1
|
Goh KGK, Desai D, Thapa R, Prince D, Acharya D, Sullivan MJ, Ulett GC. An opportunistic pathogen under stress: how group B streptococcus responds to cytotoxic reactive species and conditions of metal ion imbalance to survive. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2024:fuae009. [PMID: 38678005 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS; also known as Streptococcus agalactiae) is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that causes sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia and skin and soft tissue infections in neonates and healthy or immunocompromised adults. GBS is well-adapted to survive in humans due to a plethora of virulence mechanisms that afford responses to support bacterial survival in dynamic host environments. These mechanisms and responses include counteraction of cell death from exposure to excess metal ions that can cause mismetallation and cytotoxicity, and strategies to combat molecules such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that are generated as part of innate host defence. Cytotoxicity from reactive molecules can stem from damage to proteins, DNA, and membrane lipids, potentially leading to bacterial cell death inside phagocytic cells or within extracellular spaces within the host. Deciphering the ways in which GBS responds to the stress of cytotoxic reactive molecules within the host will benefit the development of novel therapeutic and preventative strategies to manage the burden of GBS disease. This review summarises knowledge of GBS carriage in humans and the mechanisms used by the bacteria to circumvent killing by these important elements of host immune defence: oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, and stress from metal ion intoxication/mismetallation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin G K Goh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD, Australia 4222
| | - Devika Desai
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD, Australia 4222
| | - Ruby Thapa
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD, Australia 4222
| | - Darren Prince
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD, Australia 4222
| | - Dhruba Acharya
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD, Australia 4222
| | - Matthew J Sullivan
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD, Australia 4222
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD, Australia 4222
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thapa R, Goh KGK, Desai D, Copeman E, Acharya D, Sullivan MJ, Ulett GC. Alterations in cell arrangements of group B streptococcus due to virulence factor expression can bias estimates of bacterial populations based on colony count measures. Microbiology (Reading) 2024; 170. [PMID: 38656296 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a chain-forming commensal bacterium and opportunistic pathogen that resides in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract of healthy adults. GBS can cause various infections and related complications in pregnant and nonpregnant women, adults, and newborns. Investigations of the mechanisms by which GBS causes disease pathogenesis often utilize colony count assays to estimate bacterial population size in experimental models. In other streptococci, such as group A streptococcus and pneumococcus, variation in the chain length of the bacteria that can occur naturally or due to mutation can affect facets of pathogenesis, such as adherence to or colonization of a host. No studies have reported a relationship between GBS chain length and pathogenicity. Here, we used GBS strain 874391 and several derivative strains displaying longer chain-forming phenotypes (874391pgapC, 874391ΔcovR, 874391Δstp1) to assess the impact of chain length on bacterial population estimates based on the colony-forming unit (c.f.u.) assay. Disruption of GBS chains via bead beating or sonication in conjunction with fluorescence microscopy was used to compare chaining phenotypes pre- and post-disruption to detect long- and short-chain forms, respectively. We used a murine model of GBS colonization of the female reproductive tract to assess whether chaining may affect bacterial colonization dynamics in the host during chronic infection in vivo. Overall, we found that GBS exhibiting long-chain form can significantly affect population size estimates based on the colony count assay. Additionally, we found that the length of chaining of GBS can affect virulence in the reproductive tract colonization model. Collectively, these findings have implications for studies of GBS that utilize colony count assays to measure GBS populations and establish that chain length can affect infection dynamics and disease pathogenesis for this important opportunistic pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Thapa
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Kelvin G K Goh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Devika Desai
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Ellen Copeman
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Dhruba Acharya
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sullivan
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sullivan MJ, Terán I, Goh KG, Ulett GC. Resisting death by metal: metabolism and Cu/Zn homeostasis in bacteria. Emerg Top Life Sci 2024; 8:45-56. [PMID: 38362914 PMCID: PMC10903455 DOI: 10.1042/etls20230115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Metal ions such as zinc and copper play important roles in host-microbe interactions and their availability can drastically affect the survival of pathogenic bacteria in a host niche. Mechanisms of metal homeostasis protect bacteria from starvation, or intoxication, defined as when metals are limiting, or in excess, respectively. In this mini-review, we summarise current knowledge on the mechanisms of resistance to metal stress in bacteria, focussing specifically on the homeostasis of cellular copper and zinc. This includes a summary of the factors that subvert metal stress in bacteria, which are independent of metal efflux systems, and commentary on the role of small molecules and metabolic systems as important mediators of metal resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Sullivan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Ignacio Terán
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Kelvin G.K. Goh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Glen C. Ulett
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nhu NTK, Rahman MA, Goh KGK, Kim SJ, Phan MD, Peters KM, Alvarez-Fraga L, Hancock SJ, Ravi C, Kidd TJ, Sullivan MJ, Irvine KM, Beatson SA, Sweet MJ, Irwin AD, Vukovic J, Ulett GC, Hasnain SZ, Schembri MA. A convergent evolutionary pathway attenuating cellulose production drives enhanced virulence of some bacteria. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1441. [PMID: 38383596 PMCID: PMC10881479 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteria adapt to selective pressure in their immediate environment in multiple ways. One mechanism involves the acquisition of independent mutations that disable or modify a key pathway, providing a signature of adaptation via convergent evolution. Extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) belonging to sequence type 95 (ST95) represent a global clone frequently associated with severe human infections including acute pyelonephritis, sepsis, and neonatal meningitis. Here, we analysed a publicly available dataset of 613 ST95 genomes and identified a series of loss-of-function mutations that disrupt cellulose production or its modification in 55.3% of strains. We show the inability to produce cellulose significantly enhances ST95 invasive infection in a rat model of neonatal meningitis, leading to the disruption of intestinal barrier integrity in newborn pups and enhanced dissemination to the liver, spleen and brain. Consistent with these observations, disruption of cellulose production in ST95 augmented innate immune signalling and tissue neutrophil infiltration in a mouse model of urinary tract infection. Mutations that disrupt cellulose production were also identified in other virulent ExPEC STs, Shigella and Salmonella, suggesting a correlative association with many Enterobacteriaceae that cause severe human infection. Together, our findings provide an explanation for the emergence of hypervirulent Enterobacteriaceae clones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Khanh Nhu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M Arifur Rahman
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Immunopathology Group, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | - Kelvin G K Goh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Seung Jae Kim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Minh-Duy Phan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kate M Peters
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Laura Alvarez-Fraga
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- INRAE, Univ Montpellier, LBE, 102 Avenue des Etangs, Narbonne, 11100, France
| | - Steven J Hancock
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Chitra Ravi
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Timothy J Kidd
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Central Microbiology, Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sullivan
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Katharine M Irvine
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Immunopathology Group, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Scott A Beatson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Adam D Irwin
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jana Vukovic
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.
| | - Sumaira Z Hasnain
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Immunopathology Group, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Mark A Schembri
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ozberk V, Zaman M, Lepletier A, Eskandari S, Kaden J, Mills JL, Calcutt A, Dooley J, Huo Y, Langshaw EL, Ulett GC, Batzloff MR, Good MF, Pandey M. A Glycolipidated-liposomal peptide vaccine confers long-term mucosal protection against Streptococcus pyogenes via IL-17, macrophages and neutrophils. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5963. [PMID: 37749129 PMCID: PMC10520070 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41410-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosally active subunit vaccines are an unmet clinical need due to lack of licensed immunostimulants suitable for vaccine antigens. Here, we show that intranasal administration of liposomes incorporating: the Streptococcus pyogenes peptide antigen, J8; diphtheria toxoid as a source of T cell help; and the immunostimulatory glycolipid, 3D(6-acyl) PHAD (PHAD), is able to induce long-lived humoral and cellular immunity. Mice genetically deficient in either mucosal antibodies or total antibodies are protected against S. pyogenes respiratory tract infection. Utilizing IL-17-deficient mice or depleting cellular subsets using antibodies, shows that the cellular responses encompassing, CD4+ T cells, IL-17, macrophages and neutrophils have important functions in vaccine-mediated mucosal immunity. Overall, these data demonstrate the utility of a mucosal vaccine platform to deliver multi-pronged protective responses against a highly virulent pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Ozberk
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Mehfuz Zaman
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Ailin Lepletier
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Sharareh Eskandari
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Jacqualine Kaden
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Jamie-Lee Mills
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Ainslie Calcutt
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Jessica Dooley
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Yongbao Huo
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Emma L Langshaw
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Michael R Batzloff
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael F Good
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
| | - Manisha Pandey
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Varghese BR, Goh KGK, Desai D, Acharya D, Chee C, Sullivan MJ, Ulett GC. Variable resistance to zinc intoxication among Streptococcus agalactiae reveals a novel IS1381 insertion element within the zinc efflux transporter gene czcD. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1174695. [PMID: 37304277 PMCID: PMC10251203 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1174695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as group B Streptococcus, is an important human and animal pathogen. Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element for normal bacterial physiology but intoxicates bacteria at high concentrations. Molecular systems for Zn detoxification exist in S. agalactiae, however the degree to which Zn detoxification may vary among different S. agalactiae isolates is not clear. We measured resistance to Zn intoxication in a diverse collection of clinical isolates of S. agalactiae by comparing the growth of the bacteria in defined conditions of Zn stress. We found significant differences in the ability of different S. agalactiae isolates to resist Zn intoxication; some strains such as S. agalactiae 18RS21 were able to survive and grow at 3.8-fold higher levels of Zn stress compared to other reference strains such as BM110 (6.4mM vs 1.68mM Zn as inhibitory, respectively). We performed in silico analysis of the available genomes of the S. agalactiae isolates used in this study to examine the sequence of czcD, which encodes an efflux protein for Zn that supports resistance in S. agalactiae. Interestingly, this revealed the presence of a mobile insertion sequence (IS) element, termed IS1381, in the 5' region of czcD in S. agalactiae strain 834, which was hyper-resistant to Zn intoxication. Interrogating a wider collection of S. agalactiae genomes revealed identical placement of IS1381 in czcD in other isolates from the clonal-complex-19 (CC19) 19 lineage. Collectively, these results show a resistance spectrum among S. agalactiae isolates enables survival in varying degrees of Zn stress, and this phenotypic variability has implications for understanding bacterial survival in metal stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Varghese
