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Haggerty K, Cantlay S, Young E, Cashbaugh MK, Delatore Iii EF, Schreiber R, Hess H, Komlosi DR, Butler S, Bolon D, Evangelista T, Hager T, Kelly C, Phillips K, Voellinger J, Shanks RMQ, Horzempa J. Identification of an N-terminal tag (580N) that improves the biosynthesis of fluorescent proteins in Francisella tularensis and other Gram-negative bacteria. Mol Cell Probes 2024; 74:101956. [PMID: 38492609 PMCID: PMC11000650 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2024.101956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Utilization of fluorescent proteins is widespread for the study of microbial pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions. Here, we discovered that linkage of the 36 N-terminal amino acids of FTL_0580 (a hypothetical protein of Francisella tularensis) to fluorescent proteins increases the fluorescence emission of bacteria that express these recombinant fusions. This N-terminal peptide will be referred to as 580N. Western blotting revealed that the linkage of 580N to Emerald Green Fluorescent Protein (EmGFP) in F. tularensis markedly improved detection of this protein. We therefore hypothesized that transcripts containing 580N may be translated more efficiently than those lacking the coding sequence for this leader peptide. In support, expression of emGFPFt that had been codon-optimized for F. tularensis, yielded significantly enhanced fluorescence than its non-optimized counterpart. Furthermore, fusing emGFP with coding sequence for a small N-terminal peptide (Serine-Lysine-Isoleucine-Lysine), which had previously been shown to inhibit ribosomal stalling, produced robust fluorescence when expressed in F. tularensis. These findings support the interpretation that 580N enhances the translation efficiency of fluorescent proteins in F. tularensis. Interestingly, expression of non-optimized 580N-emGFP produced greater fluorescence intensity than any other construct. Structural predictions suggested that RNA secondary structure also may be influencing translation efficiency. When expressed in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria, 580N-emGFP produced increased green fluorescence compared to untagged emGFP (neither allele was codon optimized for these bacteria). In conclusion, fusing the coding sequence for the 580N leader peptide to recombinant genes might serve as an economical alternative to codon optimization for enhancing protein expression in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Haggerty
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, USA
| | - Stuart Cantlay
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, USA
| | - Emily Young
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, USA
| | - Mariah K Cashbaugh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, USA
| | - Elio F Delatore Iii
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, USA
| | - Rori Schreiber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, USA
| | - Hayden Hess
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, USA
| | - Daniel R Komlosi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sarah Butler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, USA
| | - Dalton Bolon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, USA
| | - Theresa Evangelista
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, USA
| | - Takoda Hager
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, USA
| | - Claire Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, USA
| | - Katherine Phillips
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, USA
| | - Jada Voellinger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, USA
| | - Robert M Q Shanks
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Horzempa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, USA.
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2
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Quintana ILL, Paul A, Chowdhury A, Moulton KD, Kulkarni SS, Dube DH. Thioglycosides Act as Metabolic Inhibitors of Bacterial Glycan Biosynthesis. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:2025-2035. [PMID: 37698279 PMCID: PMC10580310 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Glycans that coat the surface of bacteria are compelling antibiotic targets because they contain distinct monosaccharides that are linked to pathogenesis and are absent in human cells. Disrupting glycan biosynthesis presents a path to inhibiting the ability of a bacterium to infect the host. We previously demonstrated that O-glycosides act as metabolic inhibitors and disrupt bacterial glycan biosynthesis. Inspired by a recent study which showed that thioglycosides (S-glycosides) are 10 times more effective than O-glycosides at inhibiting glycan biosynthesis in mammalian cells, we crafted a panel of S-glycosides based on rare bacterial monosaccharides. The novel thioglycosides altered glycan biosynthesis and fitness in pathogenic bacteria but had no notable effect on glycosylation or growth in beneficial bacteria or mammalian cells. In contrast to findings in mammalian cells, S-glycosides and O-glycosides exhibited comparable potency in bacteria. However, S-glycosides exhibited enhanced selectivity relative to O-glycosides. These novel metabolic inhibitors will allow selective perturbation of the bacterial glycocalyx for functional studies and set the stage to expand our antibiotic arsenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella
de la Luz Quintana
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin
College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, United States
| | - Ankita Paul
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400-076, India
| | - Aniqa Chowdhury
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin
College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, United States
| | - Karen D. Moulton
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin
College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, United States
| | - Suvarn S. Kulkarni
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400-076, India
| | - Danielle H. Dube
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin
College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, Maine 04011, United States
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3
