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Murugesan T, Durairaj N, Ramasamy M, Jayaraman K, Palaniswamy M, Jayaraman A. Analeptic agent from microbes upon cyanide degradation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:1557-1565. [PMID: 29285551 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8674-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Microbes being the initial form of life and ubiquitous in occurrence, they adapt to the environment quickly. The microbial metabolism undergoes alteration to ensure conducive environment either by degrading the toxic substances or producing toxins to protect themselves. The presence of cyanide waste triggers the cyanide degrading enzymes in the microbes which facilitate the microbes to utilize the cyanide for its growth. To enable the degradation of cyanide, the microbes also produce the necessary cofactors and enhancers catalyzing the degradation pathways. Pterin, a cofactor of the enzyme cyanide monooxygenase catalyzing the oxidation of cyanide, is considered to be a potentially bioactive compound. Besides that, the pterins also act as cofactor for the enzymes involved in neurotransmitter metabolism. The therapeutic values of pterin as neuromodulating agent validate the necessity to pursue the commercial production of pterin. Even though chemical synthesis is possible, the non-toxic methods of pterin production need to be given greater attention in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thandeeswaran Murugesan
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Nisshanthini Durairaj
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Mahendran Ramasamy
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Karunya Jayaraman
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Muthusamy Palaniswamy
- Department of Microbiology, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641021, India
| | - Angayarkanni Jayaraman
- Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India.
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Lifshits M, Kovalerchik D, Carmeli S. Microcystbiopterins A-E, five O-methylated biopterin glycosides from two Microcystis spp. bloom biomasses. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 123:69-74. [PMID: 26804212 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Five previously undescribed biopterin glycosides, microcystbiopterin A-E, were isolated from the extracts of two bloom materials of Microcystis spp. collected from a fishpond (IL-337) and Lake Kinneret (IL-347), Israel. The structure of the pterins was established by interpretation of their UV, CD, 1D and 2D NMR spectra and HR mass measurements. Microcystbiopterin D is the first heptose containing pterin glycoside to be reported in the literature. Their antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties were evaluated but all were found not active in both assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Lifshits
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Chemistry and Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dimitri Kovalerchik
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Chemistry and Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Shmuel Carmeli
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Chemistry and Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel.
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Elshahawi SI, Shaaban KA, Kharel MK, Thorson JS. A comprehensive review of glycosylated bacterial natural products. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:7591-697. [PMID: 25735878 PMCID: PMC4560691 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00426d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A systematic analysis of all naturally-occurring glycosylated bacterial secondary metabolites reported in the scientific literature up through early 2013 is presented. This comprehensive analysis of 15 940 bacterial natural products revealed 3426 glycosides containing 344 distinct appended carbohydrates and highlights a range of unique opportunities for future biosynthetic study and glycodiversification efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif I Elshahawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Khaled A Shaaban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Madan K Kharel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, USA
| | - Jon S Thorson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Durairaju Nisshanthini S, Teresa Infanta S AK, Raja DS, Natarajan K, Palaniswamy M, Angayarkanni J. Spectral characterization of a pteridine derivative from cyanide-utilizing bacterium Bacillus subtilis - JN989651. J Microbiol 2015; 53:262-71. [PMID: 25740375 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-015-4138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Soil and water samples were collected from various regions of SIPCOT and nearby Vanappadi Lake, Ranipet, Tamilnadu, India. Based on their colony morphology and their stability during subculturing, 72 bacteria were isolated, of which 14 isolates were actinomycetes. Preliminary selection was carried out to exploit the ability of the microorganisms to utilize sodium cyanate as nitrogen source. Those organisms that were able to utilize cyanate were subjected to secondary screening viz., utilization of sodium cyanide as the nitrogen source. The oxygenolytic cleavage of cyanide is dependent on cyanide monooxygenase which obligately requires pterin cofactor for its activity. Based on this, the organisms capable of utilizing sodium cyanide were tested for the presence of pterin. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the cell extracts using n-butanol: 5 N glacial acetic acid (4:1) revealed that 10 out of 12 organisms that were able to utilize cyanide had the pterin-related blue fluorescent compound in the cell extract. The cell extracts of these 10 organisms were subjected to high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) for further confirmation using a pterin standard. Based on the incubation period, cell biomass yield, peak height and area, strain VPW3 was selected and was identified as Bacillus subtilis. The Rf value of the cell extract was 0.73 which was consistent with the 0.74 Rf value of the pterin standard when scanned at 254 nm. The compound was extracted and purified by preparative High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Characterization of the compound was performed by ultraviolet spectrum, fluorescence spectrum, Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The compound is proposed to be 6-propionyl pterin (2-amino-6-propionyl-3H-pteridin-4-one).