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Kelvin G. K. Goh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Devika Desai
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Dhruba Acharya
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Collin Chee
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Sullivan
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Glen C. Ulett
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chacko A, Delbaz A, Choudhury IN, Eindorf T, Shah M, Godfrey C, Sullivan MJ, St John JA, Ulett GC, Ekberg JAK. Streptococcus agalactiae Infects Glial Cells and Invades the Central Nervous System via the Olfactory and Trigeminal Nerves. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:793416. [PMID: 35281448 PMCID: PMC8907725 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.793416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae causes neonatal meningitis and can also infect the adult central nervous system (CNS). S. agalactiae can cross the blood-brain barrier but may also reach the CNS via other paths. Several species of bacteria can directly invade the CNS via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves, which extend between the nasal cavity and brain and injury to the nasal epithelium can increase the risk/severity of infection. Preterm birth is associated with increased risk of S. agalactiae infection and with nasogastric tube feeding. The tubes, also used in adults, can cause nasal injuries and may be contaminated with bacteria, including S. agalactiae. We here investigated whether S. agalactiae could invade the CNS after intranasal inoculation in mice. S. agalactiae rapidly infected the olfactory nerve and brain. Methimazole-mediated model of nasal epithelial injury led to increased bacterial load in these tissues, as well as trigeminal nerve infection. S. agalactiae infected and survived intracellularly in cultured olfactory/trigeminal nerve- and brain-derived glia, resulting in cytokine production, with some differences between glial types. Furthermore, a non-capsulated S. agalactiae was used to understand the role of capsule on glial cells interaction. Interestingly, we found that the S. agalactiae capsule significantly altered cytokine and chemokine responses and affected intracellular survival in trigeminal glia. In summary, this study shows that S. agalactiae can infect the CNS via the nose-to-brain path with increased load after epithelial injury, and that the bacteria can survive in glia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anu Chacko
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Ali Delbaz
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Indra N. Choudhury
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Tanja Eindorf
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Megha Shah
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Christopher Godfrey
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Sullivan
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - James A. St John
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Glen C. Ulett
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Jenny A. K. Ekberg
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Jenny A. K. Ekberg,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sullivan MJ, Goh KGK, Thapa R, Chattopadhyay D, Ipe DS, Duell BL, Katupitiya L, Gosling D, Acharya D, Ulett GC. Streptococcus agalactiae glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) elicits multiple cytokines from human cells and has a minor effect on bacterial persistence in the murine female reproductive tract. Virulence 2021; 12:3015-3027. [PMID: 34643172 PMCID: PMC8667900 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1989252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), encoded by gapC, is a glycolytic enzyme that is associated with virulence and immune-mediated protection. However, the role of GAPDH in cellular cytokine responses to S. agalactiae, bacterial phagocytosis and colonization of the female reproductive tract, a central host niche, is unknown. We expressed and studied purified recombinant GAPDH (rGAPDH) of S. agalactiae in cytokine elicitation assays with human monocyte-derived macrophage, epithelial cell, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) co-culture infection models. We also generated a S. agalactiae mutant that over-expresses GAPDH (oeGAPDH) from gapC using a constitutively active promoter, and analysed the mutant in murine macrophage antibiotic protection assays and in virulence assays in vivo, using a colonization model that is based on experimental infection of the reproductive tract in female mice. Human cell co-cultures produced interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-10 within 24 h of exposure to rGAPDH. PMNs were required for several of these cytokine responses. However, over-expression of GAPDH in S. agalactiae did not significantly affect measures of phagocytic uptake compared to an empty vector control. In contrast, oeGAPDH-S. agalactiae showed a small but statistically significant attenuation for persistence in the reproductive tract of female mice during the chronic phase of infection (10-28 days post-inoculation), relative to the vector control. We conclude that S. agalactiae GAPDH elicits production of multiple cytokines from human cells, and over-expression of GAPDH renders the bacterium more susceptible to host clearance in the female reproductive tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Sullivan
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 4222.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 4222
| | - Kelvin G K Goh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 4222.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 4222
| | - Ruby Thapa
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 4222
| | | | - Deepak S Ipe
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 4222.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 4222
| | - Benjamin L Duell
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 4222
| | - Lahiru Katupitiya
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 4222
| | - Dean Gosling
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 4222
| | - Dhruba Acharya
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 4222.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 4222
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 4222.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 4222.,Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Desai D, Goh KGK, Sullivan MJ, Chattopadhyay D, Ulett GC. Hemolytic activity and biofilm-formation among clinical isolates of group B streptococcus causing acute urinary tract infection and asymptomatic bacteriuria. Int J Med Microbiol 2021; 311:151520. [PMID: 34273854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as group B Streptococcus, is an aetiological agent of urinary tract infection (UTI) in adults, including cystitis, pyelonephritis and asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU). Whereas ABU-causing S. agalactiae (ABSA) have been shown to grow and achieve higher culture denstity in human urine compared to uropathogenic S. agalactiae (UPSA) other phenotypic distinctions between S. agalactiae isolated from different forms of UTI are not known. Here, we define the hemolytic activities and biofilm-formation of a collection of clinical isolates of UPSA, ABSA and recurrent S. agalactiae bacteriuria (rSAB) strains to explore these phenotypes in the context of clinical history of isolates. A total of 61 UPSA, 184 ABSA, and 47 rSAB isolates were analyzed for relative hemolytic activity by spot assay on blood agar, which was validated using a erythrocyte lysis suspension assay. Biofilm formation was determined by microtiter plate assay with Lysogeny and Todd-Hewitt broths supplemented with 1% glucose to induce biofilm formation. We also used multiplex PCR to analyze isolates for the presence of genes encoding adhesive pili, which contribute to biofilm formation. Comparing the hemolytic activities of 292 isolates showed, surprisingly, that ABSA strains were significantly more likely to be highly hemolytic compared to other strains. In contrast, there were no differences between the relative abilities of strains from the different clinical history groups to form biofilms. Taken together, these findings demonstrate a propensity of S. agalactiae causing ABU to be highly hemolytic but no link between clinical history of UTI strains and ability to form biofilm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devika Desai
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Australia
| | - Kelvin G K Goh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands, 4222, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sullivan
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands, 4222, Australia
| | - Debasish Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, 35294, AL, United States
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands, 4222, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, 35294, AL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schormann N, Campos J, Motamed R, Hayden KL, Gould JR, Green TJ, Senkovich O, Banerjee S, Ulett GC, Chattopadhyay D. Chlamydia trachomatis glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase: Enzyme kinetics, high-resolution crystal structure, and plasminogen binding. Protein Sci 2020; 29:2446-2458. [PMID: 33058314 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is an evolutionarily conserved essential enzyme in the glycolytic pathway. GAPDH is also involved in a wide spectrum of non-catalytic cellular 'moonlighting' functions. Bacterial surface-associated GAPDHs engage in many host interactions that aid in colonization, pathogenesis, and virulence. We have structurally and functionally characterized the recombinant GAPDH of the obligate intracellular bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis, the leading cause of sexually transmitted bacterial and ocular infections. Contrary to earlier speculations, recent data confirm the presence of glucose-catabolizing enzymes including GAPDH in both stages of the biphasic life cycle of the bacterium. The high-resolution crystal structure described here provides a close-up view of the enzyme's active site and surface topology and reveals two chemically modified cysteine residues. Moreover, we show for the first time that purified C. trachomatis GAPDH binds to human plasminogen and plasmin. Based on the versatility of GAPDH's functions, data presented here emphasize the need for investigating the Chlamydiae GAPDH's involvement in biological functions beyond energy metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Schormann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Juan Campos
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Rachael Motamed
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Katherine L Hayden
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Joseph R Gould
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Todd J Green
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Olga Senkovich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Surajit Banerjee
- Northeastern Collaborative Access Team and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Argonne, Illinois, USA
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chamoun MN, Sullivan MJ, Goh KGK, Acharya D, Ipe DS, Katupitiya L, Gosling D, Peters KM, Sweet MJ, Sester DP, Schembri MA, Ulett GC. Restriction of chronic Escherichia coli urinary tract infection depends upon T cell-derived interleukin-17, a deficiency of which predisposes to flagella-driven bacterial persistence. FASEB J 2020; 34:14572-14587. [PMID: 32901999 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000760r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTI) frequently progress to chronicity in infected individuals but the mechanisms of pathogenesis underlying chronic UTI are not well understood. We examined the role of interleukin (IL)-17A in UTI because this cytokine promotes innate defense against uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Analysis of UPEC persistence and pyelonephritis in mice deficient in IL-17A revealed that UPEC CFT073 caused infection at a rate higher than the multidrug resistant strain EC958. Il17a-/- mice exhibited pyelonephritis with kidney bacterial burdens higher than those of wild-type (WT) mice. Synthesis of IL-17A in the bladder reflected a combination of γδ-T and TH 17 cell responses. Analysis of circulating inflammatory mediators at 24h postinoculation identified predictors of progression to chronicity, including IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Histological analysis identified infiltrating populations of neutrophils, NK cells, and γδ T cells in the bladder, whereas neutrophils predominated in the kidney. Analysis of the contribution of flagella to chronicity using hyper-flagellated and fliC-deficient UPEC in WT and Il17a-/- mice revealed that, in a host that is deficient for the production of IL-17A, flagella contribute to bacterial persistence. These findings show a role for IL-17A in defense against chronic UTI and a contribution of flagella to the pathogenesis of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N Chamoun
- School of Medical Sciences, And Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sullivan
- School of Medical Sciences, And Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands, QLD, Australia
| | - Kelvin G K Goh
