A allele that were stimulated with Brucella abortus had lower mRNA levels of TNFAIP3 and produced more interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-6, and IL-1β than those from TT allele carriers. These data showed that autoimmune disease-associated risk variants, TT>A, of the TNFAIP3 locus play a protective role in the pathogenesis of brucellosis. Our findings suggest that a disruption of the normal function of the TNFAIP3 gene might serve as a therapeutic target for the treatment of brucellosis.
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Dorneles EMS, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Araújo MSS, Sriranganathan N, Lage AP. Immune response triggered by Brucella abortus following infection or vaccination. Vaccine 2015; 33:3659-66. [PMID: 26048781 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brucella abortus live vaccines have been used successfully to control bovine brucellosis worldwide for decades. However, due to some limitations of these live vaccines, efforts are being made for the development of new safer and more effective vaccines that could also be used in other susceptible species. In this context, understanding the protective immune responses triggered by B. abortus is critical for the development of new vaccines. Such understandings will enhance our knowledge of the host/pathogen interactions and enable to develop methods to evaluate potential vaccines and innovative treatments for animals or humans. At present, almost all the knowledge regarding B. abortus specific immunological responses comes from studies in mice. Active participation of macrophages, dendritic cells, IFN-γ producing CD4(+) T-cells and cytotoxic CD8(+) T-cells are vital to overcome the infection. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of the immune responses triggered by vaccination versus infection by B. abortus, in different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M S Dorneles
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Márcio S S Araújo
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nammalwar Sriranganathan
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1410 Prices Fork Rd, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Andrey P Lage
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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6
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Weinhold M, Eisenblätter M, Jasny E, Fehlings M, Finke A, Gayum H, Rüschendorf U, Renner Viveros P, Moos V, Allers K, Schneider T, Schaible UE, Schumann RR, Mielke ME, Ignatius R. The Attenuated Brucella abortus Strain 19 Invades, Persists in, and Activates Human Dendritic Cells, and Induces the Secretion of IL-12p70 but Not IL-23. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65934. [PMID: 23805193 PMCID: PMC3689767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial vectors have been proposed as novel vaccine strategies to induce strong cellular immunity. Attenuated strains of Brucella abortus comprise promising vector candidates since they have the potential to induce strong CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell mediated immune responses in the absence of excessive inflammation as observed with other Gram-negative bacteria. However, some Brucella strains interfere with the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), which is essential for antigen-specific T-cell priming. In the present study, we investigated the interaction of human monocyte-derived DCs with the smooth attenuated B. abortus strain (S) 19, which has previously been employed successfully to vaccinate cattle. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We first looked into the potential of S19 to hamper the cytokine-induced maturation of DCs; however, infected cells expressed CD25, CD40, CD80, and CD86 to a comparable extent as uninfected, cytokine-matured DCs. Furthermore, S19 activated DCs in the absence of exogeneous stimuli, enhanced the expression of HLA-ABC and HLA-DR, and was able to persist intracellularly without causing cytotoxicity. Thus, DCs provide a cellular niche for persisting brucellae in vivo as a permanent source of antigen. S19-infected DCs produced IL-12/23p40, IL-12p70, and IL-10, but not IL-23. While heat-killed bacteria also activated DCs, soluble mediators were not involved in S19-induced activation of human DCs. HEK 293 transfectants revealed cellular activation by S19 primarily through engagement of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Thus, as an immunological prerequisite for vaccine efficacy, B. abortus S19 potently infects and potently activates (most likely via TLR2) human DCs to produce Th1-promoting cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Weinhold
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Infection Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Eisenblätter
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Infection Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edith Jasny
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Infection Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Fehlings
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Infection Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Hermine Gayum
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Infection Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ursula Rüschendorf
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Infection Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pablo Renner Viveros
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Infection Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Moos
- Medical Clinic I, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Allers
