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Goh KGK, Desai D, Thapa R, Prince D, Acharya D, Sullivan MJ, Ulett GC. An opportunistic pathogen under stress: how Group B Streptococcus responds to cytotoxic reactive species and conditions of metal ion imbalance to survive. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2024; 48:fuae009. [PMID: 38678005 PMCID: PMC11098048 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS; also known as Streptococcus agalactiae) is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that causes sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia, and skin and soft tissue infections in neonates and healthy or immunocompromised adults. GBS is well-adapted to survive in humans due to a plethora of virulence mechanisms that afford responses to support bacterial survival in dynamic host environments. These mechanisms and responses include counteraction of cell death from exposure to excess metal ions that can cause mismetallation and cytotoxicity, and strategies to combat molecules such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that are generated as part of innate host defence. Cytotoxicity from reactive molecules can stem from damage to proteins, DNA, and membrane lipids, potentially leading to bacterial cell death inside phagocytic cells or within extracellular spaces within the host. Deciphering the ways in which GBS responds to the stress of cytotoxic reactive molecules within the host will benefit the development of novel therapeutic and preventative strategies to manage the burden of GBS disease. This review summarizes knowledge of GBS carriage in humans and the mechanisms used by the bacteria to circumvent killing by these important elements of host immune defence: oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, and stress from metal ion intoxication/mismetallation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin G K Goh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Devika Desai
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Ruby Thapa
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Darren Prince
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Dhruba Acharya
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sullivan
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
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2
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Sullivan MJ, Terán I, Goh KG, Ulett GC. Resisting death by metal: metabolism and Cu/Zn homeostasis in bacteria. Emerg Top Life Sci 2024; 8:45-56. [PMID: 38362914 PMCID: PMC10903455 DOI: 10.1042/etls20230115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Metal ions such as zinc and copper play important roles in host-microbe interactions and their availability can drastically affect the survival of pathogenic bacteria in a host niche. Mechanisms of metal homeostasis protect bacteria from starvation, or intoxication, defined as when metals are limiting, or in excess, respectively. In this mini-review, we summarise current knowledge on the mechanisms of resistance to metal stress in bacteria, focussing specifically on the homeostasis of cellular copper and zinc. This includes a summary of the factors that subvert metal stress in bacteria, which are independent of metal efflux systems, and commentary on the role of small molecules and metabolic systems as important mediators of metal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Sullivan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Ignacio Terán
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Kelvin G.K. Goh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Glen C. Ulett
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
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Hong Y, Mackenzie ES, Firth SJ, Bolton JRF, Stewart LJ, Waldron KJ, Djoko KY. Mis-regulation of Zn and Mn homeostasis is a key phenotype of Cu stress in Streptococcus pyogenes. Metallomics 2023; 15:mfad064. [PMID: 37849243 PMCID: PMC10644519 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfad064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
All bacteria possess homeostastic mechanisms that control the availability of micronutrient metals within the cell. Cross-talks between different metal homeostasis pathways within the same bacterial organism have been reported widely. In addition, there have been previous suggestions that some metal uptake transporters can promote adventitious uptake of the wrong metal. This work describes the cross-talk between Cu and the Zn and Mn homeostasis pathways in Group A Streptococcus (GAS). Using a ∆copA mutant strain that lacks the primary Cu efflux pump and thus traps excess Cu in the cytoplasm, we show that growth in the presence of supplemental Cu promotes downregulation of genes that contribute to Zn or Mn uptake. This effect is not associated with changes in cellular Zn or Mn levels. Co-supplementation of the culture medium with Zn or, to a lesser extent, Mn alleviates key Cu stress phenotypes, namely bacterial growth and secretion of the fermentation end-product lactate. However, neither co-supplemental Zn nor Mn influences cellular Cu levels or Cu availability in Cu-stressed cells. In addition, we provide evidence that the Zn or Mn uptake transporters in GAS do not promote Cu uptake. Together, the results from this study strengthen and extend our previous proposal that mis-regulation of Zn and Mn homeostasis is a key phenotype of Cu stress in GAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- YoungJin Hong
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Eilidh S Mackenzie
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Samantha J Firth
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Jack R F Bolton
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Louisa J Stewart
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Kevin J Waldron
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Previous affiliation: Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Karrera Y Djoko