- School of Medical Sciences, And Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands, QLD, Australia
| | - Dhruba Acharya
- School of Medical Sciences, And Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands, QLD, Australia
| | - Deepak S Ipe
- School of Medical Sciences, And Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands, QLD, Australia
| | - Lahiru Katupitiya
- School of Medical Sciences, And Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands, QLD, Australia
| | - Dean Gosling
- School of Medical Sciences, And Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands, QLD, Australia
| | - Kate M Peters
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David P Sester
- TRI Flow Cytometry Suite (TRI.fcs), Translational Research Institute, Wooloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark A Schembri
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Medical Sciences, And Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sullivan MJ, Ulett GC. Evaluation of hematogenous spread and ascending infection in the pathogenesis of acute pyelonephritis due to group B streptococcus in mice. Microb Pathog 2019; 138:103796. [PMID: 31614193 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Group B streptococcus (GBS) causes pyelonephritis in adults but the mechanisms of infection by which GBS infects the kidneys in vivo are unknown. We investigated GBS infection of the kidneys in mice following experimental challenge via the hematogenous route (transient bacteremia model) or transurethral route (bladder infection and cystitis model). Adult female mice were examined for bacterial dissemination to the kidneys and other organ systems at 24-72 h and tissue samples were assessed for histopathological changes. Comparisons included analysis of different challenge inoculum doses ranging between 107-109 CFU and investigation of several GBS serotypes, including representative strains of serotype V (NEM316), III (BM110, 874391) and Ia (807). Mice with transient, low-level GBS bacteremia routinely developed acute pyelonephritis secondary to high-level kidney infection; infection progressed with high GBS burdens that were sustained in the tissue for days in contrast to bacterial clearance in other organs, including spleen, liver and heart. The histopathological changes of acute pyelonephritis due to GBS were characterized using hematoxylin and eosin, and stains for bacteria, neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells and T lymphocytes; this revealed recruitment of a mixed inflammatory cell population that infiltrated the renal medulla of infected mice in focal areas of discrete micro-abscesses. In contrast, bladder infection leading to cystitis in mice did not result in ascending spread of GBS to the kidneys. We conclude that transient bacteremia, rather than preceding infection of the lower urinary tract, is the predominant condition that leads to GBS kidney infection and subsequent development of acute pyelonephritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Sullivan
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, QLD, Australia
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, QLD, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Paxman JJ, Lo AW, Sullivan MJ, Panjikar S, Kuiper M, Whitten AE, Wang G, Luan CH, Moriel DG, Tan L, Peters KM, Phan MD, Gee CL, Ulett GC, Schembri MA, Heras B. Unique structural features of a bacterial autotransporter adhesin suggest mechanisms for interaction with host macromolecules. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1967. [PMID: 31036849 PMCID: PMC6488583 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotransporters are the largest family of outer membrane and secreted proteins in Gram-negative bacteria. Most autotransporters are localised to the bacterial surface where they promote colonisation of host epithelial surfaces. Here we present the crystal structure of UpaB, an autotransporter that is known to contribute to uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) colonisation of the urinary tract. We provide evidence that UpaB can interact with glycosaminoglycans and host fibronectin. Unique modifications to its core β-helical structure create a groove on one side of the protein for interaction with glycosaminoglycans, while the opposite face can bind fibronectin. Our findings reveal far greater diversity in the autotransporter β-helix than previously thought, and suggest that this domain can interact with host macromolecules. The relevance of these interactions during infection remains unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Paxman
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086, VIC, Australia
| | - Alvin W Lo
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sullivan
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, QLD, Australia
| | - Santosh Panjikar
- Macromolecular Crystallography, Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, 3168, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Kuiper
- Molecular & Materials Modelling group Data61, CSIRO, Docklands, Melbourne, 8012, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew E Whitten
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, 2234, NSW, Australia
| | - Geqing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086, VIC, Australia
| | - Chi-Hao Luan
- High Throughput Analysis Laboratory and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60208, IL, USA
| | - Danilo G Moriel
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Lendl Tan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Kate M Peters
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Minh-Duy Phan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Christine L Gee
- Macromolecular Crystallography, Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, 3168, VIC, Australia
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark A Schembri
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia.
| | - Begoña Heras
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 3086, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Acharya D, Sullivan MJ, Duell BL, Eveno T, Schembri MA, Ulett GC. Physical Extraction and Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography for Purifying Flagella Filament From Uropathogenic Escherichia coli for Immune Assay. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:118. [PMID: 31069177 PMCID: PMC6491459 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Flagella are expressed on the surface of a wide range of bacteria, conferring motility and contributing to virulence and innate immune stimulation. Host-pathogen interaction studies of the roles of flagella in infection, including due to uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), have used various methods to purify and examine the biology of the major flagella subunit protein, FliC. These studies have offered insight into the ways in which flagella proteins interact with host cells. However, previous methods used to extract and purify FliC, such as mechanical shearing, ultracentrifugation, heterologous expression in laboratory E. coli strains, and precipitation-inducing chemical treatments have various limitations; as a result, there are few observations based on highly purified, non-denatured FliC in the literature. This is especially relevant to host-pathogen interaction studies such as immune assays that are designed to parallel, as closely as possible, naturally-occurring interactions between host cells and flagella. In this study, we sought to establish a new, carefully optimized method to extract and purify non-denatured, native FliC from the reference UPEC strain CFT073 to be suitable for immune assays. To achieve purification of FliC to homogeneity, we used a mutant CFT073 strain containing deletions in four major chaperone-usher fimbriae operons (type 1, F1C and two P fimbrial gene clusters; CFT073Δ4). A sequential flagella extraction method based on mechanical shearing, ultracentrifugation, size exclusion chromatography, protein concentration and endotoxin removal was applied to CFT073Δ4. Protein purity and integrity was assessed using SDS-PAGE, Western blots with anti-flagellin antisera, and native-PAGE. We also generated a fliC-deficient strain, CFT073Δ4ΔfliC, to enable the concurrent preparation of a suitable carrier control to be applied in downstream assays. Innate immune stimulation was examined by exposing J774A.1 macrophages to 0.05-1 μg of purified FliC for 5 h; the supernatants were analyzed for cytokines known to be induced by flagella, including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12; the results were assessed in the context of prior literature. Macrophage responses to purified FliC encompassed significant levels of several cytokines consistent with prior literature reports. The purification method described here establishes a new approach to examine highly purified FliC in the context of host-pathogen interaction model systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhruba Acharya
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sullivan
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Duell
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Tanguy Eveno
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark A Schembri
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Murthy AMV, Sullivan MJ, Nhu NTK, Lo AW, Phan MD, Peters KM, Boucher D, Schroder K, Beatson SA, Ulett GC, Schembri MA, Sweet MJ. Variation in hemolysin A expression between uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates determines NLRP3-dependent vs. -independent macrophage cell death and host colonization. FASEB J 2019; 33:7437-7450. [PMID: 30869997 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802100r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the major cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs). The multidrug-resistant E. coli sequence type 131 (ST131) clone is a serious threat to human health, yet its effects on immune responses are not well understood. Here we screened a panel of ST131 isolates, finding that only strains expressing the toxin hemolysin A (HlyA) killed primary human macrophages and triggered maturation of the inflammasome-dependent cytokine IL-1β. Using a representative strain, the requirement for the hlyA gene in these responses was confirmed. We also observed considerable heterogeneity in levels of cell death initiated by different HlyA+ve ST131 isolates, and this correlated with secreted HlyA levels. Investigation into the biological significance of this variation revealed that an ST131 strain producing low levels of HlyA initiated cell death that was partly dependent on the nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, with this response being associated with a host-protective role in a mouse UTI model. When the same ST131 strain was engineered to overexpress high HlyA levels, macrophage cell death occurred even when NLRP3 function was abrogated, and bladder colonization was significantly increased. Thus, variation in HlyA expression in UPEC affects mechanisms by which macrophages die, as well as host susceptibility vs. resistance to colonization.-Murthy, A. M. V., Sullivan, M. J., Nhu, N. T. K., Lo, A. W., Phan, M.-D., Peters, K. M., Boucher, D., Schroder, K., Beatson, S. A., Ulett, G. C., Schembri, M. A., Sweet, M. J. Variation in hemolysin A expression between uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates determines NLRP3-dependent vs. -independent macrophage cell death and host colonization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ambika M V Murthy
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sullivan
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Nguyen Thi Khanh Nhu
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alvin W Lo
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Minh-Duy Phan
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kate M Peters
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dave Boucher
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kate Schroder
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Scott A Beatson
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Mark A Schembri
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
M V Murthy A, Phan MD, Peters KM, Nhu NTK, Welch RA, Ulett GC, Schembri MA, Sweet MJ. Regulation of hemolysin in uropathogenic Escherichia coli fine-tunes killing of human macrophages. Virulence 2018; 9:967-980. [PMID: 29683762 PMCID: PMC5989160 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1465786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) causes the majority of urinary tract infections (UTIs), which are a major global public health concern. UPEC uses numerous mechanisms to subvert the innate immune system, including targeting macrophage functions. We recently showed that some UPEC strains rapidly kill human macrophages via an NLRP3-independent pathway, and also trigger NLRP3-dependent IL-1β processing. In this study, we used random transposon mutagenesis in the reference strain CFT073 to identify UPEC genes that mediate human macrophage cell death. Our approach revealed that the hemolysin A (HlyA) toxin is essential for triggering both cell death and NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β release in human macrophages. Random transposon mutagenesis also identified the cof gene, which encodes a poorly characterized phosphatase, as a novel hemolysin regulator; a CFT073 mutant deleted for the cof gene secreted significantly reduced levels of HlyA, had diminished hemolytic activity, and was impaired in its capacity to trigger human macrophage cell death and IL-1β release. Together, our findings reveal that Cof fine-tunes production of hemolysin, an important determinant of both UPEC-mediated inflammasome activation and human macrophage cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ambika M V Murthy
- a Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland , QLD , Australia
| | - Minh-Duy Phan
- b School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland , QLD , Australia
