1
|
Ettinger CL, Ostovar T, Yacoub M, Ahrendt S, Hice RH, Federici BA, Stajich JE. Genomes and transcriptomes help unravel the complex life cycle of the blastoclad fungus, Coelomomyces lativittatus, an obligate parasite of mosquitoes and microcrustaceans. Mycologia 2023; 115:630-647. [PMID: 37494633 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2023.2228182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Species of the phylum Blastocladiomycota, early-diverging zoosporic (flagellated) lineages of fungi, are vastly understudied. This phylum includes the genus Coelomomyces, which consists of more than 80 fungal species that are obligate parasites of arthropods. Known Coelomomyces species lack a complete asexual life cycle, instead surviving through an obligate heterecious alternation of generations life cycle. Despite their global distribution and interesting life cycle, little is known about the genomics of any Coelomomyces species. To address this, we generated three draft-level genomes and annotations for C. lativittatus representing its haploid meiospore, orange gamete, and amber gamete life stages. These draft genome assemblies ranged in size from 5002 to 5799 contigs, with a total length of 19.8-22.8 Mb and a mean of 7416 protein-coding genes. We then demonstrated the utility of these genomes by combining the draft annotations as a reference for analysis of C. lativittatus transcriptomes. We analyzed transcriptomes from across host-associated life stages, including infected larvae and excised mature sporangia from the mosquito Anopheles quadrimaculatus. We identified differentially expressed genes and enriched GO terms both across and within life stages and used these to make hypotheses about C. lativittatus biology. Generally, we found the C. lativittatus transcriptome to be a complex and dynamic expression landscape; GO terms related to metabolism and transport processes were enriched during infection and terms related to dispersal were enriched during sporulation. We further identified five high mobility group (HMG)-box genes in C. lativittatus, three belonging to clades with mating type (MAT) loci from other fungi, as well as four ortholog expansions in C. lativittatus compared with other fungi. The C. lativittatus genomes and transcriptomes reported here are a valuable resource and may be leveraged toward furthering understanding of the biology of these and other early-diverging fungal lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Ettinger
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Talieh Ostovar
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
- UCR/SDSU Joint Doctoral Program in Evolutionary Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182
| | - Mark Yacoub
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Steven Ahrendt
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Robert H Hice
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Brian A Federici
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Jason E Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Laundon D, Chrismas N, Bird K, Thomas S, Mock T, Cunliffe M. A cellular and molecular atlas reveals the basis of chytrid development. eLife 2022; 11:73933. [PMID: 35227375 PMCID: PMC8887899 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The chytrids (phylum Chytridiomycota) are a major fungal lineage of ecological and evolutionary importance. Despite their importance, many fundamental aspects of chytrid developmental and cell biology remain poorly understood. To address these knowledge gaps, we combined quantitative volume electron microscopy and comparative transcriptome profiling to create an 'atlas' of the cellular and molecular basis of the chytrid life cycle, using the model chytrid Rhizoclosmatium globosum. From our developmental atlas, we describe the transition from the transcriptionally inactive free-swimming zoospore to the more biologically complex germling, and show that lipid processing is multifaceted and dynamic throughout the life cycle. We demonstrate that the chytrid apophysis is a compartmentalised site of high intracellular trafficking, linking the feeding/attaching rhizoids to the reproductive zoosporangium, and constituting division of labour in the chytrid cell plan. We provide evidence that during zoosporogenesis, zoospores display amoeboid morphologies and exhibit endocytotic cargo transport from the interstitial maternal cytoplasm. Taken together, our results reveal insights into chytrid developmental biology and provide a basis for future investigations into non-dikaryan fungal cell biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davis Laundon
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, United Kingdom.,School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan Chrismas
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberley Bird
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Seth Thomas