- Medical Clinic I, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Medical Clinic I, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich E. Schaible
- Research Center Borstel, Department of Molecular Infection Research, Borstel, Germany
| | - Ralf R. Schumann
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Infection Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Ignatius
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Infection Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Skendros P, Pappas G, Boura P. Cell-mediated immunity in human brucellosis. Microbes Infect 2010; 13:134-42. [PMID: 21034846 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brucella can parasitize within human antigen-presenting cells modifying phagocytosis, phagolysosome fusion, antigen presentation, cytokine secretion, and apoptosis. Subversion of innate immune mechanisms by Brucella leads to defective Th1 immune responses and T-cell anergy in chronic brucellosis patients. This review summarizes the cellular immune responses in brucellosis, based on data derived exclusively from human cells or cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Skendros
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
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Skendros P, Boura P, Chrisagis D, Raptopoulou-Gigi M. Diminished percentage of CD4+ T-lymphocytes expressing interleukine-2 receptor alpha in chronic brucellosis. J Infect 2006; 54:192-7. [PMID: 16720045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES AND METHODS Despite the treatment, a considerable proportion of brucellosis patients develop chronic disease, characterized by atypical clinical picture and/or relapses. Th1 cytokines are critical for the clearance of Brucella infection and diminished production of IL-2 in response to PHA, has been described in chronic brucellosis. In order to investigate the role of IL-2R alpha (CD25) in disease outcome, we evaluated the ex vivo and PHA-induced percentage of peripheral CD4+ T-lymphocytes expressing CD25 in 13 acute brucellosis patients (AB), 22 chronic brucellosis patients (CB), 11 "clinically cured" subjects and 15 healthy volunteers (controls). Simultaneously, CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes subsets were measured. RESULTS The ex vivo percentage of CD4+/CD25+ T-cells was significantly higher in AB patients compared to "clinically cured" subjects (p=0.005) and controls (p=0.006). By contrast, CD4+/CD25+ T-cells were significantly lower in CB patients (p=0.001). T-lymphocytes subsets did not significantly differ between the groups. After PHA stimulation, CD4+/CD25+ T-cells remained significantly lower in CB and specifically in the relapsing form of chronic disease compared to AB (p=0.044, 0.023). Additionally, CD8+ T-lymphocytes were found to be significantly increased in CB and mainly in the relapsing subgroup of CB patients compared to AB (p=0.044, 0.011). CONCLUSION Diminished percentage of peripheral CD4+ T-lymphocytes expressing IL-2R alpha is associated with chronic relapsing brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Skendros
- Clinical Immunology Unit, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University, Konstantinoupoleos 49, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Huang LY, Ishii KJ, Akira S, Aliberti J, Golding B. Th1-like cytokine induction by heat-killed Brucella abortus is dependent on triggering of TLR9. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:3964-70. [PMID: 16148144 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.6.3964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this report we provide evidence, for the first time, that bacterial DNA in the context of heat-killed Brucella abortus (HKBA) engages TLR9 in dendritic cells (DC), resulting in a Th1-like cytokine response. This is based on the findings that HKBA induction of IL-12p40 is: 1) abolished in DC from TLR9(-/-) mice; 2) blocked by suppressive oligodeoxynucleotides; 3) simulated by bacterial DNA derived from HKBA; and 4) abrogated by DNase or methylation of the DNA from HKBA. Furthermore, the effect of HKBA can be inhibited by chloroquine, indicating that endosomal acidification is required and supporting the notion that DNA from HKBA is interacting with TLR9 at the level of the endosome, as is the case with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. In addition to DC, HKBA can elicit IL-12p40 secretion from macrophages, in which case the effect is wholly MyD88 dependent but only partially TLR9 dependent. This probably explains why HKBA effects in vivo are only partially reduced in TLR9(-/-), but absent in MyD88(-/-) mice. Because of their intimate interactions with T cells, the DC response is most likely to be critical for linking innate and adaptive immune responses, whereas the macrophage reaction may play a role in enhancing NK cell and bystander immune responses. In addition to IL-12p40, HKBA induces other Th1-like cytokines, namely, IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma, in a TLR9-dependent manner. These cytokines are important in protection against viruses and bacteria, and their induction enhances HKBA as a potential carrier for vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yun Huang
- Division of Hematology, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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10