| | - Kate M Peters
- b School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland , QLD , Australia
| | - Nguyen Thi Khanh Nhu
- b School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland , QLD , Australia
| | - Rodney A Welch
- c Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Glen C Ulett
- d School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University , QLD , Australia
| | - Mark A Schembri
- b School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland , QLD , Australia
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- a Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland , QLD , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chamoun MN, Sullivan MJ, Ulett GC. Quantification of bacteriuria caused by Hemolysin-positive Escherichia coli in human and mouse urine using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) targeting hlyD. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 152:173-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
18
|
Abstract
Results from microbiome studies on oral cancer have been inconsistent, probably because they focused on compositional analysis, which does not account for functional redundancy among oral bacteria. Based on functional prediction, a recent study revealed enrichment of inflammatory bacterial attributes in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Given the high relevance of this finding to carcinogenesis, we aimed here to corroborate them in a case-control study involving 25 OSCC cases and 27 fibroepithelial polyp (FEP) controls from Sri Lanka. DNA extracted from fresh biopsies was sequenced for the V1 to V3 region with Illumina's 2 × 300-bp chemistry. High-quality nonchimeric merged reads were classified to the species level with a prioritized BLASTN-based algorithm. Downstream compositional analysis was performed with QIIME (Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology) and linear discriminant analysis effect size, while PICRUSt (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States) was utilized for bacteriome functional prediction. The OSCC tissues tended to have lower species richness and diversity. Genera Capnocytophaga, Pseudomonas, and Atopobium were overrepresented in OSCC, while Lautropia, Staphylococcus, and Propionibacterium were the most abundant in FEP. At the species level, Campylobacter concisus, Prevotella salivae, Prevotella loeschii, and Fusobacterium oral taxon 204 were enriched in OSCC, while Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oral taxon 070, Lautropia mirabilis, and Rothia dentocariosa among others were more abundant in FEP. Functionally, proinflammatory bacterial attributes, including lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and peptidases, were enriched in the OSCC tissues. Thus, while the results in terms of species composition significantly differed from the original study, they were consistent at the functional level, substantiating evidence for the inflammatory nature of the bacteriome associated with OSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Perera
- 1 School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - N N Al-Hebshi
- 3 Maurice H. Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - I Perera
- 4 Preventive Oral Health Unit, The National Dental Hospital (Teaching), Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - D Ipe
- 1 School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.,5 School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - G C Ulett
- 2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.,5 School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - D J Speicher
- 2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.,6 Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,7 Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - T Chen
- 8 Department of Microbiology, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - N W Johnson
- 1 School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.,9 Dental Institute, King's College London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chamoun MN, Blumenthal A, Sullivan MJ, Schembri MA, Ulett GC. Bacterial pathogenesis and interleukin-17: interconnecting mechanisms of immune regulation, host genetics, and microbial virulence that influence severity of infection. Crit Rev Microbiol 2018; 44:465-486. [PMID: 29345518 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1426556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the control of many different disorders, including autoimmune, oncogenic, and diverse infectious diseases. In the context of infectious diseases, IL-17 protects the host against various classes of microorganisms but, intriguingly, can also exacerbate the severity of some infections. The regulation of IL-17 expression stems, in part, from the activity of Interleukin-23 (IL-23), which drives the maturation of different classes of IL-17-producing cells that can alter the course of infection. In this review, we analyze IL-17/IL-23 signalling in bacterial infection, and examine the interconnecting mechanisms that link immune regulation, host genetics, and microbial virulence in the context of bacterial pathogenesis. We consider the roles of IL-17 in both acute and chronic bacterial infections, with a focus on mouse models of human bacterial disease that involve infection of mucosal surfaces in the lungs, urogenital, and gastrointestinal tracts. Polymorphisms in IL-17-encoding genes in humans, which have been associated with heightened host susceptibility to some bacterial pathogens, are discussed. Finally, we examine the implications of IL-17 biology in infectious diseases for the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeted at preventing bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N Chamoun
- a School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Southport , Australia
| | - Antje Blumenthal
- b The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Matthew J Sullivan
- a School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Southport , Australia
| | - Mark A Schembri
- c School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Glen C Ulett
- a School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Southport , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Perera M, Al-Hebshi NN, Perera I, Ipe D, Ulett GC, Speicher DJ, Chen T, Johnson NW. A dysbiotic mycobiome dominated by Candida albicans is identified within oral squamous-cell carcinomas. J Oral Microbiol 2017; 9:1385369. [PMID: 29152157 PMCID: PMC5678454 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2017.1385369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the mycobiome associated with oral squamous-cell carcinoma (OSCC). DNA was extracted from 52 tissue biopsies (cases: 25 OSCC; controls: 27 intra-oral fibro-epithelial polyps [FEP]) and sequenced for the fungal internal transcribed spacer 2 region using Illumina™ 2 x300bp chemistry. Merged reads were classified to species level using a BLASTN-algorithm with UNITE's named species sequences as reference. Downstream analyses were performed using QIIME™ and linear discriminant analysis effect size. A total of 364 species representing 160 genera and two phyla (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) were identified, with Candida and Malassezia making up 48% and 11% of the average mycobiome, respectively. However, only five species and four genera were detected in ≥50% of the samples. The species richness and diversity were significantly lower in OSCC. Genera Candida, Hannaella, and Gibberella were overrepresented in OSCC; Alternaria and Trametes were more abundant in FEP. Species-wise, Candida albicans, Candida etchellsii, and a Hannaella luteola-like species were enriched in OSCC, while aHanseniaspora uvarum-like species, Malassezia restricta, and Aspergillus tamarii were the most significantly abundant in FEP. In conclusion, a dysbiotic mycobiome dominated by C. albicans was found in association with OSCC, a finding worth further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manosha Perera
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Irosha Perera
- Preventive Oral Health Unit, The National Dental Hospital (Teaching), Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Deepak Ipe
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland;Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland;Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - David J Speicher
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland;Griffith University, Nathan, Australia.,Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Tsute Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, USA
| | - Newell W Johnson
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland;Griffith University, Nathan, Australia.,Dental Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sullivan MJ, Leclercq SY, Ipe DS, Carey AJ, Smith JP, Voller N, Cripps AW, Ulett GC. Effect of the Streptococcus agalactiae Virulence Regulator CovR on the Pathogenesis of Urinary Tract Infection. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:475-483. [PMID: 28011914 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus agalactiae can cause urinary tract infection (UTI). The role of the S. agalactiae global virulence regulator, CovR, in UTI pathogenesis is unknown. Methods We used murine and human bladder uroepithelial cell models of UTI and S. agalactiae mutants in covR and related factors, including β-hemolysin/cytolysin (β-h/c), surface-anchored adhesin HvgA, and capsule to study the role of CovR in UTI. Results We found that covR-deficient serotype III S. agalactiae 874391 was significantly attenuated for colonization in mice and adhesion to uroepithelial cells. Mice infected with covR-deficient S. agalactiae produced less proinflammatory cytokines than those infected with wild-type 874391. Acute cytotoxicity in uroepithelial cells triggered by covR-deficient but not wild-type 874391 was associated with significant caspase 3 activation. Mechanistically, covR mutation significantly altered the expression of several genes in S. agalactiae 874391 that encode key virulence factors, including β-h/c and HvgA, but not capsule. Subsequent mutational analyses revealed that HvgA and capsule, but not the β-h/c, exerted significant effects on colonization of the murine urinary tract in vivo. Conclusions S. agalactiae CovR promotes bladder infection and inflammation, as well as adhesion to and viability of uroepithelial cells. The pathogenesis of S. agalactiae UTI is complex, multifactorial, and influenced by virulence effects of CovR, HvgA, and capsule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Sullivan
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Sophie Y Leclercq
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Deepak S Ipe
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Alison J Carey
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Joshua P Smith
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Nathan Voller
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, United Kingdom
| | - Allan W Cripps
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sullivan MJ, Carey AJ, Leclercq SY, Tan CK, Ulett GC. Increased Age, but Not Parity Predisposes to Higher Bacteriuria Burdens Due to Streptococcus Urinary Tract Infection and Influences Bladder Cytokine Responses, Which Develop Independent of Tissue Bacterial Loads. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167732. [PMID: 27936166 PMCID: PMC5147962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae causes urinary tract infection (UTI) in pregnant adults, non-pregnant adults, immune-compromised individuals and the elderly. The pathogenesis of S. agalactiae UTI in distinct patient populations is poorly understood. In this study, we used murine models of UTI incorporating young mice, aged and dam mice to show that uropathogenic S. agalactiae causes bacteriuria at significantly higher levels in aged mice compared to young mice and this occurs coincident with equivalent levels of bladder tissue colonisation at 24 h post-infection (p.i.). In addition, aged mice exhibited significantly higher bacteriuria burdens at 48 h compared to young mice, confirming a divergent pattern of bacterial colonization in the urinary tract of aged and young mice. Multiparous mice, in contrast, exhibited significantly lower urinary titres of S. agalactiae compared to age-matched nulliparous mice suggesting that parity enhances the ability of the host to control S. agalactiae bacteriuria. Additionally, we show that both age and parity alter the expression levels of several key regulatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are known to be important the immune response to UTI, including Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-12(p40), and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1). Finally, we demonstrate that other cytokines, including IL-17 are induced significantly in the S. agalactiae-infected bladder regardless of age and parity status. Collectively, these findings show that the host environment plays an important role in influencing the severity of S. agalactiae UTI; infection dynamics, particularly in the context of bacteriuria, depend on age and parity, which also affect the nature of innate immune responses to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Sullivan
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alison J. Carey
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sophie Y. Leclercq
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation (Funed), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Chee K. Tan
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glen C. Ulett