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Kint N, Dubois T, Viollier PH. Stereoisomer-specific reprogramming of a bacterial flagellin sialyltransferase. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112880. [PMID: 36636824 PMCID: PMC9975948 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of surface structures diversifies cells chemically and physically. Nucleotide-activated sialic acids commonly serve as glycosyl donors, particularly pseudaminic acid (Pse) and its stereoisomer legionaminic acid (Leg), which decorate eubacterial and archaeal surface layers or protein appendages. FlmG, a recently identified protein sialyltransferase, O-glycosylates flagellins, the subunits of the flagellar filament. We show that flagellin glycosylation and motility in Caulobacter crescentus and Brevundimonas subvibrioides is conferred by functionally insulated Pse and Leg biosynthesis pathways, respectively, and by specialized FlmG orthologs. We established a genetic glyco-profiling platform for the classification of Pse or Leg biosynthesis pathways, discovered a signature determinant of eubacterial and archaeal Leg biosynthesis, and validated it by reconstitution experiments in a heterologous host. Finally, by rewiring FlmG glycosylation using chimeras, we defined two modular determinants that govern flagellin glycosyltransferase specificity: a glycosyltransferase domain that either donates Leg or Pse and a specialized flagellin-binding domain that identifies the acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kint
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Medicine and Geneva Center for Inflammation Research (GCIR), Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenèveSwitzerland
| | - Thomas Dubois
- University of Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207‐UMET‐Unité Matériaux et TransformationsLilleFrance
| | - Patrick H Viollier
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Medicine and Geneva Center for Inflammation Research (GCIR), Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenèveSwitzerland
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LytR-CpsA-Psr Glycopolymer Transferases: Essential Bricks in Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell Wall Assembly. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020908. [PMID: 33477538 PMCID: PMC7831098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria contain a variety of glycopolymers (CWGPs), a significant proportion of which are covalently linked to the peptidoglycan (PGN) scaffolding structure. Prominent CWGPs include wall teichoic acids of Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcal capsules, mycobacterial arabinogalactan, and rhamnose-containing polysaccharides of lactic acid bacteria. CWGPs serve important roles in bacterial cellular functions, morphology, and virulence. Despite evident differences in composition, structure and underlaying biosynthesis pathways, the final ligation step of CWGPs to the PGN backbone involves a conserved class of enzymes-the LytR-CpsA-Psr (LCP) transferases. Typically, the enzymes are present in multiple copies displaying partly functional redundancy and/or preference for a distinct CWGP type. LCP enzymes require a lipid-phosphate-linked glycan precursor substrate and catalyse, with a certain degree of promiscuity, CWGP transfer to PGN of different maturation stages, according to in vitro evidence. The prototype attachment mode is that to the C6-OH of N-acetylmuramic acid residues via installation of a phosphodiester bond. In some cases, attachment proceeds to N-acetylglucosamine residues of PGN-in the case of the Streptococcus agalactiae capsule, even without involvement of a phosphate bond. A novel aspect of LCP enzymes concerns a predicted role in protein glycosylation in Actinomyces oris. Available crystal structures provide further insight into the catalytic mechanism of this biologically important class of enzymes, which are gaining attention as new targets for antibacterial drug discovery to counteract the emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria.
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5
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Niedzwiecka A, Sequeira C, Zhang P, Ling CC. An efficient and scalable synthesis of 2,4-di- N-acetyl- l-altrose ( l-2,4-Alt-diNAc). RSC Adv 2021; 11:11583-11594. [PMID: 35423663 PMCID: PMC8695972 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01070k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient and scalable synthesis of pseudaminic acid precursor l-2,4-Alt-diNAc was developed from l-fucose. The desired l-altro configuration and N-acetamido substitutions ensued from a sequence of highly regio- and stereoselective transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calgary
- Calgary
- Canada
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6
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Ahmadbeigi Y, Chirani AS, Soleimani N, Mahdavi M, Goudarzi M. Immunopotentiation of the engineered low-molecular-weight pilin targeting Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A combination of immunoinformatics investigation and active immunization. Mol Immunol 2020; 124:70-82. [PMID: 32540517 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Several vaccine candidates have been introduced for immunization against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Despite extensive efforts in recent decades, there is no accurate immunogenic candidate against this pathogen in the market yet. Due to the rapid increase in several drug-resistant strains, P. aeruginosa has caused various health concerns worldwide. It encodes many specific virulence features, which can be used as an appropriate vaccine candidate. The primary stage of the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa is the expression of many dynamic adhesive molecules, such as type IV pili (T4P), which acts as a principal colonization factor. It has been confirmed that three different subtypes of T4P, including type IVa (T4aP), type IVb (T4bP) and tight adherence (Tad) pili are expressed by P. aeruginosa. The IVa fimbriae type is almost the main cause of challenges to design an effective pili based-immunotherapy method. Nevertheless, in terms of heterogeneity, variability and hidden conserved binding site of T4aP, this attitude has been remained controversial and there is no permitted human study based on IVa pilin commercially. The engineered synthetic peptide-based vaccines are highly talented to mimic the target. In this research, for the first time, some dominant immunogenic features of the Flp protein, such as both B- and T-cell-associated epitopes, presence of IgE-associated epitopes, solvent-accessible surface area were evaluated by analytical immunoinformatics methods. In addition, we designed the engineered Flp pilin as an effective immunogenic substance against several clinically important P. aeruginosa strains. Moreover, by practical active immunization approaches, the humoral and cellular immune response against the extremely conserved region of the engineered synthetic Flp (EFlp) formulated in Montanide ISA 266 compared to the control group. The results of active immunization against EFlp significantly signified that EFlp-Montanide ISA 266 (EFLP-M) strongly could induce both humoral and cellular immune responses. We concluded that Flp pilin has therapeutic potential against numerous clinically significant P. aeruginosa strains and can be served as a novel immunogen for further investigations for development of effective immunotherapy methods against P. aeruginosa as a dexterous pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Ahmadbeigi