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Clute SC, Watkin LB, Cornberg M, Naumov YN, Sullivan JL, Luzuriaga K, Welsh RM, Selin LK. Cross-reactive influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cells contribute to lymphoproliferation in Epstein-Barr virus-associated infectious mononucleosis. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:3602-12. [PMID: 16308574 PMCID: PMC1288832 DOI: 10.1172/jci25078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The marked proliferation of activated CD8+ T cells is pathognomonic of EBV-associated infectious mononucleosis (IM), common in young adults. Since the diversity and size of the memory CD8+ T cell population increase with age, we questioned whether IM was mediated by the reactivation of memory CD8+ T cells specific to previously encountered pathogens but cross-reactive with EBV. Of 8 HLA-A2+ IM patients, 5 had activated T cells specific to another common virus, as evidenced by a significantly higher number of peripheral blood influenza A virus M1(58-66)-specific T cells compared with healthy immune donors. Two patients with an augmented M1 response had tetramer-defined cross-reactive cells recognizing influenza M1 and EBV-BMLF1(280-288), which accounted for up to one-third of their BMLF1-specific population and likely contributed to a skewed M1-specific T cell receptor repertoire. These epitopes, with only 33% sequence similarity, mediated differential effects on the function of the cross-reactive T cells, which may contribute to alterations in disease outcome. EBV could potentially encode an extensive pool of T cell epitopes that activate other cross-reactive memory T cells. Our results support the concept that cross-reactive memory CD8+ T cells activated by EBV contribute to the characteristic lymphoproliferation of IM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalyn C Clute
- Department of Pathology, Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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Campos MA, Rosinha GMS, Almeida IC, Salgueiro XS, Jarvis BW, Splitter GA, Qureshi N, Bruna-Romero O, Gazzinelli RT, Oliveira SC. Role of Toll-like receptor 4 in induction of cell-mediated immunity and resistance to Brucella abortus infection in mice. Infect Immun 2004; 72:176-86. [PMID: 14688095 PMCID: PMC344000 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.1.176-186.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Initial host defense to bacterial infection is executed by innate immunity, and therefore the main goal of this study was to examine the contribution of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) during Brucella abortus infection. CHO reporter cell lines transfected with CD14 and TLRs showed that B. abortus triggers both TLR2 and TLR4. In contrast, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipid A derived from Brucella rough (R) and smooth (S) strains activate CHO cells only through TLR4. Consistently, macrophages from C3H/HePas mice exposed to R and S strains and their LPS produced higher levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-12 compared to C3H/HeJ, a TLR4 mutant mouse. The essential role of TLR4 for induction of proinflammatory cytokines was confirmed with diphosphoryl lipid A from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Furthermore, to determine the contribution of TLR2 and TLR4 in bacterial clearance, numbers of Brucella were monitored in the spleen of C3H/HeJ, C3H/HePas, TLR2 knockout, and wild-type mice at 1, 3, and 6 weeks following B. abortus infection. Interestingly, murine brucellosis was markedly exacerbated at weeks 3 and 6 after infection in animals that lacked functional TLR4 (C3H/HeJ) compared to C3H/HePas that paralleled the reduced gamma interferon production by this mouse strain. Finally, by mass spectrometry analysis we found dramatic differences on the lipid A profiles of R and S strains. In fact, S lipid A was shown to be more active to trigger TLR4 than R lipid A in CHO cells and more effective in inducing dendritic cell maturation. In conclusion, these results indicate that TLR4 plays a role in resistance to B. abortus infection and that S lipid A has potent adjuvant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Campos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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12
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Rittig MG, Kaufmann A, Robins A, Shaw B, Sprenger H, Gemsa D, Foulongne V, Rouot B, Dornand J. Smooth and rough lipopolysaccharide phenotypes of Brucella induce different intracellular trafficking and cytokine/chemokine release in human monocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 74:1045-55. [PMID: 12960272 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0103015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Virulence of the intracellular pathogen Brucella for humans is mainly associated with its lipopolysaccharide (LPS) phenotype, with smooth LPS phenotypes generally being virulent and rough ones not. The reason for this association is not quite understood. We now demonstrate by flow cytometry, electron microscopy, and ELISA that human peripheral blood monocytes interact both quantitatively and qualitatively different with smooth and rough Brucella organisms in vitro. We confirm that considerably higher numbers of rough than smooth brucellae attach to and enter the monocytes in nonopsonic conditions; but only smooth brucellae replicate in the host cells. We show for the first time that rough brucellae induce higher amounts than smooth brucellae of several CXC (GRO-alpha, IL-8) and CC (MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, MCP-1, RANTES) chemokines, as well as pro- (IL-6, TNF-alpha) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines released by challenged monocytes. Upon uptake, phagosomes containing rough brucellae develop selective fusion competence to form spacious communal compartments, whereas phagosomes containing smooth brucellae are nonfusiogenic. Collectively, our data suggest that rough brucellae attract and infect monocytes more effectively than smooth brucellae, but only smooth LPS phenotypes establish a specific host cell compartment permitting successful parasitism. These novel findings link the LPS phenotype of Brucella and its virulence for humans at the level of the infected host cells. Whether this is due to a direct effect of the LPS molecules or to upstream bacterial mechanisms remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Rittig
