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Ji Y, Li J, Liang Y, Li L, Wang Y, Pi L, Xing P, Nomura CT, Chen S, Zhu C, Wang Q. Engineering the Tat-secretion pathway of Bacillus licheniformis for the secretion of cytoplasmic enzyme arginase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:89. [PMID: 38194145 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12917-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The industrial bacterium Bacillus licheniformis has long been used as a microbial factory for the production of enzymes due to its ability to secrete copious amounts of native extracellular proteins and its generally regarded as safe (GRAS) status. However, most attempts to use B. licheniformis to produce heterologous and cytoplasmic enzymes primarily via the general secretory (Sec) pathway have had limited success. The twin-arginine transport (Tat) pathway offers a promising alternative for the extracellular export of Sec-incompatible proteins because it transports full, correctly folded proteins. However, compared to the Sec pathway, the yields of the Tat pathway have historically been too low for commercial use. To improve the export efficiency of the Tat pathway, we identified the optimal Tat-dependent signal peptides and increased the abundance of the Tat translocases, the signal peptidase (SPase), and the intracellular chaperones. These strategic modifications significantly improved the Tat-dependent secretion of the cytoplasmic enzyme arginase into the culture medium using B. licheniformis. The extracellular enzymatic activity of arginase showed a 5.2-fold increase after these modifications. Moreover, compared to the start strain B. licheniformis 0F3, the production of extracellular GFP was improved by 3.8 times using the strategic modified strain B. licheniformis 0F13, and the extracellular enzymatic activity of SOX had a 1.3-fold increase using the strain B. licheniformis 0F14. This Tat-based production chassis has the potential for enhanced production of Sec-incompatible enzymes, therefore expanding the capability of B. licheniformis as an efficient cellular factory for the production of high-value proteins. KEY POINTS: • Systematic genetic modification of Tat-pathway in B. licheniformis. • Significant enhancement of the secretion capacity of Tat pathway for delivery the cytoplasmic enzyme arginase. • A new platform for efficient extracellular production of Sec-incompatible enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Junliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonglin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Pi
- Wuhan Grand Hoyo Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430075, People's Republic of China
| | - Panpan Xing
- Wuhan Grand Hoyo Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430075, People's Republic of China
| | - Christopher T Nomura
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Shouwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengjun Zhu
- Wuhan Grand Hoyo Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430075, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Senger J, Seitl I, Pross E, Fischer L. Secretion of the cytoplasmic and high molecular weight β-galactosidase of Paenibacillus wynnii with Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:170. [PMID: 38867249 PMCID: PMC11167759 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02445-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis is widely used for industrial enzyme production. Its ability to secrete a wide range of enzymes into the extracellular medium especially facilitates downstream processing since cell disruption is avoided. Although various heterologous enzymes have been successfully secreted with B. subtilis, the secretion of cytoplasmic enzymes with high molecular weight is challenging. Only a few studies report on the secretion of cytoplasmic enzymes with a molecular weight > 100 kDa. RESULTS In this study, the cytoplasmic and 120 kDa β-galactosidase of Paenibacillus wynnii (β-gal-Pw) was expressed and secreted with B. subtilis SCK6. Different strategies were focused on to identify the best secretion conditions. Tailormade codon-optimization of the β-gal-Pw gene led to an increase in extracellular β-gal-Pw production. Consequently, the optimized gene was used to test four signal peptides and two promoters in different combinations. Differences in extracellular β-gal-Pw activity between the recombinant B. subtilis strains were observed with the successful secretion being highly dependent on the specific combination of promoter and signal peptide used. Interestingly, signal peptides of both the general secretory- and the twin-arginine translocation pathway mediated secretion. The highest extracellular activity of 55.2 ± 6 µkat/Lculture was reached when secretion was mediated by the PhoD signal peptide and expression was controlled by the PAprE promoter. Production of extracellular β-gal-Pw was further enhanced 1.4-fold in a bioreactor cultivation to 77.5 ± 10 µkat/Lculture with secretion efficiencies of more than 80%. CONCLUSION For the first time, the β-gal-Pw was efficiently secreted with B. subtilis SCK6, demonstrating the potential of this strain for secretory production of cytoplasmic, high molecular weight enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Senger
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 25, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ines Seitl
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 25, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eva Pross
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 25, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lutz Fischer
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 25, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Gnuchikh EY, Manukhov IV, Zavilgelsky GB. Biosensors to Assess the Activity of Promoters and Chaperones in Bacillus subtilis Cells. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683821080020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Yang H, Qu J, Zou W, Shen W, Chen X. An overview and future prospects of recombinant protein production in Bacillus subtilis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6607-6626. [PMID: 34468804 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11533-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a well-characterized Gram-positive bacterium and a valuable host for recombinant protein production because of its efficient secretion ability, high yield, and non-toxicity. Here, we comprehensively review the recent studies on recombinant protein production in B. subtilis to update and supplement other previous reviews. We have focused on several aspects, including optimization of B. subtilis strains, enhancement and regulation of expression, improvement of secretion level, surface display of proteins, and fermentation optimization. Among them, optimization of B. subtilis strains mainly involves undirected chemical/physical mutagenesis and selection and genetic manipulation; enhancement and regulation of expression comprises autonomous plasmid and integrated expression, promoter regulation and engineering, and fine-tuning gene expression based on proteases and molecular chaperones; improvement of secretion level predominantly involves secretion pathway and signal peptide screening and optimization; surface display of proteins includes surface display of proteins on spores or vegetative cells; and fermentation optimization incorporates medium optimization, process condition optimization, and feeding strategy optimization. Furthermore, we propose some novel methods and future challenges for recombinant protein production in B. subtilis.Key points• A comprehensive review on recombinant protein production in Bacillus subtilis.• Novel techniques facilitate recombinant protein expression and secretion.• Surface display of proteins has significant potential for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiquan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Jinfeng Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wei Zou