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Salimi Chirani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Soleimani
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Mahdavi
- Recombinant Vaccine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunotherapy Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Science (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Departments of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Harding CM, Feldman MF. Glycoengineering bioconjugate vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics in E. coli. Glycobiology 2020; 29:519-529. [PMID: 30989179 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The first, general glycosylation pathway in bacteria, the N-linked glycosylation system of Campylobacter jejuni, was discovered two decades ago. Since then, many diverse prokaryotic glycosylation systems have been characterized, including O-linked glycosylation systems that have no homologous counterparts in eukaryotic organisms. Shortly after these discoveries, glycosylation pathways were recombinantly introduced into E. coli creating the field of bacterial glycoengineering. Bacterial glycoengineering is an emerging biotechnological tool that harnesses prokaryotic glycosylation systems for the generation of recombinantly glycosylated proteins using E. coli as a host. Over the last decade, as our understanding of prokaryotic glycosylation systems has advanced, so too has the glycoengineering toolbox. Currently, glycoengineering utilizes two broad approaches to recombinantly glycosylate proteins, both of which can generate N- or O-linkages: oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase)-dependent and OTase-independent. This review discusses the applications of these bacterial glycoengineering techniques as they relate to the development of glycoconjugate vaccines, therapeutic proteins, and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario F Feldman
- VaxNewMo, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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8
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Coordination of capsule assembly and cell wall biosynthesis in Staphylococcus aureus. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1404. [PMID: 30926919 PMCID: PMC6441080 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive cell wall consists of peptidoglycan functionalized with anionic glycopolymers, such as wall teichoic acid and capsular polysaccharide (CP). How the different cell wall polymers are assembled in a coordinated fashion is not fully understood. Here, we reconstitute Staphylococcus aureus CP biosynthesis and elucidate its interplay with the cell wall biosynthetic machinery. We show that the CapAB tyrosine kinase complex controls multiple enzymatic checkpoints through reversible phosphorylation to modulate the consumption of essential precursors that are also used in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. In addition, the CapA1 activator protein interacts with and cleaves lipid-linked CP precursors, releasing the essential lipid carrier undecaprenyl-phosphate. We further provide biochemical evidence that the subsequent attachment of CP is achieved by LcpC, a member of the LytR-CpsA-Psr protein family, using the peptidoglycan precursor native lipid II as acceptor substrate. The Ser/Thr kinase PknB, which can sense cellular lipid II levels, negatively controls CP synthesis. Our work sheds light on the integration of CP biosynthesis into the multi-component Gram-positive cell wall.
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9
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Latousakis D, Juge N. How Sweet Are Our Gut Beneficial Bacteria? A Focus on Protein Glycosylation in Lactobacillus. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010136. [PMID: 29301365 PMCID: PMC5796085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is emerging as an important feature in bacteria. Protein glycosylation systems have been reported and studied in many pathogenic bacteria, revealing an important diversity of glycan structures and pathways within and between bacterial species. These systems play key roles in virulence and pathogenicity. More recently, a large number of bacterial proteins have been found to be glycosylated in gut commensal bacteria. We present an overview of bacterial protein glycosylation systems (O- and N-glycosylation) in bacteria, with a focus on glycoproteins from gut commensal bacteria, particularly Lactobacilli. These emerging studies underscore the importance of bacterial protein glycosylation in the interaction of the gut microbiota with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Latousakis
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, The Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
| | - Nathalie Juge
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, The Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
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10
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Friedrich V, Janesch B, Windwarder M, Maresch D, Braun ML, Megson ZA, Vinogradov E, Goneau MF, Sharma A, Altmann F, Messner P, Schoenhofen IC, Schäffer C. Tannerella forsythia strains display different cell-surface nonulosonic acids: biosynthetic pathway characterization and first insight into biological implications. Glycobiology 2018; 27:342-357. [PMID: 27986835 PMCID: PMC5378307 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tannerella forsythia is an anaerobic, Gram-negative periodontal pathogen. A unique O-linked oligosaccharide decorates the bacterium's cell surface proteins and was shown to modulate the host immune response. In our study, we investigated the biosynthesis of the nonulosonic acid (NulO) present at the terminal position of this glycan. A bioinformatic analysis of T. forsythia genomes revealed a gene locus for the synthesis of pseudaminic acid (Pse) in the type strain ATCC 43037 while strains FDC 92A2 and UB4 possess a locus for the synthesis of legionaminic acid (Leg) instead. In contrast to the NulO in ATCC 43037, which has been previously identified as a Pse derivative (5-N-acetimidoyl-7-N-glyceroyl-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-l-glycero-l-manno-NulO), glycan analysis of strain UB4 performed in this study indicated a 350-Da, possibly N-glycolyl Leg (3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-d-glycero-d-galacto-NulO) derivative with unknown C5,7 N-acyl moieties. We have expressed, purified and characterized enzymes of both NulO pathways to confirm these genes’ functions. Using capillary electrophoresis (CE), CE–mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy, our studies revealed that Pse biosynthesis in ATCC 43037 essentially follows the UDP-sugar route described in Helicobacter pylori, while the pathway in strain FDC 92A2 corresponds to Leg biosynthesis in Campylobacter jejuni involving GDP-sugar intermediates. To demonstrate that the NulO biosynthesis enzymes are functional in vivo, we created knockout mutants resulting in glycans lacking the respective NulO. Compared to the wild-type strains, the mutants exhibited significantly reduced biofilm formation on mucin-coated surfaces, suggestive of their involvement in host-pathogen interactions or host survival. This study contributes to understanding possible biological roles of bacterial NulOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Friedrich