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Hanaya T, Yamamoto H. Synthesis of biopterin and related pterin glycosides. IUBMB Life 2013; 65:300-9. [PMID: 23436386 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Certain pterins having a hydroxyalkyl side chain at C-6 have been found as glycosidic forms in certain prokaryotes, such as 2'-O-(α-D-glucopyranosyl)biopterin from various kinds of cyanobacteria, and limipterin from a green sulfur photosynthetic bacterium. Synthetic studies on glycosides of biopterin and related pterins have been made in view of the structural proof as well as for closer examination of their biological activities and functions. The syntheses of these natural pterin glycosides have effectively been achieved, mostly through appropriately protected N(2) -(N,N-dimethylaminomethylene)-3-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]pterin derivatives as glycosyl acceptors, and are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Hanaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation can cause stresses or act as a photoregulatory signal depending on its wavelengths and fluence rates. Although the most harmful effects of UV on living cells are generally attributed to UV-B radiation, UV-A radiation can also affect many aspects of cellular processes. In cyanobacteria, most studies have concentrated on the damaging effect of UV and defense mechanisms to withstand UV stress. However, little is known about the activation mechanism of signaling components or their pathways which are implicated in the process following UV irradiation. Motile cyanobacteria use a very precise negative phototaxis signaling system to move away from high levels of solar radiation, which is an effective escape mechanism to avoid the detrimental effects of UV radiation. Recently, two different UV-A-induced signaling systems for regulating cyanobacterial phototaxis were characterized at the photophysiological and molecular levels. Here, we review the current understanding of the UV-A mediated signaling pathways in the context of the UV-A perception mechanism, early signaling components, and negative phototactic responses. In addition, increasing evidences supporting a role of pterins in response to UV radiation are discussed. We outline the effect of UV-induced cell damage, associated signaling molecules, and programmed cell death under UV-mediated oxidative stress.
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Hanaya T, Baba H, Toyota H, Yamamoto H. Synthetic studies on pterin glycosides: the first synthesis of 2′-O-(α-d-glucopyranosyl)biopterin. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hanaya T, Baba H, Toyota H, Yamamoto H. Efficient total syntheses of natural pterin glycosides: limipterin and tepidopterin. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hanaya T, Baba H, Kanemoto M, Yamamoto H. An Efficient Synthetic Route for a Versatile Ciliapterin Derivative and the First Ciliapterin D-Mannoside Synthesis. HETEROCYCLES 2008. [DOI: 10.3987/com-08-s(n)54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hanaya T, Baba H, Yamamoto H. First synthesis of tepidopterin [2'-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)-L-threo-biopterin]. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:2159-62. [PMID: 17631283 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
N(2)-(N,N-Dimethylaminomethylene)-1'-O-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]-L-threo-biopterin (14) was prepared from L-xylose in an 11-step-sequence. The first synthesis of tepidopterin (3) was achieved by treatment of 14 with 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-beta-D-glucopyranosyl bromide in the presence of silver triflate and tetramethylurea, followed by removal of the protecting groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Hanaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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Díaz de la Garza R, Quinlivan EP, Klaus SMJ, Basset GJC, Gregory JF, Hanson AD. Folate biofortification in tomatoes by engineering the pteridine branch of folate synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:13720-5. [PMID: 15365185 PMCID: PMC518823 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0404208101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are the main source of folate in human diets, but many fruits, tubers, and seeds are poor in this vitamin, and folate deficiency is a worldwide problem. Plants synthesize folate from pteridine, p-aminobenzoate (PABA), and glutamate moieties. Pteridine synthesis capacity is known to drop in ripening tomato fruit; therefore, we countered this decline by fruit-specific overexpression of GTP cyclohydrolase I, the first enzyme of pteridine synthesis. We used a synthetic gene based on mammalian GTP