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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Korir ML, Doster RS, Lu J, Guevara MA, Spicer SK, Moore RE, Francis JD, Rogers LM, Haley KP, Blackman A, Noble KN, Eastman AJ, Williams JA, Damo SM, Boyd KL, Townsend SD, Henrique Serezani C, Aronoff DM, Manning SD, Gaddy JA. Streptococcus agalactiae cadD alleviates metal stress and promotes intracellular survival in macrophages and ascending infection during pregnancy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5392. [PMID: 36104331 PMCID: PMC9474517 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32916-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Perinatal infection with Streptococcus agalactiae, or Group B Streptococcus (GBS), is associated with preterm birth, neonatal sepsis, and stillbirth. Here, we study the interactions of GBS with macrophages, essential sentinel immune cells that defend the gravid reproductive tract. Transcriptional analyses of GBS-macrophage co-cultures reveal enhanced expression of a gene encoding a putative metal resistance determinant, cadD. Deletion of cadD reduces GBS survival in macrophages, metal efflux, and resistance to metal toxicity. In a mouse model of ascending infection during pregnancy, the ΔcadD strain displays attenuated bacterial burden, inflammation, and cytokine production in gestational tissues. Furthermore, depletion of host macrophages alters cytokine expression and decreases GBS invasion in a cadD-dependent fashion. Our results indicate that GBS cadD plays an important role in metal detoxification, which promotes immune evasion and bacterial proliferation in the pregnant host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Korir
- Michigan State University, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Aurora University, Department of Biology, Aurora, IL, USA
| | - Ryan S Doster
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jacky Lu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Miriam A Guevara
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sabrina K Spicer
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rebecca E Moore
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jamisha D Francis
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lisa M Rogers
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kathryn P Haley
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Amondrea Blackman
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kristen N Noble
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alison J Eastman
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Janice A Williams
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Steven M Damo
- Department of Life and Physical Sciences, Fisk University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kelli L Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - C Henrique Serezani
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David M Aronoff
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shannon D Manning
- Michigan State University, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Jennifer A Gaddy
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Center for Medicine, Health, and Society, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare Systems, Nashville, TN, USA.
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5
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Akbari MS, Doran KS, Burcham LR. Metal Homeostasis in Pathogenic Streptococci. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081501. [PMID: 35893559 PMCID: PMC9331361 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus spp. are an important genus of Gram-positive bacteria, many of which are opportunistic pathogens that are capable of causing invasive disease in a wide range of populations. Metals, especially transition metal ions, are an essential nutrient for all organisms. Therefore, to survive across dynamic host environments, Streptococci have evolved complex systems to withstand metal stress and maintain metal homeostasis, especially during colonization and infection. There are many different types of transport systems that are used by bacteria to import or export metals that can be highly specific or promiscuous. Focusing on the most well studied transition metals of zinc, manganese, iron, nickel, and copper, this review aims to summarize the current knowledge of metal homeostasis in pathogenic Streptococci, and their role in virulence.
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Regulatory cross-talk supports resistance to Zn intoxication in Streptococcus. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010607. [PMID: 35862444 PMCID: PMC9345489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metals such as copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) are important trace elements that can affect bacterial cell physiology but can also intoxicate bacteria at high concentrations. Discrete genetic systems for management of Cu and Zn efflux have been described in several bacterial pathogens, including streptococci. However, insight into molecular cross-talk between systems for Cu and Zn management in bacteria that drive metal detoxification, is limited. Here, we describe a biologically consequential cross-system effect of metal management in group B Streptococcus (GBS) governed by the Cu-responsive copY regulator in response to Zn. RNAseq analysis of wild-type (WT) and copY-deficient GBS subjected to metal stress revealed unique transcriptional links between the systems for Cu and Zn detoxification. We show that the Cu-sensing role of CopY extends beyond Cu and enables CopY to regulate Cu and Zn stress responses that effect changes in gene function for central cellular processes, including riboflavin synthesis. CopY also supported GBS intracellular survival in human macrophages and virulence during disseminated infection in mice. In addition, we show a novel role for CovR in modulating GBS resistance to Zn intoxication. Identification of the Zn resistome of GBS using TraDIS revealed a suite of genes essential for GBS growth in metal stress. Several of the genes identified are novel to systems that support bacterial survival in metal stress and represent a diverse set of mechanisms that underpin microbial metal homeostasis during cell stress. Overall, this study reveals a new and important mechanism of cross-system complexity driven by CopY in bacteria to regulate cellular management of metal stress and survival. Metals, such as Cu and Zn, can be used by the mammalian immune system to target bacterial pathogens for destruction, and consequently, bacteria have evolved discrete genetic systems to enable subversion of this host antimicrobial response. Systems for Cu and Zn homeostasis are well characterized, including transcriptional control elements that sense and respond to metal stress. Here, we discover novel features of metal response systems in Streptococcus, which have broad implications for bacterial pathogenesis and virulence. We show that Streptococcus resists Zn intoxication by utilizing a bona fide Cu regulator, CopY, to manage cellular metal homeostasis, and enable the bacteria to survive stressful conditions. We identify several new genes that confer resistance to Zn intoxication in Streptococcus, including some that have hitherto not been linked to metal ion homeostasis in any bacterial pathogen. Identification of a novel cross-system metal management mechanism exploited by Streptococcus to co-ordinate and achieve metal resistance enhances our understanding of metal ion homeostasis in bacteria and its effect on pathogenesis.