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Janesch
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Windwarder
- Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias L Braun
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zoë A Megson
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, Austria
| | - Evgeny Vinogradov
- National Research Council, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marie-France Goneau
- National Research Council, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ashu Sharma
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, 311 Foster Hall, 3435 Main St. Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Messner
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ian C Schoenhofen
- National Research Council, Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Christina Schäffer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology Unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Liang Y, Guo Z, Gao L, Guo Q, Wang L, Han Y, Duan K, Shen L. The role of the temperature-regulated acyltransferase (PA3242) on growth, antibiotic resistance and virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microb Pathog 2016; 101:126-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Sugar and Spice Make Bacteria Not Nice: Protein Glycosylation and Its Influence in Pathogenesis. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:3206-3220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Allison TM, Castric P. Selective distribution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa O-antigen among strains producing group I pilin. Pathog Dis 2015; 74:ftv102. [PMID: 26527621 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that produce type IVa pili categorized as group I have the potential to covalently attach an O-antigen repeating unit to the pilin C-terminal residue. PCR, employing primers targeting a conserved region of a group-I-specific gene, was used to provide evidence that 110 of 206 clinical isolates studied had the capability of producing this type of pilus. The potential of P. aeruginosa to produce a particular O-antigen type is determined by the presence of a specific biosynthetic gene cluster. The distribution of these gene clusters among the isolates studied was determined using a second PCR procedure. The results of these studies showed that the O-antigen repeating unit types associated with group I pilin producers were significantly different from those found in the non-group I pilin strains. In addition, the predicted ability to express O-antigen repeating units composed of four sugars, and the ability of the glycan to express a negative charge were associated with group I pilin producing strains. The results presented suggest that these properties specifically enhance group I pilus function and that the commonality of pilus and O-antigen types may be useful as targets in disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M Allison
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Peter Castric
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
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14
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Kenyon JJ, Marzaioli AM, Hall RM, De Castro C. Structure of the K12 capsule containing 5,7-di-N-acetylacinetaminic acid from Acinetobacter baumannii isolate D36. Glycobiology 2015; 25:881-7. [PMID: 25926563 PMCID: PMC4487303 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The repeat unit of the K12 capsular polysaccharide isolated from the Acinetobacter baumannii global clone 1 clinical isolate, D36, was elucidated by means of chemical and spectroscopical methods. The structure was shown to contain N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (D-GalpNAc), N-acetyl-D-fucosamine and N-acetyl-L-fucosamine linked together in the main chain, with the novel sugar, 5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-L-glycero-L-altro-non-2-ulosonic acid (5,7-di-N-acetylacinetaminic acid or Aci5Ac7Ac), attached to D-GalpNAc as a side branch. This matched the sugar composition of the K12 capsule and the genetic content of the KL12 capsule gene cluster reported previously. D-FucpNAc was predicted to be the substrate for the initiating transferase, ItrB3, with the Wzy polymerase making a α-D-FucpNAc-(1 → 3)-D-GalpNAc linkage between the repeat units. The three glycosyltransferases encoded by KL12 are all retaining glycosyltransferases and were predicted to form specific linkages between the sugars in the K12 repeat unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna J Kenyon
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Alberto M Marzaioli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Napoli, Italy
| | - Ruth M Hall
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Napoli, Italy
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The sweet tooth of bacteria: common themes in bacterial glycoconjugates. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2015; 78:372-417. [PMID: 25184559 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00007-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans have been increasingly recognized as being superorganisms, living in close contact with a microbiota on all their mucosal surfaces. However, most studies on the human microbiota have focused on gaining comprehensive insights into the composition of the microbiota under different health conditions (e.g., enterotypes), while there is also a need for detailed knowledge of the different molecules that mediate interactions with the host. Glycoconjugates are an interesting class of molecules for detailed studies, as they form a strain-specific barcode on the surface of bacteria, mediating specific interactions with the host. Strikingly, most glycoconjugates are synthesized by similar biosynthesis mechanisms. Bacteria can produce their major glycoconjugates by using a sequential or an en bloc mechanism, with both mechanistic options coexisting in many species for different macromolecules. In this review, these common themes are conceptualized and illustrated for all major classes of known bacterial glycoconjugates, with a special focus on the rather recently emergent field of glycosylated proteins. We describe the biosynthesis and importance of glycoconjugates in both pathogenic and beneficial bacteria and in both Gram-positive and -negative organisms. The focus lies on microorganisms important for human physiology. In addition, the potential for a better knowledge of bacterial glycoconjugates in the emerging field of glycoengineering and other perspectives is discussed.