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Schormann N, Ayres CA, Fry A, Green TJ, Banerjee S, Ulett GC, Chattopadhyay D. Crystal Structures of Group B Streptococcus Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase: Apo-Form, Binary and Ternary Complexes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165917. [PMID: 27875551 PMCID: PMC5119734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase or GAPDH is an evolutionarily conserved glycolytic enzyme. It catalyzes the two step oxidative phosphorylation of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate using inorganic phosphate and NAD+ as cofactor. GAPDH of Group B Streptococcus is a major virulence factor and a potential vaccine candidate. Moreover, since GAPDH activity is essential for bacterial growth it may serve as a possible drug target. Crystal structures of Group B Streptococcus GAPDH in the apo-form, two different binary complexes and the ternary complex are described here. The two binary complexes contained NAD+ bound to 2 (mixed-holo) or 4 (holo) subunits of the tetrameric protein. The structure of the mixed-holo complex reveals the effects of NAD+ binding on the conformation of the protein. In the ternary complex, the phosphate group of the substrate was bound to the new Pi site in all four subunits. Comparison with the structure of human GAPDH showed several differences near the adenosyl binding pocket in Group B Streptococcus GAPDH. The structures also reveal at least three surface-exposed areas that differ in amino acid sequence compared to the corresponding areas of human GAPDH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Schormann
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States of America
| | - Chapelle A. Ayres
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Fry
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States of America
| | - Todd J. Green
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States of America
| | - Surajit Banerjee
- North-Eastern Collaborative Access Team and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States of America
| | - Glen C. Ulett
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands 4222, Australia
| | - Debasish Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shepherd M, Achard MES, Idris A, Totsika M, Phan MD, Peters KM, Sarkar S, Ribeiro CA, Holyoake LV, Ladakis D, Ulett GC, Sweet MJ, Poole RK, McEwan AG, Schembri MA. The cytochrome bd-I respiratory oxidase augments survival of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli during infection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35285. [PMID: 27767067 PMCID: PMC5073308 DOI: 10.1038/srep35285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a toxic free radical produced by neutrophils and macrophages in response to infection. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) induces a variety of defence mechanisms in response to NO, including direct NO detoxification (Hmp, NorVW, NrfA), iron-sulphur cluster repair (YtfE), and the expression of the NO-tolerant cytochrome bd-I respiratory oxidase (CydAB). The current study quantifies the relative contribution of these systems to UPEC growth and survival during infection. Loss of the flavohemoglobin Hmp and cytochrome bd-I elicit the greatest sensitivity to NO-mediated growth inhibition, whereas all but the periplasmic nitrite reductase NrfA provide protection against neutrophil killing and promote survival within activated macrophages. Intriguingly, the cytochrome bd-I respiratory oxidase was the only system that augmented UPEC survival in a mouse model after 2 days, suggesting that maintaining aerobic respiration under conditions of nitrosative stress is a key factor for host colonisation. These findings suggest that while UPEC have acquired a host of specialized mechanisms to evade nitrosative stresses, the cytochrome bd-I respiratory oxidase is the main contributor to NO tolerance and host colonisation under microaerobic conditions. This respiratory complex is therefore of major importance for the accumulation of high bacterial loads during infection of the urinary tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Shepherd
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Maud E S Achard
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Adi Idris
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Makrina Totsika
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Minh-Duy Phan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kate M Peters
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sohinee Sarkar
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Cláudia A Ribeiro
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Louise V Holyoake
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitrios Ladakis
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB) and IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Robert K Poole
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair G McEwan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A Schembri
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sarkar S, Roberts LW, Phan MD, Tan L, Lo AW, Peters KM, Paterson DL, Upton M, Ulett GC, Beatson SA, Totsika M, Schembri MA. Comprehensive analysis of type 1 fimbriae regulation in fimB-null strains from the multidrug resistant Escherichia coli ST131 clone. Mol Microbiol 2016; 101:1069-87. [PMID: 27309594 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) of sequence type 131 (ST131) are a pandemic multidrug resistant clone associated with urinary tract and bloodstream infections. Type 1 fimbriae, a major UPEC virulence factor, are essential for ST131 bladder colonization. The globally dominant sub-lineage of ST131 strains, clade C/H30-R, possess an ISEc55 insertion in the fimB gene that controls phase-variable type 1 fimbriae expression via the invertible fimS promoter. We report that inactivation of fimB in these strains causes altered regulation of type 1 fimbriae expression. Using a novel read-mapping approach based on Illumina sequencing, we demonstrate that 'off' to 'on' fimS inversion is reduced in these strains and controlled by recombinases encoded by the fimE and fimX genes. Unlike typical UPEC strains, the nucleoid-associated H-NS protein does not strongly repress fimE transcription in clade C ST131 strains. Using a genetic screen to identify novel regulators of fimE and fimX in the clade C ST131 strain EC958, we defined a new role for the guaB gene in the regulation of type 1 fimbriae and in colonisation of the mouse bladder. Our results provide a comprehensive analysis of type 1 fimbriae regulation in ST131, and highlight important differences in its control compared to non-ST131 UPEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sohinee Sarkar
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4059, Australia
| | - Leah W Roberts
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Minh-Duy Phan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Lendl Tan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Alvin W Lo
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Kate M Peters
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - David L Paterson
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, 4029, Australia
| | - Mathew Upton
- Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Medical Science, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Scott A Beatson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia. .,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| | - Makrina Totsika
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia. .,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia. .,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4059, Australia.
| | - Mark A Schembri
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia. .,Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Leclercq SY, Sullivan MJ, Ipe DS, Smith JP, Cripps AW, Ulett GC. Pathogenesis of Streptococcus urinary tract infection depends on bacterial strain and β-hemolysin/cytolysin that mediates cytotoxicity, cytokine synthesis, inflammation and virulence. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29000. [PMID: 27383371 PMCID: PMC4935997 DOI: 10.1038/srep29000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae can cause urinary tract infection (UTI) including cystitis and asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU). The early host-pathogen interactions that occur during S. agalactiae UTI and subsequent mechanisms of disease pathogenesis are poorly defined. Here, we define the early interactions between human bladder urothelial cells, monocyte-derived macrophages, and mouse bladder using uropathogenic S. agalactiae (UPSA) 807 and ABU-causing S. agalactiae (ABSA) 834 strains. UPSA 807 adhered, invaded and killed bladder urothelial cells more efficiently compared to ABSA 834 via mechanisms including low-level caspase-3 activation, and cytolysis, according to lactate dehydrogenase release measures and cell viability. Severe UPSA 807-induced cytotoxicity was mediated entirely by the bacterial β-hemolysin/cytolysin (β-H/C) because an β-H/C-deficient UPSA 807 isogenic mutant, UPSA 807ΔcylE, was not cytotoxic in vitro; the mutant was also significantly attenuated for colonization in the bladder in vivo. Analysis of infection-induced cytokines, including IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in vitro and in vivo revealed that cytokine and chemokine responses were dependent on expression of β-H/C that also elicited severe bladder neutrophilia. Thus, virulence of UPSA 807 encompasses adhesion to, invasion of and killing of bladder cells, pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine responses that elicit neutrophil infiltration, and β-H/C-mediated subversion of innate immune-mediated bacterial clearance from the bladder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Y Leclercq
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands 4222, Australia.,Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation (Funed), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Matthew J Sullivan
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands 4222, Australia
| | - Deepak S Ipe
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands 4222, Australia
| | - Joshua P Smith
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands 4222, Australia
| | - Allan W Cripps
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands 4222, Australia
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands 4222, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sundac L, Dando SJ, Sullivan MJ, Derrington P, Gerrard J, Ulett GC. Protein-based profiling of the immune response to uropathogenicEscherichia coliin adult patients immediately following hospital admission for acute cystitis. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw062. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
|
28
|
Ipe DS, Horton E, Ulett GC. The Basics of Bacteriuria: Strategies of Microbes for Persistence in Urine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:14. [PMID: 26904513 PMCID: PMC4744864 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriuria, the presence of bacteria in urine, is associated with asymptomatic, as well as symptomatic, urinary tract infection (UTI). Bacteriuria underpins some of the dynamics of microbial colonization of the urinary tract, and probably impacts the progression and persistence of infection in some individuals. Recent molecular discoveries in vitro have elucidated how some key bacterial traits can enable organisms to survive and grow in human urine as a means of microbial fitness adaptation for UTI. Several microbial characteristics that confer bacteruric potential have been identified including de novo synthesis of guanine, relative resistance to D-serine, and catabolism of malic acid. Microbial characteristics such as these are increasingly being defined through the use of synthetic human urine (SHU) in vitro as a model to mimic the in vivo environment that bacteria encounter in the bladder. There is considerable variation in the SHU model systems that have been used to study bacteriuria to date, and this influences the utility of these models. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of bacteruric potential with a focus on the specific mechanisms underlying traits that promote the growth of bacteria in urine. We also review the application of SHU in research studies modeling UTI and discuss the chemical makeup, and benefits and limitations that are encountered in utilizing SHU to study bacterial growth in urine in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak S Ipe
- School of Medical Science, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Ella Horton
- School of Medical Science, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Medical Science, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ipe DS, Ben Zakour NL, Sullivan MJ, Beatson SA, Ulett KB, Benjamin WH, Davies MR, Dando SJ, King NP, Cripps AW, Schembri MA, Dougan G, Ulett GC. Discovery and Characterization of Human-Urine Utilization by Asymptomatic-Bacteriuria-Causing Streptococcus agalactiae. Infect Immun 2016; 84:307-19. [PMID: 26553467 PMCID: PMC4694007 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00938-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae causes both symptomatic cystitis and asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU); however, growth characteristics of S. agalactiae in human urine have not previously been reported. Here, we describe a phenotype of robust growth in human urine observed in ABU-causing S. agalactiae (ABSA) that was not seen among uropathogenic S. agalactiae (UPSA) strains isolated from patients with acute cystitis. In direct competition assays using pooled human urine inoculated with equal numbers of a prototype ABSA strain, designated ABSA 1014, and any one of several UPSA strains, measurement of the percentage of each strain recovered over time showed a markedly superior fitness of ABSA 1014 for urine growth. Comparative phenotype profiling of ABSA 1014 and UPSA strain 807, isolated from a patient with acute cystitis, using metabolic arrays of >2,500 substrates and conditions revealed unique and specific l-malic acid catabolism in ABSA 1014 that was absent in UPSA 807. Whole-genome sequencing also revealed divergence in malic enzyme-encoding genes between the strains predicted to impact the activity of the malate metabolic pathway. Comparative growth assays in urine comparing wild-type ABSA and gene-deficient mutants that were functionally inactivated for the malic enzyme metabolic pathway by targeted disruption of the maeE or maeK gene in ABSA demonstrated attenuated growth of the mutants in normal human urine as well as synthetic human urine containing malic acid. We conclude that some S. agalactiae strains can grow in human urine, and this relates in part to malic acid metabolism, which may affect the persistence or progression of S. agalactiae ABU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak S Ipe