cyclohydrolase I, because this enzyme is predicted to escape feedback control in planta. This engineering maneuver raised fruit pteridine content by 3- to 140-fold and fruit folate content by an average of 2-fold among 12 independent transformants, relative to vector-alone controls. Most of the folate increase was contributed by 5-methyltetrahydrofolate polyglutamates and 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate polyglutamates, which were also major forms of folate in control fruit. The accumulated pteridines included neopterin, monapterin, and hydroxymethylpterin; their reduced forms, which are folate biosynthesis intermediates; and pteridine glycosides not previously found in plants. Engineered fruit with intermediate levels of pteridine overproduction attained the highest folate levels. PABA pools were severely depleted in engineered fruit that were high in folate, and supplying such fruit with PABA by means of the fruit stalk increased their folate content by up to 10-fold. These results demonstrate that engineering a moderate increase in pteridine production can significantly enhance the folate content in food plants and that boosting the PABA supply can produce further gains.
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Caccamo MA, Malone CS, Rasche ME. Biochemical characterization of a dihydromethanopterin reductase involved in tetrahydromethanopterin biosynthesis in Methylobacterium extorquens AM1. J Bacteriol 2004; 186:2068-73. [PMID: 15028691 PMCID: PMC374392 DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.7.2068-2073.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2003] [Accepted: 12/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During growth on one-carbon (C1) compounds, the aerobic alpha-proteobacterium Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 synthesizes the tetrahydromethanopterin (H4MPT) derivative dephospho-H4MPT as a C1 carrier in addition to tetrahydrofolate. The enzymes involved in dephospho-H4MPT biosynthesis have not been identified in bacteria. In archaea, the final step in the proposed pathway of H4MPT biosynthesis is the reduction of dihydromethanopterin (H2MPT) to H4MPT, a reaction analogous to the reaction of the bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. A gene encoding a dihydrofolate reductase homolog has previously been reported for M. extorquens and assigned as the putative H2MPT reductase gene (dmrA). In the present work, we describe the biochemical characterization of H2MPT reductase (DmrA), which is encoded by dmrA. The gene was expressed with a six-histidine tag in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant protein was purified by nickel affinity chromatography and gel filtration. Purified DmrA catalyzed the NAD(P)H-dependent reduction of H2MPT with a specific activity of 2.8 micromol of NADPH oxidized per min per mg of protein at 30 degrees C and pH 5.3. Dihydrofolate was not a substrate for DmrA at the physiological pH of 6.8. While the existence of an H2MPT reductase has been proposed previously, this is the first biochemical evidence for such an enzyme in any organism, including archaea. Curiously, no DmrA homologs have been identified in the genomes of known methanogenic archaea, suggesting that bacteria and archaea produce two evolutionarily distinct forms of dihydromethanopterin reductase. This may be a consequence of different electron donors, NAD(P)H versus reduced F420, used, respectively, in bacteria and methanogenic archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Caccamo
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0700, USA
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Rasche ME, Havemann SA, Rosenzvaig M. Characterization of two methanopterin biosynthesis mutants of Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 by use of a tetrahydromethanopterin bioassay. J Bacteriol 2004; 186:1565-70. [PMID: 14973120 PMCID: PMC344399 DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.5.1565-1570.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2003] [Accepted: 11/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An enzymatic assay was developed to measure tetrahydromethanopterin (H(4)MPT) levels in wild-type and mutant cells of Methylobacterium extorquens AM1. H(4)MPT was detectable in wild-type cells but not in strains with a mutation of either the orf4 or the dmrA gene, suggesting a role for these two genes in H(4)MPT biosynthesis. The protein encoded by orf4 catalyzed the reaction of ribofuranosylaminobenzene 5'-phosphate synthase, the first committed step of H(4)MPT biosynthesis. These results provide the first biochemical evidence for H(4)MPT biosynthesis genes in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline E Rasche
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0700, USA.