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Small-molecule inhibitors of the pseudaminic acid biosynthetic pathway: targeting motility as a key bacterial virulence factor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:7430-40. [PMID: 25267679 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03858-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is motile by means of polar flagella, and this motility has been shown to play a critical role in pathogenicity. The major structural flagellin proteins have been shown to be glycosylated with the nonulosonate sugar, pseudaminic acid (Pse). This glycan is unique to microorganisms, and the process of flagellin glycosylation is required for H. pylori flagellar assembly and consequent motility. As such, the Pse biosynthetic pathway offers considerable potential as an antivirulence drug target, especially since motility is required for H. pylori colonization and persistence in the host. This report describes screening the five Pse biosynthetic enzymes for small-molecule inhibitors using both high-throughput screening (HTS) and in silico (virtual screening [VS]) approaches. Using a 100,000-compound library, 1,773 hits that exhibited a 40% threshold inhibition at a 10 μM concentration were identified by HTS. In addition, VS efforts using a 1.6-million compound library directed at two pathway enzymes identified 80 hits, 4 of which exhibited reasonable inhibition at a 10 μM concentration in vitro. Further secondary screening which identified 320 unique molecular structures or validated hits was performed. Following kinetic studies and structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis of selected inhibitors from our refined list of 320 compounds, we demonstrated that three inhibitors with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of approximately 14 μM, which belonged to a distinct chemical cluster, were able to penetrate the Gram-negative cell membrane and prevent formation of flagella.
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Khatua B, Van Vleet J, Choudhury BP, Chaudhry R, Mandal C. Sialylation of outer membrane porin protein D: a mechanistic basis of antibiotic uptake in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:1412-28. [PMID: 24643970 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.030999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is an environmentally ubiquitous, extracellular, opportunistic pathogen, associated with severe infections of immune-compromised host. We demonstrated earlier the presence of both α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acids (Sias) on PA (PA(+Sias)) and normal human serum is their source of Sias. PA(+Sias) showed decreased complement deposition and exhibited enhanced association with immune-cells through sialic acid binding immunoglobulin like lectins (Siglecs). Such Sias-siglec-9 interaction between PA(+Sias) and neutrophils helped to subvert host immunity. Additionally, PA(+Sias) showed more resistant to β-lactam antibiotics as reflected in their minimum inhibitory concentration required to inhibit the growth of 50% than PA(-Sias). Accordingly, we have affinity purified sialoglycoproteins of PA(+Sias). They were electrophoresed and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis. Sequence study indicated the presence of a few α2,6-linked, α2,3-linked, and both α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialylated proteins in PA. The outer membrane porin protein D (OprD), a specialized channel-forming protein, responsible for uptake of β-lactam antibiotics, is one such identified sialoglycoprotein. Accordingly, sialylated (OprD(+Sias)) and non-sialylated (OprD(-Sias)) porin proteins were separately purified by using anion exchange chromatography. Sialylation of purified OprD(+Sias) was confirmed by several analytical and biochemical procedures. Profiling of glycan structures revealed three sialylated N-glycans and two sialylated O-glycans in OprD(+Sias). In contrast, OprD(-Sias) exhibit only one sialylated N-glycans. OprD(-Sias) interacts with β-lactam antibiotics more than OprD(+Sias) as demonstrated by surface plasmon resonance study. Lyposome-swelling assay further exhibited that antibiotics have more capability to penetrate through OprD(-Sias) purified from four clinical isolates of PA. Taken together, it may be envisaged that sialic acids on OprD protein play important role toward the uptake of commonly used antibiotics in PA(+Sias). This might be one of the new mechanisms of PA for β-lactam antibiotic uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Khatua
- From the ‡Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700 032, India
| | - Jeremy Van Vleet
- §Glycobiology Core Resources, Regents of the University of California, USCD, 9500 Gilman Drive (MC-0687), La Jolla, California, 92093-0687
| | - Biswa Pronab Choudhury
- §Glycobiology Core Resources, Regents of the University of California, USCD, 9500 Gilman Drive (MC-0687), La Jolla, California, 92093-0687
| | - Rama Chaudhry
- ¶Microbiology Department, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar East, Gautam Nagar, New Delhi, Delhi 110029
| | - Chitra Mandal
- From the ‡Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700 032, India;
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Zunk M, Kiefel MJ. The occurrence and biological significance of the α-keto-sugars pseudaminic acid and legionaminic acid within pathogenic bacteria. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra44924f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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19
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Abstract
Type IV pili (T4P) are multifunctional protein fibers produced on the surfaces of a wide variety of bacteria and archaea. The major subunit of T4P is the type IV pilin, and structurally related proteins are found as components of the type II secretion (T2S) system, where they are called pseudopilins; of DNA uptake/competence systems in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive species; and of flagella, pili, and sugar-binding systems in the archaea. This broad distribution of a single protein family implies both a common evolutionary origin and a highly adaptable functional plan. The type IV pilin is a remarkably versatile architectural module that has been adopted widely for a variety of functions, including motility, attachment to chemically diverse surfaces, electrical conductance, acquisition of DNA, and secretion of a broad range of structurally distinct protein substrates. In this review, we consider recent advances in this research area, from structural revelations to insights into diversity, posttranslational modifications, regulation, and function.