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin, 644000, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Elemosho R, Suwanto A, Thenawidjaja M. Extracellular expression in Bacillus subtilis of a thermostable Geobacillus stearothermophilus lipase. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Enhanced extracellular Bacillus stearothermophilus α-amylase production in Bacillus subtilis by balancing the entire secretion process in an optimal strain. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.107948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Napiorkowska M, Pestalozzi L, Panke S, Held M, Schmitt S. High-Throughput Optimization of Recombinant Protein Production in Microfluidic Gel Beads. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2005523. [PMID: 33325637 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Efficient production hosts are a key requirement for bringing biopharmaceutical and biotechnological innovations to the market. In this work, a truly universal high-throughput platform for optimization of microbial protein production is described. Using droplet microfluidics, large genetic libraries of strains are encapsulated into biocompatible gel beads that are engineered to selectively retain any protein of interest. Bead-retained products are then fluorescently labeled and strains with superior production titers are isolated using flow cytometry. The broad applicability of the platform is demonstrated by successfully culturing several industrially relevant bacterial and yeast strains and detecting peptides or proteins of interest that are secreted or released from the cell via autolysis. Lastly, the platform is applied to optimize cutinase secretion in Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris) and a strain with 5.7-fold improvement is isolated. The platform permits the analysis of >106 genotypes per day and is readily applicable to any protein that can be equipped with a His6 -tag. It is envisioned that the platform will be useful for large screening campaigns that aim to identify improved hosts for large-scale production of biotechnologically relevant proteins, thereby accelerating the costly and time-consuming process of strain engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Napiorkowska
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Luzius Pestalozzi
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Sven Panke
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Martin Held
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Steven Schmitt
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
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8
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Engineering Bacillus subtilis Cells as Factories: Enzyme Secretion and Value-added Chemical Production. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-020-0104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Xi X, Ni K, Hao H, Shang Y, Zhao B, Qian Z. Secretory expression in Bacillus subtilis and biochemical characterization of a highly thermostable polyethylene terephthalate hydrolase from bacterium HR29. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 143:109715. [PMID: 33375975 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The environmental threat posed by disposal of plastic wastes has drawn extensive attention in recent years wherein polyethylene terephthalate (PET) constitutes one of the major plastic materials in the wastes. Recycling of PET wastes into reusable materials effectively overcomes its accumulation in the environment and can be achieved by mechanical, chemical, and biological processes. In comparison to the other methods, enzymatic treatment utilizing PET hydrolyzing enzymes (PETases) is environmental-friendly which avoids the use of hazardous chemicals. In this study, we report on the secretory expression in Bacillus subtilis a PETase (BhrPETase) from the bacterium HR29, a close homologue of the leaf-branch compost cutinase (LCC) with 94 % sequence identity. The expression titer of BhrPETase reached 0.66 g/L in an engineered chaperone-overexpression Bacillus subtilis strain, and the biochemical characterization of BhrPETase for the first time revealed its high hydrolyzing activity towards amorphous PET in comparison to two reported PET hydrolyzing enzymes LCC and IsPETase, which were expressed under the same expression conditions in Bacillus subtilis in our study. Most intriguingly, purified BhrPETase displayed a melting temperature as high as 101 °C. To our knowledge it is the most thermostable bacterial PETase characterized so far. The superior activity and thermostability of BhrPETase rendered it one of the most promising PETases for plastic waste recycling and bioremediation applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxiang Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; China Research Center, DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Shanghai, 200335, China
| | - Kefeng Ni
- China Research Center, DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Shanghai, 200335, China
| | - Helong Hao
- China Research Center, DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Shanghai, 200335, China
| | - Yuepeng Shang
- China Research Center, DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Shanghai, 200335, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhen Qian
- China Research Center, DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Shanghai, 200335, China.
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Deletion of a Peptidylprolyl Isomerase Gene Results in the Inability of Caldicellulosiruptor bescii To Grow on Crystalline Cellulose without Affecting Protein Glycosylation or Growth on Soluble Substrates. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00909-20. [PMID: 32769195 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00909-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Caldicellulosiruptor bescii secretes a large number of complementary multifunctional enzymes with unique activities for biomass deconstruction. The most abundant enzymes in the C. bescii secretome are found in a unique gene cluster containing a glycosyl transferase (GT39) and a putative peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase. Deletion of the glycosyl transferase in this cluster resulted in loss of detectable protein glycosylation in C. bescii, and its activity has been shown to be responsible for the glycosylation of the proline-threonine rich linkers found in many of the multifunctional cellulases. The presence of a putative peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase within this gene cluster suggested that it might also play a role in cellulase modification. Here, we identify this gene as a putative prsA prolyl cis-trans isomerase. Deletion of prsA2 leads to the inability of C. bescii to grow on insoluble substrates such as Avicel, the model cellulose substrate, while exhibiting no differences in phenotype with the wild-type strain on soluble substrates. Finally, we provide evidence that the prsA2 gene is likely needed to increase solubility of multifunctional cellulases and that this unique gene cluster was likely acquired by members of the Caldicellulosiruptor genus with a group of genes to optimize the production and activity of multifunctional cellulases.IMPORTANCE Caldicellulosiruptor has the ability to digest complex plant biomass without pretreatment and have been engineered to convert biomass, a sustainable, carbon neutral substrate, to fuels. Their strategy for deconstructing plant cell walls relies on an interesting class of cellulases consisting of multiple catalytic modules connected by linker regions and carbohydrate binding modules. The best studied of these enzymes, CelA, has a unique deconstruction mechanism. CelA is located in a cluster of genes that likely allows for optimal expression, secretion, and activity. One of the genes in this cluster is a putative isomerase that modifies the CelA protein. In higher eukaryotes, these isomerases are essential for the proper folding of glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, but little is known about the role of isomerization in cellulase activity. We show that the stability and activity of CelA is dependent on the activity of this isomerase.