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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13
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Huang LY, Aliberti J, Leifer CA, Segal DM, Sher A, Golenbock DT, Golding B. Heat-killed Brucella abortus induces TNF and IL-12p40 by distinct MyD88-dependent pathways: TNF, unlike IL-12p40 secretion, is Toll-like receptor 2 dependent. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:1441-6. [PMID: 12874236 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.3.1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cattle and humans are susceptible to infection with the Gram-negative intracellular bacterium Brucella abortus. Heat-killed B. abortus (HKBA) is a strong Th1 adjuvant and carrier. Previously, we have demonstrated that dendritic cells produce IL-12 in response to HKBA stimulation. In the present study, we use knockout mice and in vitro reconstitution assays to examine the contribution of signaling by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their immediate downstream signaling initiator, myeloid differentiation protein MyD88, in the activation following stimulation by HKBA. Our results show that HKBA-mediated induction of IL-12p40 and TNF is dependent on the adapter molecule MyD88. To identify the TLR involved in HKBA recognition, we examined HKBA responses in TLR2- and TLR4-deficient animals. TNF responses to HKBA were TLR4 independent; however, the response in TLR2-deficient mice was significantly delayed and reduced, although not completely abolished. Studies using Chinese hamster ovary/CD14 reporter cell lines stably transfected with either human TLR2 or human TLR4 confirmed the results seen with knockout mice, namely TLR2, but not TLR4, can mediate cellular activation by HKBA. In addition, human embryonic kidney 293 cells, which do not respond to HKBA, were made responsive by transfecting TLR2, but not TLR4 or TLR9. Taken together, our data demonstrate that MyD88-dependent pathways are crucial for activation by HKBA and that TLR2 plays a role in TNF, but not IL-12p40 pathways activated by this microbial product.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/physiology
- Brucella Vaccine/administration & dosage
- Brucella Vaccine/immunology
- Brucella abortus/immunology
- CHO Cells
- Cell Line
- Cricetinae
- Hot Temperature
- Humans
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interleukin-12/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Interleukin-12 Subunit p40
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Protein Subunits/biosynthesis
- Protein Subunits/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/deficiency
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/deficiency
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 2
- Toll-Like Receptor 4
- Toll-Like Receptor 9
- Toll-Like Receptors
- Transfection
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yun Huang
- Laboratory of Plasma Derivatives, Division of Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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14
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Moreno-Lafont MC, López-Santiago R, Paredes-Cervantes V, Estrada-Aguilera A, Santos-Argumedo L. Activation and Proliferation of T Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Patients with Brucellosis. Arch Med Res 2003; 34:184-93. [PMID: 14567397 DOI: 10.1016/s0188-4409(03)00020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-cell proliferation is a standard method to evaluate cellular immune responses against intracellular infectious agents. The present study was undertaken to look for expression of an early activation marker (CD69) and proliferation using a nonradioactive method to evaluate cellular immune response against a salt-extractable antigen from Brucella melitensis 16M (RCM-BM) in patients suffering from brucellosis. METHODS Expression of CD69 on membrane of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells was determined by flow cytometry. Lymphoproliferation was determined by tritiated thymidine and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation using liquid scintillation counter or flow cytometry, respectively, to evaluate DNA synthesis. RESULTS Thirty healthy donors and 24 patients suffering from brucellosis were included in this study. In all cases, incubation with mitogen induced expression of CD69 and proliferation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. In contrast, only brucellosis patients responded with expression of CD69 and proliferation against RCM-BM antigen from Brucella melitensis (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Methods used in this study were useful to evaluate immune response against specific antigen or polyclonal stimulation. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from patients became equally activated and proliferated in response to RCM-BM antigen. Our data suggest that both T-cell subpopulations play an important role in immune response against Brucella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Cecilia Moreno-Lafont
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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15