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7
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Lo KH, Lu CW, Liu FG, Kao CM, Chen SC. Draft genome sequence of Pseudomonas sp. A46 isolated from mercury-contaminated wastewater. J Basic Microbiol 2022; 62:1193-1201. [PMID: 35849092 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas sp. A46 was first isolated from mercury-contaminated groundwater in Taiwan. This study is the first to report the draft whole-genome sequence of Pseudomonas sp. A46. Its genome consists of 126 contigs, with a total length of 6,782,516 bp and a GC content of 64.7%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16 S rRNA gene sequences revealed that Pseudomonas sp. A46 is closely related to Pseudomonas citronellolis. Assessment of the draft genome sequence revealed that Pseudomonas sp. A46 harbors sets of genes conferring resistance to heavy metals, such as mercury, zinc, lead, copper, cadmium, chromate, and arsenate. These identified genes enable this bacterium to tolerate heavy metal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hung Lo
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Che-Wei Lu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Guo Liu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ming Kao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ssu Ching Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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8
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Luo Y, Chen L, Lu Z, Zhang W, Liu W, Chen Y, Wang X, Du W, Luo J, Wu H. Genome sequencing of biocontrol strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Bam1 and further analysis of its heavy metal resistance mechanism. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:74. [PMID: 38647608 PMCID: PMC10991351 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) or Biocontrol strains inevitably encounter heavy metal excess stress during the product's processing and application. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Bam1 was a potential biocontrol strain with strong heavy metal resistant ability. To understand its heavy metal resistance mechanism, the complete genome of Bam1 had been sequenced, and the comparative genomic analysis of Bam1 and FZB42, an industrialized PGPR and biocontrol strain with relatively lower heavy metal tolerance, was conducted. The comparative genomic analysis of Bam1 and the other nine B. amyloliquefaciens strains as well as one Bacillus velezensis (genetically and physiologically very close to B. amyloliquefaciens) was also performed. Our results showed that the complete genome size of Bam1 was 3.95 Mb, 4219 coding sequences were predicted, and it possessed the highest number of unique genes among the eleven analyzed strains. Nine genes related to heavy metal resistance were detected within the twelve DNA islands of Bam1, while only two of them were detected within the seventeen DNA islands of FZB42. When compared with B. amyloliquefaciens type strain DSM7, Bam1 lacked contig L, whereas FZB42 lacked contig D and I, as well as just possessed contig B with a very small size. Our results could also deduce that Bam1 promoted its essential heavy metal resistance mainly by decreasing the import and increasing the export of heavy metals with the corresponding homeostasis systems, which are regulated by different metalloregulators. While Bam1 promoted its non-essential heavy metal resistance mainly by the activation of some specific or non-specific exporters responding to different heavy metals. The variation of the genes related to heavy metal resistance and the other differences of the genomes, including the different number and arrangement of contigs, as well as the number of the heavy metal resistant genes in Prophages and Genomic islands, led to the significant different resistance of Bam1 and FZB42 to heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchan Luo
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Plant Quarantine, Shanghai Extension and Service Center of Agriculture Technology, Shanghai, 201103, China
| | - Zhibo Lu
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Weijian Zhang
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wentong Liu
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yuwei Chen
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xinran Wang
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wei Du
- Agricultural Technology Extension Station of Ningxia, 2, West Shanghai Road, Yinchuan, 750001, China
| | - Jinyan Luo
- Department of Plant Quarantine, Shanghai Extension and Service Center of Agriculture Technology, Shanghai, 201103, China.