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Zhang K, Su L, Wu J. Recent Advances in Recombinant Protein Production byBacillus subtilis. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2020; 11:295-318. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-032519-051750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis has become a widely used microbial cell factory for the production of recombinant proteins, especially those associated with foods and food processing. Recent advances in genetic manipulation and proteomic analysis have been used to greatly improve protein production in B. subtilis. This review begins with a discussion of genome-editing technologies and application of the CRISPR–Cas9 system to B. subtilis. A summary of the characteristics of crucial legacy strains is followed by suggestions regarding the choice of origin strain for genetic manipulation. Finally, the review analyzes the genes and operons of B. subtilis that are important for the production of secretory proteins and provides suggestions and examples of how they can be altered to improve protein production. This review is intended to promote the engineering of this valuable microbial cell factory for better recombinant protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, and International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lingqia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, and International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, and International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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12
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Firat Duzenli O, Okay S. Promoter engineering for the recombinant protein production in prokaryotic systems. AIMS BIOENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3934/bioeng.2020007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Peng C, Shi C, Cao X, Li Y, Liu F, Lu F. Factors Influencing Recombinant Protein Secretion Efficiency in Gram-Positive Bacteria: Signal Peptide and Beyond. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:139. [PMID: 31245367 PMCID: PMC6579943 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal peptides are short peptides directing newly synthesized proteins toward the secretory pathway. These N-terminal signal sequences are ubiquitous to all prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Signal peptides play a significant role in recombinant protein production. Previous studies have demonstrated that the secretion amount of a given target protein varies significantly depending on the signal peptide that is fused to the protein. Signal peptide selection and signal peptide modification are the two main methods for the optimization of a recombinant protein secretion. However, the highly efficient signal peptide for a target protein with a specific bacterial expression host is not predictable so far. In this article, we collect several signal peptides that have previously performed well for recombinant protein secretion in gram-positive bacteria. We also discuss several factors influencing recombinant protein secretion efficiency in gram-positive bacteria. Signal peptides with a higher charge/length ratio in n-region, more consensus residues at the-3 and-1positions in c-region and a much higher proportion of coils are more likely to perform well in the secretion of recombinant proteins. These summaries can be utilized to the selection and directed modification of signal peptides for a given recombinant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Education Ministry of China, Tianjin, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin, China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Chaoshuo Shi
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Cao
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Education Ministry of China, Tianjin, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin, China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Fufeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Education Ministry of China, Tianjin, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin, China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Education Ministry of China, Tianjin, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, Tianjin, China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
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14
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Yao D, Su L, Li N, Wu J. Enhanced extracellular expression of Bacillus stearothermophilus α-amylase in Bacillus subtilis through signal peptide optimization, chaperone overexpression and α-amylase mutant selection. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:69. [PMID: 30971250 PMCID: PMC6458788 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Our laboratory has constructed a Bacillus stearothermophilus α-amylase (AmyS) derivative with excellent enzymatic properties. Bacillus subtilis is generally regarded as safe and has excellent protein secretory capability, but heterologous extracellular production level of B. stearothermophilus α-amylase in B. subtilis is very low. Results In this study, the extracellular production level of B. stearothermophilus α-amylase in B. subtilis was enhanced by signal peptide optimization, chaperone overexpression and α-amylase mutant selection. The α-amylase optimal signal peptide (SPYojL) was obtained by screening 173 B. subtilis signal peptides. Although the extracellular α-amylase activity that was produced by the resulting recombinant strain was 3.5-fold greater than that of the control, significant quantities of inclusion bodies were detected. Overexpressing intracellular molecular chaperones significantly reduced inclusion body formation and further increased α-amylase activity. Error-prone PCR produced an amylase mutant K82E/S405R (AmySA) with enzymatic activity superior to that of AmyS. Expression of the amySA gene with the SPYojL while overexpressing molecular chaperones resulted in a 7.1-fold improvement in α-amylase activity. When the final expression strain (WHS11YSA) was cultivated in a 3-L fermenter for 92 h, the α-amylase activity of the culture supernatant was 9201.1 U mL−1, which is the highest level that has been reported to date. Conclusions This is the first report that describes an improvement of B. stearothermophilus α-amylase extracellular production levels in B. subtilis using these strategies, and this represents the highest extracellular production level ever reported for α-amylase from B. stearothermophilus in B. subtilis. This high-level production provides a basis for enhanced industrial production of α-amylase. These extracellular production level improvement approaches are also expected to be valuable in the expression of other enzymes in B. subtilis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-019-1119-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Lingqia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China. .,School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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15
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Holland ATN, Danson MJ, Bolhuis A. Inhibition of extracellular proteases improves the production of a xylanase in Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius. BMC Biotechnol 2019; 19:17. [PMID: 30894163 PMCID: PMC6425571 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-019-0511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius is a thermophilic and ethanol-producing bacterium capable of utilising both hexose and pentose sugars for fermentation. The organism has been proposed to be a suitable organism for the production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic feedstocks. These feedstocks may be difficult to degrade, and a potential strategy to optimise this process is to engineer strains that secrete hydrolases that liberate increased amounts of sugars from those feedstocks. However, very little is known about protein transport in P. thermoglucosidasius and the limitations of that process, and as a first step we investigated whether there were bottlenecks in the secretion of a model protein. Results A secretory enzyme, xylanase (XynA1), was produced with and without its signal peptide. Cell cultures were fractionated into cytoplasm, membrane, cell wall, and extracellular milieu protein extracts, which were analysed using immunoblotting and enzyme activity assays. The main bottleneck identified was proteolytic degradation of XynA1 during or after its translocation. A combination of mass spectrometry and bioinformatics indicated the presence of several proteases that might be involved in this process. Conclusion The creation of protease-deficient strains may be beneficial towards the development of P. thermoglucosidasius as a platform organism for industrial processes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12896-019-0511-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria T N Holland
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.,Present address: Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Michael J Danson
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Albert Bolhuis
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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16
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Cai D, Rao Y, Zhan Y, Wang Q, Chen S. EngineeringBacillusfor efficient production of heterologous protein: current progress, challenge and prospect. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 126:1632-1642. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio‐Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University Wuhan PR China
| | - Y. Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio‐Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University Wuhan PR China
| | - Y. Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio‐Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University Wuhan PR China
| | - Q. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio‐Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University Wuhan PR China
| | - S. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio‐Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University Wuhan PR China
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17