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Iwashkiw JA, Vozza NF, Kinsella RL, Feldman MF. Pour some sugar on it: the expanding world of bacterial proteinO-linked glycosylation. Mol Microbiol 2013; 89:14-28. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A. Iwashkiw
- Alberta Glycomics Centre; Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; CW405 Biological Sciences Building; Edmonton; Alberta; Canada; T6G 2E9
| | - Nicolas F. Vozza
- Alberta Glycomics Centre; Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; CW405 Biological Sciences Building; Edmonton; Alberta; Canada; T6G 2E9
| | - Rachel L. Kinsella
- Alberta Glycomics Centre; Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; CW405 Biological Sciences Building; Edmonton; Alberta; Canada; T6G 2E9
| | - Mario F. Feldman
- Alberta Glycomics Centre; Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; CW405 Biological Sciences Building; Edmonton; Alberta; Canada; T6G 2E9
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21
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Outer cell surface components essential for Fe(III) oxide reduction by Geobacter metallireducens. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012. [PMID: 23183974 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02954-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Geobacter species are important Fe(III) reducers in a diversity of soils and sediments. Mechanisms for Fe(III) oxide reduction have been studied in detail in Geobacter sulfurreducens, but a number of the most thoroughly studied outer surface components of G. sulfurreducens, particularly c-type cytochromes, are not well conserved among Geobacter species. In order to identify cellular components potentially important for Fe(III) oxide reduction in Geobacter metallireducens, gene transcript abundance was compared in cells grown on Fe(III) oxide or soluble Fe(III) citrate with whole-genome microarrays. Outer-surface cytochromes were also identified. Deletion of genes for c-type cytochromes that had higher transcript abundance during growth on Fe(III) oxides and/or were detected in the outer-surface protein fraction identified six c-type cytochrome genes, that when deleted removed the capacity for Fe(III) oxide reduction. Several of the c-type cytochromes which were essential for Fe(III) oxide reduction in G. metallireducens have homologs in G. sulfurreducens that are not important for Fe(III) oxide reduction. Other genes essential for Fe(III) oxide reduction included a gene predicted to encode an NHL (Ncl-1-HT2A-Lin-41) repeat-containing protein and a gene potentially involved in pili glycosylation. Genes associated with flagellum-based motility, chemotaxis, and pili had higher transcript abundance during growth on Fe(III) oxide, consistent with the previously proposed importance of these components in Fe(III) oxide reduction. These results demonstrate that there are similarities in extracellular electron transfer between G. metallireducens and G. sulfurreducens but the outer-surface c-type cytochromes involved in Fe(III) oxide reduction are different.
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N-glycosylation of Haloferax volcanii flagellins requires known Agl proteins and is essential for biosynthesis of stable flagella. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:4876-87. [PMID: 22730124 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00731-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
N-glycosylation, a posttranslational modification required for the accurate folding and stability of many proteins, has been observed in organisms of all domains of life. Although the haloarchaeal S-layer glycoprotein was the first prokaryotic glycoprotein identified, little is known about the glycosylation of other haloarchaeal proteins. We demonstrate here that the glycosylation of Haloferax volcanii flagellins requires archaeal glycosylation (Agl) components involved in S-layer glycosylation and that the deletion of any Hfx. volcanii agl gene impairs its swimming motility to various extents. A comparison of proteins in CsCl density gradient centrifugation fractions from supernatants of wild-type Hfx. volcanii and deletion mutants lacking the oligosaccharyltransferase AglB suggests that when the Agl glycosylation pathway is disrupted, cells lack stable flagella, which purification studies indicate consist of a major flagellin, FlgA1, and a minor flagellin, FlgA2. Mass spectrometric analyses of FlgA1 confirm that its three predicted N-glycosylation sites are modified with covalently linked pentasaccharides having the same mass as that modifying its S-layer glycoprotein. Finally, the replacement of any of three predicted N-glycosylated asparagines of FlgA1 renders cells nonmotile, providing direct evidence for the first time that the N-glycosylation of archaeal flagellins is critical for motility. These results provide insight into the role that glycosylation plays in the assembly and function of Hfx. volcanii flagella and demonstrate that Hfx. volcanii flagellins are excellent reporter proteins for the study of haloarchaeal glycosylation processes.