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Scott JW, Rasche ME. Purification, overproduction, and partial characterization of beta-RFAP synthase, a key enzyme in the methanopterin biosynthesis pathway. J Bacteriol 2002; 184:4442-8. [PMID: 12142414 PMCID: PMC135262 DOI: 10.1128/jb.184.16.4442-4448.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methanopterin is a folate analog involved in the C1 metabolism of methanogenic archaea, sulfate-reducing archaea, and methylotrophic bacteria. Although a pathway for methanopterin biosynthesis has been described in methanogens, little is known about the enzymes and genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway. The enzyme beta-ribofuranosylaminobenzene 5'-phosphate synthase (beta-RFAP synthase) catalyzes the first unique step to be identified in the pathway of methanopterin biosynthesis, namely, the condensation of p-aminobenzoic acid with phosphoribosylpyrophosphate to form beta-RFAP, CO2, and inorganic pyrophosphate. The enzyme catalyzing this reaction has not been purified to homogeneity, and the gene encoding beta-RFAP synthase has not yet been identified. In the present work, we report on the purification to homogeneity of beta-RFAP synthase. The enzyme was purified from the methane-producing archaeon Methanosarcina thermophila, and the N-terminal sequence of the protein was used to identify corresponding genes from several archaea, including the methanogen Methanococcus jannaschii and the sulfate-reducing archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus. The putative beta-RFAP synthase gene from A. fulgidus was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the enzymatic activity of the recombinant gene product was verified. A BLAST search using the deduced amino acid sequence of the beta-RFAP synthase gene identified homologs in additional archaea and in a gene cluster required for C1 metabolism by the bacterium Methylobacterium extorquens. The identification of a gene encoding a potential beta-RFAP synthase in M. extorquens is the first report of a putative methanopterin biosynthetic gene found in the Bacteria and provides evidence that the pathways of methanopterin biosynthesis in Bacteria and Archaea are similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Scott
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0700, USA
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Hwang YK, Kang JY, Woo HJ, Choi YK, Park YS. Functional investigation of a gene encoding pteridine glycosyltransferase for cyanopterin synthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1570:141-4. [PMID: 11985899 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(02)00156-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A gene (slr1166) putatively encoding pteridine glycosyltransferase was disrupted with a kanamycin resistance cassette in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, which produces cyanopterin. The deduced polypeptide from slr1166 consisted of 354 amino acid residues sharing 45% sequence identity with UDP-glucose:tetrahydrobiopterin alpha-glucosyltransferase (BGluT) isolated previously from Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. The knockout mutant was unable to produce cyanopterin but only 6-hydroxymethylpterin-beta-galactoside, verifying that slr1166 encodes a pteridine glycosyltransferase, which is responsible for transfer of the second sugar glucuronic acid in cyanopterin synthesis. The mutant was affected in its intracellular pteridine content and growth rate, which were 74% and 80%, respectively, of wild type, demonstrating that the second sugar residue is still required for quantitative maintenance of cyanopterin. This supports the previous suggestion that glycosylation may contribute to high cellular concentration of pteridine compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Kyung Hwang
- Department of Microbiology, Inje University, Kimhae 621-749, South Korea
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Choi YK, Hwang YK, Park YS. Molecular cloning and disruption of a novel gene encoding UDP-glucose: tetrahydrobiopterin alpha-glucosyltransferase in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. FEBS Lett 2001; 502:73-8. [PMID: 11583114 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02667-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding UDP-glucose:tetrahydrobiopterin alpha-glucosyltransferase (BGluT) was cloned from the genomic DNA of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. The encoded protein consisting of 359 amino acid residues was verified in vitro and in vivo to be responsible for the synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)-glucoside produced in the organism. The BGluT gene is the first cloned in pteridine glycosyltransferases and also a novel one cloned so far in UDP-glycosyltransferases. The mutant cells disrupted in the BGluT gene produced only aglycosidic BH4 at a level of 8.3% of the BH4-glucoside in wild type cells and exhibited half of the wild type growth in normal photoautotrophic conditions. These results suggest that the glucosylation of BH4 is required for the maintenance of the high cellular concentration of the compound, thereby supporting the normal growth of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Inje University, Kimhae, South Korea