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Meng F, Zhu X, Nie T, Lu F, Bie X, Lu Y, Trouth F, Lu Z. Enhanced Expression of Pullulanase in Bacillus subtilis by New Strong Promoters Mined From Transcriptome Data, Both Alone and in Combination. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2635. [PMID: 30450090 PMCID: PMC6224515 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pullulanase plays an important role as a starch hydrolysis enzyme in the production of bio-fuels and animal feed, and in the food industry. Compared to the methods currently used for pullulanase production, synthesis by Bacillus subtilis would be safer and easier. However, the current yield of pullulanase from B. subtilis is low to meet industrial requirements. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the yield of pullulanase by B. subtilis. In this study, we mined 10 highly active promoters from B. subtilis based on transcriptome and bioinformatic data. Individual promoters and combinations of promoters were used to improve the yield of pullulanase in B. subtilis BS001. Four recombinant strains with new promoters (Phag, PtufA, PsodA, and PfusA) had higher enzyme activity than the control (PamyE). The strain containing PsodA+fusA (163 U/mL) and the strain containing PsodA+fusA+amyE (336 U/mL) had the highest activity among the analyzed dual- and triple-promoter construct stains in shake flask, which were 2.29 and 4.73 times higher than that of the strain with PamyE, respectively. Moreover, the activity of the strain containing PsodA+fusA+amyE showed a maximum activity of 1,555 U/mL, which was 21.9 times higher than that of the flask-grown PamyE strain in a 50-liter fermenter. Our work showed that these four strong promoters mined from transcriptome data and their combinations could reliably increase the yield of pullulanase in quantities suitable for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanqiang Meng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Nie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengxia Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaomei Bie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingjian Lu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Frances Trouth
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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18
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One-Step Bioprocess of Inulin to Product Inulo-Oligosaccharides Using Bacillus subtilis Secreting an Extracellular Endo-Inulinase. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 187:116-128. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2806-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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19
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Freudl R. Beyond amino acids: Use of the Corynebacterium glutamicum cell factory for the secretion of heterologous proteins. J Biotechnol 2017; 258:101-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Yan S, Wu G. Bottleneck in secretion of α-amylase in Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:124. [PMID: 28724440 PMCID: PMC5518135 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0738-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Amylase plays an important role in biotechnology industries, and Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis is a major host to produce heterogeneous α-amylases. However, the secretion stress limits the high yield of α-amylase in B. subtilis although huge efforts have been made to address this secretion bottleneck. In this question-oriented review, every effort is made to answer the following questions, which look simple but are long-standing, through reviewing of literature: (1) Does α-amylase need a specific and dedicated chaperone? (2) What signal sequence does CsaA recognize? (3) Does CsaA require ATP for its operation? (4) Does an unfolded α-amylase is less soluble than a folded one? (5) Does α-amylase aggregate before transporting through Sec secretion system? (6) Is α-amylase sufficient stable to prevent itself from misfolding? (7) Does α-amylase need more disulfide bonds to be stabilized? (8) Which secretion system does PrsA pass through? (9) Is PrsA ATP-dependent? (10) Is PrsA reused after folding of α-amylase? (11) What is the fate of PrsA? (12) Is trigger factor (TF) ATP-dependent? The literature review suggests that not only the most of those questions are still open to answers but also it is necessary to calculate ATP budget in order to better understand how B. subtilis uses its energy for production and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Yan
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Guang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China.
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Lakowitz A, Godard T, Biedendieck R, Krull R. Mini review: Recombinant production of tailored bio-pharmaceuticals in different Bacillus strains and future perspectives. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 126:27-39. [PMID: 28606596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bio-pharmaceuticals like antibodies, hormones and growth factors represent about one-fifth of commercial pharmaceuticals. Host candidates of growing interest for recombinant production of these proteins are strains of the genus Bacillus, long being established for biotechnological production of homologous and heterologous proteins. Bacillus strains benefit from development of efficient expression systems in the last decades and emerge as major industrial workhorses for recombinant proteins due to easy cultivation, non-pathogenicity and their ability to secrete recombinant proteins directly into extracellular medium allowing cost-effective downstream processing. Their broad product portfolio of pharmaceutically relevant recombinant proteins described in research include antibody fragments, growth factors, interferons and interleukins, insulin, penicillin G acylase, streptavidin and different kinases produced in various cultivation systems like microtiter plates, shake flasks and bioreactor systems in batch, fed-batch and continuous mode. To further improve production and secretion performance of Bacillus, bottlenecks and limiting factors concerning proteases, chaperones, secretion machinery or feedback mechanisms can be identified on different cell levels from genomics and transcriptomics via proteomics to metabolomics and fluxomics. For systematical identification of recurring patterns characteristic of given regulatory systems and key genetic targets, systems biology and omics-technology provide suitable and promising approaches, pushing Bacillus further towards industrial application for recombinant pharmaceutical protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Lakowitz
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-List-Straβe 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Braunschweig Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thibault Godard
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-List-Straβe 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Braunschweig Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rebekka Biedendieck
- Braunschweig Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rainer Krull
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-List-Straβe 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Braunschweig Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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22
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Song Y, Fu G, Dong H, Li J, Du Y, Zhang D. High-Efficiency Secretion of β-Mannanase in Bacillus subtilis through Protein Synthesis and Secretion Optimization. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:2540-2548. [PMID: 28262014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The manno endo-1,4-mannosidase (β-mannanase, EC. 3.2.1.78) catalyzes the random hydrolysis of internal (1 → 4)-β-mannosidic linkages in the mannan polymers. A codon optimized β-mannanase gene from Bacillus licheniformis DSM13 was expressed in Bacillus subtilis. When four Sec-dependent and two Tat-dependent signal peptide sequences cloned from B. subtilis were placed upstream of the target gene, the highest activity of β-mannanase was observed using SPlipA as a signal peptide. Then a 1.25-fold activity of β-mannanase was obtained when another copy of groESL operon was inserted into the genome of host strain. Finally, five different promoters were separately used to enhance the synthesis of the target protein. The results showed that promoter Pmglv, a modified maltose-inducible promoter, significantly elevated the production of β-mannanase. After 72 h of flask fermentation, the enzyme activity of β-mannanase in the supernatant when using locust bean gum as substrate reached 2207 U/mL. This work provided a promising β-mannanase production strain in industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Song
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology and ‡Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Tianjin 300308, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gang Fu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology and ‡Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Tianjin 300308, P. R. China
| | - Huina Dong
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology and ‡Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Tianjin 300308, P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology , Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuguang Du
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology , Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology and ‡Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Tianjin 300308, P. R. China
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Recombinant production of the antibody fragment D1.3 scFv with different Bacillus strains. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:14. [PMID: 28115011 PMCID: PMC5259949 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0625-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Different strains of the genus Bacillus are versatile candidates for the industrial production and secretion of heterologous proteins. They can be cultivated quite easily, show high growth rates and are usually non-pathogenic and free of endo- and exotoxins. They have the ability to secrete proteins with high efficiency into the growth medium, which allows cost-effective downstream purification processing. Some of the most interesting and challenging heterologous proteins are recombinant antibodies and antibody fragments. They are important and suitable tools in medical research for analytics, diagnostics and therapy. The smallest conventional antibody fragment with high-affinity binding to an antigen is the single-chain fragment variable (scFv). Here, different strains of the genus Bacillus were investigated using diverse cultivation systems for their suitability to produce and secret a recombinant scFv. Results Extracellular production of lysozyme-specific scFv D1.3 was realized by constructing a plasmid with a xylose-inducible promoter optimized for Bacillus megaterium and the D1.3scFv gene fused to the coding sequence of the LipA signal peptide from B. megaterium. Functional scFv was successfully secreted with B. megaterium MS941, Bacillus licheniformis MW3 and the three Bacillus subtilis strains 168, DB431 and WB800N differing in the number of produced proteases. Starting with shake flasks (150 mL), the bioprocess was scaled down to microtiter plates (1250 µL) as well as scaled up to laboratory-scale bioreactors (2 L). The highest extracellular concentration of D1.3 scFv (130 mg L−1) and highest space–time-yield (8 mg L−1 h−1) were accomplished with B. subtilis WB800N, a strain deficient in eight proteases. These results were reproduced by the production and secretion of a recombinant penicillin G acylase (Pac). Conclusions The genus Bacillus provides high potential microbial host systems for the secretion of challenging heterologous proteins like antibody fragments and large proteins at high titers. In this study, the highest extracellular concentration and space–time-yield of a recombinant antibody fragment for a Gram-positive bacterium so far was achieved. The successful interspecies use of the here-designed plasmid originally optimized for B. megaterium was demonstrated by two examples, an antibody fragment and a penicillin G acylase in up to five different Bacillus strains. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0625-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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The Staphylococcus aureus Chaperone PrsA Is a New Auxiliary Factor of Oxacillin Resistance Affecting Penicillin-Binding Protein 2A. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:1656-66. [PMID: 26711778 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02333-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) phenotype results from the expression of the extra penicillin-binding protein 2A (PBP2A), which is encoded by mecA and acquired horizontally on part of the SCCmec cassette. PBP2A can catalyze dd-transpeptidation of peptidoglycan (PG) because of its low affinity for β-lactam antibiotics and can functionally cooperate with the PBP2 transglycosylase in the biosynthesis of PG. Here, we focus upon the role of the membrane-bound PrsA foldase protein as a regulator of β-lactam resistance expression. Deletion of prsA altered oxacillin resistance in three different SCCmec backgrounds and, more importantly, caused a decrease in PBP2A membrane amounts without affecting mecA mRNA levels. The N- and C-terminal domains of PrsA were found to be critical features for PBP2A protein membrane levels and oxacillin resistance. We propose that PrsA has a role in posttranscriptional maturation of PBP2A, possibly in the export and/or folding of newly synthesized PBP2A. This additional level of control in the expression of the mecA-dependent MRSA phenotype constitutes an opportunity to expand the strategies to design anti-infective agents.
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25
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Optimization of the secretion pathway for heterologous proteins in Bacillus subtilis. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-014-0843-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Chen J, Fu G, Gai Y, Zheng P, Zhang D, Wen J. Combinatorial Sec pathway analysis for improved heterologous protein secretion in Bacillus subtilis: identification of bottlenecks by systematic gene overexpression. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:92. [PMID: 26112883 PMCID: PMC4482152 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0282-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Secretory expression of valuable proteins by B. subtilis and its related species has attracted intensive work over the past three decades. Although very high yields can be achieved with homologous proteins, production of heterologous proteins by B. subtilis is unfortunately not the straight forward. The Sec pathway is the major route for protein secretion in B. subtilis. Therefore, the aim of this work was to identify the bottlenecks of the Sec pathway and improve the secretion of heterologous proteins by molecular genetic techniques. Results Two α-amylases (AmyL and AmyS) both under the control of the PHpaII promoter and equipped with their native signal peptides SPamyl and SPamyS were successfully secreted with significantly different expression levels. To improve the secretion efficiency, 23 main genes or gene operons involved in or closely related to the Sec pathway were overexpressed singly by increasing an additional copy on the chromosome, and the overexpression of prsA enhanced the production of α-amylases (AmyL and AmyS) by 3.2- and 5.5-fold, respectively. With the induction by xylose of different concentrations, prsA overexpression level was optimized and the secretion efficiency of α-amylase was further improved. Moreover, combinatorial overexpression of prsA and nine screened genes or gene operons, respectively, was performed, and the overexpression of prsA combined with partial dnaK operon improved the α-amylase activity of AmyL and AmyS by 160 and 173%, respectively, compared with the overexpression of prsA singly. Finally, the performance of the recombinant B. subtilis 1A237 was evaluated with the fed-batch fermentation in 7.5 L fermentor, and the level of secreted AmyL and AmyS reached 1,352 and 2,300 U/mL with the productivity of 16.1 U/mL h and 27.4 U/mL h, respectively. Conclusions Our systematic gene overexpression approach was designed to investigate the bottleneck of Sec pathway in B. subtilis. The deficiency of PrsA lipoprotein and chaperones of DnaK series was main rate-limiting factors for heterologous proteins secretion. Systematic and deep insight into how components of Sec pathway interact with each other may be the key to improving the yield of heterologous proteins thoroughly. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-015-0282-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqi Chen
- Department of Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China. .,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gang Fu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanming Gai
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Zheng
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianping Wen
- Department of Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
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Schmidpeter PAM, Schmid FX. Prolyl isomerization and its catalysis in protein folding and protein function. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:1609-31. [PMID: 25676311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prolyl isomerizations are intrinsically slow processes. They determine the rates of many protein folding reactions and control regulatory events in folded proteins. Prolyl isomerases are able to catalyze these isomerizations, and thus, they have the potential to assist protein folding and to modulate protein function. Here, we provide examples for how prolyl isomerizations limit protein folding and are accelerated by prolyl isomerases and how native-state prolyl isomerizations regulate protein functions. The roles of prolines in protein folding and protein function are closely interrelated because both of them depend on the coupling between cis/trans isomerization and conformational changes that can involve extended regions of a protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp A M Schmidpeter
- Laboratorium für Biochemie und Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Franz X Schmid
- Laboratorium für Biochemie und Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
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28
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Jakob RP, Koch JR, Burmann BM, Schmidpeter PAM, Hunkeler M, Hiller S, Schmid FX, Maier T. Dimeric Structure of the Bacterial Extracellular Foldase PrsA. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:3278-92. [PMID: 25525259 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.622910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretion of proteins into the membrane-cell wall space is essential for cell wall biosynthesis and pathogenicity in Gram-positive bacteria. Folding and maturation of many secreted proteins depend on a single extracellular foldase, the PrsA protein. PrsA is a 30-kDa protein, lipid anchored to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane. The crystal structure of Bacillus subtilis PrsA reveals a central catalytic parvulin-type prolyl isomerase domain, which is inserted into a larger composite NC domain formed by the N- and C-terminal regions. This domain architecture resembles, despite a lack of sequence conservation, both trigger factor, a ribosome-binding bacterial chaperone, and SurA, a periplasmic chaperone in Gram-negative bacteria. Two main structural differences are observed in that the N-terminal arm of PrsA is substantially shortened relative to the trigger factor and SurA and in that PrsA is found to dimerize in a unique fashion via its NC domain. Dimerization leads to a large, bowl-shaped crevice, which might be involved in vivo in protecting substrate proteins from aggregation. NMR experiments reveal a direct, dynamic interaction of both the parvulin and the NC domain with secretion propeptides, which have been implicated in substrate targeting to PrsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman P Jakob
- From the Biozentrum, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland and
| | - Johanna R Koch
- the Laboratorium für Biochemie and Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Björn M Burmann
- From the Biozentrum, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland and
| | - Philipp A M Schmidpeter
- the Laboratorium für Biochemie and Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Moritz Hunkeler
- From the Biozentrum, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland and
| | - Sebastian Hiller
- From the Biozentrum, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland and
| | - Franz X Schmid
- the Laboratorium für Biochemie and Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Timm Maier
- From the Biozentrum, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland and
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Molecular engineering of secretory machinery components for high-level secretion of proteins in Bacillus species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 41:1599-607. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Secretory expression of valuable enzymes by Bacillus subtilis and its related species has attracted intensive work over the past three decades. Although many proteins have been expressed and secreted, the titers of some recombinant enzymes are still low to meet the needs of practical applications. Signal peptides that located at the N-terminal of nascent peptide chains play crucial roles in the secretion process. In this mini-review, we summarize recent progress in secretory expression of recombinant proteins in Bacillus species. In particular, we highlighted and discussed the advances in molecular engineering of secretory machinery components, construction of signal sequence libraries and identification of functional signal peptides with high-throughput screening strategy. The prospects of future research are also proposed.