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Qutyan M, Henkel M, Horzempa J, Quinn M, Castric P. Glycosylation of pilin and nonpilin protein constructs by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1244. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:5972-81. [PMID: 20833803 PMCID: PMC2976441 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00007-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PilO is an oligosaccharyl transferase (OTase) that catalyzes the O-glycosylation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1244 pilin by adding a single O-antigen repeating unit to the β carbon of the C-terminal residue (a serine). While PilO has an absolute requirement for Ser/Thr at this position, it is unclear if this enzyme must recognize other pilin features. To test this, pilin constructs containing peptide extensions terminating with serine were tested for the ability to support glycosylation. It was found that a 15-residue peptide, which had been modeled on the C-proximal region of strain 1244 pilin, served as a PilO substrate when it was expressed on either group II or group III pilins. In addition, adding a 3-residue extension culminating in serine to the C terminus of a group III pilin supported PilO activity. A protein fusion composed of strain 1244 pilin linked at its C terminus with Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase (which, in turn, contained the above-mentioned 15 amino acids at its C terminus) was glycosylated by PilO. E. coli alkaline phosphatase lacking the pilin membrane anchor and containing the 15-residue peptide was also glycosylated by PilO. Addition of the 3-residue extension did not allow glycosylation of either of these constructs. Site-directed mutagenesis of strain 1244 pilin residues of the C-proximal region common to the group I proteins showed that this structure was not required for glycosylation. These experiments indicate that pilin common sequence is not required for glycosylation and show that nonpilin protein can be engineered to be a PilO substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Qutyan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282
| | - Matthew Henkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282
| | - Joseph Horzempa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282
| | - Michael Quinn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282
| | - Peter Castric
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282
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Bosch A, Prieto C, Serra DO, Martina P, Stämmbler M, Naumann D, Schmitt J, Yantorno O. Type-IV pili spectroscopic markers: applications in the quantification of piliation levels in Moraxella bovis cells by a FT-IR ANN-based model. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2010; 3:522-533. [PMID: 20422659 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Type-IV pili are cell surface organelles found in a wide variety of Gram-negative bacteria. They have traditionally been detected by electron microscopy and ELISA techniques. However, these methodologies are not appropriate for the rapid discrimination and quantification of piliated and nonpiliated cells in industrial or field conditions. Here, the analysis of FT-IR spectra of piliated, nonpiliated and sheared Moraxella bovis cells, together with purified pili suspensions spectra, allowed the identification of 3 IR regions associated to spectroscopic markers of Type-IV pili: 1750-1600, 1450-1350 and 1280-950 cm(-1). Such IR-specific markers were found for piliated cells grown in different culture systems (liquid or solid media), independently of the strain or pili serotype. They were also sensitive to pili expression levels. Therefore, on the bases of these specific spectral features, an FT-IR ANN-based model was developed to classify piliation levels in 5 distinct groups. An overall classification rate of almost 90% demonstrates the strong potential of the ANN system developed to monitor M. bovis cultures in vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Bosch
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales CINDEFI, UNLP, CONICET La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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25
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Glycosylation of the collagen adhesin EmaA of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is dependent upon the lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic pathway. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:1395-404. [PMID: 20061477 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01453-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human oropharyngeal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans synthesizes multiple adhesins, including the nonfimbrial extracellular matrix protein adhesin A (EmaA). EmaA monomers trimerize to form antennae-like structures on the surface of the bacterium, which are required for collagen binding. Two forms of the protein have been identified, which are suggested to be linked with the type of O-polysaccharide (O-PS) of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesized (G. Tang et al., Microbiology 153:2447-2457, 2007). This association was investigated by generating individual mutants for a rhamnose sugar biosynthetic enzyme (rmlC; TDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-d-glucose 3,5-epimerase), the ATP binding cassette (ABC) sugar transport protein (wzt), and the O-antigen ligase (waaL). All three mutants produced reduced amounts of O-PS, and the EmaA monomers in these mutants displayed a change in their electrophoretic mobility and aggregation state, as observed in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels. The modification of EmaA with O-PS sugars was suggested by lectin blots, using the fucose-specific Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA). Fucose is one of the glycan components of serotype b O-PS. The rmlC mutant strain expressing the modified EmaA protein demonstrated reduced collagen adhesion using an in vitro rabbit heart valve model, suggesting a role for the glycoconjugant in collagen binding. These data provide experimental evidence for the glycosylation of an oligomeric, coiled-coil adhesin and for the dependence of the posttranslational modification of EmaA on the LPS biosynthetic machinery in A. actinomycetemcomitans.
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26
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Feldman MF. Industrial exploitation by genetic engineering of bacterial glycosylation systems. MICROBIAL GLYCOBIOLOGY 2010:903-914. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374546-0.00046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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27
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Jamasbi RJ, Taylor NM. Correlation Between the Lipopolysaccharide Expression and Adhesiveness of Clinical Isolates ofPseudomonas aeruginosa. Lab Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1309/lm2uywsobdjwhysu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Immunization with a Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1244 pilin provides O-antigen-specific protection. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:590-7. [PMID: 18272666 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00476-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The O antigen is both a major structural outer membrane component and the dominant epitope of most gram-negative bacteria. Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1244 produces a type IV pilus and covalently links an O-antigen repeating unit to each pilin monomer. Here we show that immunization of mice with pure pilin from strain 1244 by use of either the mouse respiratory model or the thermal injury model resulted in protection from challenge with a pilus-null O-antigen-producing 1244 mutant. These results provide evidence that the pilin glycan stimulates a protective response that targets the O antigen, suggesting that this system could be used as the basis for the development of a variety of bioconjugate vaccines protective against gram-negative bacteria.