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Chung HJ, Kim YA, Kim YJ, Choi YK, Hwang YK, Park YS. Purification and characterization of UDP-glucose:tetrahydrobiopterin glucosyltransferase from Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1524:183-8. [PMID: 11113566 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(00)00156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)-glucoside was identified from Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 by HPLC analysis and the enzymatic activity of a glycosyltransferase producing the compound from UDP-glucose and BH4. The novel enzyme, named UDP-glucose:BH4 glucosyltransferase, has been purified 846-fold from the cytosolic fraction of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 to apparent homogeneity on SDS-PAGE. The native enzyme exists as a monomer having a molecular mass of 39.2 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The enzyme was active over a broad range of pH from 6.5 to 10.5 but most active at pH 10.0. The enzyme required Mn(2+) for maximal activity. Optimum temperature was 42 degrees C. Apparent K(m) values for BH4 and UDP-glucose were determined as 4.3 microM and 188 microM, respectively, and V(max) values were 16.1 and 15.1 pmol min(-1) mg(-1), respectively. The N-terminal amino acid sequence was Thr-Ala-His-Arg-Phe-Lys-Phe-Val-Ser-Thr-Pro-Val-Gly-, sharing high homology with the predicted N-terminal sequence of an unidentified open reading frame slr1166 determined in the genome of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, which is known to produce a pteridine glycoside cyanopterin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Chung
- Department of Microbiology, Inje University, 621-749, Kimhae, South Korea
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Lee SW, Lee HW, Chung HJ, Kim YA, Kim YJ, Hahn Y, Chung JH, Park YS. Identification of the genes encoding enzymes involved in the early biosynthetic pathway of pteridines in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999; 176:169-76. [PMID: 10418143 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthetic pathway for the pteridine moiety of cyanopterine, as well as tetrahydrobiopterine, has been investigated in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Open reading frames slr0426, slr1626, slr0078 and sll0330 of the organism putatively encoding GTP cyclohydrolase I, dihydroneopterine aldolase, 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterine synthase and sepiapterine reductase, respectively, have been cloned into T7-based vectors for expression in Escherichia coli. The recombinant proteins have been purified to homogeneity and demonstrated to possess expected genuine activities except that of sll0330. Our result is the first direct evidence for the functional assignment of the open reading frames in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Furthermore, the 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterine synthase gene is demonstrated for the first time in prokaryotes. Based on the result, biosynthesis of cyanopterine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Inje University, Kimhae, South Korea
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Lee HW, Oh CH, Geyer A, Pfleiderer W, Park YS. Characterization of a novel unconjugated pteridine glycoside, cyanopterin, in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1410:61-70. [PMID: 10076015 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(98)00175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A new pteridine glycoside, called cyanopterin, was isolated from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and its structure was elucidated as 6-[1-(4-O-methyl-(alpha-d-glucuronyl)-(1, 6)-(beta-d-galactosyloxy]methylpterin by chemical degradation and 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopic means. Cyanopterin is constitutively synthesized at a relatively high intracellular concentration that is comparable to that of chlorophyll a in a molar ratio of approximately 1 to 1.6. The in vivo oxidation state of cyanopterin is primarily the fully reduced 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro form. The cellular function is unknown at present. The findings have established a model system, using Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, for studies of the physiological functions of unconjugated pteridine glycosides found mostly in cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Inje University, Kimhae 621-749, South Korea