- School of Medical Sciences, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD, Australia
| | - Nouri L Ben Zakour
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sullivan
- School of Medical Sciences, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott A Beatson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kimberly B Ulett
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - William H Benjamin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mark R Davies
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha J Dando
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD, Australia
| | - Nathan P King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Allan W Cripps
- School of Medical Sciences, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark A Schembri
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Medical Sciences, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD, Australia Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kakkanat A, Totsika M, Schaale K, Duell BL, Lo AW, Phan MD, Moriel DG, Beatson SA, Sweet MJ, Ulett GC, Schembri MA. The role of H4 flagella in Escherichia coli ST131 virulence. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16149. [PMID: 26548325 PMCID: PMC4637896 DOI: 10.1038/srep16149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli sequence type 131 (ST131) is a globally dominant multidrug resistant clone associated with urinary tract and bloodstream infections. Most ST131 strains exhibit resistance to multiple antibiotics and cause infections associated with limited treatment options. The largest sub-clonal ST131 lineage is resistant to fluoroquinolones, contains the type 1 fimbriae fimH30 allele and expresses an H4 flagella antigen. Flagella are motility organelles that contribute to UPEC colonisation of the upper urinary tract. In this study, we examined the specific role of H4 flagella in ST131 motility and interaction with host epithelial and immune cells. We show that the majority of H4-positive ST131 strains are motile and are enriched for flagella expression during static pellicle growth. We also tested the role of H4 flagella in ST131 through the construction of specific mutants, over-expression strains and isogenic mutants that expressed alternative H1 and H7 flagellar subtypes. Overall, our results revealed that H4, H1 and H7 flagella possess conserved phenotypes with regards to motility, epithelial cell adhesion, invasion and uptake by macrophages. In contrast, H4 flagella trigger enhanced induction of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 compared to H1 and H7 flagella, a property that may contribute to ST131 fitness in the urinary tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asha Kakkanat
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Makrina Totsika
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kolja Schaale
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Duell
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Alvin W Lo
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Minh-Duy Phan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Danilo G Moriel
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Scott A Beatson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Mark A Schembri
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Carey AJ, Sullivan MJ, Duell BL, Crossman DK, Chattopadhyay D, Brooks AJ, Tan CK, Crowley M, Sweet MJ, Schembri MA, Ulett GC. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Engages CD14-Dependent Signaling to Enable Bladder-Macrophage-Dependent Control of Acute Urinary Tract Infection. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:659-68. [PMID: 26324782 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD14, a coreceptor for several pattern recognition receptors and a widely used monocyte/macrophage marker, plays a key role in host responses to gram-negative bacteria. Despite the central role of CD14 in the inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide and other microbial products and in the dissemination of bacteria in some infections, the signaling networks controlled by CD14 during urinary tract infection (UTI) are unknown. METHODS We used uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) infection of wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 and Cd14(-/-) mice and RNA sequencing to define the CD14-dependent transcriptional signature and the role of CD14 in host defense against UTI in the bladder. RESULTS UPEC induced the upregulation of Cd14 and the monocyte/macrophage-related genes Emr1/F4/80 and Csf1r/c-fms, which was associated with lower UPEC burdens in WT mice, compared with Cd14(-/-) mice. Exacerbation of infection in Cd14(-/-) mice was associated with the absence of a 491-gene transcriptional signature in the bladder that encompassed multiple host networks not previously associated with this receptor. CD14-dependent pathways included immune cell trafficking, differential cytokine production in macrophages, and interleukin 17 signaling. Depletion of monocytes/macrophages in the bladder by administration of liposomal clodronate led to higher UPEC burdens. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies new host protective and signaling roles for CD14 in the bladder during UPEC UTI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Carey
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast
| | - Matthew J Sullivan
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast
| | - Benjamin L Duell
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast
| | - David K Crossman
- Heflin Center for Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Debasish Chattopadhyay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Andrew J Brooks
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute
| | - Chee K Tan
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast
| | - Michael Crowley
- Heflin Center for Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark A Schembri
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Glen C Ulett
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Schembri MA, Lo AW, Ulett GC. Blocking the 'MIDAS' touch of Enterococcus faecalis. Ann Transl Med 2015; 3:S3. [PMID: 26046076 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.03.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Schembri
- 1 Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, 2 School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland, Australia ; 3 School of Medical Sciences, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Parklands, Australia
| | - Alvin W Lo
- 1 Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, 2 School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland, Australia ; 3 School of Medical Sciences, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Parklands, Australia
| | - Glen C Ulett
- 1 Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, 2 School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland, Australia ; 3 School of Medical Sciences, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Parklands, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Carey AJ, Tan CK, Ipe DS, Sullivan MJ, Cripps AW, Schembri MA, Ulett GC. Urinary tract infection of mice to model human disease: Practicalities, implications and limitations. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:780-99. [PMID: 26006172 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2015.1028885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections in humans. Murine models of human UTI are vital experimental tools that have helped to elucidate UTI pathogenesis and advance knowledge of potential treatment and infection prevention strategies. Fundamentally, several variables are inherent in different murine models, and understanding the limitations of these variables provides an opportunity to understand how models may be best applied to research aimed at mimicking human disease. In this review, we discuss variables inherent in murine UTI model studies and how these affect model usage, data analysis and data interpretation. We examine recent studies that have elucidated UTI host-pathogen interactions from the perspective of gene expression, and review new studies of biofilm and UTI preventative approaches. We also consider potential standards for variables inherent in murine UTI models and discuss how these might expand the utility of models for mimicking human disease and uncovering new aspects of pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Carey
- a Menzies Health Institute Queensland & School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia
| | - Chee K Tan
- a Menzies Health Institute Queensland & School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia
| | - Deepak S Ipe
- a Menzies Health Institute Queensland & School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia
| | - Matthew J Sullivan
- a Menzies Health Institute Queensland & School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia
| | - Allan W Cripps
- b Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia , and
| | - Mark A Schembri
- c School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Glen C Ulett
- a Menzies Health Institute Queensland & School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mavromatis CH, Bokil NJ, Totsika M, Kakkanat A, Schaale K, Cannistraci CV, Ryu T, Beatson SA, Ulett GC, Schembri MA, Sweet MJ, Ravasi T. The co-transcriptome of uropathogenic Escherichia coli-infected mouse macrophages reveals new insights into host-pathogen interactions. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:730-46. [PMID: 25410299 PMCID: PMC4950338 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTI) are among the most common infections in humans. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) can invade and replicate within bladder epithelial cells, and some UPEC strains can also survive within macrophages. To understand the UPEC transcriptional programme associated with intramacrophage survival, we performed host–pathogen co‐transcriptome analyses using RNA sequencing. Mouse bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMMs) were challenged over a 24 h time course with two UPEC reference strains that possess contrasting intramacrophage phenotypes: UTI89, which survives in BMMs, and 83972, which is killed by BMMs. Neither of these strains caused significant BMM cell death at the low multiplicity of infection that was used in this study. We developed an effective computational framework that simultaneously separated, annotated and quantified the mammalian and bacterial transcriptomes. Bone marrow‐derived macrophages responded to the two UPEC strains with a broadly similar gene expression programme. In contrast, the transcriptional responses of the UPEC strains diverged markedly from each other. We identified UTI89 genes up‐regulated at 24 h post‐infection, and hypothesized that some may contribute to intramacrophage survival. Indeed, we showed that deletion of one such gene (pspA) significantly reduced UTI89 survival within BMMs. Our study provides a technological framework for simultaneously capturing global changes at the transcriptional level in co‐cultures, and has generated new insights into the mechanisms that UPEC use to persist within the intramacrophage environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Harris Mavromatis
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen EW, Carey AJ, Ulett GC, George R. Characterisation of the efficacy of endodontic medications using a three-dimensional fluorescent tooth model: Anex vivostudy. AUST ENDOD J 2015; 41:88-96. [DOI: 10.1111/aej.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily W. Chen
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health; Griffith University; Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Alison J. Carey
- School of Medical Sciences; Griffith University; Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Glen C. Ulett
- School of Medical Sciences; Griffith University; Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Roy George
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health; Griffith University; Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ayres CA, Schormann N, Senkovich O, Fry A, Banerjee S, Ulett GC, Chattopadhyay D. Structure of Streptococcus agalactiae glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase holoenzyme reveals a novel surface. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:1333-9. [PMID: 25286935 PMCID: PMC4188075 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14019517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a conserved cytosolic enzyme, which plays a key role in glycolysis. GAPDH catalyzes the oxidative phosphorylation of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate using NAD or NADP as a cofactor. In addition, GAPDH localized on the surface of some bacteria is thought to be involved in macromolecular interactions and bacterial pathogenesis. GAPDH on the surface of group B streptococcus (GBS) enhances bacterial virulence and is a potential vaccine candidate. Here, the crystal structure of GBS GAPDH from Streptococcus agalactiae in complex with NAD is reported at 2.46 Å resolution. Although the overall structure of GBS GAPDH is very similar to those of other GAPDHs, the crystal structure reveals a significant difference in the area spanning residues 294-307, which appears to be more acidic. The amino-acid sequence of this region of GBS GAPDH is also distinct compared with other GAPDHs. This region therefore may be of interest as an immunogen for vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chapelle A. Ayres