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Mock
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Cunliffe
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, United Kingdom.,School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fabritius AL, Cvitanich C, Judelson HS. Stage-specific gene expression during sexual development in Phytophthora infestans. Mol Microbiol 2002; 45:1057-66. [PMID: 12180924 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Eight genes that are upregulated during sexual development in the heterothallic oomycete, Phytophthora infestans, were identified by suppression subtractive hybridization. Two genes showed very low but detectable expression in vegetative hyphae and became induced about 40- to >100-fold early in mating, before gametangial initials appeared. The remaining six loci were not induced until later in mating, coincident with the formation of gametangia and oospores, with induction levels ranging from 60- to >100-fold. Five genes were single copy, and three were members of families. Sequence analysis revealed that the predicted products of three of the genes had similarity to proteins that influence RNA stability, namely a ribonuclease activator, the pumilio family of RNA-binding proteins and RNase H. The products of two other mating-induced genes resembled two types of Phytophthora proteins previously shown to elicit plant defence responses. Each mating-induced gene was also expressed in a self-fertile strain, which was shown to be a heterokaryon. However, quantitative and qualitative differences existed in their expression in normal matings and in the self-fertile heterokaryon. Besides the mating-induced genes, two extrachromosomal RNA elements were identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Liisa Fabritius
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Evidence for differential regulation of two classes of poly(A) RNA inBlastocladiella emersonii zoospores. Mycology 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0147-5975(87)90003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
5
|
Bonato MC, da Silva AM, Maia JC, Juliani MH. Phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 in the aquatic fungus Blastocladiella emersonii. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 144:597-606. [PMID: 6092077 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb08507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The changes in the degree of phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 during the life cycle of the aquatic fungus Blastocladiella emersonii were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Three phosphorylated derivatives of S6 are present throughout the entire life cycle. However, under certain germination conditions, more highly phosphorylated derivatives of S6 appear. Nonetheless, the resumption of protein synthesis that occurs during germination is not dependent on those highly phosphorylated derivatives of S6. The pattern and sites of phosphorylation of S6 labelled in vivo with [32P]orthophosphate have been compared with those of 40S ribosomal subunit labelled in vitro by partially purified protein kinases. Three major phosphopeptides were found in S6 isolated from the zoospore, while six phosphopeptides were found after zoospore germination (in germling cells). The phosphopeptide patterns of S6 phosphorylated by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase and by casein kinases I and II were completely distinct. Only the cAMP-dependent protein kinase gives rise to a phosphopeptide found in 32P-labelled cells, indicating that one of sites phosphorylated in vivo is also phosphorylated in vitro by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
Collapse
|
6
|
Jaworski AJ, Stumhofer P. Dormant ribosomes inBlastocladiella emersonii zoospores are arrested at elongation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0147-5975(84)90016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
7
|
Bonato MC, da Costa Maia JC, Juliani MH. Cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinases from ribosomes and phosphorylation of a single 40S ribosomal subunit protein in zoospores of Blastocladiella emersonii. J Bacteriol 1983; 154:1467-71. [PMID: 6853450 PMCID: PMC217627 DOI: 10.1128/jb.154.3.1467-1471.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase (EC 2.7.1.37) activity was found in the nuclear cap organelle, within which ribosomes of zoospores of Blastocladiella emersonii are sequestered. Two protein kinase activities were resolved from the high-salt wash fraction of zoospore ribosomes by selective adsorption to DEAE-cellulose. Both enzymes phosphorylated in vitro a 32,000 Mr protein of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Phosphorylation of this ribosomal protein, which exhibits electrophoretic properties similar to those of mammalian ribosomal protein S6, was also observed in vivo in 32P-labeled zoospores.