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Cha KW, Pfleiderer W, Yim JJ. Pteridines. Part CVI. Isolation and characterization of limipterin (1-O-(L-erythro-biopterin-2?-yl)-?-N-acetylglucosamine) and its 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro derivative from green sulfur bacteriumChlorobium limicola f. thiosulfatophilum NCIB 8327. Helv Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19950780307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zhou D, White RH. 5-(p-aminophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxypentane, a structural component of the modified folate in Sulfolobus solfataricus. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:4576-82. [PMID: 1320614 PMCID: PMC206252 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.14.4576-4582.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The partial characterization of the modified folate present in Sulfolobus solfataricus has been carried out. Separation of ethanol-water extracts of these cells on a DEAE-Sephadex column led to the isolation of a small amount of intact oxidized cofactor, which, when subjected to reductive cleavage with Zn-HCl, produced 6-methylpterin. This indicated that the modified folate in these cells contained a nonmethylated pterin linked, via a methylene group at the C-6 position of the pterin, to an arylamine, as is found in folate. Oxidative cleavage of intact reduced cofactor produced pterin and a single arylamine. The azo dye derivative of this arylamine was prepared and purified by chromatography on a Bio-Gel P-6 column. The resulting purified compound was shown to be readily hydrolyzed in dilute acid to the azo dye derivative of 5-(p-aminophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxypantane, which was, in turn, readily cleaved to 5-(p-aminophenyl)-1,2,3,4- tetrahydroxypentane by Zn-HCl reduction. The stereochemistry of the resulting 5-(p-aminophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxypentane was shown to be ribo, the same as that of the 5-(p-aminophenyl)-1,2,3,4- tetrahydroxypentane moiety found in methanopterin. The complete arylamine side chain of the modified folate thus contains 5-(p-aminophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxypentane attached, via an acid-labile bond, to a currently unidentified substituent. The modified folate present in S. solfataricus thus contains structural features common to both folates and methanopterin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061-0308
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23
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White RH. A novel biosynthesis of medium chain length alpha-ketodicarboxylic acids in methanogenic archaebacteria. Arch Biochem Biophys 1989; 270:691-7. [PMID: 2495771 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90552-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis on the distribution of alpha-ketodicarboxylic acids in various bacteria determined that alpha-ketoglutarate and alpha-ketoadipate are widely distributed in all the bacteria examined, whereas alpha-ketopimelate and alpha-ketosuberate are found only in the methanogenic archaebacteria. Labeling experiments with stable isotopes indicated that each of these acids arises from alpha-ketoglutarate by repeated alpha-ketoacid chain elongation. The final product in this series of reactions, alpha-ketosuberate, serves in the methanogenic bacteria as the biosynthetic precursor to the 7-mercaptoheptanoic acid portion of 7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine phosphate, a methanogenic coenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H White
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
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Oxidative and reductive acetyl CoA/carbon monoxide dehydrogenase pathway in Desulfobacterium autotrophicum. Arch Microbiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00444673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Lin X, White RH. Distribution of charged pterins in nonmethanogenic archaebacteria. Arch Microbiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00408246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Cell extracts of methanogens and the thermoacidophile Sulfolobus solfataricus contained little or no folic acid (pteroylglutamate) or pteroylpolyglutamate activity (less than 0.1 nmol/g [dry weight]). However, the halophile Halobacterium salinarum contained pteroylmono- or pteroyldiglutamates, and Halobacterium volcanii and Halobacterium halobium contained pteroyltriglutamates at levels equivalent to those in eubacteria (greater than 1 nmol/g [dry weight]).
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Worrell
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman 73019
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