- Science and Technology Honors Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Norbert Schormann
- Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Olga Senkovich
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Alexandra Fry
- Science and Technology Honors Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Surajit Banerjee
- Northeastern Collaborative Access Team and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Glen C. Ulett
- School of Medical Science and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Debasish Chattopadhyay
- Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Dando SJ, Mackay-Sim A, Norton R, Currie BJ, St John JA, Ekberg JAK, Batzloff M, Ulett GC, Beacham IR. Pathogens penetrating the central nervous system: infection pathways and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of invasion. Clin Microbiol Rev 2014; 27:691-726. [PMID: 25278572 PMCID: PMC4187632 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00118-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is well protected against microbial invasion by cellular barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). In addition, cells within the central nervous system (CNS) are capable of producing an immune response against invading pathogens. Nonetheless, a range of pathogenic microbes make their way to the CNS, and the resulting infections can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Bacteria, amoebae, fungi, and viruses are capable of CNS invasion, with the latter using axonal transport as a common route of infection. In this review, we compare the mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens reach the CNS and infect the brain. In particular, we focus on recent data regarding mechanisms of bacterial translocation from the nasal mucosa to the brain, which represents a little explored pathway of bacterial invasion but has been proposed as being particularly important in explaining how infection with Burkholderia pseudomallei can result in melioidosis encephalomyelitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Dando
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alan Mackay-Sim
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert Norton
- Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bart J Currie
- Menzies School of Health Research and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Batzloff
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Medical Science and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ifor R Beacham
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Carey AJ, Tan CK, Ulett GC. Infection-induced IL-10 and JAK-STAT: A review of the molecular circuitry controlling immune hyperactivity in response to pathogenic microbes. JAKSTAT 2014; 1:159-67. [PMID: 24058765 PMCID: PMC3670239 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.19918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of effective immune responses against pathogenic microbes depends on a fine balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is essential in regulating this balance and has garnered renewed interest recently as a modulator of the response to infection at the JAK-STAT signaling axis of host responses. Here, we examine how IL-10 functions as the “master regulator” of immune responses through JAK-STAT, and provide a perspective from recent insights on bacterial, protozoan, and viral infection model systems. Pattern recognition and subsequent molecular events that drive activation of IL-10-associated JAK-STAT circuitry are reviewed and the implications for microbial pathogenesis are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Carey
- School of Medical Sciences; Centre for Medicine and Oral Health; Griffith University; Gold Coast, QLD Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wurpel DJ, Totsika M, Allsopp LP, Hartley-Tassell LE, Day CJ, Peters KM, Sarkar S, Ulett GC, Yang J, Tiralongo J, Strugnell RA, Jennings MP, Schembri MA. F9 fimbriae of uropathogenic Escherichia coli are expressed at low temperature and recognise Galβ1-3GlcNAc-containing glycans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93177. [PMID: 24671091 PMCID: PMC3966885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the leading causative agent of urinary tract infections (UTI) in the developed world. Among the major virulence factors of UPEC, surface expressed adhesins mediate attachment and tissue tropism. UPEC strains typically possess a range of adhesins, with type 1 fimbriae and P fimbriae of the chaperone-usher class the best characterised. We previously identified and characterised F9 as a new chaperone-usher fimbrial type that mediates biofilm formation. However, the regulation and specific role of F9 fimbriae remained to be determined in the context of wild-type clinical UPEC strains. In this study we have assessed the distribution and genetic context of the f9 operon among diverse E. coli lineages and pathotypes and demonstrated that f9 genes are significantly more conserved in a UPEC strain collection in comparison to the well-defined E. coli reference (ECOR) collection. In the prototypic UPEC strain CFT073, the global regulator protein H-NS was identified as a transcriptional repressor of f9 gene expression at 37°C through its ability to bind directly to the f9 promoter region. F9 fimbriae expression was demonstrated at 20°C, representing the first evidence of functional F9 fimbriae expression by wild-type E. coli. Finally, glycan array analysis demonstrated that F9 fimbriae recognise and bind to terminal Galβ1-3GlcNAc structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniël J. Wurpel
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Makrina Totsika
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail: (MAS); (MT)
| | - Luke P. Allsopp
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Christopher J. Day
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kate M. Peters
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sohinee Sarkar
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Glen C. Ulett
- School of Medical Sciences, Centre for Medicine and Oral Health, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ji Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joe Tiralongo
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard A. Strugnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael P. Jennings
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark A. Schembri
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail: (MAS); (MT)
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Carey AJ, Tan CK, Mirza S, Irving-Rodgers H, Webb RI, Lam A, Ulett GC. Infection and cellular defense dynamics in a novel 17β-estradiol murine model of chronic human group B streptococcus genital tract colonization reveal a role for hemolysin in persistence and neutrophil accumulation. J Immunol 2014; 192:1718-31. [PMID: 24453257 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Genital tract carriage of group B streptococcus (GBS) is prevalent among adult women; however, the dynamics of chronic GBS genital tract carriage, including how GBS persists in this immunologically active host niche long term, are not well defined. To our knowledge, in this study, we report the first animal model of chronic GBS genital tract colonization using female mice synchronized into estrus by delivery of 17β-estradiol prior to intravaginal challenge with wild-type GBS 874391. Cervicovaginal swabs, which were used to measure bacterial persistence, showed that GBS colonized the vaginal mucosa of mice at high numbers (10(6)-10(7) CFU/swab) for at least 90 d. Cellular and histological analyses showed that chronic GBS colonization of the murine genital tract caused significant lymphocyte and PMN cell infiltrates, which were localized to the vaginal mucosal surface. Long-term colonization was independent of regular hormone cycling. Immunological analyses of 23 soluble proteins related to chemotaxis and inflammation showed that the host response to GBS in the genital tract comprised markers of innate immune activation including cytokines such as GM-CSF and TNF-α. A nonhemolytic isogenic mutant of GBS 874391, Δcyle9, was impaired for colonization and was associated with amplified local PMN responses. Induction of DNA neutrophil extracellular traps, which was observed in GBS-infected human PMNs in vitro in a hemolysin-dependent manner, appeared to be part of this response. Overall, this study defines key infection dynamics in a novel murine model of chronic GBS genital tract colonization and establishes previously unknown cellular and soluble defense responses to GBS in the female genital tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Carey
- School of Medical Sciences, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Duell BL, Carey AJ, Dando SJ, Schembri MA, Ulett GC. Human bladder uroepithelial cells synergize with monocytes to promote IL-10 synthesis and other cytokine responses to uropathogenic Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78013. [PMID: 24155979 PMCID: PMC3796480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections are a major source of morbidity for women and the elderly, with Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) being the most prevalent causative pathogen. Studies in recent years have defined a key anti-inflammatory role for Interleukin-10 (IL-10) in urinary tract infection mediated by UPEC and other uropathogens. We investigated the nature of the IL-10-producing interactions between UPEC and host cells by utilising a novel co-culture model that incorporated lymphocytes, mononuclear and uroepithelial cells in histotypic proportions. This co-culture model demonstrated synergistic IL-10 production effects between monocytes and uroepithelial cells following infection with UPEC. Membrane inserts were used to separate the monocyte and uroepithelial cell types during infection and revealed two synergistic IL-10 production effects based on contact-dependent and soluble interactions. Analysis of a comprehensive set of immunologically relevant biomarkers in monocyte-uroepithelial cell co-cultures highlighted that multiple cytokine, chemokine and signalling factors were also produced in a synergistic or antagonistic fashion. These results demonstrate that IL-10 responses to UPEC occur via multiple interactions between several cells types, implying a complex role for infection-related IL-10 during UTI. Development and application of the co-culture model described in this study is thus useful to define the degree of contact dependency of biomarker production to UPEC, and highlights the relevance of histotypic co-cultures in studying complex host-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L. Duell
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alison J. Carey
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Samantha J. Dando
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark A. Schembri
- School of Chemical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glen C. Ulett
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ipe DS, Sundac L, Benjamin WH, Moore KH, Ulett GC. Asymptomatic bacteriuria: prevalence rates of causal microorganisms, etiology of infection in different patient populations, and recent advances in molecular detection. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 346:1-10. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak S. Ipe
- School of Medical Sciences; Centre for Medicine and Oral Health; Griffith University; Gold Coast; QLD; Australia
| | - Lana Sundac
- Department of Medicine; Gold Coast Hospital; Southport; QLD; Australia
| | | | - Kate H. Moore
- Department of Urogynaecology; The St George Hospital; University of New South Wales; Sydney; NSW; Australia
| | - Glen C. Ulett
- School of Medical Sciences; Centre for Medicine and Oral Health; Griffith University; Gold Coast; QLD; Australia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Horton RE, Grant GD, Matthews B, Batzloff M, Owen SJ, Kyan S, Flegg CP, Clark AM, Ulett GC, Morrison N, Peak IR, Beacham IR. Quorum sensing negatively regulates multinucleate cell formation during intracellular growth of Burkholderia pseudomallei in macrophage-like cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63394. [PMID: 23704903 PMCID: PMC3660431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative environmental bacterium and the causative agent of melioidosis, a potentially fatal, acute or chronic disease endemic in the tropics. Acyl homoserine lactone (AHL)-mediated quorum sensing and signalling have been associated with virulence and biofilm formation in numerous bacterial pathogens. In the canonical acyl-homoserine lactone signalling paradigm, AHLs are detected by a response regulator. B. pseudomallei encodes three AHL synthases, encoded by bpsI1, bpsI2 and bpsI3, and five regulator genes. In this study, we mutated the B. pseudomallei AHL synthases individually and in double and triple combination. Five AHLs were detected and quantified by tandem liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The major AHLs produced were N-octanoylhomoserine lactone and N-(3-hydroxy-decanoyl)homoserine lactone, the expression of which depended on bpsI1 and bpsI2, respectively. B. pseudomallei infection of macrophage cells causes cell fusion, leading to multinucleated cells (3 or more nuclei per cell). A triple mutant defective in production of all three AHL synthases was associated with a striking phenotype of massively enhanced host cellular fusion in macrophages. However, neither abrogation of host cell fusion, achieved by mutation of bimA or hcp1, nor enhancement of fusion altered intracellular replication of B. pseudomallei. Furthermore, when tested in murine models of acute melioidosis the AHL synthase mutants were not attenuated for virulence. Collectively, this study identifies important new aspects of the genetic basis of AHL synthesis in B. pseudomallei and the roles of these AHLs in systemic infection and in cell fusion in macrophages for this important human pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Horton