Collapse
|
8
|
Inhibition of in vitro protein synthesis by subribosomal particles isolated from Blastocladiella emersonii zoospores. Mycology 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0147-5975(83)90074-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
|
9
|
Blastocladiella emersonii zoospore maintenance factor: A quantitative bioassay used to characterize extracellular appearance and maintenance of factor and interactions between factor, zoospores, and salt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0147-5975(81)90002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
10
|
Jayaram BM, Rao GR. Studies on the macroconidia of Microsporum canis. Characteristics of in vitro amino acid incorporating system. Arch Microbiol 1979; 120:67-72. [PMID: 426600 DOI: 10.1007/bf00413276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of an in vitro polyuridylic acid dependent amino acid incorporating system prepared from germinating macroconidia of Microsporum canis are described. The incorporation of 14C-phenylalanine into polyphenylalanine is dependent on S-30 extract, adenosine triphosphate, magnesium ions and polyuridylic acid. Incorporation is slightly enhanced by yeast transfer ribonucleic acid and pyruvate kinase. The system is highly sensitive to ribonuclease, puromycin and miconazole (an antifungal agent), moderately sensitive to sodium fluoride and much less sensitive to phenethylalcohol, cycloheximide, chloramphenicol and deoxyribonuclease. Cell-free extract from ungerminated conidia has less capacity to synthesize the protein and during germination a marked increase in the protein synthetic activity is observed. The results from experiments wherein ribosomes and S-100 fraction from germinated and ungerminated spores are unterchanged, revealed that the defect in the extract from the ungerminated spore is in the ribosomes.
Collapse
|
11
|
Malathi VG, Mazumder R. An inhibitor which interferes with the enzymatic aminoacylation of tRNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 517:228-35. [PMID: 245311 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(78)90050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inactive, frozen and thawed cytoplasmic extracts of 3T3 and SV-101 (3T3 transformed by SV-40 virus) cells contain an inhibitor which blocks the poly(U)-directed incorporation of [14C]phenylalanine into polypeptides, catalyzed by active extracts of these cells. This inhibition is not reversed by adding increased amounts of poly(U). Furthermore, little or no inhibitory activity is observed when poly(U) translation is assayed using precharged [14C]Phe-tRNA. These results suggest that the observed inhibition is not due to the degradation of poly(U) by a nuclease. The inhibitor appears to act primarily at the level of tRNA charging since the synthesis of both Phe-tRNA and Lys-tRNA is impaired in its presence. Evidence is presented which indicates that the inhibitory activity is not due to a high molecular weight protein or nucleic acid. However, the inhibitor appears to be adsorbed to a macromolecule. The inhibitory activity is completely destroyed by ashing.
Collapse
|
12
|
Bruce SA, Mascarenhas JP. Gene activity during zygote germination and early sporophyte germling development in the aquatic fungus, Allomyces macrogynus. Mycology 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0147-5975(77)80018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
13
|
Bruce SA, Mascarenhas JP. The synthesis of RNA and protein by nongerminating zygotes of the aquatic fungus, Allomyces macrogynus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0147-5975(77)80019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
14
|
Gong CS, Lovett JS. Regulation of protein synthesis in Blastocladiella zoospores: Factors for synthesis in nonsynthetic spores. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0147-5975(77)80039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
15
|
Jaworski AJ. Synthesis of polyadenylic acid RNA during zoospore differentiation and germination in Blastocladiella emersonii. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 173:201-9. [PMID: 1259436 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
16
|
Jaworski AJ, Torzilli AP. Characteration of RNA synthesized during germination of Blastocladia ramosa Zoospores. Arch Microbiol 1975; 106:237-43. [PMID: 1217940 DOI: 10.1007/bf00446529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of RNA was studied during the synchronous germination of Blastocladia ramosa zoospores. Comparison of RNA synthesis during germination of B. ramosa and Blastocladiella emersonii zoospores revealed that B. ramosa has a longer lag time before RNA synthesis is initiated and, in addition, the rate of RNA synthesis is ten-fold lower in B. ramosa. Zoospores of B. ramosa were shown to contain pre-formed messenger RNA but this messenger RNA directs only a portion of the protein synthesis which occurs during early germination. The conclusion that the remainder of the protein synthetic activity of the germinating spores is due to new message synthesis was supported by demonstrating that the timing of the initation of protein synthesis on new messages correlates with the time RNA synthesis is initiated. New message synthesis was also demonstrated by the incorporation of label into RNA which contains a poly (A) fragment. Synthesis of all classes of RNA including ribosomal, messenger, and transfer RNA was shown to be initiated at the same time. The implications of this observation are discussed.