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Engineering of China National Light Industry Council, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Genomic Analyses Identify Manganese Homeostasis as a Driver of Group B Streptococcal Vaginal Colonization. mBio 2022; 13:e0098522. [PMID: 35658538 PMCID: PMC9239048 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00985-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is associated with severe infections in utero and in newborn populations, including pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis. GBS vaginal colonization of the pregnant mother is an important prerequisite for transmission to the newborn and the development of neonatal invasive disease; however, our understanding of the factors required for GBS persistence and ascension in the female reproductive tract (FRT) remains limited. Here, we utilized a GBS mariner transposon (Krmit) mutant library previously developed by our group and identified underrepresented mutations in 535 genes that contribute to survival within the vaginal lumen and colonization of vaginal, cervical, and uterine tissues. From these mutants, we identified 47 genes that were underrepresented in all samples collected, including mtsA, a component of the mtsABC locus, encoding a putative manganese (Mn2+)-dependent ATP-binding cassette transporter. RNA sequencing analysis of GBS recovered from the vaginal tract also revealed a robust increase of mtsA expression during vaginal colonization. We engineered an ΔmtsA mutant strain and found by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry that it exhibited decreased concentrations of intracellular Mn2+, confirming its involvement in Mn2+ acquisition. The ΔmtsA mutant was significantly more susceptible to the metal chelator calprotectin and to oxidative stressors, including both H2O2 and paraquat, than wild-type (WT) GBS. We further observed that the ΔmtsA mutant strain exhibited a significant fitness defect in comparison to WT GBS in vivo by using a murine model of vaginal colonization. Taken together, these data suggest that Mn2+ homeostasis is an important process contributing to GBS survival in the FRT.
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10
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The Copper Resistome of Group B Streptococcus Reveals Insight into the Genetic Basis of Cellular Survival during Metal Ion Stress. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0006822. [PMID: 35404113 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00068-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In bacteria, copper (Cu) can support metabolic processes as an enzymatic cofactor but can also cause cell damage if present in excess, leading to intoxication. In group B Streptococcus (GBS), a system for control of Cu efflux based on the prototypical cop operon supports survival during Cu stress. In some other bacteria, genetic systems additional to the cop operon are engaged during Cu stress and also contribute to the management of cellular Cu homeostasis. Here, we examined genetic systems beyond the cop operon in GBS for regions that contribute to survival of GBS in Cu stress using a forward genetic screen and probe of the entire bacterial genome. A high-density mutant library, generated using pGh9-ISS1, was used to expose GBS to Cu stress and compare it to nonexposed controls en masse. Eight genes were identified as essential for GBS survival in Cu stress, whereas five genes constrained GBS growth in Cu stress. The genes encode varied factors including enzymes for metabolism, cell wall synthesis, transporters, and cell signaling factors. Targeted mutation of the genes validated their roles in GBS resistance to Cu stress. Excepting copA, the genes identified are new to the area of bacterial metal ion intoxication. We conclude that a discrete and limited suite of genes beyond the cop operon in GBS contributes to a repertoire of mechanisms used to survive Cu stress in vitro and achieve cellular homeostasis. IMPORTANCE Genetic systems for copper (Cu) homeostasis in bacteria, including streptococci, are vital to survive metal ion stress. Genetic systems that underpin survival of GBS during Cu stress, beyond the archetypal cop operon for Cu management, are undefined. We show that Streptococcus resists Cu intoxication by utilizing a discrete and limited suite of genes beyond the cop operon, including several genes that are new to the area of bacterial cell metal ion homeostasis. The Cu resistome of GBS defined here enhances our understanding of metal ion homeostasis in GBS.
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11
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Cho H, Masters T, Greenwood‐Quaintance KE, Johnson S, Jeraldo PR, Chia N, Pu M, Abdel MP, Patel R. Transcriptomic analysis of Streptococcus agalactiae periprosthetic joint infection. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1256. [PMID: 34964296 PMCID: PMC8678771 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Streptococcus agalactiae periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is not as prevalent as staphylococcal PJI, invasive S. agalactiae infection is not uncommon. Here, RNA-seq was used to perform transcriptomic analysis of S. agalactiae PJI using fluid derived from sonication of explanted arthroplasties of subjects with S. agalactiae PJI, with results compared to those of S. agalactiae strain NEM316 grown in vitro. A total of 227 genes with outlier expression were found (164 upregulated and 63 downregulated) between PJI sonicate fluid and in vitro conditions. Functional enrichment analysis showed genes involved in mobilome and inorganic ion transport and metabolism to be most enriched. Genes involved in nickel, copper, and zinc transport, were upregulated. Among known virulence factors, cyl operon genes, encoding β-hemolysin/cytolysin, were consistently highly expressed in PJI versus in vitro. The data presented provide insight into S. agalactiae PJI pathogenesis and may be a resource for identification of novel PJI therapeutics or vaccines against invasive S. agalactiae infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye‐Kyung Cho
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Thao Masters
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | | | - Stephen Johnson
- Department of Health Sciences ResearchMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Patricio R. Jeraldo
- Center for Individualized MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Department of SurgeryMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Nicholas Chia
- Center for Individualized MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Department of SurgeryMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Meng Pu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Matthew P. Abdel
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Robin Patel
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
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