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gary D. Grant
- School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ben Matthews
- Smart Water Research Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Batzloff
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Suzzanne J. Owen
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephanie Kyan
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cameron P. Flegg
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amanda M. Clark
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glen C. Ulett
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nigel Morrison
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian R. Peak
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ifor R. Beacham
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kunthalert D, Novotny LA, Massa HM, Ulett GC, Bakaletz LO, Kyd JM, Cripps AW. Epitope-specific immune recognition of the nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae outer membrane protein 26. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:625-35. [PMID: 23292125 PMCID: PMC3891721 DOI: 10.4161/hv.23255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies using rodent respiratory infection models of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) infection have established the 26-kDa outer membrane protein of the bacterium, OMP26, as a potential vaccine antigen for NTHi. This study undertook a comprehensive immunological identification of OMP26 T- and B-cell epitopes. A series of OMP26 peptides were constructed and regions of the OMP26 antigen involved in recognition by lymphocyte receptors and induction of acquired immune responses were identified. The dominant T-cell epitopes for OMP26 were located toward the C-terminus between amino acid residues 95 and 197 (T3+T4 region) as mapped using antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation assays. The newly identified T-cell epitopes exhibited strong capacity for efficient T-cell activation, suggesting that, compared with other OMP26 regions; epitopes within the T3+T4 region have the highest affinity for binding to major histocompatibility complex molecules. In contrast, the predominant B-cell epitopes of OMP26 were located more centrally within the molecule between amino acid residues 45 and 145 (T2+T3 region) as determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and surface plasmon resonance assays. The T2+T3 region was immunodominant in several species including chinchilla, mice and rats when assessed using both mucosal and parenteral immunization regimes. In addition, the antibodies directed against the T2+T3 region bound to intact NTHi cell surface, according to flow cytometry. Collectively, these results specifically locate the amino acid sequences containing the OMP26 T- and B-cell epitopes, which, as newly mapped antigenic epitopes for lymphocyte recognition, will be useful to improve existing NTHi vaccine strategies. Comprehensive definition of the minimum epitope length required for optimal B- and T-cell responses requires further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura A. Novotny
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital; Columbus, OH USA
| | - Helen M. Massa
- Griffith Health Institute; School of Medical Science; Griffith University; Gold Coast; Southport, QLD Australia
| | - Glen C. Ulett
- Griffith Health Institute; School of Medical Science; Griffith University; Gold Coast; Southport, QLD Australia
| | - Lauren O. Bakaletz
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital; Columbus, OH USA
| | | | - Allan W. Cripps
- Griffith Health Institute; School of Medical Science; Griffith University; Gold Coast; Southport, QLD Australia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ulett GC, Totsika M, Schaale K, Carey AJ, Sweet MJ, Schembri MA. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli virulence and innate immune responses during urinary tract infection. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 16:100-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
46
|
Tan CK, Ulett KB, Steele M, Benjamin WH, Ulett GC. Prognostic value of semi-quantitative bacteruria counts in the diagnosis of group B streptococcus urinary tract infection: a 4-year retrospective study in adult patients. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:273. [PMID: 23101431 PMCID: PMC3514254 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Semi-quantitative bacteruria counts (s-QBC) are important in the diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) due to most uropathogens. The prognostic value of s-QBC for diagnosis of UTI due to group B streptococcus (GBS) is unknown. In this study, we assessed the value of s-QBC for differentiating acute GBS UTI from asymptomatic bacteruria (ABU), independent of other potential prognostic indicators. Methods Medical record review and urinalysis (UA) values for 1593 patients who had urinary GBS isolated (103 to ≥105 CFU/ml) during a four-year period were analyzed using binary logistic regression to determine the predictive values of s-QBC, age, and gender for infection category (acute UTI, ABU) based on the clinical diagnosis. Results s-QBC alone had a strong predictive value for infection category but only for ABU. Multivariate logistic regression showed similar predictive power of s-QBC for infection category using age as a co-predictor, which was also independently associated with infection category. Typical s-QBC cut-off values that are commonly used in diagnostic settings had no significant power in predicting infection category. Among other UA measures, proteinuria and hematuria were significantly associated with acute infection. Conclusions Together, these data show that s-QBC is not useful in the differential diagnosis of GBS UTI. Among the patients in this study, age was an equally effective prognostic indicator compared to s-QBC for identifying high- and low-risk patients for acute GBS UTI. Collectively, these findings indicate that age-based associations may be equally as useful as s-QBC for predicting infection category in the setting of adult patients with GBS-positive urine cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chee K Tan
- School of Medical Sciences, Centre for Medicine and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ulett KB, Shuemaker JH, Benjamin WH, Tan CK, Ulett GC. Group B streptococcus cystitis presenting in a diabetic patient with a massive abdominopelvic abscess: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2012; 6:237. [PMID: 22883571 PMCID: PMC3443647 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-6-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Streptococcus agalactiae or group B streptococcus is a Gram-positive pathogen that is typically associated with neonatal disease and infection in pregnant women. Group B streptococcus also causes invasive infections in non-pregnant adults including urinary tract infections. The spectrum of urinary tract infections caused by group B streptococcus includes cystitis, pyelonephritis, urosepsis and asymptomatic bacteriuria, which is particularly common among elderly individuals. A rare form of invasive group B streptococcus infection in adults is secondary abscess. Here, we present the first reported case of a patient who developed an unusual, massive abdominopelvic abscess secondary to acute group B streptococcus urinary tract infection. CASE PRESENTATION A 46-year-old African-American woman presented to the University Emergency Department complaining of urinary tract infection symptoms and severe abdominal pain. Diagnostic imaging by transvaginal ultrasound and computed tomography revealed a massive peripherally-enhancing, low-attenuating fluid collection within her pelvis. The patient's abdominopelvic abscess was drained by ultrasound-guided drainage and this yielded a septic aspirate that was culture positive for abundant S. agalactiae. A recent history of urinary tract infection symptoms in the patient suggested that her abscess developed secondary to cystitis. Complete resolution of the abscess as a favorable outcome was achieved in this case following surgical drainage and appropriate antimicrobial therapy. CONCLUSION Acute bacterial urinary tract infection leading to an abdominopelvic abscess has not previously been reported in the literature. This case report defines a new disease etiology associated with acute streptococcal cystitis and it will be of interest in cases of urinary tract infections where there is an association with abdominal and/or pelvic pain. A brief review of the literature on unusual secondary abscesses due to group B streptococcus is provided alongside this case to highlight the clinical significance and prognoses of these rare infections. Finally, this case emphasizes the requirement to distinguish unusual etiologies of pyogenic abscesses in order to guide successful clinical management and to treat patients with antibiotics active against the causal organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly B Ulett
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hilbert DW, Paulish-Miller TE, Tan CK, Carey AJ, Ulett GC, Mordechai E, Adelson ME, Gygax SE, Trama JP. Clinical Escherichia coli isolates utilize alpha-hemolysin to inhibit in vitro epithelial cytokine production. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:628-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
49
|
Duell BL, Tan CK, Carey AJ, Wu F, Cripps AW, Ulett GC. Recent insights into microbial triggers of interleukin-10 production in the host and the impact on infectious disease pathogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:295-313. [PMID: 22268692 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.00931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since its initial description as a Th2-cytokine antagonistic to interferon-alpha and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, many studies have shown various anti-inflammatory actions of interleukin-10 (IL-10), and its role in infection as a key regulator of innate immunity. Studies have shown that IL-10 induced in response to microorganisms and their products plays a central role in shaping pathogenesis. IL-10 appears to function as both sword and shield in the response to varied groups of microorganisms in its capacity to mediate protective immunity against some organisms but increase susceptibility to other infections. The nature of IL-10 as a pleiotropic modulator of host responses to microorganisms is explained, in part, by its potent and varied effects on different immune effector cells which influence antimicrobial activity. A new understanding of how microorganisms trigger IL-10 responses is emerging, along with recent discoveries of how IL-10 produced during disease might be harnessed for better protective or therapeutic strategies. In this review, we summarize studies from the past 5 years that have reported the induction of IL-10 by different classes of pathogenic microorganisms, including protozoa, nematodes, fungi, viruses and bacteria and discuss the impact of this induction on the persistence and/or clearance of microorganisms in the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Duell
- School of Medical Sciences, Centre for Medicine and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Watts RE, Totsika M, Challinor VL, Mabbett AN, Ulett GC, De Voss JJ, Schembri MA. Contribution of siderophore systems to growth and urinary tract colonization of asymptomatic bacteriuria Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 2012; 80:333-44. [PMID: 21930757 PMCID: PMC3255690 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05594-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that define asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) Escherichia coli colonization of the human urinary tract remain to be properly elucidated. Here, we utilize ABU E. coli strain 83972 as a model to dissect the contribution of siderophores to iron acquisition, growth, fitness, and colonization of the urinary tract. We show that E. coli 83972 produces enterobactin, salmochelin, aerobactin, and yersiniabactin and examine the role of these systems using mutants defective in siderophore biosynthesis and uptake. Enterobactin and aerobactin contributed most to total siderophore activity and growth in defined iron-deficient medium. No siderophores were detected in an 83972 quadruple mutant deficient in all four siderophore biosynthesis pathways; this mutant did not grow in defined iron-deficient medium but grew in iron-limited pooled human urine due to iron uptake via the FecA ferric citrate receptor. In a mixed 1:1 growth assay with strain 83972, there was no fitness disadvantage of the 83972 quadruple biosynthetic mutant, demonstrating its capacity to act as a "cheater" and utilize siderophores produced by the wild-type strain for iron uptake. An 83972 enterobactin/salmochelin double receptor mutant was outcompeted by 83972 in human urine and the mouse urinary tract, indicating a role for catecholate receptors in urinary tract colonization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Watts
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Makrina Totsika
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Victoria L. Challinor
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amanda N. Mabbett
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glen C. Ulett
- Centre for Medicine and Oral Health, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - James J. De Voss
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark A. Schembri
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|