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29
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Vaccines and immunotherapy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Vaccine 2008; 26:1011-24. [PMID: 18242792 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Qutyan M, Paliotti M, Castric P. PilO of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1244: subcellular location and domain assignment. Mol Microbiol 2007; 66:1444-58. [PMID: 18005110 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.06001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PilO of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1244 catalyses the attachment of an O-antigen repeating unit to the beta-carbon of the pilin C-terminal residue, a serine. The present study was conducted to locate the regions of this enzyme important in catalysis and to establish the cellular location of the pilin glycosylation reaction. While PilO was not detectable in extracts of P. aeruginosa or Escherichia coli, even under conditions of overexpression, it was found that an intact MalE-PilO fusion protein was produced in significant amounts. This fusion complemented a P. aeruginosa 1244 mutant containing a pilO deletion and targeted to the cytoplasmic membrane of E. coli. Wzy and WaaL, enzymes that also utilize the O-antigen repeating unit as substrate, were found to share a sequence pattern with PilO even though these proteins have little overall sequence similarity. PilO constructs in which portions of this common sequence were deleted or altered by site-directed mutagenesis lacked pilin glycosylating activity. Deletions of segments downstream from the common region also prevented enzyme activity. Topology studies showed that the two PilO regions associated with enzyme activity were located in the periplasm. These results establish regions of this enzyme important for catalysis and present evidence that pilin glycosylation occurs in the periplasmic space of this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Qutyan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
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31
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Choudhury B, Carlson RW, Goldberg JB. Characterization of the lipopolysaccharide from a wbjE mutant of the serogroup O11 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain, PA103. Carbohydr Res 2007; 343:238-48. [PMID: 18039536 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of a wbjE mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA103, a serogroup O11 strain consists of both high and low molecular weight (HMW and LMW) LPSs. The HMW LPS consisted exclusively of rhamnan A-band LPS and no B-band LPS was detected in the wbjE mutant. Interestingly, the LMW LPS from the wbjE mutant showed that it contained a variety of oligosaccharides, each with two or three phosphate groups present as mono- or pyrophosphates. These oligosaccharides consisted of the complete core octasaccharide. The GalN residue was present as an N-acetylated residue in all of these oligosaccharides except the tetrasaccharide in which it is present as an N-alanylated residue. None of these oligosaccharides contained either a d- or l-FucpNAc residue. These results are discussed with regard to the role of wbjE in the biosynthesis of P. aeruginosa PA103 B-band LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswa Choudhury
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
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Faridmoayer A, Fentabil MA, Mills DC, Klassen JS, Feldman MF. Functional characterization of bacterial oligosaccharyltransferases involved in O-linked protein glycosylation. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:8088-98. [PMID: 17890310 PMCID: PMC2168655 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01318-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is an important posttranslational modification that occurs in all domains of life. Pilins, the structural components of type IV pili, are O glycosylated in Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and some strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this work, we characterized the P. aeruginosa 1244 and N. meningitidis MC58 O glycosylation systems in Escherichia coli. In both cases, sugars are transferred en bloc by an oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) named PglL in N. meningitidis and PilO in P. aeruginosa. We show that, like PilO, PglL has relaxed glycan specificity. Both OTases are sufficient for glycosylation, but they require translocation of the undecaprenol-pyrophosphate-linked oligosaccharide substrates into the periplasm for activity. Whereas PilO activity is restricted to short oligosaccharides, PglL is able to transfer diverse oligo- and polysaccharides. This functional characterization supports the concept that despite their low sequence similarity, PilO and PglL belong to a new family of "O-OTases" that transfer oligosaccharides from lipid carriers to hydroxylated amino acids in proteins. To date, such activity has not been identified for eukaryotes. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing recombinant O glycoproteins synthesized in E. coli.
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Aas FE, Vik Å, Vedde J, Koomey M, Egge-Jacobsen W. Neisseria gonorrhoeae O-linked pilin glycosylation: functional analyses define both the biosynthetic pathway and glycan structure. Mol Microbiol 2007; 65:607-24. [PMID: 17608667 PMCID: PMC1976384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05806.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae expresses an O-linked protein glycosylation pathway that targets PilE, the major pilin subunit protein of the Type IV pilus colonization factor. Efforts to define glycan structure and thus the functions of pilin glycosylation (Pgl) components at the molecular level have been hindered by the lack of sensitive methodologies. Here, we utilized a 'top-down' mass spectrometric approach to characterize glycan status using intact pilin protein from isogenic mutants. These structural data enabled us to directly infer the function of six components required for pilin glycosylation and to define the glycan repertoire of strain N400. Additionally, we found that the N. gonorrhoeae pilin glycan is O-acetylated, and identified an enzyme essential for this unique modification. We also identified the N. gonorrhoeae pilin oligosaccharyltransferase using bioinformatics and confirmed its role in pilin glycosylation by directed mutagenesis. Finally, we examined the effects of expressing the PglA glycosyltransferase from the Campylobacter jejuni N-linked glycosylation system that adds N-acetylgalactosamine onto undecaprenylpyrophosphate-linked bacillosamine. The results indicate that the C. jejuni and N. gonorrhoeae pathways can interact in the synthesis of O-linked di- and trisaccharides, and therefore provide the first experimental evidence that biosynthesis of the N. gonorrhoeae pilin glycan involves a lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor. Together, these findings underpin more detailed studies of pilin glycosylation biology in both N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis, and demonstrate how components of bacterial O- and N-linked pathways can be combined in novel glycoengineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn Erik Aas
- Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience0316 Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Molecular Biosciences0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Åshild Vik
- Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience0316 Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Molecular Biosciences0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - John Vedde
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Michael Koomey
- Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience0316 Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Molecular Biosciences0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Wolfgang Egge-Jacobsen
- Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience0316 Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Molecular Biosciences0316 Oslo, Norway.
- For correspondence. E-mail ; Tel. (+47) 228557295; Fax (+47) 22857207
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