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Skendros P, Boura P, Tsantas N, Debre P, Theodorou I. Frequency analysis of the CCR5delta32 mutation in patients with brucellosis. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2003; 34:944-6. [PMID: 12587636 DOI: 10.1080/0036554021000026975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of the host's CCR5 genotype in human brucellosis. Genotype analysis for the CCR5delta32 mutation was performed in 185 brucellosis patients and 141 healthy volunteers, all recruited in northern Greece. In the brucellosis-infected patients the CCR5delta32 genotype distribution showed a significant deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p = 0.030), owing to the presence of 2 individuals homozygous for delta32 among the 185 brucellosis patients compared with none of the 141 controls. Extended studies should be performed to confirm an association between CCR5 genotype and the risk of acquiring brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Skendros
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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16
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Moreno-Lafont MC, López-Santiago R, Zumarán-Cuéllar E, Paredes-Cervantes V, López-Merino A, Estrada-Aguilera A, Santos-Argumedo L. Antigen-specific activation and proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes from brucellosis patients. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2002; 96:340-7. [PMID: 12174793 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(02)90119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt-extractable antigen from Brucella melitensis 16M (RCM-BM) was used to evaluate the immune response from acute and chronic patients suffering from Brucella infections (in Mexico); their responses were compared with those of healthy controls. As a readout we used upregulation of CD69 (a well-established early activation marker for lymphocytes), lymphocyte proliferation by 3[H]thymidine or 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation measured by liquid scintillation or flow cytometry, respectively, and production of gamma interferon (IFN gamma). We compared the antigen-specific response with the response induced by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) as a positive control. There was no difference between acute patients and the healthy controls in the percentages of CD3+, CD4+ or CD8+ lymphocytes. However, we found that chronic patients had a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the CD8+ T cells, in line with previous studies. Antigen-specific responses to RCM-BM showed a significant (P < 0.05) upregulation of CD69 in both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in acute brucellosis patients and in CD8+ T lymphocytes in chronic patients, indicating that both populations became activated by this antigen preparation. Moreover, lymphocyte proliferation from both acute and chronic patients in response to RCM-BM was highly significant (P < 0.001) when compared with healthy controls. However, there were no apparent differences between acute and chronic patients. Although the incorporation of BrdU showed similar results it provided additional information, since we demonstrated that both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes from acute and chronic patients proliferated equally well in response to RCM-BM. Similar results were observed with intracellular IFN gamma determination. As a whole, our data suggest an important role for both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in Brucella infection in humans. As has been reported in mice, it is feasible that activated CD8+ T cells participate in protection against Brucella in humans through cytotoxicity or/and by the production of factors such as interferon and granulysin. The role of these cells should be carefully analysed to understand better their participation in human infection by Brucella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Cecilia Moreno-Lafont
- Departamento de Inmunologia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, I.P.N., Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, CINVESTAV, México, D.F, Mexico
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17
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Seo SH, Webster RG. Tumor necrosis factor alpha exerts powerful anti-influenza virus effects in lung epithelial cells. J Virol 2002; 76:1071-6. [PMID: 11773383 PMCID: PMC135862 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.3.1071-1076.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2001] [Accepted: 10/23/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have associated influenza virus-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), with influenza pathogenesis in the human respiratory tract and have suggested that alpha and beta interferons are the first cytokines recruited to counteract such infection. However, we report here that TNF-alpha has powerful anti-influenza virus activity. When infected with influenza virus, cultured porcine lung epithelial cells expressed TNF-alpha in a dose-dependent manner. Expression of TNF-alpha was induced only by replicating virus. TNF-alpha showed strong antiviral activity against avian, swine, and human influenza viruses, and the antiviral effect of TNF-alpha was greater than that of gamma or alpha interferon. These findings suggest that TNF-alpha serves as the first line of defense against influenza virus infection in the natural host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Heui Seo
- Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-2794, USA
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