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Metabolic engineering of Lactococcus lactis influence of the overproduction of lipase enzyme. J DAIRY RES 2013; 80:490-5. [PMID: 24063299 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029913000435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The dairy industry uses lipase extensively for hydrolysis of milk fat. Lipase is used in the modification of the fatty acid chain length, to enhance the flavours of various chesses. Therefore finding the unlimited source of lipase is a concern of dairy industry. Due to the importance of lipase, this study was an attempt to express the lipase from Burkholderia cepacia in Lactococcus lactis. To achieve this, a gene associated with lipase transport was amplified and subcloned in inducible pNZ8148 vector, and subsequently transformed into Lc. lactis NZ9000. The enzyme assay as well as SDS-PAGE and western blotting were carried out to analysis the recombinant lipase expression. Nucleotide sequencing of the DNA insert from the clone revealed that the lipase activity corresponded to an open reading frame consisting of 1092 bp coding for a 37·5-kDa size protein. Blue colour colonies on nile blue sulphate agar and sharp band on 37·5-kD size on SDS-PAGE and western blotting results confirm the successful expression of lipase by Lc. lactis. The protein assay also showed high expression, approximately 152·2 μg/ml.h, of lipase by recombinant Lc. lactis. The results indicate that Lc. lactis has high potential to overproduce the recombinant lipase which can be used commercially for industrially purposes.
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Frenzel A, Hust M, Schirrmann T. Expression of recombinant antibodies. Front Immunol 2013; 4:217. [PMID: 23908655 PMCID: PMC3725456 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies are highly specific detection probes in research, diagnostics, and have emerged over the last two decades as the fastest growing class of therapeutic proteins. Antibody generation has been dramatically accelerated by in vitro selection systems, particularly phage display. An increasing variety of recombinant production systems have been developed, ranging from Gram-negative and positive bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi, insect cell lines, mammalian cells to transgenic plants and animals. Currently, almost all therapeutic antibodies are still produced in mammalian cell lines in order to reduce the risk of immunogenicity due to altered, non-human glycosylation patterns. However, recent developments of glycosylation-engineered yeast, insect cell lines, and transgenic plants are promising to obtain antibodies with "human-like" post-translational modifications. Furthermore, smaller antibody fragments including bispecific antibodies without any glycosylation are successfully produced in bacteria and have advanced to clinical testing. The first therapeutic antibody products from a non-mammalian source can be expected in coming next years. In this review, we focus on current antibody production systems including their usability for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Frenzel
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schirrmann
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Mulder KC, Bandola J, Schumann W. Construction of an artificial secYEG operon allowing high level secretion of α-amylase. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 89:92-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Freudl R. Leaving home ain't easy: protein export systems in Gram-positive bacteria. Res Microbiol 2013; 164:664-74. [PMID: 23541477 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Transport of proteins into or across biological membranes is catalyzed by membrane-bound transport machineries. In Gram-positive bacteria, the vast majority of proteins are exported out of the cytosol by the conserved general secretion (Sec) system or, alternatively, by the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) system, that closely resemble their well-studied counterparts in Gram-negative bacteria. Besides these common major export routes, additional unique protein export systems (such as accessory Sec2 systems and/or type VII/WXG100 secretion systems) exist in some Gram-positive bacteria that are specifically involved in the secretion of limited subsets of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Freudl
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften 1, Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
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Marciniak BC, Trip H, van-der Veek PJ, Kuipers OP. Comparative transcriptional analysis of Bacillus subtilis cells overproducing either secreted proteins, lipoproteins or membrane proteins. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:66. [PMID: 22624725 PMCID: PMC3514339 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacillus subtilis is a favorable host for the production of industrially relevant proteins because of its capacity of secreting proteins into the medium to high levels, its GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) status, its genetic accessibility and its capacity to grow in large fermentations. However, production of heterologous proteins still faces limitations. Results This study aimed at the identification of bottlenecks in secretory protein production by analyzing the response of B. subtilis at the transcriptome level to overproduction of eight secretory proteins of endogenous and heterologous origin and with different subcellular or extracellular destination: secreted proteins (NprE and XynA of B. subtilis, Usp45 of Lactococcus lactis, TEM-1 β-lactamase of Escherichia coli), membrane proteins (LmrA of L. lactis and XylP of Lactobacillus pentosus) and lipoproteins (MntA and YcdH of B. subtilis). Responses specific for proteins with a common localization as well as more general stress responses were observed. The latter include upregulation of genes encoding intracellular stress proteins (groES/EL, CtsR regulated genes). Specific responses include upregulation of the liaIHGFSR operon under Usp45 and TEM-1 β-lactamase overproduction; cssRS, htrA and htrB under all secreted proteins overproduction; sigW and SigW-regulated genes mainly under membrane proteins overproduction; and ykrL (encoding an HtpX homologue) specifically under membrane proteins overproduction. Conclusions The results give better insights into B. subtilis responses to protein overproduction stress and provide potential targets for genetic engineering in order to further improve B. subtilis as a protein production host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogumiła C Marciniak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Extracellular production of lipoxygenase from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 in Bacillus subtilis and its effect on wheat protein. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:949-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-3895-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Zhang L, Zhang J, Chen HT, Zhou JH, Ma LN, Ding YZ, Liu YS. Research in advance for FMD novel vaccines. Virol J 2011; 8:268. [PMID: 21635788 PMCID: PMC3118361 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD), as a major global animal disease, affects millions of animals worldwide and remains the main sanitary barrier to the international and national trade of animals and animal products. Inactivated vaccination is the most effective measure for prevention of FMD at present, but fail to induce long-term protection and content new requires for production of FMD vaccines. As a number of Researchers hope to obtain satisfactory novel vaccines by new bio-technology, novel vaccines have been studied for more than thirty years. Here reviews the latest research progress of new vaccines, summarizes some importance and raises several suggestions for the future of FMD vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Kakeshita H, Kageyama Y, Endo K, Tohata M, Ara K, Ozaki K, Nakamura K. Secretion of biologically-active human interferon-β by Bacillus subtilis. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 33:1847-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Hyyryläinen HL, Marciniak BC, Dahncke K, Pietiäinen M, Courtin P, Vitikainen M, Seppala R, Otto A, Becher D, Chapot-Chartier MP, Kuipers OP, Kontinen VP. Penicillin-binding protein folding is dependent on the PrsA peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase in Bacillus subtilis. Mol Microbiol 2010; 77:108-27. [PMID: 20487272 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Summary The PrsA protein is a membrane-anchored peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase in Bacillus subtilis and most other Gram-positive bacteria. It catalyses the post-translocational folding of exported proteins and is essential for normal growth of B. subtilis. We studied the mechanism behind this indispensability. We could construct a viable prsA null mutant in the presence of a high concentration of magnesium. Various changes in cell morphology in the absence of PrsA suggested that PrsA is involved in the biosynthesis of the cylindrical lateral wall. Consistently, four penicillin-binding proteins (PBP2a, PBP2b, PBP3 and PBP4) were unstable in the absence of PrsA, while muropeptide analysis revealed a 2% decrease in the peptidoglycan cross-linkage index. Misfolded PBP2a was detected in PrsA-depleted cells, indicating that PrsA is required for the folding of this PBP either directly or indirectly. Furthermore, strongly increased uniform staining of cell wall with a fluorescent vancomycin was observed in the absence of PrsA. We also demonstrated that PrsA is a dimeric or oligomeric protein which is localized at distinct spots organized in a helical pattern along the cell membrane. These results suggest that PrsA is essential for normal growth most probably as PBP folding is dependent on this PPIase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne-Leena Hyyryläinen
- Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
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Decreased necrotizing fasciitis capacity caused by a single nucleotide mutation that alters a multiple gene virulence axis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:888-93. [PMID: 20080771 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911811107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-nucleotide changes are the most common cause of natural genetic variation among members of the same species, but there is remarkably little information bearing on how they alter bacterial virulence. We recently discovered a single-nucleotide mutation in the group A Streptococcus genome that is epidemiologically associated with decreased human necrotizing fasciitis ("flesh-eating disease"). Working from this clinical observation, we find that wild-type mtsR function is required for group A Streptococcus to cause necrotizing fasciitis in mice and nonhuman primates. Expression microarray analysis revealed that mtsR inactivation results in overexpression of PrsA, a chaperonin involved in posttranslational maturation of SpeB, an extracellular cysteine protease. Isogenic mutant strains that overexpress prsA or lack speB had decreased secreted protease activity in vivo and recapitulated the necrotizing fasciitis-negative phenotype of the DeltamtsR mutant strain in mice and monkeys. mtsR inactivation results in increased PrsA expression, which in turn causes decreased SpeB secreted protease activity and reduced necrotizing fasciitis capacity. Thus, a naturally occurring single-nucleotide mutation dramatically alters virulence by dysregulating a multiple gene virulence axis. Our discovery has broad implications for the confluence of population genomics and molecular pathogenesis research.
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Pohl S, Harwood CR. Heterologous Protein Secretion by Bacillus Species. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2010; 73:1-25. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(10)73001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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41
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Kouwen TRHM, van Dijl JM. Applications of thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases for optimized in vivo production of functionally active proteins in Bacillus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:45-52. [PMID: 19727703 PMCID: PMC2765640 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a well-established cellular factory for proteins and fine chemicals. In particular, the direct secretion of proteinaceous products into the growth medium greatly facilitates their downstream processing, which is an important advantage of B. subtilis over other biotechnological production hosts, such as Escherichia coli. The application spectrum of B. subtilis is, however, often confined to proteins from Bacillus or closely related species. One of the major reasons for this (current) limitation is the inefficient formation of disulfide bonds, which are found in many, especially eukaryotic, proteins. Future exploitation of B. subtilis to fulfill the ever-growing demand for pharmaceutical and other high-value proteins will therefore depend on overcoming this particular hurdle. Recently, promising advances in this area have been achieved, which focus attention on the need to modulate the cellular levels and activity of thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases (TDORs). These TDORs are enzymes that control the cleavage or formation of disulfide bonds. This review will discuss readily applicable approaches for TDOR modulation and aims to provide leads for further improvement of the Bacillus cell factory for production of disulfide bond-containing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs R H M Kouwen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Luan J, Zhuang Z, Liu Y, Yun K, Chen M, Wang PG. Expression of EspA inLactococcus lactisNZ9000 and the detection of its immune effect in vivo and vitro. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2009; 32:133-40. [DOI: 10.3109/08923970903207083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
The increasing demand for recombinant antibodies as detection reagents in research, diagnostics, and therapy requires appropriate production systems. In contrast to antibody therapies, small recombinant antibody fragments like Fab and scFv are sufficient for most applications in research and diagnostics. These antibody fragments can also be produced in bacterial hosts. Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli, were extensively studied for the recombinant antibody production but they showed only a limited capacity to secrete antibody fragments into the medium--a prerequisite for easy downstream processing. Gram-positive bacteria are known to efficiently secrete recombinant proteins into the medium. Recently, we demonstrated the production of scFv and scFab fragments in Bacillus megaterium. Here, we describe the process in detail from transformation of B. megaterium to production and purification of scFv fragments.