Collapse
|
17
|
Lovett JS. Growth and differentiation of the water mold Blastocladiella emersonii: cytodifferentiation and the role of ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1975; 39:345-404. [PMID: 1108867 PMCID: PMC408340 DOI: 10.1128/br.39.4.345-404.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
18
|
Leaver CJ, Lovett JS. An analysis of protein and RNA synthesis during encystment and outgrowth (germination) of Blastocladiella zoospores. CELL DIFFERENTIATION 1974; 3:165-92. [PMID: 4411945 DOI: 10.1016/0045-6039(74)90028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
19
|
Silverman PM, Huh MM, Sun L. Protein synthesis during zoospore germination in the aquatic phycomycete Blastocladiella emersonii. Dev Biol 1974; 40:59-70. [PMID: 4606960 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(74)90107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
20
|
Adelman TG, Lovett JS. Ribosome function in vitro and in vivo during the life cycle of Blastocladiella emersonii. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 349:240-9. [PMID: 4836357 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(74)90085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
21
|
Lodi WR, Sonneborn DR. Protein degradation and protease activity during the late cycle of Blastocladiella emersonii. J Bacteriol 1974; 117:1035-42. [PMID: 4813892 PMCID: PMC246582 DOI: 10.1128/jb.117.3.1035-1042.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of protein degradation during the life cycle of Blastocladiella emersonii showed that (i) protein degradation is especially high during two phases of differentiation (sporulation, 12%/h and germination, 5%/h) in contrast with a much smaller degradation rate in the other phases (growth and zoospores, less than 1%/hr); (ii) protein degradation during germination in growth medium, as well as most of the germination process, is quantitatively unaffected by cycloheximide; (iii) a caseinolytic protease (pH optimum 5.5, apparent molecular weight 55,000 to 60,000) is present in extracts of zoospores and germinating cells; (iv) this protease activity is very low (perhaps absent) in extracts of late growth phase cells, but reappears during induced sporulation; (v) a different class of caseinolytic protease activity (pH optima 7 and 10; apparent molecular weight 25,000 to 30,000) is found in cellular extracts of late growth phase and early phases of sporulation; (vi) the latter class of enzyme activity is released into the medium during later phases of sporulation and is replaced in the cells by the former class. Speculations as to the roles of protein degradation in cell differentiation are discussed.
Collapse
|
22
|
Adelman T, Lovett J. Evidence for a ribosome-associated translation inhibitor during differentiation of Blastocladiella emersonii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(74)90228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
23
|
Lingappa BT, Lingappa Y, Bell E. A self-inhibitor of protein synthesis in the conidia of Glomerella cingulata. ARCHIV FUR MIKROBIOLOGIE 1973; 94:97-107. [PMID: 4778924 DOI: 10.1007/bf00416685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
24
|
Adelman TG, Lovett JS. Synthesis of ribosomal protein without de novo ribosome production during differentiation in Blastocladiella emersonii. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1972; 49:1174-82. [PMID: 4645542 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(72)90592-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
25
|
Garvey MC, Tewari RP. A cell-free amino acid incorporating system from yeast-phase cells of Histoplasma capsulatum. SABOURAUDIA 1972; 10:113-21. [PMID: 4557875 DOI: 10.1080/00362177285190241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
26
|
Truesdell LC, Cantino EC. The induction and early events of germination in the zoospore of Blastocladiella emersonii. Curr Top Dev Biol 1971; 6:1-44. [PMID: 4950137 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(08)60636-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
27
|
Cantino E, Trusdell L. Cytoplasmic γ-like particles and other ultrastructural aspects of zoospores of Blastocladiella britannica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1536(71)80027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
28
|
Stavy R, Stavy L, Galun E. Protein synthesis in aged and young zones of Trichoderma colonies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 217:468-76. [PMID: 5528802 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(70)90544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|