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Zweers JC, Barák I, Becher D, Driessen AJ, Hecker M, Kontinen VP, Saller MJ, Vavrová L, van Dijl JM. Towards the development of Bacillus subtilis as a cell factory for membrane proteins and protein complexes. Microb Cell Fact 2008; 7:10. [PMID: 18394159 PMCID: PMC2323362 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-7-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis is an important producer of high quality industrial enzymes and a few eukaryotic proteins. Most of these proteins are secreted into the growth medium, but successful examples of cytoplasmic protein production are also known. Therefore, one may anticipate that the high protein production potential of B. subtilis can be exploited for protein complexes and membrane proteins to facilitate their functional and structural analysis. The high quality of proteins produced with B. subtilis results from the action of cellular quality control systems that efficiently remove misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins. Paradoxically, cellular quality control systems also represent bottlenecks for the production of various heterologous proteins at significant concentrations. Conclusion While inactivation of quality control systems has the potential to improve protein production yields, this could be achieved at the expense of product quality. Mechanisms underlying degradation of secretory proteins are nowadays well understood and often controllable. It will therefore be a major challenge for future research to identify and modulate quality control systems of B. subtilis that limit the production of high quality protein complexes and membrane proteins, and to enhance those systems that facilitate assembly of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Zweers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P,O, Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Bacillus protein secretion: an unfolding story. Trends Microbiol 2008; 16:73-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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46
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Jordan E, Al-Halabi L, Schirrmann T, Hust M, Dübel S. Production of single chain Fab (scFab) fragments in Bacillus megaterium. Microb Cell Fact 2007; 6:38. [PMID: 18042285 PMCID: PMC2212634 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-6-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The demand on antigen binding reagents in research, diagnostics and therapy raises questions for novel antibody formats as well as appropriate production systems. Recently, the novel single chain Fab (scFab) antibody format combining properties of single chain Fv (scFv) and Fab fragments was produced in the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. In this study we evaluated the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus megaterium for the recombinant production of scFab and scFvs in comparison to E. coli. Results The lysozyme specific D1.3 scFab was produced in B. megaterium and E. coli. The total yield of the scFab after purification obtained from the periplasmic fraction and culture supernatant of E. coli was slightly higher than that obtained from culture supernatant of B. megaterium. However, the yield of functional scFab determined by analyzing the antigen binding activity was equally in both production systems. Furthermore, a scFv fragment with specificity for the human C reactive protein was produced in B. megaterium. The total yield of the anti-CRP scFv produced in B. megaterium was slightly lower compared to E. coli, whereas the specific activity of the purified scFvs produced in B. megaterium was higher compared to E. coli. Conclusion B. megaterium allows the secretory production of antibody fragments including the novel scFab antibody format. The yield and quality of functional antibody fragment is comparable to the periplasmic production in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Jordan
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr, 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Vogtentanz G, Collier KD, Bodo M, Chang JH, Day AG, Estell DA, Falcon BC, Ganshaw G, Jarnagin AS, Kellis JT, Kolkman MAB, Lai CS, Meneses R, Miller JV, de Nobel H, Power S, Weyler W, Wong DL, Schmidt BF. A Bacillus subtilis fusion protein system to produce soybean Bowman–Birk protease inhibitor. Protein Expr Purif 2007; 55:40-52. [PMID: 17574434 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A fusion protein based expression system was developed in the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis to produce the soybean Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor (sBBI). The N-terminus of the mature sBBI was fused to the C-terminus of the 1st cellulose binding domain linker (CBD linker) of the BCE103 cellulase (from an alkalophilic Bacillus sp.). The strong aprE promoter was used to drive the transcription of the fusion gene and the AprE signal sequence was fused to the mature BCE103 cellulase for efficient secretion of the fusion protein into the culture medium. It was necessary to use a B. subtilis strain deficient in nine protease genes in order to reduce the proteolytic degradation of the fusion protein during growth. The fusion protein was produced in shake flasks at concentrations >1g/L. After growth, the sBBI was activated by treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol to allow the disulfide bonds to form correctly. An economical and scalable purification process was developed to purify sBBI based on acid precipitation of the fusion protein followed by acid/heat cleavage of the fusion protein at labile Asp-Pro bonds in the CBD linker. If necessary, non-native amino acids at the N- and C-termini were trimmed off using glutamyl endopeptidase I. After purification, an average of 72 mg of active sBBI were obtained from 1L of culture broth representing an overall yield of 21% based on the amount of sBBI activated before purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Vogtentanz
- Genencor, Danisco USA, Inc., 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Jordan E, Hust M, Roth A, Biedendieck R, Schirrmann T, Jahn D, Dübel S. Production of recombinant antibody fragments in Bacillus megaterium. Microb Cell Fact 2007; 6:2. [PMID: 17224052 PMCID: PMC1797049 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-6-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant antibodies are essential reagents for research, diagnostics and therapy. The well established production host Escherichia coli relies on the secretion into the periplasmic space for antibody synthesis. Due to the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, only a fraction of this material reaches the medium. Recently, the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus megaterium was shown to efficiently secrete recombinant proteins into the growth medium. Here we evaluated B. megaterium for the recombinant production of antibody fragments. RESULTS The lysozyme specific single chain Fv (scFv) fragment D1.3 was successfully produced using B. megaterium. The impact of culture medium composition, gene expression time and culture temperatures on the production of functional scFv protein was systematically analyzed. A production and secretion at 41 degrees C for 24 h using TB medium was optimal for this individual scFv. Interestingly, these parameters were very different to the optimal conditions for the expression of other proteins in B. megaterium. Per L culture supernatant, more than 400 microg of recombinant His6-tagged antibody fragment were purified by one step affinity chromatography. The material produced by B. megaterium showed an increased specific activity compared to material produced in E. coli. CONCLUSION High yields of functional scFv antibody fragments can be produced and secreted into the culture medium by B. megaterium, making this production system a reasonable alternative to E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Jordan
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Roth
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Mikrobiologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rebekka Biedendieck
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Mikrobiologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schirrmann
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dieter Jahn
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Mikrobiologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Dübel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Schumann W. Production of Recombinant Proteins in Bacillus subtilis. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2007; 62:137-89. [PMID: 17869605 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(07)62006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Schumann
- Institute of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth D-95440, Germany
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50
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Abstract
Surface proteins are critical in determining the identifying characteristics of individual bacteria and their interaction with the environment. Because the structure of the cell surface is the major characteristic that distinguishes gram-positive from gram-negative bacteria, the processes used to transport and attach these proteins show significant differences between these bacterial classes. This review is intended to highlight these differences and to focus attention on areas that are ripe for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- June R Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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